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Wang T, Tang C, Chen J, Liang J, Li Y, Li X. Accumulation Characteristics of Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis Metabolites Driven by Environmental Factors. Metabolites 2024; 14:414. [PMID: 39195510 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The environment is an important factor affecting the composition and abundance of metabolites in O. sinensis, which indirectly determines its edible function and medicinal potential. This study integrated metabolomics and redundancy analysis (RDA) to analyze the metabolite profile characteristics and key environmental factors influencing O. sinensis in various production areas. A total of 700 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified, primarily comprising lipids, organic acids, and organoheterocyclic compounds. Results from hierarchical cluster analysis and KEGG indicated distinct accumulation patterns of these DAMs in O. sinensis from different regions, with enrichment in pathways such as tryptophan metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Environmental factors like annual mean precipitation, pH, temperature, and altitude were found to significantly influence metabolite composition, particularly lipids, organic acids, and nucleosides. Overall, this study highlights the impact of environmental factors on metabolite diversity in O. sinensis and sheds light on the evolutionary processes shaping its metabolic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jianbo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jing Liang
- Ningxia Zhihui Yuanshi Winery Co., Yinchuan 750000, China
| | - Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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Liu Y, Yang J, Guo Z, Li Q, Zhang L, Zhao L, Zhou X. Immunomodulatory Effect of Cordyceps militaris Polysaccharide on RAW 264.7 Macrophages by Regulating MAPK Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2024; 29:3408. [PMID: 39064986 PMCID: PMC11279930 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide is one of the principal bioactive components found in medicinal mushrooms and has been proven to enhance host immunity. However, the possible mechanism of immunomodulatory activity of Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide is not fully understood. Hot water extraction and alcohol precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-25 chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 chromatography were used to isolate polysaccharide from C. militaris. A high-molecular-weight polysaccharide isolated from C. militaris was designated as HCMP, which had an Mw of 6.18 × 105 Da and was composed of arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose in a mole ratio of 2.00:8.01:72.54:15.98:1.02. The polysaccharide content of HCMP was 91.2% ± 0.16. The test in vitro showed that HCMP activated mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells by enhancing phagocytosis and NO production, and by regulating mRNA expressions of inflammation-related molecules in RAW 264.7 cells. Western blotting revealed that HCMP induced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Moreover, using inhibitors of MAPKs decreased the mRNA levels of inflammation-related molecules induced by HCMP. These data evidenced that the immunomodulatory effect of HCMP on RAW 264.7 macrophages was mediated via the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggested that HCMP could be developed as a potent immunomodulatory agent for use in functional foods and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiayi Yang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhijian Guo
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qizhang Li
- Innovative Drug R&D Center, College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China
| | - Lida Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lingxia Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuanwei Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.G.)
- Engineering Research Center of Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Wang W. Polysaccharides as Quality Marker to Rapid Profile for Ophiocordyceps sinensis by PXRD. Molecules 2024; 29:3201. [PMID: 38999153 PMCID: PMC11243249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis has long been recognized as a mysterious and valuable traditional Chinese medicine but there has been little research on quality markers for O. sinensis. PURPOSE This study looked into the potential of using powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) to analyze polysaccharides as a quality marker for O. sinensis. STUDY DESIGN There were 16 different habitats of O. sinensis collected in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Tibet. In addition, five different types of Cordyceps species were collected. The characteristic diffraction peaks of O. sinensis were determined and then matched with the characteristic diffraction peaks of intracellular polysaccharides obtained from O. sinensis to determine the attribution relationship of the characteristic diffraction peaks. METHODS O. sinensis powder's X-ray diffraction pattern is determined by its composition, microcrystalline crystal structure, intramolecular bonding mechanism, and molecular configuration. After fractionation and alcohol precipitation of crude intracellular polysaccharide, mycelium crude intracellular polysaccharide (MCP) and fruiting body crude intracellular polysaccharide (FCP) were obtained and the fingerprint of O. sinensis was identified by the specific characteristic peaks of the X-ray diffraction pattern from intracellular polysaccharide. RESULTS The results indicated that the PXRD patterns of different populations of O. sinensis were overlaid well with 18 characteristic diffraction peaks obtained by microcrystalline diffraction. Moreover, the powder diffractograms as a fingerprint provided a practical identification of O. sinensis from other Cordyceps species. In addition, we detected that the powder diffractograms of intracellular polysaccharide MCP and MCP75 could be coupled with the PXRD of O. sinensis. Specifically, 18 characteristic diffraction peaks were identified as coming from MCP and MCP75 according to those interplanar crystal spacing, which matched well with those of PXRD of O. sinensis. CONCLUSIONS PXRD spectra combined with an updated multivariable discriminant model were found to be an efficient and sensitive method for O. sinensis quality control. According to the findings of this study, PXRD should be further investigated for quality control assessments and plant extract selection trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weien Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
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Wang T, Tang C, He H, Cao Z, Xiao M, He M, Qi J, Li Y, Li X. Evaluation of Cordyceps sinensis Quality in 15 Production Areas Using Metabolomics and the Membership Function Method. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:356. [PMID: 38786711 PMCID: PMC11122220 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is a precious medicinal and edible fungus, which is widely used in body health care and disease prevention. The current research focuses on the comparison of metabolite characteristics between a small number of samples and lacks a comprehensive evaluation of the quality of C. sinensis in a large-scale space. In this study, LC-MS/MS, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and the membership function method were used to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics and quality of metabolites in 15 main producing areas of C. sinensis in China. The results showed that a total of 130 categories, 14 supercategories, and 1718 metabolites were identified. Carboxylic acids and derivatives, fatty acyls, organo-oxygen compounds, benzene and substituted derivatives, prenol lipids, and glycerophospholipids were the main components of C. sinensis. The HCA analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of 559 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) showed that the accumulation models of fatty acids and conjugates and carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates in glycerophospholipid metabolism and arginine and proline metabolism may be one of the reasons for the quality differences in C. sinensis in different producing areas. In addition, a total of 18 biomarkers were identified and validated, which had a significant discrimination effect on the samples (p < 0.05). Overall, YS, BR, and ZD, with the highest membership function values, are rich and balanced in nutrients. They are excellent raw materials for the development of functional foods and provide scientific guidance for consumers to nourish health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Chuyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Zhengfei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Mengjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Min He
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Yuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiuzhang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; (T.W.); (C.T.); (H.H.); (Z.C.); (M.X.); (M.H.)
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Wu N, Ge X, Yin X, Yang L, Chen L, Shao R, Xu W. A review on polysaccharide biosynthesis in Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129336. [PMID: 38224811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is an edible parasitic fungus with medicinal properties. Its bioactive polysaccharides are structurally diverse and exhibit various metabolic and biological activities, including antitumor, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. These properties make C. militaris-derived polysaccharides a promising candidate for future development. Recent advancements in microbial fermentation technology have enabled successful laboratory cultivation and extraction of these polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are structurally diverse and exhibit various biological activities, such as immunostimulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, hypolipidemic, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. This review aims to summarize the structure and production mechanisms of polysaccharides from C. militaris, covering extraction methods, key genes and pathways involved in biosynthesis, and fermentation factors that influence yield and activity. Furthermore, the future potential and challenges of utilizing polysaccharides in the development of health foods and pharmaceuticals are addressed. This review serves as a valuable reference in the fields of food and medicine, and provides a theoretical foundation for the study of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Xuemei Yin
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Ligen Chen
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Rong Shao
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Liu SJ. Cordyceps as potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2024; 22:102-114. [PMID: 38494355 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite the challenges in managing atherosclerosis, researchers continue to investigate new treatments and complementary therapies. Cordyceps is a traditional Chinese medicine that has recently gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent for atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cordyceps in treating atherosclerosis through various pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, lowering cholesterol, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and modulating apoptosis or autophagy in vascular endothelial cells. Notably, the current misuse of the terms cordyceps and Ophiocordyceps sinensis has caused confusion among researchers, and complicated the current academic research on cordyceps. This review focuses on the chemical composition, pharmacological actions, and underlying mechanisms contributing to the anti-atherosclerotic effects of cordyceps and the mycelium of Ophiocordyceps spp. This review provides a resource for the research on the development of new drugs for atherosclerosis from cordyceps. Please cite this article as: Zhang Y, Liu SJ. Cordyceps as potential therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis. J Integr Med. 2024; 22(2): 102-114.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Marxism, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Si-Jing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sichuan-Chongqing Co-construction for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases with Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan Province, China.
