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Wang M, Li H, Yang W. Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel mitiglinide microemulsions. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101919. [PMID: 38178852 PMCID: PMC10764261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to prepare an o/w mitiglinide microemulsion (MTGME) to improve the drug solubility and bioavailability. The formulation of o/w MTGME was optimized by the solubility study of drug, pseudo-ternary phase diagram and Box-Behnken design successively. MTGME was characterized by dynamic laser light scattering (DLS), zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), moreover, the storage stability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics were investigated. The optimal prescription for MTGME consisted of Maisine 35-1 (oil), Cremophor EL (surfactant) and propylene glycol (PG, cosurfactant). MTGME with a spherical dimension of 58.1 ± 5.86 nm was stable when stored at 4 °C for 3 months. The blood glucose levers (BGL) of diabetic mice were uniformly and significantly decreased by intragastric (i.g.) administration of 1-4 mg/kg MTGME, in which BGL (i.g. 4 mg/kg MTGME) was reduced by 69% during 24 h. The pharmacokinetics study of MTGME (i.g., 20 mg/kg) in Wistar rats showed higher plasma drug concentration (Cmax, 2.9 folds), larger area under curve (AUC, 4.6 folds) and oral bioavailability than those of MTG suspensions. Generally, the MTGME (o/w) showed good effect on controlling hyperglycemia. Therefore, microemulsion can be used as an effective oral drug delivery system to improve the bioavailability of MTG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Baoding NO. 1 Central Hospital, Baoding Great Wall North Street No. 320, Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Hanghang Li
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Quality Control of Hebei Province & College of Pharmaceutical Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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2
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Holm R, Kuentz M, Ilie-Spiridon AR, Griffin BT. Lipid based formulations as supersaturating oral delivery systems: From current to future industrial applications. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106556. [PMID: 37543063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations, in particular supersaturated lipid-based formulations, are important delivery approaches when formulating challenging compounds, as especially low water-soluble compounds profit from delivery in a pre-dissolved state. In this article, the classification of lipid-based formulation is described, followed by a detailed discussion of different supersaturated lipid-based formulations and the recent advances reported in the literature. The supersaturated lipid-based formulations discussed include both the in situ forming supersaturated systems as well as the thermally induced supersaturated lipid-based formulations. The in situ forming drug supersaturation by lipid-based formulations has been widely employed and numerous clinically available products are on the market. There are some scientific gaps in the field, but in general there is a good understanding of the mechanisms driving the success of these systems. For thermally induced supersaturation, the technology is not yet fully understood and developed, hence more research is required in this field to explore the formulations beyond preclinical studies and initial clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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Mohammadinejad A, Mohajeri T, Aleyaghoob G, Heidarian F, Kazemi Oskuee R. Ellagic acid as a potent anticancer drug: A comprehensive review on in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and drug delivery studies. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2022; 69:2323-2356. [PMID: 34846078 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ellagic acid as a polyphenol or micronutrient, which can be naturally found in different vegetables and fruits, has gained considerable attention for cancer therapy due to considerable biological activities and different molecular targets. Ellagic acid with low hydrolysis and lipophilic and hydrophobic nature is not able to be absorbed in circulation. So, accumulation inside the intestinal epithelial cells or metabolization to other urolithins leads to the limitation of direct evaluation of EA effects in clinical studies. This review focuses on the studies which supported anticancer activity of pure or fruit-extracted ellagic acid through in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and drug delivery methods. The results demonstrate ellagic acid modulates the expression of various genes incorporated in the cancer-related process of apoptosis and proliferation, inflammation related-gens, and oxidative-related genes. Moreover, the ellagic acid formulation in carriers composed of lipid, silica, chitosan, iron- bovine serum albumin nanoparticles obviously enhanced the stable release and confident delivery with minimum loss. Also, in silico analysis proved that ellagic acid was able to be placed at a position of cocrystal ADP, in the deep cavity of the protein target, and tightly interact with binding pocket residues leading to suppression of substrate availability of protein and its activation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Mohammadinejad
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Taraneh Mohajeri
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Aleyaghoob
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Heidarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Yoshida T, Kojima H, Sako K, Kondo H. Drug delivery to the intestinal lymph by oral formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:175-189. [PMID: 35037843 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral drug delivery systems (DDS) targeting lymphocytes in intestinal lymphatic vessels, ducts, and nodes are useful for treating diverse diseases. The intestinal lymph harbors numerous lymphocyte subsets, and DDS containing lipids such as triglycerides and fatty acids can deliver drugs to the lymph through the chylomicron pathway. DDS are efficient, thus allowing the administration of reduced drug doses, which mitigate systemic adverse effects. Here we review orally administered lipid formulations comprising oil solutions, suspensions, micro/nanoemulsions, self-micro/nano emulsifying DDS, liposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers for targeting drugs to the lymph. We first describe the structures of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes and the oral absorption of lipids and drugs into the intestinal lymph. We next summarize the effects of the properties and amounts of lipids and drugs delivered into the lymph and lymphocytes, as well as their effects on drug delivery ratios of lymph to blood. Finally, we describe lymphatic DDS containing saquinavir, tacrolimus, and methotrexate, and their potency that reduce drug concentrations in blood, which are associated with systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., Yaizu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sako
- Corporate Advocacy, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-5-1, Nihonbashi-honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0023, Japan
| | - Hiromu Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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5
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Feng W, Qin C, Cipolla E, Lee JB, Zgair A, Chu Y, Ortori CA, Stocks MJ, Constantinescu CS, Barrett DA, Fischer PM, Gershkovich P. Inclusion of Medium-Chain Triglyceride in Lipid-Based Formulation of Cannabidiol Facilitates Micellar Solubilization In Vitro, but In Vivo Performance Remains Superior with Pure Sesame Oil Vehicle. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1349. [PMID: 34575426 PMCID: PMC8472830 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral sesame oil-based formulation facilitates the delivery of poorly water-soluble drug cannabidiol (CBD) to the lymphatic system and blood circulation. However, this natural oil-based formulation also leads to considerable variability in absorption of CBD. In this work, the performance of lipid-based formulations with the addition of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) or surfactants to the sesame oil vehicle has been tested in vitro and in vivo using CBD as a model drug. The in vitro lipolysis has shown that addition of the MCT leads to a higher distribution of CBD into the micellar phase. Further addition of surfactants to MCT-containing formulations did not improve distribution of the drug into the micellar phase. In vivo, formulations containing MCT led to lower or similar concentrations of CBD in serum, lymph and MLNs, but with reduced variability. MCT improves the emulsification and micellar solubilization of CBD, but surfactants did not facilitate further the rate and extent of lipolysis. Even though addition of MCT reduces the variability, the in vivo performance for the extent of both lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability remains superior with a pure natural oil vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshan Feng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Chaolong Qin
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Elena Cipolla
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
- School of Pharmacy, Universita di Roma Tor Vergata, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Atheer Zgair
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
- College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Ramadi 31001, Iraq
| | - Yenju Chu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
- Tri-Service General Hospital, Medical Supplies and Maintenance Office, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114202, Taiwan
| | - Catherine A. Ortori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Michael J. Stocks
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | | | - David A. Barrett
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Peter M. Fischer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; (W.F.); (C.Q.); (E.C.); (J.B.L.); (A.Z.); (Y.C.); (C.A.O.); (M.J.S.); (D.A.B.); (P.M.F.)
