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Hu Z, Zhang Y, Yu W, Li J, Yao J, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang C. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) modulators: Recent update and future perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115392. [PMID: 37269667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is a non-selective cation channel that senses irritant chemicals. Its activation is closely associated with pain, inflammation, and pruritus. TRPA1 antagonists are promising treatments for these diseases, and there has been a recent upsurge in their application to new areas such as cancer, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. However, due to the generally disappointing performance of TRPA1 antagonists in clinical studies, scientists must pursue the development of antagonists with higher selectivity, metabolic stability, and solubility. Moreover, TRPA1 agonists provide a deeper understanding of activation mechanisms and aid in antagonist screening. Therefore, we summarize the TRPA1 antagonists and agonists developed in recent years, with a particular focus on structure-activity relationships (SARs) and pharmacological activity. In this perspective, we endeavor to keep abreast of cutting-edge ideas and provide inspiration for the development of more effective TRPA1-modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Hu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wenhan Yu
- College of Letters & Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, 94720, California, United States
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, 38163, Tennessee, United States
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Kong S, Li P, Verpoorte R, Li M, Dai Y. Chemical and pharmacological difference between honey-fried licorice and fried licorice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 302:115841. [PMID: 36270557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE According to textual research of books from ancient times till now, there are three main preparation methods of "fried licorice", including frying licorice without excipients (F), frying licorice after dipping with water (W), and frying licorice with honey (H). However, with the development over many successive generations, honey frying has gradually become the main processing form of licorice, whereas the fried licorice is nowadays rarely used. AIM OF THE STUDY The objectives of this study were to clarify the differences of the three forms of "fried licorice" in chemical composition and pharmacological activities, and to screen quality markers for differently processed licorice. It is expected to provide a scientific basis for the rational choice of "fried licorice" as medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-target metabolomic analysis based on UHPLC-QE-Orbitrap-MS was conducted to compare the chemical differences between the differently processed licorice material. Pharmacodynamically, the differences in immunomodulatory activity (including intestinal flora experiment), anti-inflammatory activity, and hepatoprotective activity of the differently processed licorice were evaluated. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis was performed to screen potential quality markers of honey-fried licorice. The serum concentration of selected markers was determined by UHPLC-QqQ-MS. RESULTS Metabolomic analysis showed no difference in the chemical composition of F and W, whereas the chemical composition of H was significantly different from that of F and R. The immunomodulatory activity, anti-acute inflammatory effect, and hepatoprotective effect of licorice were significantly improved after frying with honey; No significant differences were observed between F and H in term of immunomodulatory activity and anti-acute inflammatory effect, whereas, H is better than F in terms of liver-protective activity. The intestinal flora experiment confirmed that H does have immunomodulatory activity, while F may induce an increased abundance of certain pathogenic bacteria in the intestine. Multivariate statistical analysis suggests that the content of liquiritin (2), liquiritigenin (3), isoliquiritin (5), isoliquiritigenin (6) and glycyrrhizic acid (7) plusing glycyrrhetinic acid (8) in H group is closely correlated with its improved effects. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a scientific rational for the selection of "fried licorice" processing methods. In addition, it provides a scientific basis for the selection of quality markers of differently processed licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Kong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Pengyue Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700, Beijing, China.
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Mingqian Li
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 234 Gucui Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310012, China.
| | - Yuntao Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700, Beijing, China.
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Antioxidant Effects of Roasted Licorice in a Zebrafish Model and Its Mechanisms. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227743. [PMID: 36431839 PMCID: PMC9694442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Licorice (Gan-Cao, licorice) is a natural antioxidant and roasted licorice is the most common processing specification used in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. Traditional Chinese medicine theory deems that the honey-roasting process can promote the efficacy of licorice, including tonifying the spleen and augmenting "Qi" (energy). The antioxidant activity and mechanisms underlying roasted licorice have not yet been reported. In this study, we found that roasted licorice could relieve the oxidative stress injury induced by metronidazole (MTZ) and could restrain the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by 2,2'-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH) in a zebrafish model. It was further found that roasted licorice could exert its oxidative activity by upregulating the expression of key genes such as heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) in the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, consistent results were obtained showing that rat serum containing roasted licorice was estimated to reduce cell apoptosis induced by H2O2. Then, the UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS analysis results elucidated the chemical composition of rat plasma containing roasted licorice extracts, including ten prototype chemical components and five metabolic components. Among them, six compounds were found to have binding activity with Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), which plays a crucial role in the transcriptional activity of NRF2, using a molecular docking simulation. The results also showed that liquiritigenin had the strongest binding ability with KEAP1. Immunofluorescence further confirmed that liquiritigenin could induce the nuclear translocation of NRF2. In summary, this study provides a better understanding of the antioxidant effect and mechanisms of roasted licorice, and lays a theoretical foundation for the development of a potential antioxidant for use in clinical practice.
