1
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Mattison DR, Momoli F, Alyanak C, Aschner M, Baker M, Cashman N, Dydak U, Farhat N, Guilarte TR, Karyakina N, Ramoju S, Shilnikova N, Taba P, Krewski D. Diagnosis of manganism and manganese neurotoxicity: A workshop report. MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2024; 4:11. [PMID: 38410758 PMCID: PMC10895461 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2024.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
With declining exposures to manganese (Mn) in occupational settings, there is a need for more sensitive exposure assessments and clinical diagnostic criteria for manganism and Mn neurotoxicity. To address this issue, a workshop was held on November 12-13, 2020, with international experts on Mn toxicity. The workshop discussions focused on the history of the diagnostic criteria for manganism, including those developed by the Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (IRSST) in Quebec in 2005 and criteria developed by the Chinese government in 2002 and updated in 2006; the utility of biomarkers of exposure; recent developments in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for assessing Mn accumulation in the brain and diagnosing manganism; and potential future applications of metabolomics. The suggestions of the participants for updating manganism diagnostic criteria included the consideration of: i) A history of previous occupational and environmental exposure to Mn; ii) relevant clinical symptoms such as dystonia; iii) MRI imaging to document Mn accumulation in the neural tissues, including the basal ganglia; and iv) criteria for the differential diagnosis of manganism and other neurological conditions. Important research gaps include the characterization of Mn exposure and other co-exposures, exploration of the roles of different brain regions with MRI, understanding the complexity of metal ion transporters involved in Mn homeostasis, and a need for information on other neurotransmitter systems and brain regions underlying the pathophysiology of manganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Mattison
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1P 5J6, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
- Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Franco Momoli
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1P 5J6, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Cemil Alyanak
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1P 5J6, Canada
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Marissa Baker
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Neil Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- ProMIS Neurosciences, Inc., Toronto, ON M4S 3E2, Canada
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nawal Farhat
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1P 5J6, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Tomás R. Guilarte
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | - Siva Ramoju
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1P 5J6, Canada
| | - Natalia Shilnikova
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1P 5J6, Canada
- R. Samuel McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Pille Taba
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Neurology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON K1P 5J6, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
- R. Samuel McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1G 5Z3, Canada
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2
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Sande R, Doshi G, Godad A. Deciphering the role of metal and non-metals in the treatment of epilepsy. Neurochem Int 2023; 167:105536. [PMID: 37178926 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metals and non-metals have known to play a significant role in various physiological roles in the body including the central nervous system (CNS). The alterations in their concentration in the CNS leads to abnormalities in the normal functions which may lead to various neurological conditions including epilepsy. Manganese is a cofactor required for antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase, Glutamine synthetase, etc. The accumulation of iron leads to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which have the potential to cause ferroptosis, one of the reasons for epileptogenesis. Zinc has biphasic response, both neurotoxic and neuroprotective, based on concentration levels in the CNS. Selenium is a main element for selenoproteins which is responsible for the regulation of oxidative state and antioxidant defence mechanism. The reduction in the phosphorous levels in the CNS is widely observed after generalised tonic clonic seizures (GTC), which can be a potential diagnostic biomarker. Copper acts in the CNS in an identical manner, i.e., by blocking both AMPA mediated and GABA mediated neuronal transmission. Magnesium blocks calcium channels in the NMDA receptor and prevents glutamatergic transmission, thus inhibiting excitotoxicity. Lithium acts as a proconvulsive agent and is used in combination with pilocarpine to induce seizures. The identified potential of metals and non-metals in epilepsy can be utilised in order to devise new adjuvant therapies for the management of epilepsy. The article summaries in depth the role of metals and non-metals in the treatment of epilepsy supported with special paragraph on author perspective on to the topic. Furthermore, an update of preclinical and clinical evidences are discussed in the review to give evidence on metal and non-metal based therapies in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksar Sande
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Gaurav Doshi
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Angel Godad
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, V L M Road, Vile Parle (w), Mumbai, 400056, India.
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3
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Kassiri N. An Overview of the Relationship Between Occupational Manganese Exposure and Parkinsonism. Cureus 2022; 14:e32161. [PMID: 36601184 PMCID: PMC9807224 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element used in many industries, such as welding, foundries, the production of metal alloys, especially stainless steel, and the production of dry batteries, pesticides, paints, and explosives. Individuals are exposed to Mn through inhalation of fumes, dermal absorption, and ingestion. This metal is an essential trace element required for normal growth, development, and cellular homeostasis. It has also toxic effects on the central nervous system and can cause Parkinsonism symptoms in exposed patients. Studies on human and animal models reveal that neurons of the globus pallidus, the cerebellum, pons, red nucleus, the thalamus, cortex, and the anterior horn of the spinal cord could be affected by Mn toxicity. Although the diagnosis of manganese-induced Parkinsonism is primarily clinical, there are some supporting features on brain MRI images that may be helpful to objectively distinguish it. This study was designed to review the ways of exposure to Mn, clinical symptoms in case of exposure, and discover the relationship between exposure to Mn and Parkinsonism in the working population.