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Zhang Z, Lu Y, Qi J, Wu W. An update on oral drug delivery via intestinal lymphatic transport. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2449-2468. [PMID: 34522594 PMCID: PMC8424224 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered drug entities have to survive the harsh gastrointestinal environment, penetrate the enteric epithelia and circumvent hepatic metabolism before reaching the systemic circulation. Whereas the gastrointestinal stability can be well maintained by taking proper measures, hepatic metabolism presents as a formidable barrier to drugs suffering from first-pass metabolism. The pharmaceutical academia and industries are seeking alternative pathways for drug transport to circumvent problems associated with the portal pathway. Intestinal lymphatic transport is emerging as a promising pathway to this end. In this review, we intend to provide an updated overview on the rationale, strategies, factors and applications involved in intestinal lymphatic transport. There are mainly two pathways for peroral lymphatic transport-the chylomicron and the microfold cell pathways. The underlying mechanisms are being unraveled gradually and nowadays witness increasing research input and applications.
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Key Words
- ACQ, aggregation-caused quenching
- ASRT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- AUC, area under curve
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- CM, chylomicron
- Chylomicron
- DC, dendritic cell
- DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DTX, docetaxel
- Drug absorption
- Drug carriers
- Drug delivery
- FA, fatty acid
- FAE, follicle-associated epithelia
- FRET, Föster resonance energy transfer
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LDV, Leu-Asp-Val
- LDVp, LDV peptidomimetic
- Lymphatic transport
- M cell, microfold cells
- MG, monoglyceride
- MPA, mycophenolic acid
- MPS, mononuclear phagocyte system
- Microfold cell
- Nanoparticles
- OA, oleate
- Oral
- PCL, polycaprolactone
- PEG-PLA, polyethylene glycol-poly(lactic acid)
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RGDp, RGD peptidomimetic
- SEDDS, self-emulsifying drug delivery system
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TG, triglyceride
- TPGS, D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate
- TU, testosterone undecanoate
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- YCW, yeast cell wall
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Center for Medical Research and Innovation, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
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Tran P, Park JS. Recent trends of self-emulsifying drug delivery system for enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kommana N, Bharti K, Surekha DB, Thokala S, Mishra B. Development, optimization and evaluation of losartan potassium loaded Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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dos Santos Ramos MA, dos Santos KC, da Silva PB, de Toledo LG, Marena GD, Rodero CF, de Camargo BAF, Fortunato GC, Bauab TM, Chorilli M. Nanotechnological strategies for systemic microbial infections treatment: A review. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119780. [PMID: 32860856 PMCID: PMC7449125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic infections is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide, and a shortage of drug approaches applied for the rapid and necessary treatment contribute to increase the levels of death in affected patients. Several drug delivery systems based in nanotechnology such as metallic nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, microemulsion, polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, hydrogels and liquid crystals can contribute in the biological performance of active substances for the treatment of microbial diseases triggered by fungi, bacteria, virus and parasites. In the presentation of these statements, this review article present and demonstrate the effectiveness of these drug delivery systems for the treatment of systemic diseases caused by several microorganisms, through a review of studies on scientific literature worldwide that contributes to better information for the most diverse professionals from the areas of health sciences. The studies demonstrated that the drug delivery systems described can contribute to the therapeutic scenario of these diseases, being classified as safe, active platforms and with therapeutic versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Aparecido dos Santos Ramos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil,Corresponding authors
| | - Karen Cristina dos Santos
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Bento da Silva
- Department of Genetic and Morphology, Brasília University (UNB), Institute of Biological Sciences, Zip Code: 70735100, Brazil
| | - Luciani Gaspar de Toledo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Davi Marena
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Camila Fernanda Rodero
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Bruna Almeida Furquim de Camargo
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Capaldi Fortunato
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Taís Maria Bauab
- Department of Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- Department of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Campus Araraquara, São Paulo State Zip Code: 14.800-903, Brazil.