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Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Induced Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Neurol Int 2022; 14:804-823. [PMID: 36278690 PMCID: PMC9590052 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint14040066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive and devastating brain tumor characterized by poor prognosis and high rates of recurrence. Despite advances in multidisciplinary treatment, GBM constinues to have a poor overall survival. The Radix Glycyrrhizae Preparata (RGP) has been reported to possess anti-allergic, neuroprotective, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, it not clear what effect it may have on tumorigenesis in GBM. This study demonstrated that RGP reduced glioma cell viability and attenuated glioma cell locomotion in GBM8401 and U87MG cells. RGP treated cells had significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells and rise in the percentage of caspase-3 activity. In addition, the results of study’s cell cycle analysis also showed that RGP arrested glioma cells at G2/M phase and Cell failure pass the G2 checkpoint by RGP treatment in GBM8401 Cells. Based on the above results, it seems to imply that RGP activated DNA damage checkpoint system and cell cycle regulators and induce apoptosis in established GBM cells. In conclusion, RGP can inhibit proliferation, cell locomotion, cell cycle progression and induce apoptosis in GBM cells in vitro.
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Li X, Liu H, Yang Z, Duan H, Wang Z, Cheng Z, Song Z, Wu X. Study on the interaction of hyaluronidase with certain flavonoids. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Liu Z, Wang P, Lu S, Guo R, Gao W, Tong H, Yin Y, Han X, Liu T, Chen X, Zhu MX, Yang Z. Liquiritin, a novel inhibitor of TRPV1 and TRPA1, protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury. Cell Calcium 2020; 88:102198. [PMID: 32388008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TRPV1 and TRPA1 are cation channels that play key roles in inflammatory signaling pathways. They are co-expressed on airway C-fibers, where they exert synergistic effects on causing inflammation and cough. Licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, has been widely used in China as an anti-inflammatory and anti-coughing herb. To learn if TRPV1 and TRPA1 might be key targets of the anti-inflammatory and antitussive effects of licorice, we examined liquiritin, the main flavonoid compound and active ingredient of licorice, on agonist-evoked TRPV1 and TRPA1 activation. Liquiritin inhibited capsaicin- and allyl isothiocyanate-evoked TRPV1 and TRPA1 whole-cell currents, respectively, with a similar potency and maximal inhibition. In a mouse acute lung injury (ALI) model induced by the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide, which involves both TRPV1 and TRPA1, an oral gavage of liquiritin prevented tissue damage and suppressed inflammation and the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in the lung tissue. Liquiritin also suppressed LPS-induced increase in TRPV1 and TRPA1 protein expression in the lung tissue, as well as TRPV1 and TRPA1 mRNA levels in cells contained in mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In cultured THP-1 monocytes, liguiritin, or TRPV1 and TRPA1 antagonists capsazepine and HC030031, respectively, diminished not only cytokine-induced upregulation of NF-κB function but also TRPV1 and TRPA1 expression at both protein and mRNA levels. We conclude that the anti-inflammatory and antitussive effects of liquiritin are mediated by the dual inhibition of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels, which are upregulated in nonneuronal cells through the NF-κB pathway during airway inflammation via a positive feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shanshan Lu
- The Brain Science Center, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Rong Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haiying Tong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yin Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuezhen Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangyun Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Michael X Zhu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Wei W, Gao X, Zhao L, Zhuang J, Jiao Y, Xu F. Liquiritin apioside attenuates laryngeal chemoreflex but not mechanoreflex in rat pups. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L89-L97. [PMID: 31617735 PMCID: PMC6985871 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00306.