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Zhang S, Jia Y, Ma G, Yang Y, Cao Z, Luo A, Zhang Z, Li S, Wen J, Liu H, Ma J. Bupleurum exerts antiarrhythmic effects by inhibiting L-type calcium channels in mouse ventricular myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 691:149322. [PMID: 38039833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bupleurum (Bup), is a traditional effective medicine to treat colds and fevers in clinics. Multiple studies have demonstrated that Bup exhibites various biological activities, including cardioprotective effects, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antipyretic, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects, etc. Currently, the effects of Bup on cardiac electrophysiology have not been reported yet. METHODS Electrocardiogram recordings were used to investigate the effects of Bup on aconitine-induced arrhythmias. Patch-clamp techniques were used to explore the effects of Bup on APs and ion currents. RESULTS Bup reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and delayed the onset time of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in mice. Additionally, Bup (40 mg/mL) suppressed DADs induced by high-Ca2+ and shortened action potential duration at 50 % completion of repolarization (APD50) and action potential duration at 90 % completion of repolarization (APD90) to 60.89 % ± 8.40 % and 68.94 % ± 3.24 % of the control, respectively. Moreover, Bup inhibited L-type calcium currents (ICa.L) in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 25.36 mg/mL. Furthermore, Bup affected the gated kinetics of L-type calcium channels by slowing down steady-state activation, accelerating the steady-state inactivation, and delaying the inactivation-recovery process. However, Bup had no effects on the Transient sodium current (INa.T), ATX II-increased late sodium current (INa.L), transient outward current (Ito), delayed rectifier potassium current (IK), or inward rectifier potassium current (IK1). CONCLUSION Bup is an antiarrhythmic agent that may exert its antiarrhythmic effects by inhibiting L-type calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yuzhong Jia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Guolan Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Antao Luo
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
| | - Zefu Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Shihan Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Hanfeng Liu
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jihua Ma
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China; Institute of Biology and Medicine, College of Life and Health Sciences, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
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Li Y, Lu Y, Yu B, Huang Z, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Luo J, Yan H, He J. Effect of cordyceps militaris on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal epithelium functions in weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae194. [PMID: 39001695 PMCID: PMC11322740 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the effects of cordyceps militaris (CM) on growth performance and intestinal epithelium functions, 180 weaned pigs were randomly assigned into 5 treatments with 6 replicate pens per treatment (6 pigs per pen). Pigs were fed with basal diet (control) or basal diet supplemented with 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg CM. The trial lasted for 42 d, and pigs from the control and optimal-dose groups (based on growth performance) were picked for blood and tissue collection (n = 6). Results showed that CM elevated the average daily gain (ADG) and decreased the ratio of feed intake to gain (F:G) in the weaned pigs (P < 0.05). CM supplementation at 100 mg/kg improved the digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and gross energy (GE) (P < 0.05). CM not only increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) but also increased the concentration of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in serum (P < 0.05). The serum concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), d-lactate, and diamine oxidase (DAO) were reduced by CM (P < 0.05). Interestingly, CM elevated the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum and increased the activities of duodenal sucrase and maltase (P < 0.05). Moreover, CM elevated the expression levels of tight-junction proteins ZO-1, claudin-1, and occluding, as well as critical functional genes such as the fatty acid transport protein (FATP1), cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1), and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). Importantly, CM increased the concentrations of acetic acid and butyric acid, and elevated the abundances of Bacillus and Lactobacillus in the cecum and colon, respectively (P < 0.05). These results indicated potential benefits of CM in improving the growth of weaned pigs, and such effect may be tightly associated with improvement in antioxidant capacity and intestinal epithelium functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanPing Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People’s Republic of China
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Dutta D, Singh NS, Aggarwal R, Verma AK. Cordyceps militaris: A Comprehensive Study on Laboratory Cultivation and Anticancer Potential in Dalton's Ascites Lymphoma Tumor Model. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:668-690. [PMID: 38305294 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206282174240115082518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, a predominant cause of mortality, poses a formidable challenge in our pursuit of elevating life expectancy. Throughout history, individuals have sought natural remedies with minimal side effects as an appealing substitute for chemotherapeutic drugs. One such remedy is Cordyceps militaris, a renowned medicinal mushroom deeply entrenched in Asian ethnomedicine. Revered for its rejuvenating and curative attributes, it relied upon for ages. OBJECTIVE The mushroom's soaring demand outpaced natural availability, necessitating controlled laboratory cultivation as the core focus and exploring the potential of methanolic extracts from harvested Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies against Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells in vitro, with a specific emphasis on its anticancer traits. METHODS For cultivation, we employed a diverse range of rice substrates, among which bora rice showed promising growth of C. militaris fruiting bodies. To assess DLA cell cytotoxicity, several assays, including trypan blue exclusion assay, MTT assay, and LDH assay, were employed at different time points (24-96 h), which provided valuable insights on DLA cell viability and proliferation, shedding light on its therapeutic potential against cancer. RESULTS Our studies unveiled that methanolic extract prompts apoptosis in DLA cells via AO/EB dual staining, manifesting consistent apoptosis indicators such as membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclei fragmentation, and cellular shrinkage at 48-96 h of treatment. Furthermore, these striking repercussions of apoptosis were comprehended by an in silico approach having molecular docking simulation against antiapoptotic proteins like BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1, BFL-1 & HSP100. CONCLUSION Methanolic C. militaris extracts exhibited cytotoxicity and apoptotic alterations in DLA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Dutta
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Namram Sushindrajit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Rohit Aggarwal
- Cosmic Cordycep Farms, Badarpur Said Tehsil, Faridabad, 121101, Haryana, India
| | - Akalesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
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Sharma H, Sharma N, An SSA. Unique Bioactives from Zombie Fungus ( Cordyceps) as Promising Multitargeted Neuroprotective Agents. Nutrients 2023; 16:102. [PMID: 38201932 PMCID: PMC10780653 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps, also known as "zombie fungus", is a non-poisonous mushroom that parasitizes insects for growth and development by manipulating the host system in a way that makes the victim behave like a "zombie". These species produce promising bioactive metabolites, like adenosine, β-glucans, cordycepin, and ergosterol. Cordyceps has been used in traditional medicine due to its immense health benefits, as it boosts stamina, appetite, immunity, longevity, libido, memory, and sleep. Neuronal loss is the typical feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) (Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) and neurotrauma. Both these conditions share common pathophysiological features, like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Cordyceps bioactives (adenosine, N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3β-ol, active peptides, and polysaccharides) exert potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities and display beneficial effects in the management and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in vitro and in vivo. Although a considerable list of compounds is available from Cordyceps, only a few have been evaluated for their neuroprotective potential and still lack information for clinical trials. In this review, the neuroprotective mechanisms and safety profile of Cordyceps extracts/bioactives have been discussed, which might be helpful in the identification of novel potential therapeutic entities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niti Sharma
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
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11
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Zhang KT, Huang ZP, Xu XR, Li SH, Xu YX, Zhao Q, Zhang XM. Two new diketopiperazines from the Cordyceps fungus Samsoniella sp. XY4. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:735-740. [PMID: 37789127 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Two new diketopiperazines, namely samsoniellain A (1) and samsoniellain B (2), together with two known compounds (3, 4) were isolated from Cordyceps fungus Samsoniella sp. XY4. The planar structures of 1 and 2 were determined by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by comparison of quantum chemical TDDFT calculated and experimental ECD spectra. Results of antimicrobial activity indicated that compound 2 showed weak bacteriostatic activities against S. typhimurium χ 8956, H. influenza ATCC 10211, MRSA 2024 with the MIC values of 128, 256, and 256 μg ml-1, respectively. This is the first report about secondary metabolites of Samsoniella sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhi-Pu Huang
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Si-Heng Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kun Ming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
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12
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Lv H, Li X, He D, Chen X, Liu M, Lan Y, Zhao J, Wang H, Yan Z. Genotype-Controlled Vertical Transmission Exerts Selective Pressure on Community Assembly of Salvia miltiorrhiza. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:2934-2948. [PMID: 37667132 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant's endophytic fungi play an important role in promoting host development and metabolism. Studies have shown that the factors affecting the assembly of the endophyte community mainly include host genotype, vertical transmission, and soil origin. However, we do not know the role of vertically transmitted endohytic fungi influences on the host-plant's endophytic community assembly. Salvia miltiorrhiza from three production areas were used as research objects; we constructed three production area genotypes of S. miltiorrhiza regenerated seedlings simultaneously. Based on high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed the effects of genotype, soil origin, and vertical transmission on endophytic fungal communities. The results show that the community of soil origins significantly affected the endophytic fungal community in the regenerated seedlings of S. miltiorrhiza. The influence of genotype on community composition occurs through a specific mechanism. Genotype may selectively screen certain communities into the seed, thereby exerting selection pressure on the community composition process of offspring. As the number of offspring increases gradually, the microbiota, controlled by genotype and transmitted vertically, stabilizes, ultimately resulting in a significant effect of genotype on community composition.Furthermore, we observed that the taxa influencing the active ingredients are also selected as the vertically transmitted community. Moreover, the absence of an initial vertically transmitted community in S. miltiorrhiza makes it more vulnerable to infection by pathogenic fungi. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate and comprehend the selection model of the vertically transmitted community under varying genotypes and soil conditions. This research holds significant implications for enhancing the quality and yield of medicinal plants and economic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongmei He
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yin Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, China
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, China.
| | - Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, China.
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhuyun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu, China.
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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13
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Nguyen TT, Le TNG, Nguyen TH. First report of emerging fungal pathogens of Cordyceps militaris in Vietnam. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17669. [PMID: 37848482 PMCID: PMC10582018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultivation of Cordyceps militaris, a valuable medicinal and edible fungus, has dramatically increased in Vietnam since 2010. During industrial production, parasitic white molds were found to infect the mycelia and fruiting bodies of C. militaris causing significant quality and yield losses. Two different fungal strains were obtained from the mycelia and fruiting bodies of C. militaris in Danang mushroom farms and were characterized by morphological and multiple DNA markers analysis. The sequence alignment of ITS, LSU and rpb2 markers revealed that the pathogens are related to the type species Lecanicillium coprophilum and Calcarisporium cordycipiticola with more than 99% sequence identities. The growth characteristics and pathogenic activities of the two isolated species on their host C. militaris were also investigated. The phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS sequences showed that L. coprophilum WF2611 is closer to its host C. militaris than C. cordycipiticola NT1504. To our knowledge, this is the first worldwide report of C. militaris infected by L. coprophilum which would be an useful information on prevention and control of the disease and be helpful for the industrial cultivation of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Thanh Nguyen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Danang, 550000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Nguyen-Gia Le
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Danang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thuan Huy Nguyen
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Danang, 550000, Vietnam
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14
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Sharma A, Kaur E, Joshi R, Kumari P, Khatri A, Swarnkar MK, Kumar D, Acharya V, Nadda G. Systematic analyses with genomic and metabolomic insights reveal a new species, Ophiocordyceps indica sp. nov. from treeline area of Indian Western Himalayan region. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188649. [PMID: 37547690 PMCID: PMC10399244 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps is a species-rich genus in the order Hypocreales (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) depicting a fascinating relationship between microbes and insects. In the present study, a new species, Ophiocordyceps indica sp. nov., is discovered infecting lepidopteran larvae from tree line locations (2,202-2,653 m AMSL) of the Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh, Indian Western Himalayan region, using combinations of morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. A phylogeny for Ophiocordyceps based on a combined multigene (nrSSU, nrLSU, tef-1α, and RPB1) dataset is provided, and its taxonomic status within Ophiocordycipitaceae is briefly discussed. Its genome size (~59 Mb) revealed 94% genetic similarity with O. sinensis; however, it differs from other extant Ophiocordyceps species based on morphological characteristics, molecular phylogenetic relationships, and genetic distance. O. indica is identified as the second homothallic species in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae, after O. sinensis. The presence of targeted marker components, viz. nucleosides (2,303.25 μg/g), amino acids (6.15%), mannitol (10.13%), and biological activity data, suggests it to be a new potential source of nutraceutical importance. Data generated around this economically important species will expand our understanding regarding the diversity of Ophiocordyceps-like taxa from new locations, thus providing new research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ekjot Kaur
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Functional Genomics and Complex System Lab, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
| | - Robin Joshi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
| | - Abhishek Khatri
- Functional Genomics and Complex System Lab, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Swarnkar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
| | - Vishal Acharya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Functional Genomics and Complex System Lab, Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
| | - Gireesh Nadda
- Entomology Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT), Palampur, HP, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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15
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Tan L, Liu S, Li X, He J, He L, Li Y, Yang C, Li Y, Hua Y, Guo J. The Large Molecular Weight Polysaccharide from Wild Cordyceps and Its Antitumor Activity on H22 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083351. [PMID: 37110586 PMCID: PMC10141569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps has anti-cancer effects; however, the bioactive substance and its effect are still unclear. Polysaccharides extracted from Cordyceps sinensis, the fugus of Cordyceps, have been reported to have anti-cancer properties. Thus, we speculated that polysaccharides might be the key anti-tumor active ingredients of Cordyceps because of their larger molecular weight than that of polysaccharides in Cordyceps sinensis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of wild Cordyceps polysaccharides on H22 liver cancer and the underlying mechanism. The structural characteristics of the polysaccharides of WCP were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, high-performance gel-permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, H22 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice were used to explore the anti-tumor effect of WCP (100 and 300 mg/kg/d). The mechanism by WCP inhibited H22 tumors was uncovered by the TUNEL assay, flow cytometry, hematoxylin-eosin staining, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. Here, our results showed that WCP presented high purity with an average molecular weight of 2.1 × 106 Da and 2.19 × 104 Da. WCP was determined to be composed of mannose, glucose, and galactose. Notably, WCP could inhibit the proliferation of H22 tumors not only by improving immune function, but also by promoting the apoptosis of tumor cells, likely through the IL-10/STAT3/Bcl2 and Cyto-c/Caspase8/3 signaling pathways, in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Particularly, WCP had essentially no side effects compared to 5-FU, a common drug used in the treatment of liver cancer. In conclusion, WCP could be a potential anti-tumor product with strong regulatory effects in H22 liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Sijing Liu
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xiaoxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jing He
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Liying He
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Caixia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yanan Hua
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
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16
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Liu PX, Ma JX, Liang RN, He XW, Zhao GZ. Development of an efficient method for separation and purification of cordycepin from liquid fermentation of Cordyceps militaris and analysis of cordycepin antitumor activity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14184. [PMID: 36923906 PMCID: PMC10009733 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin (3 '-deoxyadenosine) is the main active component of Cordyceps militaris, which is a chemical marker for quality detection of Cordyceps militaris and has important medicinal development value. Existing methods for obtaining cordycepin are complex and costly. In this study, an economical and simple method for separation and purification of cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris fermentation liquid through physical crystallization was explored. First, lyophilized powdered fermentation liquid (LPFL) and pure methanol (1 g/100 mL, w/v) were mixed, and then repeatedly dissolved and crystallized until the precipitation was white. Purified product was obtained by freeze-drying the precipitate. The substance was determined to be cordycepin by high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy, and the purity was 94.26%. Compared with the existing methods, this method is simple and low cost. In addition, the functional activity of cordycepin was determined by in vitro test. The results exhibited that cordycepin caused death and morphological changes in human colon cancer Caco-2 cells, and significantly inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 cells, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 107.2 μg/mL. Cordycepin could induce early apoptosis of Caco-2 and caused cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase. Caco-2 cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest showed dose dependence to cordycepin over a certain range. These results improved cordycepin purification method, provided insights into the mechanism of cordycepin in cancer inhibition, and would provide important reference for further development and clinical application of cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Xiao Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie-Xin Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui-Na Liang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiang-Wei He
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Zhu Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Safety in Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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17
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First Record of Beauveria varroae, Cordyceps blackwelliae, and Purpureocillium lavendulum from Greece and Their Pathogenicity against Thaumetopoea pityocampa. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) consist of a wide range of fungi that can be used as pest control agents, endophytes, and plant growth promoters. In this study of EPF in suburban soils from Achaia, Greece, we used adult beetles as baits for trapping fungal isolates. According to the macroscopic and microscopic traits of the collected isolates, three species corresponded to Beauveria varroae Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae); Purpureocillium lavendulum Perdomo, Gené, Cano & Guarro (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae); and Cordyceps blackwelliae Mongkolsamrit, Noisripoom, Thanakitpipattana, Spatafora & Luangsaard (Hypocreales: Claviceptaceae). Their taxonomic identity was established by ITS-rDNA sequence amplification and sequencing, molecular database comparisons, and phylogenetic analysis. The application of these new EPF species clearly demonstrated remarkable insecticidal action on Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera, Notodontidae) larvae, which increased with the application dose. Our findings are important based on the enhancement of the application of new EPF species as biocontrol agents within the framework of eco-friendly pest management.