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Celik-Tekeli M, Celebi N, Tekeli MY, Aktas Y. Evaluation of the hypoglycemic effect of exendin-4's new oral self-nanoemulsifying system in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 158:105644. [PMID: 33197556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a new self-nanoemulsifying system containing exendin-4 with or without enzyme inhibitor chymostatin and to evaluate the effects of oral administration of exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self nanoemulsifying system on plasma exendin-4, plasma insulin, blood glucose levels and to compare with the oral and subcutaneous administration of exendin-4 in non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying system containing ethyl oleate as the oil phase, Cremophor EL®/Labrasol® as the surfactants and propylene glycol as the co-solvent were prepared. The mean droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and viscosity of exendin-4 loaded self-nanoemulsifying system were found as 24.28 ± 0.43 nm, 0.17 ± 0.01, -1.28 ± 3.61 mV, 79.60 ± 3.30 m.Pas, respectively. The mean droplet size, polydispersity index, zeta potential and viscosity of exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying system were found as 20.25 ± 0.35 nm, 0.11 ± 0.02, -1.85 ± 2.49 mV, 100.02 ± 7.65 m.Pas, respectively according to our previous study. In the present study, we focused on long-term physical stability studies, pharmacokinetic studies and pharmacodynamic studies of prepared self-nanoemulsifying systems. According to the long- term physical stability data, exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying systems were found stable both at 5°C ± 3°C and at 25°C ± 60% RH for 12 months. Exendin-4 and exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying systems increased AUC and Cmax values in non-diabetic rats compared to the oral exendin-4 solution. In diabetic rats, exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self nanoemulsifying systems increased Cmax values compared to the exendin-4 solution. Exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self-nanoemulsifying system decreased inter-subject variability compared to commercial Byetta®. At 30th minute after administration of exendin-4 loaded self-nanoemulsifying system, exendin-4/chymostatin loaded self nanoemulsifying system and Byetta®, blood glucose levels decreased to 23%, 25%, 29%, respectively. It has been shown that pharmacodynamic response is close to Byetta® with exendin-4/chymostatin self-nanoemulsifying system oral administration. In conclusion, a self nanoemulsifying system was found to be a suitable carrier system, and the combination with enzyme inhibitor chymostatin is thought to be promising for oral delivery of exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Celik-Tekeli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Erciyes University Faculty of Pharmacy, 38238 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nevin Celebi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gazi University Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Baskent University Faculty of Pharmacy, 06790 Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Yasin Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Erciyes University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 38238 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yesim Aktas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Erciyes University Faculty of Pharmacy, 38238 Kayseri, Turkey.
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11
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Ryšánek P, Grus T, Šíma M, Slanař O. Lymphatic Transport of Drugs after Intestinal Absorption: Impact of Drug Formulation and Physicochemical Properties. Pharm Res 2020; 37:166. [PMID: 32770268 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview focusing on the extent of lymphatic transport of drugs following intestinal absorption and to summarize available data on the impact of molecular weight, lipophilicity, formulation and prandial state. METHODS Literature was searched for in vivo studies quantifying extent of lymphatic transport of drugs after enteral dosing. Pharmacokinetic data were extracted and summarized. Influence of molecular weight, log P, formulation and prandial state was analyzed using relative bioavailability via lymph (FRL) as the parameter for comparison. The methods and animal models used in the studies were also summarized. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic data on lymphatic transport were available for 103 drugs. Significantly higher FRL [median (IQR)] was observed in advanced lipid based formulations [54.4% (52.0)] and oil solutions [38.9% (60.8)] compared to simple formulations [2.0% (27.1)], p < 0.0001 and p = 0.004, respectively. Advanced lipid based formulations also provided substantial FRL in drugs with log P < 5, which was not observed in simple formulations and oil solutions. No relation was found between FRL and molecular weight. There were 10 distinct methods used for in vivo testing of lymphatic transport after intestinal absorption so far. CONCLUSION Advanced lipid based formulations provide superior ability to increase lymphatic absorption in drugs of various molecular weights and in drugs with moderate to low lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ryšánek
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Grus
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Šíma
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Slanař
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Jo K, Kim H, Khadka P, Jang T, Kim SJ, Hwang SH, Lee J. Enhanced intestinal lymphatic absorption of saquinavir through supersaturated self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:336-346. [PMID: 32636951 PMCID: PMC7327769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of saquinavir, a specific inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and HIV-2 protease enzymes, has been largely limited because of a low solubility and consequnt low bioavailability. Thus, we aimed to design a supersaturated self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (S-SMEDDS) that can maintain a high concentration of saquinavir in gastro-intestinal fluid thorugh inhibiting the drug precipitation to enhance the lymphatic transport of saquinavir and to increase the bioavailability of saquinavir considerably. Solubilizing capacity of different oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants for saquinavir was evaluated to select optimal ingredients for preparation of SMEDDS. Through the construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagram, SMEDDS formulations were established. A polymer as a precipitation inhibitor was selected based on its viscosity and drug precipitation inhibiting capacity. The S-SMEDDS and SMEDDS designed were administered at an equal dose to rats. At predetermined time points, levels of saquinavir in lymph collected from the rats were assessed. SMEDDS prepared presented a proper self-microemulsification efficiency and dispersion stability. The S-SMEDDS fabricated using the SMEDDS and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose 2910 as a precipitation inhibitor exhibited a signficantly enhanced solubilizing capacity for saquinavir. The drug concentration in a simulated intestinal fluid evaluated with the S-SMEDDS was also maintained at higher levels for prolonged time than that examined with the SMEDDS. The S-SMEDDS showed a considerably enhanced lymphatic absoprtion of saquinavir in rats compared to the SMEDDS. Therefore, the S-SMEDDS would be usefully exploited to enhance the lymphatic absorption of hydrophobic drugs that need to be targeted to the lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghee Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Prakash Khadka