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4
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Karyakina NA, Shilnikova N, Farhat N, Ramoju S, Cline B, Momoli F, Mattison D, Jensen N, Terrell R, Krewski D. Biomarkers for occupational manganese exposure. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:636-663. [PMID: 36705643 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2128718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-term inhalation exposure to manganese (Mn) metal or its inorganic compounds can result in manganism or subclinical neurofunctional deficits. Studies have described affected workers in Mn dioxide mining, Mn-containing ore crushing and milling facilities, manufacturing of dry-cell batteries, Mn steel and alloy production plants, and in welders. The objective of this study was to critically review existing evidence on the reliability of potential biomarkers of Mn exposure, specifically the relationship between inhalation exposure to Mn particulates in different occupational settings and Mn concentrations in blood and other biological fluids and tissues, with a particular focus on whole blood as a potentially useful medium for measuring internal tissue dose. We also examined available evidence on the relationship between Mn levels in blood and adverse clinical and subclinical neurotoxic outcomes. Three bibliographic databases were searched for relevant studies and identified references were screened by two independent reviewers. Of the 6338 unique references identified, 76 articles were retained for data abstraction. Findings indicate that the relationships between Mn in blood and both external Mn exposure indices and neurofunctional impairments are limited and inconsistent. Different sources of exposure to Mn compounds, heterogeneity in the methodological approaches, and inadequate reporting of essential information limited direct comparison of the reported findings. Among the Mn-exposure biomarkers considered in this review - including biomarkers in blood, plasma, serum, erythrocytes, urine, bone, toenails, fingernails, hair, saliva - biomarkers in whole blood may provide to be most useful in Mn biomonitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A Karyakina
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Natalia Shilnikova
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nawal Farhat
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Franco Momoli
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Donald Mattison
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - N Jensen
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - R Terrell
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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5
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Firth G, Blower JE, Bartnicka JJ, Mishra A, Michaels AM, Rigby A, Darwesh A, Al-Salemee F, Blower PJ. Non-invasive radionuclide imaging of trace metal trafficking in health and disease: "PET metallomics". RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:495-518. [PMID: 35656481 PMCID: PMC9092424 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00033d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several specific metallic elements must be present in the human body to maintain health and function. Maintaining the correct quantity (from trace to bulk) and location at the cell and tissue level is essential. The study of the biological role of metals has become known as metallomics. While quantities of metals in cells and tissues can be readily measured in biopsy and autopsy samples by destructive analytical techniques, their trafficking and its role in health and disease are poorly understood. Molecular imaging with radionuclides - positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) - is emerging as a means to non-invasively study the acute trafficking of essential metals between organs, non-invasively and in real time, in health and disease. PET scanners are increasingly widely available in hospitals, and methods for producing radionuclides of some of the key essential metals are developing fast. This review summarises recent developments in radionuclide imaging technology that permit such investigations, describes the radiological and physicochemical properties of key radioisotopes of essential trace metals and useful analogues, and introduces current and potential future applications in preclinical and clinical investigations to study the biology of essential trace metals in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Firth
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Julia E Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Joanna J Bartnicka
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Aishwarya Mishra
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Aidan M Michaels
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Alex Rigby
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Afnan Darwesh
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Fahad Al-Salemee
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St. Thomas' Hospital London UK
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6
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Xue Z, Li L. Rapid and green detection of manganese in electrolytes by ultraviolet-visible spectrometry to control pollutant discharge. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264532. [PMID: 35213674 PMCID: PMC8880954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the manganese (Mn2+) concentration is important to product quality in the electrolytic manganese industry. Conventional methods for detecting Mn2+ are complex and reagent-consuming, which makes them slow and polluting. It is of great significance to develop a new fast and environmentally friendly method to quantify Mn2+ in electrolyte. The characteristic ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorbance at 401 nm of Mn2+ will vary linearly with the Mn2+ concentration after data correction. Adjusting the pH, calibrating the spectral bandwidth (SBW) and optical path length (OPL), and subtracting the interference from coexisting substances by linear interpolation improve the measuring accuracy. Mn2+ concentration can be determined by direct fast UV-vis absorbance measurement at characteristic peaks without using harmful reagents which facilitates such measurement to be applicated as on-line detection method for electrolytic manganese industry. The method developed in this study will help achieve the goal of improving the detection speed while cutting back on pollutant discharge from concentration analysis process in electrolytic manganese industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhehua Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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7