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18
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Xiao J. Genome resequencing and transcriptome analysis reveal the molecular mechanism of albinism in Cordyceps militaris. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1153153. [PMID: 37113230 PMCID: PMC10126257 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1153153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is an important regulator of most fungal life activities and transmits signals through certain photoreceptor proteins such as phytochromes and cryptochromes. However, the light response mechanism varies across different fungi. The WCC complex composed of white collar-1 (WC-1) and white collar-2 (WC-2) is considered to be the key factor regulating fungal albinism. The photoreceptor protein Vivid (VVD) is the negative regulator of the WCC complex. In this study, we discovered an albino mutant (Alb) generated by 60Co-γ-ray irradiation from Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris). This mutant showed albinism of the mycelia and fruiting bodies under light, and the fruiting bodies developed normally. However, this phenotype in Alb differed from that in the CmWC-1 mutant. This suggests that CmWC1 may not be mutated in Alb. A mutated polyketide synthase (CmPKS) was found through genome resequencing analysis. CmPKS was significantly induced by a light signal, and its mutation reduced melanin accumulation in C. militaris. In addition, we found that a zinc-finger domain-containing protein (CmWC-3) was induced by a light signal and interacted with CmWC-1 and CmVVD. Moreover, CmWC-2 also interacted with CmWC-1 to form the WCC complex and was inhibited by CmVVD. In addition, CmWC-3 directly bound with the CmPKS promoter, but CmWC1 did not. These results suggest that albinism and fruiting body development are two independent processes; the WCC complex of CmWC-1 with CmWC-3 regulates CmPKS expression to regulate color change, whereas CmWC-1 with CmWC-2 affects fruiting body development via the carotenoid pathway. These findings will help us to better understand the albinism mechanism of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - YuDong Liu
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
- Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization of Xinjiang Production and Construction Crops, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xun Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Xiao,
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19
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Wang S, Lu L, Song T, Xu X, Yu J, Liu T. Optimization of Cordyceps sinensis fermentation Marsdenia tenacissima process and the differences of metabolites before and after fermentation. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12586. [PMID: 36636205 PMCID: PMC9830164 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we explored the interaction of factors which influenced the Cordyceps sinensis fermentation Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Wight et Arn, a Dai (a national minority of China) medicine, and the optimal fermentation conditions. The differences of C. sinensis metabolites in normal state (CN) and products of two-way liquid fermentation of C. sinensis and Marsdenia tenacissima (CM) and Marsdenia tenacissima (MT). The interactive effect of factors was analyzed and the best conditions are obtained through the box-behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM). All metabolites were determined by ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS), analyzed and identified by metabonomics technology. Results showed that the optimum fermentation conditions were the concentration of raw medicinal materials is 160 g/L, the fermentation time is 6 days, the inoculation volume is 9.5%, the rotating speed is 170 rpm. 197 metabolites were identified in both positive ion and negative ion. 119 metabolites were significantly different between CN and CM. 43 metabolites were significantly different between CM and MT. Differential metabolic pathways were enriched. In conclusion, this paper optimizes the bidirectional fermentation process of M. tenacissima and C. sinensis through response surface methodology, and analyzes the changes of components from the level of metabonomics, so as to provide reference for exploring medicinal fungi fermentation of traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tianyuan Song
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tongxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine, Minority of Education, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China,Corresponding author.
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20
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Simple Isolation of Cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris by Dual-Normal Phase Column Chromatography and Its Potential for Making Kombucha Functional Products. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9100290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) is a potent bioactive metabolite of the medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, which has been increasingly exploited to treat various chronic diseases in humans. However, the current synthesis and purification procedures of cordycepin are principally laborious and complicated. This study provides a simple protocol approach to isolate and purify cordycepin from C. militaris by normal phase column chromatography at room temperature. Besides, this is the first to investigate the potential of cordycepin and cordycepin-included extracts from C. militaris for making Kombucha functional products. By a repeated column chromatography, an amount of 1.16 g of cordycepin is isolated from 2.8 kg of fruiting bodies of C. militaris, which obtained an efficiency of 83.26% compared to that estimated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The purity of cordycepin is confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), HPLC, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). In addition, kombucha-fermented extracts from cordycepin and cordycepin-included fractions show potential biological activities in terms of antioxidant, anti-diabetes via α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, and cytotoxicity via MTT assay on Meg-01 and HL-60 cell lines. Further studies on optimization of extraction protocol and verification of health benefits of kombucha products from cordycepin should be conducted prior to the official mass production.
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Liu Y, Guo ZJ, Zhou XW. Chinese Cordyceps: Bioactive Components, Antitumor Effects and Underlying Mechanism-A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196576. [PMID: 36235111 PMCID: PMC9572669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chinese Cordyceps is a valuable source of natural products with various therapeutic effects. It is rich in various active components, of which adenosine, cordycepin and polysaccharides have been confirmed with significant immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. However, the underlying antitumor mechanism remains poorly understood. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the chemical characteristics of the main components and their pharmacological effects and mechanism on immunomodulatory and antitumor functions. The analysis revealed that Chinese Cordyceps promotes immune cells' antitumor function by via upregulating immune responses and downregulating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and resetting the immune cells' phenotype. Moreover, Chinese Cordyceps can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by death (including apoptosis and autophagy) induction, cell-cycle arrest, and angiogenesis inhibition. Recent evidence has revealed that the signal pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), cysteine-aspartic proteases (caspases) and serine/threonine kinase Akt were involved in the antitumor mechanisms. In conclusion, Chinese Cordyceps, one type of magic mushroom, can be potentially developed as immunomodulator and anticancer therapeutic agents.
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22
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Thi TTV, Khoa TV, Son LL, Minh TT, Chau NDG, Kiet TT, Vinh NQ, Chien NC, Hieu LT. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Ophiocordyceps Sobolifera extract for renal injury prevention. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Qu SL, Li SS, Li D, Zhao PJ. Metabolites and Their Bioactivities from the Genus Cordyceps. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1489. [PMID: 35893547 PMCID: PMC9330831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cordyceps genus is a group of ascomycete parasitic fungi, and all known species of this genus are endoparasites; they mainly feed on insects or arthropods and a few feed on other fungi. Fungi of this genus have evolved highly specific and complex mechanisms to escape their host's immune system and coordinate their life cycle coefficients with those of their hosts for survival and reproduction; this mechanism has led to the production of distinctive metabolites in response to the host's defenses. Herein, we review approximately 131 metabolites discovered in the genus Cordyceps (including mycelium, fruiting bodies and fungal complexes) in the past 15 years, which can be used as an important source for new drug research and development. We summarize chemical structures, bioactivity and the potential application of these natural metabolites. We have excluded some reports that originally belonged to Cordyceps, but whose taxonomic attribution is no longer the Cordyceps genus. This can and will serve as a resource for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pei-Ji Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (S.-L.Q.); (S.-S.L.); (D.L.)