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejun Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ha Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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Yoshida T, Sako K, Kondo H. Design of novel tacrolimus formulations with chemically synthesized oils for oral lymphatic delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:219-226. [PMID: 31976759 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1721525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High consumption of oil formulations has been reported to reduce the blood exposure of drugs like tacrolimus. Consumption of oil formulations has also been shown to inhibit T-cell production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) compared to solid dispersion formulations (SDFs). However, a large amount of oil causes gastrointestinal side effects such as diarrhea and low compliance. Here, we investigated the feasibility of reducing the amount of oil and substitution of chemically synthetized oils for natural oils in these formulations. Reducing the amount of sunflower oil increased blood tacrolimus exposure despite sufficient suppression of IL-2 production. While medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) increased tacrolimus blood exposure, addition of 10% glyceryl monostearate (GMS) to MCT significantly decreased drug blood exposure without requiring a large amount of oil (p < .05). Effects of the contents of GMS in the MCT/GMS formulations, and fatty acid composition in GMS on drug blood exposure were also investigated. The results indicated that both the amount and type of oil were important for maintaining a good balance between a reduction in blood exposure and sufficient IL-2 suppression. The ratio of drug concentration in lymphocytes to that in whole blood after dosing with an oil formulation was significantly higher than that after administration of the SDF (p < .01). These results indicate the feasibility of developing oral oil tacrolimus formulations to reduce systemic side effects and maintain high efficacy for practical use in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Yoshida
- Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Research and Technology Labs, Astellas Pharma Inc, Yaizu, Japan
| | | | - Hiromu Kondo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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Preparation of a supersaturatable self-microemulsion as drug delivery system for ellagic acid and evaluation of its antioxidant activities. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Zhang J, Wen X, Dai Y, Xia Y. Mechanistic studies on the absorption enhancement of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system loaded with norisoboldine-phospholipid complex. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:7095-7106. [PMID: 31564867 PMCID: PMC6730610 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s211905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Norisoboldine (NOR), the main isoquinoline alkaloid constituent in Radix Linderae, was demonstrated to have an outstanding anti-arthritis activity. However, a poor oral bioavailability of NOR creates a barrier for its development and application. Methods A new self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) loaded with the phospholipid complex (PC) was designed to improve the oral bioavailability of NOR. NOR-PC was prepared by solvent evaporation method with a mixture of phospholipid and NOR at a mass ratio of 3:1. The property of PC is to improve the liposolubility of NOR, and made PC embedded in the drug delivery system. The physicochemical property of NOR-PC was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). According to the ability to dissolve NOR-PC, the oil and cosurfactant were chosen. The surfactant was selected based on its emulsification efficiency in SNEDDS. Pseudo-ternary phase diagram was created to select the best formulation of NOR-PC-SNEDDS, and the pharmacokinetic parameters were detected in rats. In addition, intestinal lymphatic transport and liver microsome experiment were studied to gain insight into the mechanism for NOR-PC-SNEDDS increasing the oral bioavailability of NOR. Results Solubility detection showed that the PC significantly improved the liposolubility of NOR. NOR-PC-SNEDDS was prepared using NOR-PC, Ethyl oleate, Labrasol, Cremophor EL and transcutol HP at a weight ratio of 1:2:3.36:2.24:2.4 (w/w/w/w/w). The particle size and zeta potential of NOR-PC-SNEDDS were 36.72±1.47 nm and -4.91±0.49 mV after dilution with distilled water at a ratio of 1:50 (w/w). The absolute bioavailability of NOR in the NOR-PC-SNEDDS group significantly increased and the value was 372% in relative to NOR group. Further studies indicated that NOR-PC-SNEDDS promoted the oral bioavailability of NOR by enhancing intestinal lymphatic absorption and inhibiting Phase II metabolism of NOR. Conclusion These findings suggested that NOR-PC-SNEDDS was able to promote the oral bioavailability of NOR, which provided a foundation for the further development and application of NOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Wen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Dai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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Patel V, Lalani R, Bardoliwala D, Ghosh S, Misra A. Lipid-Based Oral Formulation Strategies for Lipophilic Drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3609-3630. [PMID: 30255474 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Partition coefficient (log P) is a key physicochemical characteristic of lipophilic drugs which plays a significant role in formulation development for oral administration. Lipid-based formulation strategies can increase lymphatic transport of these drugs and can enhance bioavailability many folds. The number of lipophilic drugs in pharmacopoeias and under discovery are continuously increasing and making the job of the formulation scientist difficult to develop suitable formulation of these drugs due to potent nature and water insolubility of these drugs. Recently, many natural and synthetic lipids are appearing in the market which are helpful in the development of lipid-based formulations of these types of drugs having enhanced solubility and bioavailability. One such reason for this enhanced bioavailability is the accessibility of the lymphatic transport as well as avoidance of first-pass effect. This review discusses the impact of lipophilicity in enhancing the intestinal lymphatic drug transport thereby reducing first-pass metabolism. The most appropriate strategy for developing a lipid-based formulation depending upon the degree of lipophilicity has been critically discussed and provides information on how to develop optimum formulation. Various formulation strategies are discussed in-depth by classifying lipid-based oral drug delivery systems with case studies of few marketed formulations with challenges and opportunities for the future of the formulations.