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Lo R. Epidemiology of atypical parkinsonian syndromes. Tzu Chi Med J 2022; 34:169-181. [PMID: 35465274 PMCID: PMC9020244 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_218_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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8
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Parkinson's disease in a worker exposed to insecticides at a greenhouse. Ann Occup Environ Med 2021; 33:e6. [PMID: 34754467 PMCID: PMC7952772 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2021.33.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a rare, neurodegenerative disease with various occupational and environmental risk factors. Exposure to specific pesticides contributes significantly to the incidence of PD. However, it is difficult to measure the level of pesticide exposure in workers. This study presents the first case recognized the work-relatedness between PD and pesticide exposure. Case presentation A 68-year-old male was diagnosed with PD after working with pesticides at a tomato greenhouse for 12 years and 5 months. From the results of a field study, it was reasonable to assume that the patient had been exposed to a significant level of various insecticides. In the present report, we described the first accepted case of work-relatedness between PD and exposure to pesticides. The evaluation was conducted using the following steps: we ruled out other possible risk factors including additional occupational history and personal risk factors, we assessed the work environment, surveyed possible exposures, found proper epidemiological evidence, and calculated the probability of causation. The work-relatedness was determined through the review of epidemiological evidence and estimation of exposure situation and level, and biological plausibility. We also decided work-relatedness based on the exposure of PD related pesticides with identified biologically plausible and the presumption that the exposure level would be high due to the working process. Conclusions In this case, the field study and epidemiological results supported the work-relatedness of PD and exposure to pesticides. Moreover, the results of previous studies have confirmed a causal relationship between exposure to pesticides and PD.
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9
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Parkinsonism and tremor syndromes. J Neurol Sci 2021; 433:120018. [PMID: 34686357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.120018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Tremor, the most common movement disorder, may occur in isolation or may co-exist with a variety of other neurologic and movement disorders including parkinsonism, dystonia, and ataxia. When associated with Parkinson's disease, tremor may be present at rest or as an action tremor overlapping in phenomenology with essential tremor. Essential tremor may be associated not only with parkinsonism but other neurological disorders, suggesting the possibility of essential tremor subtypes. Besides Parkinson's disease, tremor can be an important feature of other parkinsonian disorders, such as atypical parkinsonism and drug-induced parkinsonism. In addition, tremor can be a prominent feature in patients with other movement disorders such as fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, and Wilson's disease in which parkinsonian features may be present. This article is part of the Special Issue "Parkinsonism across the spectrum of movement disorders and beyond" edited by Joseph Jankovic, Daniel D. Truong and Matteo Bologna.
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10
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Filimon MN, Dumitrescu G, Caraba IV, Sinitean A, Verdes D, Mituletu M, Cornianu M, Popescu R. Effects of mine waste water on rat: bioaccumulation and histopathological evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:20222-20239. [PMID: 33410069 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The highlighting of the bioaccumulation capacity of metals in the internal organs, the mode of distribution at the level of internal organs, the interactions between them, respectively, and the histological changes occurred at the level of the liver and kidneys are the main aspects addressed in the present study. The experiment was performed on 4 groups of Wistar rats: 3 groups which were administered water from rivers located in the vicinity of the Bor mining operation and 1 control group. The determination of the metal content in the administered water samples and in the internal organs was performed using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Tissue alterations were assessed by histological technique and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The metal retention capacity in the internal organs differs depending on the metal concentration in the administered water sample but also on the organ in which the determination was made. Also, correlations were established between the concentrations of metals at the level of the organs, showing (a) positive and significant correlations-at the level of the heart between Zn and Cu, Fe, and Mn and at the level of the lungs between Mn and Cd-but the most numerous were reported in the testicle; (b) moderate correlations at liver level between Fe and Zn, at spleen level between Cu and Mn and Cd and at the level of the kidneys between Pb and Zn, Cu, and Fe; (c) negative correlations at renal level between Pb and Mn; and (d) insignificant correlations between Pb and Fe. The histological changes identified at the level of the liver and kidney become more obvious, and their aggravation is registered with the increase of the metal content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marioara Nicoleta Filimon
- Department Biology-Chemistry, Faculty Chemistry-Biology-Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi 16, RO 300315, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gabi Dumitrescu
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Mihai I of Romania" from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, RO 300645, Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Ion Valeriu Caraba
- Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine "King Mihai I of Romania" from Timisoara, Calea Aradului 119, RO 300645, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Sinitean