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24
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Kirdeeva Y, Fedorova O, Daks A, Barlev N, Shuvalov O. How Should the Worldwide Knowledge of Traditional Cancer Healing Be Integrated with Herbs and Mushrooms into Modern Molecular Pharmacology? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:868. [PMID: 35890166 PMCID: PMC9320176 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine (THM) is a "core" from which modern medicine has evolved over time. Besides this, one third of people worldwide have no access to modern medicine and rely only on traditional medicine. To date, drugs of plant origin, or their derivates (paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine, vinorelbine, etoposide, camptothecin, topotecan, irinotecan, and omacetaxine), are very important in the therapy of malignancies and they are included in most chemotherapeutic regimes. To date, 391,000 plant and 14,000 mushroom species exist. Their medical and biochemical capabilities have not been studied in detail. In this review, we systematized the information about plants and mushrooms, as well as their active compounds with antitumor properties. Plants and mushrooms are divided based on the regions where they are used in ethnomedicine to treat malignancies. The majority of their active compounds with antineoplastic properties and mechanisms of action are described. Furthermore, on the basis of the available information, we divided them into two priority groups for research and for their potential of use in antitumor therapy. As there are many prerequisites and some examples how THM helps and strengthens modern medicine, finally, we discuss the positive points of THM and the management required to transform and integrate THM into the modern medicine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Kirdeeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
| | - Nikolai Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia; (Y.K.); (O.F.); (A.D.)
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 119435 Moscow, Russia
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25
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Xia MC, Cai L, Xu F, Zhan Q, Feng J, Guo C, Li Q, Li Z. Whole-body chemical imaging of Cordyceps sinensis by TOF-SIMS to visualize spatial differentiation of ergosterol and other active components. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Le TH, Thi Tran TV, Tran VK, Vu Ho XA, Tran TM, Chau Nguyen DG, Chuong Nguyen TH, Varma RS, Trinh TK, Ho TT, Hac Nguyen TB, Ahamad T, Nguyen CC, Le QV. Structural Characterization of Mannoglucan Isolated from Ophiocordyceps sobolifera and Its Antioxidant Activities. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:9397-9405. [PMID: 35350314 PMCID: PMC8945084 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel polysaccharide structure (PS-T80) was collected from Ophiocordyceps sobolifera biomass and characterized via a combination of chemical and spectral analyses. Employing high-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), the average molecular weight is proven to be 7.4 × 104 Da. Furthermore, a sugar composition analysis of the obtained polysaccharide suggests two main sugars, β-d-glucose and α-d-mannose, at a molar ratio of 2:1, respectively, in the backbone. The structure analysis unveils that PS-T80 is a mannoglucan, possessing the repeating unit of [→3)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → 3)-α-d-Manp-(1 → 3)-β-d-Glcp-(1→] n . Such a configuration could be considered a novel polysaccharide. Impressively, in vitro antioxidant tests revealed that PS-T80 has a promising antioxidant activity. These results demonstrate that the obtained PS is a potential bioactive material for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Hieu Le
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Van Thi Tran
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Van Khoa Tran
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Xuan Anh Vu Ho
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Minh Tran
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Giang Chau Nguyen
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Hue University of Sciences,
Hue University, Thua Thien
Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Hong Chuong Nguyen
- Institute
of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tam Kiet Trinh
- Institute
of Microbiology and Biotechnologv, Hanoi
National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Tam Ho
- Institute
for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | | | - Tansir Ahamad
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chinh Chien Nguyen
- Institute
of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Quyet Van Le
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Green Manufacturing
Technology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic
of Korea
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Lv G, Zhu Y, Cheng X, Cao Y, Zeng B, Liu X, He B. Transcriptomic Responses of Cordyceps militaris to Salt Treatment During Cordycepins Production. Front Nutr 2022; 8:793795. [PMID: 35004818 PMCID: PMC8733472 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.793795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin is a major bioactive compound found in Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) that exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities. Hence, it is potentially a bioactive ingredient of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. However, overexploitation and low productivity of natural C. militaris is a barrier to commercialization, which leads to insufficient supply to meet its existing market demands. In this study, a preliminary study of distinct concentrations of salt treatments toward C. militaris was conducted. Although the growth of C. militaris was inhibited by different salt treatments, the cordycepin production increased significantly accompanied by the increment of salt concentration. Among them, the content of cordycepin in the 7% salt-treated group was five-fold higher than that of the control group. Further transcriptome analysis of samples with four salt concentrations, coupled with Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found. Finally, dynamic changes of the expression patterns of four genes involved in the cordycepin biosynthesis pathway were observed by the quantitative real-time PCR. Taken together, our study provides a global transcriptome characterization of the salt treatment adaptation process in C. militaris and facilitates the construction of industrial strains with a high cordycepin production and salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongbo Lv
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-innovation Center for in-vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-innovation Center for in-vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaojie Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Information Institute of Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-innovation Center for in-vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China.,College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinping Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-innovation Center for in-vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bin He
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering and Co-innovation Center for in-vitro Diagnostic Reagents and Devices of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China
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SHARMA SHIVANI, MADAAN KASHISH, KAUR RAVNEET. Cordycepin: A hidden metabolite with pharmacological potential. Int J Med Mushrooms 2022; 24:1-20. [DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022044442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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29
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Ma Y, Li J, Huang S, Stephanopoulos G. Targeting pathway expression to subcellular organelles improves astaxanthin synthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica. Metab Eng 2021; 68:152-161. [PMID: 34634493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering approaches for the production of high-value chemicals in microorganisms mostly use the cytosol as general reaction vessel. However, sequestration of enzymes and substrates, and metabolic cross-talk frequently prevent efficient synthesis of target compounds in the cytosol. Organelle compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells suggests ways for overcoming these challenges. Here we have explored this strategy by expressing the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in sub-organelles of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. We first showed that fusion of the two enzymes converting β-carotene to astaxanthin, β-carotene ketolase and hydroxylase, performs better than the expression of individual enzymes. We next evaluated the pathway when expressed in compartments of lipid body, endoplasmic reticulum or peroxisome, individually and in combination. Targeting the astaxanthin pathway to subcellular organelles not only accelerated the conversion of β-carotene to astaxanthin, but also significantly decreased accumulation of the ketocarotenoid intermediates. Anchoring enzymes simultaneously to all three organelles yielded the largest increase of astaxanthin synthesis, and ultimately produced 858 mg/L of astaxanthin in fed-batch fermentation (a 141-fold improvement over the initial strain). Our study is expected to help unlock the full potential of subcellular compartments and advance LB-based compartmentalized isoprenoid biosynthesis in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States; Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jingbo Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States.
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Long H, Qiu X, Cao L, Han R. Discovery of the signal pathways and major bioactive compounds responsible for the anti-hypoxia effect of Chinese cordyceps. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 277:114215. [PMID: 34033902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hypoxia will cause an increase in the rate of fatigue and aging. Chinese cordyceps, a parasitic Thitarodes insect-Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungus complex in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, has long been used to ameliorate human conditions associated with aging and senescence, it is principally applied to treat fatigue, night sweating and other symptoms related to aging, and it may play the anti-aging and anti-fatigue effect by improving the body's hypoxia tolerance. AIMS OF THE STUDY The present study investigated the anti-hypoxia activity of Chinese cordyceps and explore the main corresponding signal pathways and bioactive compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, network pharmacology analysis, molecular docking, cell and whole pharmacodynamic experiments were hired to study the major signal pathways and the bioactive compounds of Chinese cordyceps for anti-hypoxia activity. RESULTS 17 pathways which Chinese cordyceps acted on seemed to be related to the anti-hypoxia effect, and "VEGF signal pathway" was one of the most important pathway. Chinese cordyceps improved the survival rate and regulated the targets related VEGF signal pathway of H9C2 cells under hypoxia, and also had significant anti-hypoxia effects to mice. Chorioallantoic membrane model experiment showed that Chinese cordyceps and the main constituents of (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid and cerevisterol had significant angiogenic activity in hypoxia condition. CONCLUSION Based on the results of network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis, cell and whole pharmacodynamic experiments, promoting angiogenesis by regulating VEGF signal pathway might be one of the mechanisms of anti-hypoxia effect of Chinese cordyceps, (9Z, 12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid and cerevisterol were considered as the major anti-hypoxia bioactive compounds in Chinese cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Long
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Xuehong Qiu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Li Cao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
| | - Richou Han
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China.