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Li F, Hu R, Wang B, Gui Y, Cheng G, Gao S, Ye L, Tang J. Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system for improving the bioavailability of huperzine A by lymphatic uptake. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:353-360. [PMID: 28540173 PMCID: PMC5430757 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A (Hup-A) is a poorly water-soluble drug with low oral bioavailability. A self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) was used to enhance the oral bioavailability and lymphatic uptake and transport of Hup-A. A single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) technique and a chylomicron flow-blocking approach were used to study its intestinal absorption, mesenteric lymph node distribution and intestinal lymphatic uptake. The value of the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) of Hup-A SMEDDS was significantly higher than that of a Hup-A suspension (P<0.01). The absorption rate constant (Ka) and the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) for Hup-A in different parts of the intestine suggested a passive transport mechanism, and the values of Ka and Papp of Hup-A SMEDDS in the ileum were much higher than those in other intestinal segments. The determination of Hup-A concentration in mesenteric lymph nodes can be used to explain the intestinal lymphatic absorption of Hup-A SMEDDS. For Hup-A SMEDDS, the values of AUC and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of the blocking model were significantly lower than those of the control model (P<0.05). The proportion of lymphatic transport of Hup-A SMEDDS and Hup-A suspension were about 40% and 5%, respectively, suggesting that SMEDDS can significantly improve the intestinal lymphatic uptake and transport of Hup-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- National Chinese Medicinal Materials Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Anhui), Bozhou 236800, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin׳an Medicine Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Rongfeng Hu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin׳an Medicine Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China
- Anhui “115” Xin׳an Traditional Chinese Medical Research & Development Innovation Team, Hefei 230038, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Corresponding author at: Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.Anhui University of Chinese MedicineHefei230038China
| | - Bin Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin׳an Medicine Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Yun Gui
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin׳an Medicine Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Gang Cheng
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin׳an Medicine Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Song Gao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin׳an Medicine Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
- Key Laboratory of Xin׳an Medicine Ministry of Education, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Jihui Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
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Borkar N, Holm R, Yang M, Müllertz A, Mu H. In vivo evaluation of lipid-based formulations for oral delivery of apomorphine and its diester prodrugs. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:211-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Han L, Yang Q, Shen T, Qing J, Wang J. Lymphatic transport of orally administered probucol-loaded mPEG-DSPE micelles. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:1955-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1028600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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Talegaonkar S, Negi LM. Nanoemulsion in Drug Targeting. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Borkar N, Li B, Holm R, Håkansson AE, Müllertz A, Yang M, Mu H. Lipophilic prodrugs of apomorphine I: Preparation, characterisation, and in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis in biorelevant media. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 89:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lawless E, Griffin BT, O’Mahony A, O’Driscoll CM. Exploring the Impact of Drug Properties on the Extent of Intestinal Lymphatic Transport - In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1817-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim H, Seong I, Ro J, Hwang SH, Yun G, Lee J. Enhanced association of probucol with chylomicron by pharmaceutical excipients: an in vitro study. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2014; 41:1073-9. [PMID: 24934664 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2014.927479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of pharmaceutical excipients preferred in lipid-based formulations for lymphatic delivery on in vitro association of probucol with chylomicron (CM). CM stability study was performed under the conditions of room temperature, refrigeration and deep freezing to optimize the storage condition of CM dispersion prior to CM-binding study. The mean particle size, size distribution and zeta potential value were considerably maintained for 48 h under the refrigeration condition. CM-binding study was conducted using probucol incorporated in vehicles composed of solubilizer (Transcutol HP or ethanol or propylene glycol) or surfactant (Tween-80 or Tween-20 or Cremophor ELP), and CM dispersion obtained by a density-gradient ultracentrifugation. Levels of the association of probucol with CM were largely governed by solubility of probucol in pharmaceutical excipients tested in this study, and the ability of solubilizers tested to enhance the affinity of probucol with CM was much greater than that of surfactants tested. Furthermore, the association of probucol with CM was enhanced by increasing the amount of the drug solubilized in propylene glycol or Transcutol HP. Together, the result of this CM-binding study showed that solubilizers tested in this study can increase levels of the association of probucol with CM, potentially leading to an increase in lymphatic exposure of drugs. Thus, identifying pharmaceutical excipients having better solubilizing ability would be advantageous for enhanced lymphatic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongmin Kim
- Pharmaceutical Formulation Design Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University , Seoul , South Korea and
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24
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Chudasama A, Patel V, Nivsarkar M, Vasu K, Shishoo C. Role of lipid-based excipients and their composition on the bioavailability of antiretroviral self-emulsifying formulations. Drug Deliv 2014; 22:531-40. [PMID: 24601856 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.891270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) to improve solubility and enhance the oral absorption of the poorly water-soluble drug, nevirapine. This lipid-based formulation may help to target the drug to lymphoid organs where HIV-1 virus resides mainly. The influence of the oil, surfactant and co-surfactant types on the drug solubility and their ratios on forming efficient and stable SEDDS were investigated in detail. Two SEDDS (F1 and F2) were prepared and characterized by morphological observation, droplet size and zeta potential determination, cloud point measurement and in vitro diffusion study. The influence of droplet size on the absorption from formulations with varying concentration of oil and surfactant was also evaluated from two self-emulsifying formulations. Oral bioavailability of nevirapine SEDDS was checked by using rat model. Results of diffusion rate and oral bioavailability of nevirapine SEDDS were compared with marketed suspension. The absorption of nevirapine from F1 and F2 showed 1.92 and 1.98-fold increase (p < 0.05) in relative bioavailability, respectively, compared with that of the suspension. There was no statistical significant difference (p < 0.05) between F1 and F2 in their AUC and C(max). This indicated that there was apparent poor correlation between the droplet size and in vivo absorption. However, nevirapine in SEDDS showed higher ex vivo stomach and intestinal permeability and in vivo absorption than the marketed suspension, suggesting that the SEDDS may be a useful delivery system for targeting nevirapine to lymphoid organs.