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquiritin apioside (LA), a main flavonoid component of licorice, reportedly suppresses cough responses to inhalation of aerosolized capsaicin [CAP; a stimulant to transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)] in conscious guinea pigs via acting on peripheral nerves. However, the evidence of LA having a direct effect on airway sensory fibers is lacking. Considering the important role laryngeal chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors play in triggering apnea and cough, we studied whether LA suppressed the apneic responses to stimulation of these receptors via directly acting on the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). Intralaryngeal delivery of chemical [CAP, HCl, and distilled water (DW)] and mechanical [an air-pulse (AP)] stimulations was applied in anesthetized rat pups to evoke the apnea. These stimuli were repeated after intralaryngeal LA treatment or peri-SLN LA treatment to determine the direct effect of LA on the SLN. Our results showed that all stimuli triggered an immediate apnea. Intralaryngeal LA treatment significantly attenuated the apneic response to chemical but not mechanical stimulations. The same attenuation was observed after peri-SLN LA treatment. Owing that TRPV1 receptors of laryngeal C fibers are responsible for the CAP-triggered apneas, the LA impact on the activity of laryngeal C neurons retrogradely traced by DiI was subsequently studied using a patch-clamp approach. LA pretreatment significantly altered the electrophysiological kinetics of CAP-induced currents in laryngeal C neurons by reducing their amplitudes, increasing the rise times, and prolonging the decay times. In conclusion, our results, for the first time, reveal that LA suppresses the laryngeal chemoreceptor-mediated apnea by directly acting on the SLN (TRPV1 receptors of laryngeal C fibers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wei
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuping Gao
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Lei Zhao
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Jianguo Zhuang
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Yang Jiao
- Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fadi Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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The effects of steamed ginger ethanolic extract on weight and body fat loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food Sci Biotechnol 2019; 29:265-273. [PMID: 32064135 PMCID: PMC6992804 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Steamed ginger ethanolic extract (SGE) is a product with a high 6-shogaol contents and is thought to be more potent than other ginger products. We conducted a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the effects of SGE on weight and body fat loss. Eighty healthy obese participants were recruited and randomly divided into the SGE and placebo groups. The outcome measures comprised indicators of efficacy (body weight, body mass index, body composition, and blood markers) and safety. Following the supplementation period, mean body weight, body mass index, and body fat level were significantly lower in the SGE group than in the placebo group. No clinically significant changes were observed for any safety parameter. These results suggest that SGE is a potent anti-obesity agent that does not cause significant side effects. Therefore, SGE supplementation combined with lifestyle modification could be effective in the management of body weight and fat mass.
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Zhang Z, Jiang M, Wei X, Shi J, Geng Z, Yang S, Fu C, Guo L. Rapid discovery of chemical constituents and absorbed components in rat serum after oral administration of Fuzi-Lizhong pill based on high-throughput HPLC-Q-TOF/MS analysis. Chin Med 2019; 14:6. [PMID: 30867675 PMCID: PMC6397459 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fuzi-Lizhong pill (FZLZP), which was first recorded in the Classic-"Taiping Huimin Heji Ju Fang" of the Song Dynasty, has been widely used to treat gastrointestinal disease in clinic for thousands of years in China. However, an in-depth understanding of the chemical constituents of FZLZP and its potential bioactive constituents is lacking. METHODS A simple, sensitive and selective method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) and automated data analysis (Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis B.06.00 Workstation Software) was developed to simultaneously identify the chemical constituents of FZLZP and the absorbed prototypes as well as the metabolites in rat serum after the oral administration of FZLZP. RESULTS Sixty-seven compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, gingerols, phenylpropanoids and volatile oil, in the FZLZP extract were tentatively characterized by comparing the retention time and mass spectrometry data and retrieving the reference literatures. Additionally, 23 prototype compounds and 3 metabolites in the rat serum samples were identified after oral administration of FZLZP, which might be the potential active components in vivo. In addition, the absorption of alkaloids decreased when Aconitum carmichaeli Debx. was in the form of combined application as a prescription compared to when it was in the form of herb powder. CONCLUSIONS Herein, the chemical constituent in vitro and the absorbed compounds in the serum of a traditional Chinese formula, Fuzi-Lizhong pill, were fully characterized using a rapid and comprehensive analysis approach based on high-performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry coupled to MassHunter Qualitative Analysis software data processing approach. The results provide helpful chemical information on FZLZP for further pharmacology and active mechanism research. In view of the bioactive constitutes that basically were derived from these absorbed compounds in vivo, this work could provide a useful strategy to explore the bioactive substances of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Maoyuan Jiang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Xinyi Wei