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Metabolic impacts of cordycepin on hepatic proteomic expression in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256140. [PMID: 34388207 PMCID: PMC8363009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with abnormal liver function, but the exact mechanism is unclear. Cordycepin improves hepatic metabolic pathways leading to recovery from liver damage. We investigated the effects of cordycepin in streptozotocin-induced T1DM mice via the expression of liver proteins. Twenty-four mice were divided into four equal groups: normal (N), normal mice treated with cordycepin (N+COR), diabetic mice (DM), and diabetic mice treated with cordycepin (DM+COR). Mice in each treatment group were intraperitoneally injection of cordycepin at dose 24 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. Body weight, blood glucose, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were measured. Liver tissue protein profiling was performed using shotgun proteomics, while protein function and protein-protein interaction were predicted using PANTHER and STITCH v.5.0 software, respectively. No significant difference was observed in fasting blood glucose levels between DM and DM+COR for all time intervals. However, a significant decrease in final body weight, food intake, and water intake in DM+COR was found. Hepatic oxaloacetate and citrate levels were significantly increased in DM+COR compared to DM. Furthermore, 11 and 36 proteins were only expressed by the N+COR and DM+COR groups, respectively. Three unique proteins in DM+COR, namely, Nfat3, Flcn, and Psma3 were correlated with the production of ATP, AMPK signaling pathway, and ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), respectively. Interestingly, a protein detected in N+COR and DM+COR (Gli3) was linked with the insulin signaling pathway. In conclusion, cordycepin might help in preventing hepatic metabolism by regulating the expression of energy-related protein and UPS to maintain cell survival. Further work on predicting the performance of metabolic mechanisms regarding the therapeutic applications of cordycepin will be performed in future.
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Stage- and Rearing-Dependent Metabolomics Profiling of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Its Pipeline Products. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12080666. [PMID: 34442232 PMCID: PMC8396551 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps, a parasitic complex of the fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae) and the ghost moth Thitarodes (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae), is a historical ethnopharmacological commodity in China. Recently, artificial cultivation of Chinese cordyceps has been established to supplement the dwindling natural resources. However, much is unknown between the natural and cultivated products in terms of nutritional aspect, which may provide essential information for quality evaluation. The current study aims to determine the metabolic profiles of 17 treatments from 3 sample groups including O. sinensis fungus, Thitarodes insect and cordyceps complex, using Gas Chromatography - Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. A total of 98 metabolites were detected, with 90 of them varying in concentrations among groups. The tested groups could be separated, except that fungal fruiting body was clustered into the same group as Chinese cordyceps. The main distinguishing factors for the groups studied were the 24 metabolites involved in numerous different metabolic pathways. In conclusion, metabolomics of O. sinensis and its related products were determined mainly by the fruiting bodies other than culture methods. Our results suggest that artificially cultured fruiting bodies and cordyceps may share indistinguishable metabolic functions as the natural ones.
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Wang Y, Yang X, Chen P, Yang S, Zhang H. Homologous overexpression of genes in Cordyceps militaris improves the production of polysaccharides. Food Res Int 2021; 147:110452. [PMID: 34399454 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The maximum yield of EPS produced by mutant CM-pgm-H was 4.63 ± 0.23 g/L, whereas the yield of wild-type strain was 3.43 ± 0.26 g/L. In addition, the data obtained in the present study indicated that the yield of EPS produced by the engineered strain treated with the co-overexpression of phosphoglucomutase and UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase genes achieved 6.11 ± 0.21 g/L, which was increased by 78.13% compared with that by the wild-type strain. CM-pgm-H obtained the highest EPS content than that of gk, ugp, and ugdh mutants. This result indicated that the content of protein phosphoglucomutase was an important influencing factor on the CP production of C. militaris. Furthermore, the EPS production of CM-ugdh-pgm-M was significantly improved by 1.78-fold by co-overexpression. Therefore, our engineering strategies will play an important role in the development of C. militaris for the sustainable production of Cordyceps polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Wang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chen
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Yang
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, People's Republic of China.
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Xia MC, Zhan Q, Cai L, Wu J, Yang L, Sun S, Liang H, Li Z. Investigation into the content change and distribution of active components in Cordyceps sinensis with growth cycle by direct TOF-SIMS detection. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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35
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Chemical structure of a novel heteroglycan polysaccharide isolated from the biomass of Ophiocordyceps Sobolifera. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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36
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Nguyen CD, Pham TMN, Ha TBH, Nguyen TP, Nguyen HH, Phan HVT, Duong TH, Dinh MH. Chemical Constituents of Cordyceps neovolkiana DL0004. Chem Nat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-021-03369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4-Methoxyphenyl (E)-3-(Furan-3-yl) Acrylate Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:106-111. [PMID: 32644321 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cordyceps extract exhibits antiproliferative potential in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) through the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. In this study, we aimed to identify the active compounds in the Cordyceps extract and analyze their role in remodeling the arterial wall. On investigation, we discovered the following active compound: 4-methoxyphenyl (E)-3-(furan-3-yl) acrylate and synthesized it. We performed antiproliferation and antimigration assays in addition to an in vivo vessel wall remodeling experiment. Investigation of the mechanism adopted by the active compound to remodel the vessel was performed. The newly synthesized compound inhibited the proliferation and migration of SMCs. Treatment with the synthesized compound reduced neointima formation in the balloon-injured Sprague-Dawley rat model. In addition, this compound inhibited the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in type I collagen-activated SMCs. Moreover, this compound suppressed the expression of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) in SMCs. Therefore, this compound can exert potential antiarteriosclerotic effects by modulating vessel wall remodeling. In conclusion, the newly synthesized 4-methoxyphenyl (E)-3-(furan-3-yl) acrylate might be an alternative therapeutic intervention for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Wong Y, Or M, Lau H, Wong S, Fung W. Analysis of underivatized alditols in traditional Chinese medicines by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry based on ligand exchange chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiu‐Tung Wong
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
| | - Mei‐Sze Or
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
| | - Hoi‐Ho Lau
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
| | - Sau‐Chun Wong
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
| | - Wai‐Hong Fung
- Analytical and Advisory Services Division Government Laboratory Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Kowloon P. R. China
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Zhang B, Li B, Men XH, Xu ZW, Wu H, Qin XT, Xu F, Teng Y, Yuan SJ, Jin LQ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Proteome sequencing and analysis of Ophiocordyceps sinensis at different culture periods. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:886. [PMID: 33308160 PMCID: PMC7731760 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ophiocordyceps sinensis is an important traditional Chinese medicine for its comprehensive active ingredients, such as cordycepin, cordycepic acid, and Cordyceps polysaccharide. O. sinensis zjut, a special strain isolated from O. sinensis, has similar pharmacological functions to wild O. sinensis. Currently, O. sinensis with artificial cultivation has been widely studied, but systematic fundamental research at protein levels has not been determined. Results Proteomes of O. sinensis zjut at different culture periods (growth period, 3rd day; pre-stable period, 6th day; and stable period, 9th day) were relatively quantified by relative isotope markers and absolute quantitative technology. In total, 4005 proteins were obtained and further annotated with Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Based on the result of the annotations, metabolic pathways of active ingredients, amino acids and fatty acid were constructed, and the related enzymes were exhibited. Subsequently, comparative proteomics of O. sinensis zjut identified the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by growth in different culture periods, to find the important proteins involved in metabolic pathways of active ingredients. 605 DEPs between 6d-VS-3d, 1188 DEPs between 9d-VS-3d, and 428 DEPs between 9d-VS-6d were obtained, respectively. Conclusion This work provided scientific basis to study protein profile and comparison of protein expression levels of O. sinensis zjut, and it will be helpful for metabolic engineering works to active ingredients for exploration, application and improvement of this fungus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07298-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Men
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhe-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Hui Wu
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Xiang-Tian Qin
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Feng Xu
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Yi Teng
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Shui-Jin Yuan
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220, China.,East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000, China