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Kalepu S, Manthina M, Padavala V. Oral lipid-based drug delivery systems – an overview. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Quantitative analysis of the effect of triglyceride alkyl-chain length on the partitioning of highly lipophilic compounds to the mesenteric lymph in intestinal cells. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:937-46. [PMID: 24081442 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively clarify the effect of alky-chain length of a triglyceride in an emulsion on the partitioning of highly lipophilic compounds into the lymph fluid after their oral administration. Highly lipophilic anthraquinone derivatives were orally administered in emulsions to rats. Emulsions composed of long-, medium-, and short-chain triglycerides (LCT, MCT, and SCT emulsions, respectively) were used. The concentrations of the compounds in plasma and lymph fluid were periodically determined and their partitioning to the lymph was calculated using a mathematical model. Intestinal absorption of all compounds was enhanced and the plasma concentrations of the compounds were found to be in the following order: LCT emulsion > MCT emulsion > SCT emulsion. The amounts of each compound recovered in the lymph were not in agreement with their lipophilicity. Quantitative analysis revealed that the partitioning of the compounds to the lymph may be determined by the solubility of the compound in the triglyceride in the form of an emulsion and the amount of triglyceride transferred to the lymph fluid. These results suggest a possibility that the amount of a compound absorbed via the lymph route after oral administration can be quantitatively controlled by the formulations.
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Faisal W, Ruane-O’Hora T, O’Driscoll CM, Griffin BT. A novel lipid-based solid dispersion for enhancing oral bioavailability of Lycopene – In vivo evaluation using a pig model. Int J Pharm 2013; 453:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Zhou A, Lu T, Wang L, Lu C, Wang L, Wan M, Wu H. Lymphatic transport of puerarin occurs after oral administration of different lipid-based formulations to unconscious lymph duct-cannulated rats. Pharm Dev Technol 2013; 19:743-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2013.829093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Nesamony J, Shah IS, Kalra A, Jung R. Nebulized oil-in-water nanoemulsion mists for pulmonary delivery: development, physico-chemical characterization and in vitro evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2013; 40:1253-63. [PMID: 23837519 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2013.814065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT This study presents novel nanostructured oil-in-water (o/w) mists based on self-nanoemulsifying (SNE) mixtures capable of delivering poorly water-soluble drugs into the lungs. OBJECTIVE Formulation development of an o/w nanoemulsion (NE) capable of being nebulized for pulmonary delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS SNE mixtures were prepared and evaluated using Tween 80 and Cremophor RH 40 as surfactants; Transcutol P, Capryol 90 and PEG 400 as cosurfactants; and Labrafac Lipophile Wl 1349 (a medium-chain triglyceride) as an oil. Liquid NEs were analyzed by light scattering, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in vitro drug release studies. The aqueous NE was nebulized and assessed by light scattering and TEM. The formulation was aseptically filtered and the sterility validated. In vitro cytotoxicity of the formulations was tested in NIH 3T3 cells. The capability of the formulation to deliver a poorly water-soluble drug was determined using ibuprofen. RESULTS Ibuprofen was found to be stable in the NEs. The formulations were neutrally charged with a droplet size of about 20 nm. TEM images displayed 100 nm oil droplets. The aseptic filtration method produced sterile NE. The nebulized mist revealed properties ideal for pulmonary delivery. The biocompatible aerosol has a nanostructure consisting of several oil nanodroplets enclosed within each water drop. Solubility and in vitro drug release studies showed successful incorporation and release of ibuprofen. CONCLUSION The developed formulation could be used as an inhalation for delivering material possessing poor water solubility into the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Nesamony
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo , Toledo, OH , USA
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30
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Doh HJ, Jung Y, Balakrishnan P, Cho HJ, Kim DD. A novel lipid nanoemulsion system for improved permeation of granisetron. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 101:475-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen XQ, Gudmundsson OS, Hageman MJ. Application of Lipid-Based Formulations in Drug Discovery. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7945-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3006433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Chen
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543,
United States
| | - Olafur S. Gudmundsson
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543,
United States
| | - Michael J. Hageman
- Discovery Pharmaceutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical
Research Institute, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543,
United States
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Gibaud S, Attivi D. Microemulsions for oral administration and their therapeutic applications. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:937-51. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.694865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Opportunities and challenges for oral delivery of hydrophobic versus hydrophilic peptide and protein-like drugs using lipid-based technologies. Ther Deliv 2011; 2:1633-53. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide and protein-like drugs are macromolecules currently produced in increasing numbers by the pharmaceutical biotechnology industry. The physicochemical properties of these molecules pose barriers to oral administration. Lipid-based drug-delivery systems have the potential to overcome these barriers and may be utilized to formulate safe, stable and efficacious oral medicines. This review outlines the design of such lipid-based technologies. The mechanisms whereby these formulations enhance the absorption of lipophilic versus hydrophilic peptide and protein-like drugs are discussed. In the case of lipophilic compounds, the advantages of lipid-based drug-delivery systems including increased solubilization, decreased intestinal efflux, decreased intracellular metabolism and possible lymphatic transport are well established as is evident from the success of Neoral® and other drug products on the market. In contrast, with respect to hydrophilic compounds, the situation is more complex and, while promising formulation approaches have been studied, issues including reproducibility of response, intersubject variability and duration of response require further optimization before commercially viable products are possible.