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Jinfeng Shi
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Zhao Geng
- Sichuan Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Shasha Yang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
| | - Li Guo
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137 China
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The Effects of the Honey-Roasting Process on the Pharmacokinetics of the Six Active Compounds of Licorice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5731276. [PMID: 30034498 PMCID: PMC6033295 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5731276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A convenient UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine the contents of six bioactive compounds, namely, liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and glycyrrhetinic acid, in rat plasma and their pharmacokinetics. By comparing the pharmacokinetic parameters of these compounds in rats by orally administering raw and honey-roasting licorice, the Cmax of isoliquiritin showed a significant decrease, while the AUC0-24h showed no significant differences. The Cmax and AUC0-24h of isoliquiritigenin were increased by 49.3% and 42.7% over those of the raw licorice group, respectively. These results indicate that the absorption of isoliquiritin in rats was reduced while the absorption of isoliquiritigenin was promoted in the honey-roasting process. These results may provide one explanation as to why licorice is more able to relieve cough, while honey-roasting licorice is better at invigorating qi and restoring pulse. Furthermore, the Cmax of glycyrrhetinic acid was increased, suggesting that it may enhance the tonic effect of licorice. Additionally, the amount of honey added in the honey-roasting process influenced the pharmacokinetic parameters of the six compounds whose absorption decreased when the 50% honey-roasting licorice water decoction was administered. These results provide an experimental basis for studying the influence of licorice processing on bioactive compound pharmacokinetics.
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Ota M, Nagachi Y, Ishiuchi K, Tabuchi Y, Xu F, Shang MY, Cai SQ, Makino T. Comparison of the inducible effects of licorice products with or without heat-processing and pre-treatment with honey on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor secretion in cultured enterocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 214:1-7. [PMID: 29203272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice (the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) is occasionally used as crude drug following processing including roasting or honey-roasting (soaking with honey before roasting) in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the differences in the inducible effect of processed licorice products on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) secretion in cultured intestinal epithelial cells and elucidated the active ingredients in both unprocessed and processed licorice products. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prepared heat-processed licorice with or without pretreatment with honey, and fractionated the extracts by Sephadex G-100. Enterocyte-like differentiated MCE301 cells were incubated in media comprising a hot water extract of licorice products for 24h, and the concentrations of G-CSF in the media were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Licorice extract induced G-CSF secretion in MCE301 cells, and the active ingredients of licorice were high molecular compounds. Although the roasted licorice extract exhibited the activity similar to that of the unprocessed licorice extract, honey-roasted licorice extracts exhibited a significantly higher inducible effect on G-CSF secretion in the cells than that of unprocessed or roasted licorice extracts without pretreatment with honey. This enhanced activity was dependent on the temperature and heating time. CONCLUSIONS The enhanced inducible effect of honey-roasted licorice on G-CSF secretion might be attributed to the combined effect of licorice-derived high molecular compounds and heated-honey-derived compounds. The results of this study can scientifically explain the objective of processing via honey-roasting in TCM theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misato Ota
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagachi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Kan'ichiro Ishiuchi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Division of Molecular Genetics Research, Life Science Research Center, Toyama University, 2630, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Feng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming-Ying Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shao-Qing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Toshiaki Makino
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-Dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8603, Japan.