| | - Li-Qun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Kaushik V, Singh A, Arya A, Sindhu SC, Sindhu A, Singh A. Enhanced production of cordycepin in Ophiocordyceps sinensis using growth supplements under submerged conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 28:e00557. [PMID: 33294405 PMCID: PMC7691154 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin is a crucial bioactive compound produced by the fungus Cordyceps spp. Its therapeutic potential has been recognized for a wide range of biological properties such as anticancer, anti-diabetic, antidepressant, antioxidant, immunomodulation, etc. Moreover, its human random clinical trials depicted a promising anti-inflammatory activity that reduced the airway inflammation remarkably in asthmatic patients. But its overexploitation and low production of cordycepin in naturally growing biomass are insufficient to meet its existing market demand for its therapeutic use. Therefore, strategies for enhancement of cordycepin production in Cordyceps spp. are warranted. However, specifically, wild type Ophiocordyceps sinensis possesses a very low content of cordycepin and has restricted growth in natural mycelial biomass. To overcome these limitations, this study attempted to enhance cordycepin production in its mycelial biomass in vitro under submerged conditions by adding various growth supplements. The effect of these growth supplements was evaluated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) which demonstrated that among nucleosides- hypoxanthine and adenosine; amino acids-glycine and glutamine; plant hormones- 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA); vitamin-thiamine (B1) from each group of growth supplements yielded a higher amount of cordycepin with 466.48 ± 3.88, 380.23 ± 1.78, 434.97 ± 2.32, 269.78 ± 2.92, 227.61 ± 2.34, 226.02 ± 1.69 and 185.26 ± 2.35 mg/L respectively as compared to control with 13.66 ± 0.64 mg/L. Further, at the transcriptional level, quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of genes associated with metabolism and cordycepin biosynthesis depicted significant upregulation of major downstream genes- NT5E, RNR, purA, and ADEK which corroborated well with RP-HPLC analysis. Taken together, the present study identified growth supplements as potential precursors to activate the cordycepin biosynthesis pathway leading to improved cordycepin production in O. sinensis.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of Variance
- Cordycepin biosynthesis pathway
- Cordycepin production
- Growth supplements
- KH2PO4, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
- Medicinal mushroom
- MgSO4, Magnesium sulfate
- Mycelial biomass
- RP-HPLC, Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
- SDA, Sabouraud dextrose agar
- SEM, Standard error mean
- cDNA, Complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- dNTP, Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate
- mRNA, Messenger ribonucleic acid
- mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin
- qRT-PCR, Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Amanvir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Aditi Arya
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Sangeeta Chahal Sindhu
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Sindhu
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Ajay Singh
- Haryana Agro Industries Corporation, Research and Development Centre, Murthal, 131039, Sonepat, Haryana, India
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Liu J, Guo L, Li Z, Zhou Z, Li Z, Li Q, Bo X, Wang S, Wang J, Ma S, Zheng J, Yang Y. Genomic analyses reveal evolutionary and geologic context for the plateau fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Chin Med 2020; 15:107. [PMID: 33042212 PMCID: PMC7542391 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-020-00365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ophiocordyceps sinensis, which is only naturally found in the high-elevation extreme environment of the Tibetan Plateau, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Information concerning the evolutionary and geologic context of O. sinensis remains limited, however. Methods We constructed the high-quality genome of O. sinensis and provided insight into the evolution and ecology of O. sinensis using comparative genomics. Results We mapped the whole genome of the anamorph/asexual form Hirsutella of O. sinensis using Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies and obtained a well assembled genome of 119.2 Mbp size. Long-read Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) sequencing technology generated an assembly with more accurate representation of repeat sequence abundances and placement. Evolutionary analyses indicated that O. sinensis diverged from other fungi 65.9 Mya in the Upper Cretaceous, during the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Gene family expansions and contractions in addition to genome inflation via long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon insertions were implicated as an important driver of O. sinensis divergence. The insertion rate of LTR sequences into the O. sinensis genome peaked ~ 30-40 Mya, when the Tibetan Plateau rose rapidly. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis suggested that O. sinensis contained more genes related to ice binding compared to other closely related fungi, which may aid in their adaptability to the cold Tibetan Plateau. Further, heavy metal resistance genes were in low abundance in the O. sinensis genome, which may help to explain previous observations that O. sinensis tissues contain high levels of heavy metals. Conclusions Our results reveal the evolutionary, geological, and ecological context for the evolution of the O. sinensis genome and the factors that have contributed to the environmental adaptability of this valuable fungus. These findings suggest that genome inflation via LTR retrotransposon insertions in O. sinensis coincided with the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. LTRs and the specific genetic mechanisms of O. sinensis contributed to its adaptation to the environment on the plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China.,Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Linong Guo
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Zongwei Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Qian Li
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Shengqi Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
| | - Junli Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850 China
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Tan L, Song X, Ren Y, Wang M, Guo C, Guo D, Gu Y, Li Y, Cao Z, Deng Y. Anti-inflammatory effects of cordycepin: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 35:1284-1297. [PMID: 33090621 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cordycepin is the major bioactive component extracted from Cordyceps militaris. In recent years, cordycepin has received increasing attention owing to its multiple pharmacological activities. This study reviews recent researches on the anti-inflammatory effects and the related activities of cordycepin. The results from our review indicate that cordycepin exerts protective effects against inflammatory injury for many diseases including acute lung injury (ALI), asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease (PD), hepatitis, atherosclerosis, and atopic dermatitis. Cordycepin regulates the NF-κB, RIP2/Caspase-1, Akt/GSK-3β/p70S6K, TGF-β/Smads, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways among others. Several studies focusing on cordycepin derivatives were reviewed and found to down metabolic velocity of cordycepin and increase its bioavailability. Moreover, cordycepin enhanced immunity, inhibited the proliferation of viral RNA, and suppressed cytokine storms, thereby suggesting its potential to treat COVID-19 and other viral infections. From the collected and reviewed information, this article provides the theoretical basis for the clinical applications of cordycepin and discusses the path for future studies focusing on expanding the medicinal use of cordycepin. Taken together, cordycepin and its analogs show great potential as the next new class of anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaominting Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yali Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Dale Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yucheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire, UK
| | - Yuzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
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Shi K, Yang G, He L, Yang B, Li Q, Yi S. Purification, characterization, antioxidant, and antitumor activity of polysaccharides isolated from silkworm cordyceps. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13482. [PMID: 32964487 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two new water-soluble polysaccharide fractions (SCP II-1 and SCP II-2) were obtained from silkworm cordycepsusing DEAE Sepharose FF and Superose 6 columns chromatography. The characterization of their basic structure was studied by high performance liquid chromatography, high performance ion chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscope (AFM). The results showed that the molecular weight of SCP II-1 and SCP II-2 were 35.2 kDa and 23.4 kDa, and they were mainly composed of ribose, mannose, glucose, and galactose in molar ratio of 1.0:27.38:8.52:17.99 and 1.0:21.21:1.95:14.28, respectively. The AFM topography confirmed the highly branched chain conformation of SCP II-1, while SCP II-2 had more polymerized chain morphology. These two fractions possessed excellent antioxidant and antitumor activities, especially SCP II-1 showed better inhibition than SCP II-2. Those data suggested that purified polysaccharides from silkworm cordyceps have potential application in functional food and pharmaceutical industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Silkworm cordyceps is cultivated on the 5th instar larvae inoculated with Cordyceps sp. and the functions of cordyceps have been reported recently. The separation and purification of silkworm cordyceps polysaccharide is helpful to better exert important biological functions. The study on the structure-function relations of polysaccharides will be useful to the application of polysaccharides in functional food and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyun Shi
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang He
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sha Yi
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Quan X, Kwak BS, Lee JY, Park JH, Lee A, Kim TH, Park S. Cordyceps militaris Induces Immunogenic Cell Death and Enhances Antitumor Immunogenic Response in Breast Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:9053274. [PMID: 32963576 PMCID: PMC7486645 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9053274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been widely used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. Its effects against breast cancer have been reported previously. However, whether C. militaris-induced breast cancer cell death is immunogenic remains unelucidated. This study aimed to determine whether ethanolic extracts of C. militaris (CM-EE) could induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) in breast cancer immunotherapy to improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Human and mouse breast cancer cells were treated with various concentrations of CM-EE for 72 h, and cytotoxicity was measured using the sulforhodamine B assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell death with annexin V/7-AAD staining and measure the surface exposure of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules including calreticulin, HSP70, and HSP90. Western blot for cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was used to confirm apoptotic cell death. The immunogenicity of CM-EE-induced dead cells was evaluated using the CFSE dilution assay. CM-EE reduced the viability of human (MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HS578T, and SKBR3) and mouse (4T1-neu-HA, TUBO-HA, and TUBO-P2J-HA) breast cancer cells. The IC50 was 25-50 µg/ml in human breast cancer cells and 10-50 µg/ml in mouse breast cancer cells at 72 h. CM-EE-treated breast cancer cells were positively stained by annexin V, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase 3/7 which were increased upon CM-EE treatment. Surface exposure of DAMP molecules was increased in dose- and time-dependent manners. The CFSE dilution assay revealed that dendritic cells fed with CM-EE-treated breast cancer cells successfully stimulated tumor-specific T cell proliferation without inhibiting DC function and T cell proliferation. The expression of PD-L1 mRNA and protein level was increased in dose-dependent manners. In addition, CM-EE also potentiated the cytotoxic activity of tumor-specific T cells. CM-EE can induce immunogenic and apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cells, and it is a good candidate for cancer immunotherapy and may improve the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguo Quan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Seok Kwak