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Complexation approach for fixed dose tablet formulation of lopinavir and ritonavir: an anomalous relationship between stability constant, dissolution rate and saturation solubility. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-011-0022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wu H, Zhou A, Lu C, Wang L. Examination of lymphatic transport of puerarin in unconscious lymph duct-cannulated rats after administration in microemulsion drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 42:348-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Ramana LN, Sethuraman S, Ranga U, Krishnan UM. Development of a liposomal nanodelivery system for nevirapine. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:57. [PMID: 20624325 PMCID: PMC2914021 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of AIDS remains a serious challenge owing to high genetic variation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1). The use of different antiretroviral drugs (ARV) is significantly limited by severe side-effects that further compromise the quality of life of the AIDS patient. In the present study, we have evaluated a liposome system for the delivery of nevirapine, a hydrophobic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Liposomes were prepared from egg phospholipids using thin film hydration. The parameters of the process were optimized to obtain spherical liposomes below 200 nm with a narrow polydispersity. The encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes was optimized at different ratios of egg phospholipid to cholesterol as well as drug to total lipid. The data demonstrate that encapsulation efficiency of 78.14% and 76.25% were obtained at egg phospholipid to cholesterol ratio of 9:1 and drug to lipid ratio of 1:5, respectively. We further observed that the size of the liposomes and the encapsulation efficiency of the drug increased concomitantly with the increasing ratio of drug and lipid and that maximum stability was observed at the physiological pH. Thermal analysis of the drug encapsulated liposomes indicated the formation of a homogenous drug-lipid system. The magnitude of drug release from the liposomes was examined under different experimental conditions including in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum or in the presence of an external stimulus such as low frequency ultrasound. Within the first 20 minutes 40, 60 and 100% of the drug was released when placed in PBS, DMEM or when ultrasound was applied, respectively. We propose that nevirapine-loaded liposomal formulations reported here could improve targeted delivery of the anti-retroviral drugs to select compartments and cells and alleviate systemic toxic side effects as a consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi N Ramana
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
| | - Udaykumar Ranga
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Molecular Biology & Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Uma M Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613 401, India
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He CX, He ZG, Gao JQ. Microemulsions as drug delivery systems to improve the solubility and the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:445-60. [PMID: 20201713 DOI: 10.1517/17425241003596337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Microemulsions have been studied extensively as potential drug delivery vehicles for poorly water-soluble drugs. An understanding of the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characteristics of the microemulsions according to administration routes will provide guidance for designing the formulations of microemulsions. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW In this paper, the use and the characteristics of microemulsions as drug delivery vehicles are reviewed. As the formulations of the microemulsion always include a great amount of surfactant and co-surfactant, which may cause hemolysis or histopathological alterations of the tissue, the potential toxicity or the irritancy of microemulsions is also discussed in this paper. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Developments of microemulsions for poorly water-soluble drugs in recent years are included in this review. Several factors limiting the commercial or clinical use of microemulsions are also discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Considering the potential in enhanced drug uptake/permeation and facing the limitations, their unique properties make microemulsions a promising vehicle for poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia He
- Zhejiang University, Institute of Pharmaceutics, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Faisal W, O'Driscoll CM, Griffin BT. Bioavailability of lycopene in the rat: the role of intestinal lymphatic transport. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:323-31. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.03.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
As a natural antioxidant derived from dietary sources, lycopene has attracted considerable attention as a potent chemopreventative agent. Lycopene is an extremely lipophilic compound and absorption from dietary sources is estimated to be low and highly variable. As a result, plasma lycopene concentrations are poorly correlated with dietary intake of lycopene rich food stuffs. The development of an oral formulation remains a challenge that requires a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of this compound.
Methods
The solubility of lycopene in simulated physiological fluids and bile salt mixed micelle formulations was determined. The extent of intestinal lymphatic transport and the absolute bioavailability of lycopene from a range of biorelevant media was evaluated in a mesenteric lymph duct cannulated anaesthetised rat model.
Results
The absolute bioavailability of lycopene after 8 h was 1.85 ± 0.39%. The overall extent of the intestinal lymphatic transport was in the range of 0.6–3.4% of the administered dose. A strong positive correlation (r2 > 0.9) between intestinal lycopene levels and intestinal triglyceride levels was demonstrated.
Conclusions
The intestinal lymphatic route is the major uptake mechanism of lycopene from the gastrointestinal tract. Lycopene transport in intestinal lymph was closely associated with triglyceride transport in the lymph. Formulation strategies designed to promote intestinal lymphatic uptake, such as lipid-based formulations containing long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) or lecithin, may serve to enhance oral bioavailability of lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Faisal
- Pharmacodelivery Research group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Brendan T Griffin
- Pharmacodelivery Research group, School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, Ireland
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Trevaskis NL, McEvoy CL, McIntosh MP, Edwards GA, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Porter CJH. The Role of the Intestinal Lymphatics in the Absorption of Two Highly Lipophilic Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein Inhibitors (CP524,515 and CP532,623). Pharm Res 2010; 27:878-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Chakraborty S, Shukla D, Mishra B, Singh S. Lipid – An emerging platform for oral delivery of drugs with poor bioavailability. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 73:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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41
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Gao Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Yu A, Cai F, Shao W, Zhai G. Formulation optimization and in situ absorption in rat intestinal tract of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 71:306-14. [PMID: 19375897 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new microemulsion system has been developed to increase the solubility and oral absorption of quercetin, a poorly water-soluble drug. The formulation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion was optimized by a simplex lattice experiment design. The optimized microemulsion formulation consisted of oil (7%, w/w), surfactant (48%, w/w), and cosurfactant (45%, w/w). Under this condition, the mean droplet diameter of microemulsion was 38.9 nm and solubility of quercetin in the microemulsion was 4.138 mg/ml. The in situ absorption property of quercetin-loaded microemulsion in rat intestine was studied and the results showed there was significant difference in absorption parameters such as K(a), t(1/2) and uptake percentages between microemulsion and micelle solution containing quercetin. The study on absorption percentage in different regions of rat intestine attested that the colon had the best permeability, followed by ileum, duodenum in order. It can be concluded that microemulsion can improve the solubility and oral absorption of quercetin, a poorly water-soluble drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