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12
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Park SY, Kim EJ, Choi HJ, Seon MR, Lim SS, Kang YH, Choi MS, Lee KW, Yoon Park JH. Anti-carcinogenic effects of non-polar components containing licochalcone A in roasted licorice root. Nutr Res Pract 2014; 8:257-66. [PMID: 24944769 PMCID: PMC4058558 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2014.8.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Licorice has been shown to possess cancer chemopreventive effects. However, glycyrrhizin, a major component in licorice, was found to interfere with steroid metabolism and cause edema and hypertension. The roasting process of licorice modifies the chemical composition and converts glycyrrhizin to glycyrrhetinic acid. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-carcinogenic effects of the ethanol extract of roasted licorice (EERL) and to identify the active compound in EERL. MATERIALS/METHODS Ethanol and aqueous extracts of roasted and un-roasted licorice were prepared. The active fraction was separated from the methylene chloride (MC)-soluble fraction of EERL and the structure of the purified compound was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The anti-carcinogenic effects of licorice extracts and licochalcone A was evaluated using a MTT assay, Western blot, flow cytometry, and two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. RESULTS EERL was determined to be more potent and efficacious than the ethanol extract of un-roasted licorice in inhibiting the growth of DU145 and MLL prostate cancer cells, as well as HT-29 colon cancer cells. The aqueous extracts of un-roasted and roasted licorice showed minimal effects on cell growth. EERL potently inhibited growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast, B16-F10 melanoma, and A375 and A2058 skin cancer cells, whereas EERL slightly stimulated the growth of normal IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells and CCD118SK fibroblasts. The MC-soluble fraction was more efficacious than EERL in inhibiting DU145 cell growth. Licochalcone A was isolated from the MC fraction and identified as the active compound of EERL. Both EERL and licochalcone A induced apoptosis of DU145 cells. EERL potently inhibited chemically-induced skin papilloma formation in mice. CONCLUSIONS Non-polar compounds in EERL exert potent anti-carcinogenic effects, and that roasted rather than un-roasted licorice should be favored as a cancer preventive agent, whether being used as an additive to food or medicine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Gangwon 200-702, Korea. ; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-270, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kim
- Center for Efficacy Assessment and Development of Functional Foods and Drugs, Hallym University, Gangwon 200-702, Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Gangwon 200-702, Korea
| | - Mi Ra Seon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Gangwon 200-702, Korea
| | - Soon Sung Lim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Gangwon 200-702, Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Gangwon 200-702, Korea
| | - Myung-Sook Choi
- Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research and Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-270, Korea. ; WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon Park
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Gangwon 200-702, Korea. ; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 443-270, Korea. ; Center for Efficacy Assessment and Development of Functional Foods and Drugs, Hallym University, Gangwon 200-702, Korea
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13
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Lee SK, Park KK, Park JHY, Lim SS, Chung WY. The inhibitory effect of roasted licorice extract on human metastatic breast cancer cell-induced bone destruction. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1776-83. [PMID: 23401151 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the ethanol extract of roasted licorice (rLE) could inhibit breast cancer-mediated bone destruction. rLE treatment reduced the viability of MDA-MB-231 human metastatic breast cancer cells but did not show any cytotoxicity in hFOB1.19 human osteoblastic cells and murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs). rLE inhibited expression and secretion of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) as well as the mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in osteoblastic cells exposed to the conditioned medium of breast cancer cells. rLE dramatically inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in BMMs, thereby reducing osteoclast-mediated pit formation. Moreover, treatment with licochalcone A and isoliquiritigenin as the active components, whose contents are increased by the roasting process, remarkably suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in BMMs, respectively. Furthermore, orally administered rLE substantially blocked tumor growth and bone destruction in mice inoculated with breast cancer cells in the tibiae. Serum levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen and trabecular bone morphometric parameters were reversed to almost the same levels as the control mice by the rLE treatment. In conclusion, rLE may be a beneficial agent for preventing and treating bone destruction in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Kyoung Lee
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Cancer Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 120-752, Korea; Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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14