- Department of Surgery, Ilsan Hospital, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Ilsan 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Anbok Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - SaeGwang Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Cordyceps is a parasitic edible fungus with a variety of metabolically active ingredients. The main active ingredient, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), shows favourable application prospects in prevention and treatment of certain diseases. EPS extracted from different parts of various Cordyceps species can be used in health foods or medicinal preparations because of the structural diversity and multiple bioactivities. In terms of the complexity of composition and structure, researchers have speculated on the anabolic pathways of EPSs and the genes involved in the synthesis process. Studies to increase the yield of polysaccharides are limited because the synthesis pathways and anabolic regulation mechanisms of Cordyceps exopolysaccharide remain unknown. This review summarises the current researches in the yield of Cordyceps polysaccharides. A mechanism for the biosynthesis of Cordyceps polysaccharides was proposed by referring to the polysaccharide synthesis in other species. Furthermore, we also discuss the future perspective and ongoing challenges of EPS in uses of health foods and pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Mao YH, Song AX, Li LQ, Yang Y, Yao ZP, Wu JY. A high-molecular weight exopolysaccharide from the Cs-HK1 fungus: Ultrasonic degradation, characterization and in vitro fecal fermentation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116636. [PMID: 32747271 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work was to examine the impact of power ultrasound (US) on the molecular properties of a high-molecular weight (MW) exopolysaccharide (EPS) from the Cs-HK1 medicinal fungus and the utilization, and prebiotic function of the US-treated EPS fractions in human fecal microflora in vitro. The US treatment caused notable reduction of intrinsic viscosity, average MW and aggregate size of EPS in water but no significant changes in the molecular structure. The US-treated EPS fractions were consumed more rapidly by the fecal microflora, resulting in a higher total level of short chain fatty acids. They also affected the relative abundance in the microflora more beneficially than the original EPS. The results suggest that power US is effective for modifying and improving the prebiotic properties of high-MW polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Heng Mao
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ang-Xin Song
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Long-Qing Li
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Yao
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jian-Yong Wu
- Food Safety and Technology Research Center, Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Cordycepin for Health and Wellbeing: A Potent Bioactive Metabolite of an Entomopathogenic Cordyceps Medicinal Fungus and Its Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Potential. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122735. [PMID: 32545666 PMCID: PMC7356751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps is a rare naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus usually found at high altitudes on the Himalayan plateau and a well-known medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine. Cordyceps contains various bioactive components, out of which, cordycepin is considered most vital, due to its utmost therapeutic as well as nutraceutical potential. Moreover, the structure similarity of cordycepin with adenosine makes it an important bioactive component, with difference of only hydroxyl group, lacking in the 3′ position of its ribose moiety. Cordycepin is known for various nutraceutical and therapeutic potential, such as anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemia, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, anticancer, antiviral, hepato-protective, hypo-sexuality, cardiovascular diseases, antimalarial, anti-osteoporotic, anti-arthritic, cosmeceutical etc. which makes it a most valuable medicinal mushroom for helping in maintaining good health. In this review, effort has been made to bring altogether the possible wide range of cordycepin’s nutraceutical potential along with its pharmacological actions and possible mechanism. Additionally, it also summarizes the details of cordycepin based nutraceuticals predominantly available in the market with expected global value. Moreover, this review will attract the attention of food scientists, nutritionists, pharmaceutical and food industries to improve the use of bioactive molecule cordycepin for nutraceutical purposes with commercialization to aid and promote healthy lifestyle, wellness and wellbeing.
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Jin LQ, Xu ZW, Zhang B, Yi M, Weng CY, Lin S, Wu H, Qin XT, Xu F, Teng Y, Yuan SJ, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Genome sequencing and analysis of fungus Hirsutella sinensis isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. AMB Express 2020; 10:105. [PMID: 32494871 PMCID: PMC7270455 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis has been used as a traditional medicine or healthy food in China for thousands of years. Hirsutella sinensis was reported as the only correct anamorph of O. sinensis. It is reported that the laboratory-grown H. sinensis mycelium has similar clinical efficacy and less associated toxicity compared to the wild O. sinensis. The research of the H. sinensis is becoming more and more important and urgent. To gain deeper insight into the biological and pharmacological mechanisms, we sequenced the genome of H. sinensis. The genome of H. sinensis (102.72 Mb) was obtained for the first time, with > 99% coverage. 10,200 protein-encoding genes were predicted based on the genome sequence. A detailed secondary metabolism analysis and structure verification of the main ingredients were performed, and the biosynthesis pathways of seven ingredients (mannitol, cordycepin, purine nucleotides, pyrimidine nucleotides, unsaturated fatty acid, cordyceps polysaccharide and sphingolipid) were predicted and drawn. Furthermore, infection process and mechanism of H. sinensis were studied and elaborated in this article. The enzymes involved in the infection mechanism were also predicted, cloned and expressed to verify the mechanism. The genes and proteins were predicted and annotated based on the genome sequence. The pathways of several active components in H. sinensis were predicted and key enzymes were confirmed. The work presented here would improve the understanding of the genetic basis of this organism, and contribute to further research, production and application of H. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Zhe-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Ming Yi
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Chun-Yue Weng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Shan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Hui Wu
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Xiang-Tian Qin
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Feng Xu
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Yi Teng
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Shui-Jin Yuan
- HuaDong Medicine (Hangzhou) Bailing Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311220 China
- East China Pharmaceutical Group Limited Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311000 China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
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Choi E, Oh J, Sung GH. Antithrombotic and Antiplatelet Effects of Cordyceps militaris. MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:228-232. [PMID: 37970560 PMCID: PMC10635111 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1763115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps is a genus of ascomycete fungi and is well known as one of the important medical fungi in Chinese, Korea, and other Asian countries, because of its various beneficial effects on human health. The pharmacological activities of Cordyceps extract are mainly focused on anti-cancer, anti-metastatic, and immune modulating effects. In the present study, we investigated whether the antiplatelet effect of ethanol extract of cultured Cordyceps militaris (CMEE) with FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis model. We observed that CMEE exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. However, there were no significant differences in prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). These results suggest that antithrombotic activity of CMEE is related to antiplatelet effect rather than anticoagulation effect, and CMEE may be a positive effect on improving blood circulation against vessel injury and occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhyun Choi
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Oh
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Translational Research Division, Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary’s Hospital and College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Republic of Korea
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50
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Chen BX, Wei T, Xue LN, Zheng QW, Ye ZW, Zou Y, Yang Y, Yun F, Guo LQ, Lin JF. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Flexibility of Cordycepin Network in Cordyceps militaris Activated by L-Alanine Addition. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:577. [PMID: 32390960 PMCID: PMC7193312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, isolated from the traditional medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris, has gained much attention due to its various clinical functions. Previous reports of L-alanine addition could significantly improve cordycepin production, but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, transcriptome analysis of C. militaris with doubled cordycepin production induced by L-alanine addition provides an insight into the flexibility of the cordycepin network. The biopathways of energy generation and amino acid conversion were activated so that cordycepin substrate generation was consequently improved. Specific genes of rate-limiting enzymes in these pathways, as well as related transcription factors, were figured out. Two key Zn2Cys6-type transcription factors CmTf1 and CmTf2 were verified to play the roles of doubling the cordycepin production by overexpression of their coding genes in C. militaris wild type. These results provide a complete map of the cordycepin network in C. militaris with a distinct understanding of the flexibility of joints, giving a better foundation for increasing cordycepin yield and strain breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Xiong Chen
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Na Xue
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Wang Zheng
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yun
- Guangzhou Alchemy Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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