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42
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Fiorellino NM, Lamprecht ED, Williams CA. Absorption of Different Oral Formulations of Natural Vitamin E in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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43
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Gut instincts: Explorations in intestinal physiology and drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:213-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Exploring the use of novel drug delivery systems for antiretroviral drugs. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:697-710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Mittal A, Middleditch M, Ruggiero K, Buchanan CM, Jullig M, Loveday B, Cooper GJS, Windsor JA, Phillips ARJ. The proteome of rodent mesenteric lymph. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G895-903. [PMID: 18772360 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90378.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mesenteric lymph contributes to normal homeostasis and has an emerging role in the pathogenesis of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. The aim of this study was to define the proteome of normal rodent mesenteric lymph in the fasted and fed states. Eight male Wistar rats fed a standard rodent diet were randomized to two groups. Group 1 (fasted, n = 4) were fasted for 24 h before anesthetized collection of mesenteric lymph. Group 2 (fed, n = 4) were allowed ad libitum access to food before lymph collection. Mesenteric lymph was subjected to proteomic analysis using iTRAQ and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). One hundred fifty proteins, including 26 hypothetical proteins, were identified in this study. All proteins were identified in lymph from both the fasted and fed states. The relative distribution profiles of protein functional classes in the mesenteric lymph differed significantly from that reported for plasma. The most abundant classes identified in lymph were protease inhibitors (16%) and proteins related to innate immunity (12%). In conclusion, this study provides the first detailed description of the normal mesenteric lymph proteome in the fed and fasted states using iTRAQ and LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Mittal
- School of Biological Sciences, Univ. of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Jannin V, Musakhanian J, Marchaud D. Approaches for the development of solid and semi-solid lipid-based formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:734-46. [PMID: 18045728 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Interest in Lipid Based Drug Delivery (LBDD) has developed over the past decade fuelled by a better understanding of the multiple roles lipids may play in enhancing oral bioavailability. Moreover, the emergence of novel excipients with acceptable regulatory and safety profiles coupled with advances in formulation technologies have greatly improved the potential for successful lipid based formulations. With the growing interest in this field, there is an increasing need for guidelines in excipient selection and characterization; material handling, formulation design, and processing techniques to obtain effective and patient-compliant dosage forms. The aim of this review is to present the recent approaches in selecting the most appropriate lipid system(s); methods for characterization of their behavior in vitro and in vivo; and the current formulation and processing techniques to obtain various solid dosage forms.
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O'Driscoll CM, Griffin BT. Biopharmaceutical challenges associated with drugs with low aqueous solubility--the potential impact of lipid-based formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:617-24. [PMID: 18155800 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 10/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The percentage of new chemical entities synthesised with low aqueous solubility and high therapeutic efficacy is growing, this presents major challenges for the drug delivery scientists. The role of physicochemical properties in identification of suitable drug candidates for oral lipid-based delivery systems is discussed. A knowledge of the interplay of physicochemical and biopharmaceutical drug properties with the physiological environment of the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT), as a prerequisite to successful formulation design, is reviewed. The importance of excipient selection with an emphasis on bioactive excipients is stressed. The need for more examples of in vitro-in vivo correlations as a means of maximizing the development potential and commercial future for lipid-based formulations, and, promoting confidence within the industry for these delivery systems is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
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48
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An examination of the effect of intestinal first pass extraction on intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir in the rat. Pharm Res 2007; 25:1125-33. [PMID: 17975709 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the impact of intestinally based efflux/elimination processes on the extent of intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir. To compare the relative effects of co-administration of P-gp/CYP modulators on intestinal lymphatic transport versus systemic bioavailability of saquinavir. METHODS A cremophor mixed micelle formulation of saquinavir alone, or co-administered with P-gp/CYP modulators, verapamil, ketoconazole or cyclosporine, was dosed intraduodenally in the mesenteric lymph duct cannulated anaesthetized rat model. RESULTS Co-administration of P-gp/CYP modulators resulted in significant increases in the extent of intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir. A comparison of the relative enhancement of lymphatic transport and plasma bioavailability compared to control (i.e. saquinavir alone) reveals a greater effect of verapamil and ketoconazole on the amount of drug transported by the lymphatic route, an observation consistent with a preferential targeting of saquinavir via the intestinal lymphatics. In contrast co-administration of cyclosporine increased both the extent of lymphatic transport (5.5-fold), and systemic bioavailability (4.1-fold). CONCLUSIONS Intestinal P-gp/CYP efflux/elimination restricts saquinavir transport via the intestinal lymphatics in the rat. Targeted increases in intestinal lymphatic levels of saquinavir may be achieved by selective inhibition of intestinal P-gp and/or CYP.
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49
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Dahan A, Mendelman A, Amsili S, Ezov N, Hoffman A. The effect of general anesthesia on the intestinal lymphatic transport of lipophilic drugs: comparison between anesthetized and freely moving conscious rat models. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 32:367-74. [PMID: 17980560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of general anesthesia on the lymphatic transport of orally administered drugs. Vitamin D(3) (0.5 mg/kg), a model lipophilic molecule with significant lymphatic transport, was administered to anesthetized rats in close proximity to the lymphatic cannulation procedure. The lymphatic and non-lymphatic absorption of the vitamin in this experimental model was compared to lymph-duct cannulated freely moving conscious rats. The amounts of vitamin D(3) transported via the lymph in the anesthetized animals throughout the time frame of this experimental model (8 h) were 25% lower as compared to the conscious animals, but showed similar absorption kinetics. However, the duration of the anesthesia is limited and thus failed to produce the complete picture of the absorption process. The cumulative percent of the vitamin dose that was recovered in the lymph as well as the vitamin plasma AUC values were both 25% lower in the anesthetized animals as compared to the conscious animals. Hence, the anesthesia did not influence the proportion of the vitamin fraction absorbed via the different pathways. The lymph flow rate was significantly decreased by the anesthesia (threefold), however, higher lymph vitamin concentrations in these animals led to lower differences in the vitamin lymphatic transport (25%) between the models. In conclusion, the anesthetized rat model is suitable for approximating the lymphatic transport. However, the conscious rat model is still required in order to have a more precise and complete measurement of lymphatic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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