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Yang YY, Xu L, Hao SY, Li Y, Zhang ZQ. HPLC method determination of isoliquiritin apioside and isoliquiritin in rat plasma for application in pharmacokinetic study after an oral administration of zhigancao extract. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:364013. [PMID: 23365791 PMCID: PMC3540785 DOI: 10.1155/2012/364013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive HPLC method was developed for the quantitative determination of isoliquiritin apioside (ILA) and isoliquiritin (IL) in rat plasma. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile, chloroform was used to separate lipid-soluble impurities from the plasma samples and remove acetonitrile. A chromatography was carried out on Diamonsil C18 (150 × 4.6 mm; 5 μm) analytical column, using a mobile phase consisting of water (containing phosphoric acid 0.1%, v/v); acetonitrile (72 : 28, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The wavelength-switching technology was performed to determine ILA and IL at 360 nm and wogonoside (internal standard, IS) at 276 nm. The calibration curves of ILA and IL were fairly linear over the concentration ranges of 0.060-3.84 μg/mL (r = 0.9954) and 0.075-4.80 μg/mL (r = 0.9968), respectively. The average extract recoveries of ILA, IL, and IS were all over 80%. The precision and accuracy for all concentrations of quality controls and standards were within 15%. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.060 μg/mL for ILA and 0.075 μg/mL for IL. The method was used in pharmacokinetic study after an oral administration of Zhigancao extract to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-yun Yang
- School of Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Plant, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Song-yao Hao
- School of Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Zhen-Qiu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
- *Zhen-Qiu Zhang:
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Wang M, Zhang M, Tang Q, Li X. Influence of honey-roasting on the main pharmacological activities and the water-soluble active glycosides of licorice. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES : AJTCAM 2012; 9:189-96. [PMID: 23983334 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v9i2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), licorice is usually processed with honey and traditionally used in decoction form. However, the influence of honey-roasting on the main pharmacological activities and the water-soluble active constituents of licorice has not been reported. The aim of the present study is to determine whether honey-roasting can modify the main pharmacological activities and the active constituents of licorice. According to licorice clinical application and processing method, the mainly related pharmacological activities of crude licorice, processed licorice and refined honey, such as enhancing immune function, relieving cough, eliminating phlegm and detoxication, were compared. The results showed that honey-roasting obviously reinforced the licorice activity of enhancing Pi-deficiency mice's immune function, and significantly weaken the licorice activity of relieving cough, removing phlegm and detoxication. However, honey didn't show the significant activity of relieving cough, removing phlegm and detoxication. The influence of honey-roasting on the chemical compositions in licorice slice and licorice decoction was investigated by using HPLC. The results showed that the content and the decocting quantity of mainly 5 active glycosides in licorice, i.e. liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, licuraside, isoliquiritin and glycyrrhizin, obviously changed after processing; glycyrrhizin and liquiritin obviously decomposed during honey-roasting. In conclusion, honey-roasting obviously modified the main pharmacological activities and the water-soluble compositions of licorice. The modification was not cause by honey only. This finding may shed some light on understanding the differences in the therapeutic values of crude and processed licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P. R. China
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Anti-inflammatory effects of licorice and roasted licorice extracts on TPA-induced acute inflammation and collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:709378. [PMID: 20300198 PMCID: PMC2841253 DOI: 10.1155/2010/709378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of licorice (LE) and roated licorice (rLE) extracts determined in the murine phorbol ester-induced acute inflammation model and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model of human rheumatoid arthritis. rLE possessed greater activity than LE in inhibiting phorbol ester-induced ear edema. Oral administration of LE or rLE reduced clinical arthritis score, paw swelling, and histopathological changes in a murine CIA. LE and rLE decreased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression in the joints. Cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in response to type II collagen or lipopolysaccharide stimulation were suppressed in spleen cells from LE or rLE-treated CIA mice. Furthermore, LE and rLE treatment prevented oxidative damages in liver and kidney tissues of CIA mice. Taken together, LE and rLE have benefits in protecting against both acute inflammation and chronic inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis. rLE may inhibit the acute inflammation more potently than LE.
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18
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Sato Y, He JX, Nagai H, Tani T, Akao T. Isoliquiritigenin, one of the antispasmodic principles of Glycyrrhiza ularensis roots, acts in the lower part of intestine. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 30:145-9. [PMID: 17202675 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.30.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae radix is used to treat abdominal pain as a component of shakuyakukanzoto (shaoyao-gancao-tang), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation. Previously, we have reported the isolation of glycycoumarin as a potent antispasmodic with an IC50 value of 2.93+/-0.94 microM for carbamylcholine (CCh)-induced contraction of mouse jejunum from an aqueous extract of Glycyrrhizae radix (licorice), and clarified that its mechanism of action involves inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3. The purpose of the present study was to examine an antispasmodic principle of licorice other than glycycoumarin. Isoliquiritigenin was isolated from an aqueous extract of licorice as a potent relaxant, which inhibited the contraction induced by various types of stimulants, such as CCh, KCl, and BaCl2 with IC50 values of 4.96+/-1.97 microM, 4.03+/-1.34 microM and 3.70+/-0.58 microM, respectively, which are close to those of papaverine. However, the amount of isoliquiritigenin in the aqueous extract of licorice was very small. When the aqueous licorice extract was treated with naringinase, the amounts of glycosides such as isoliquiritin, which were abundant but had much less potent relaxant activity, were decreased while isoliquiritigenin was increased. At the time, the relaxant activity of the treated sample was increased significantly, shifting the IC50 from 358+/-104 to 150+/-38 microg/ml for CCh-induced contraction. Isoliquiritigenin also showed the most potent inhibition of mouse rectal contraction induced by CCh with an IC50 value of 1.70+/-0.07 microM. These results suggest that isoliquiritigenin acts as a potent relaxant in the lower part of the intestine by transformation from its glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sato
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Japan
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Hwang IK, Lim SS, Choi KH, Yoo KY, Shin HK, Kim EJ, Yoon-Park JH, Kang TC, Kim YS, Kwon DY, Kim DW, Moon WK, Won MH. Neuroprotective effects of roasted licorice, not raw form, on neuronal injury in gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:959-65. [PMID: 16867245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To observe neuroprotective effects of raw and roasted licorice against hypoxia and ischemic damage. METHODS When elucidating the protective effects of raw and roasted licorice, we analyzed the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release using PC12 cells after hypoxia in an in vitro study and after transient forebrain ischemia in an in vivo study on Mongolian gerbils. RESULTS Raw and roasted licorice significantly reduced LDH release from PC12 cells exposed to an hypoxic chamber for 1 h. In the roasted licorice-treated group, the decrease of LDH release was more pronounced compared to that of the raw licorice-treated group. In roasted licorice-treated animals, approximately 66%-71% of CA1 pyramidal cells in the ischemic hippocampus were stained with cresyl violet compared to the control group. However, in the raw licorice-treated animals, no significant neuroprotection against ischemic damage was shown. In addition, ischemic animals in roasted licorice-treated group maintained the Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) activity and protein levels compared to the control group, while in raw licorice-treated group SOD1 activity and protein levels were reduced significantly. High pressure liquid chromatography analysis showed that non-polar compounds containing glycyrrhizin-degraded products, such as glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) and glycyrrhetinic acid monoglucuronide (GM), were increased in roasted licorice. CONCLUSION Roasted licorice had neuroprotective effects against ischemic damage by maintaining the SOD1 levels. In addition, the difference in protective ability between raw and roasted licorice may be associated with non-polar compounds, such as GA and GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Koo Hwang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chunchon 200-702, Korea
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Sato Y, Akao T, He JX, Nojima H, Kuraishi Y, Morota T, Asano T, Tani T. Glycycoumarin from Glycyrrhizae Radix acts as a potent antispasmodic through inhibition of phosphodiesterase 3. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 105:409-14. [PMID: 16387459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae Radix is used to treat abdominal pain as a component of Shakuyaku-kanzo-to, a traditional Chinese medicine formulation. We aim at clarifying the antispasmodic principles of Glycyrrhizae Radix, and consequently isolated glycycoumarin as a potent relaxant on the carbamylcholine (CCh)-induced contraction of mouse jejunum. In this paper we investigated the effects and the action mechanism of glycycoumarin on the contraction of mouse jejunum. Glycycoumarin inhibited the contraction induced by various types of stimulants, such as CCh, KCl, BaCl(2), and A23187 (calcium ionophore III) with IC(50) values of 2.93+/-0.94 micromol/l (1.08+/-0.35 microg/ml), 2.59+/-0.58 micromol/l (0.95+/-0.29 microg/ml), 4.09+/-1.82 micromol/l (1.51+/-0.67 microg/ml) and 7.39+/-5.19 micromol/l (2.72+/-1.91 microg/ml), respectively, with a potency similar to that of papaverine (a representative antispasmodic for smooth muscle). Furthermore, pretreatment with glycycoumarin enhanced the relaxation induced by forskolin on CCh-evoked contraction, similar to that by pretreatment with IBMX, a non-specific inhibitor of phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Pretreatment with glycycoumarin also enhanced the relaxation effect of rolipram, a specific inhibitor of PDE isozyme 4, as pretreatment with milrinone, a specific inhibitor of isozyme 3, did. Moreover, the effect of glycycoumarin was associated with dose-dependent accumulation of cAMP, but not cGMP, in mouse jejunum. These results indicate that glycycoumarin has an inhibitory effect on smooth muscle contraction induced by various types of stimulants through the inhibition of PDEs, especially isozyme 3, followed by the accumulation of intracellular cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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