- Department Biology-Chemistry, Faculty Chemistry-Biology-Geography, West University of Timisoara, Pestalozzi 16, RO 300315, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Doina Verdes
- Department of Morphologic microscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", E. Murgu 2, RO 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihai Mituletu
- Department of Morphologic microscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", E. Murgu 2, RO 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marioara Cornianu
- Department of Morphologic microscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", E. Murgu 2, RO 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Popescu
- Department of Morphologic microscopy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Victor Babes", E. Murgu 2, RO 300041, Timisoara, Romania
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11
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El-Gamal M, Salama M, Collins-Praino LE, Baetu I, Fathalla AM, Soliman AM, Mohamed W, Moustafa AA. Neurotoxin-Induced Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease: Benefits and Drawbacks. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:897-923. [PMID: 33765237 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by cardinal motor impairments, including akinesia and tremor, as well as by a host of non-motor symptoms, including both autonomic and cognitive dysfunction. PD is associated with a death of nigral dopaminergic neurons, as well as the pathological spread of Lewy bodies, consisting predominantly of the misfolded protein alpha-synuclein. To date, only symptomatic treatments, such as levodopa, are available, and trials aiming to cure the disease, or at least halt its progression, have not been successful. Wong et al. (2019) suggested that the lack of effective therapy against neurodegeneration in PD might be attributed to the fact that the molecular mechanisms standing behind the dopaminergic neuronal vulnerability are still a major scientific challenge. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is critical for developing effective therapy. Thirty-five years ago, Calne and William Langston (1983) raised the question of whether biological or environmental factors precipitate the development of PD. In spite of great advances in technology and medicine, this question still lacks a clear answer. Only 5-15% of PD cases are attributed to a genetic mutation, with the majority of cases classified as idiopathic, which could be linked to exposure to environmental contaminants. Rodent models play a crucial role in understanding the risk factors and pathogenesis of PD. Additionally, well-validated rodent models are critical for driving the preclinical development of clinically translatable treatment options. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms, similarities and differences, as well as advantages and limitations of different neurotoxin-induced rat models of PD. In the second part of this review, we will discuss the potential future of neurotoxin-induced models of PD. Finally, we will briefly demonstrate the crucial role of gene-environment interactions in PD and discuss fusion or dual PD models. We argue that these models have the potential to significantly further our understanding of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Gamal
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. .,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Ahmed M Fathalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amira M Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Department of Basic Medical Science, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology and Marcs Institute for Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Apetauerova D, Hildebrand P, Scala S, Zani JW, Lipert L, Clark E, Fennell T, Gordon FD. A Prospective Study of the Prevalence of Parkinsonism in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun 2021; 5:323-333. [PMID: 33553978 PMCID: PMC7850299 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration refers to a neurological syndrome consisting of various movement disorders and cognitive impairment in advanced liver cirrhosis or portosystemic shunt. Neurological signs and symptoms may be attributed to the accumulation of toxic substances in the brain. The most common neurological presentation of this is parkinsonism. Our prospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of parkinsonism in patients with cirrhosis who were evaluated for liver transplant and to identify any correlation between findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and severity of parkinsonism. Of the 120 enrolled participants with liver cirrhosis, 62 (52%) exhibited signs of parkinsonism and all had MRI basal ganglia hyperintensity. Eighteen patients from this group were transplanted and showed statistically significant improvements in their Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores. Conclusion: The data suggest the reversibility of the neurological impairment seen in cirrhosis, and therefore the effectiveness of transplantation in improving parkinsonian symptoms. There was no correlation between severity of MRI findings and clinical motor UPDRS part III. Laboratory findings showed no correlation among the abnormal levels, MRI brain signal abnormality, or UPDRS scores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Janet W Zani
- Lahey Hospital and Medical CenterBurlingtonMAUSA
| | | | - Erin Clark
- The University of New England College of Osteopathic MedicineBiddefordMEUSA
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13
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Nemanich A, Chen B, Valento M. Toxic boost: Acute, reversible neurotoxicity after ingestion of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) mistaken for an energy drink. Am J Emerg Med 2020; 42:261.e3-261.e5. [PMID: 32919805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organometallic compound used as a gasoline additive for its antiknock properties. Human ingestion of MMT has not previously been reported. We present the case of a 54-year-old man who developed seizures and altered mental status after drinking 12 oz. of MMT-containing NOS Octane Booster Racing Formula. Due to label similarities, he mistook this for the NOS High Performance energy drink. The patient was intubated due to persistent seizures despite benzodiazepine treatment and admitted to the intensive care unit. He had two further seizures while intubated, but he was successfully extubated on the 4th day post-ingestion. He was confused and ataxic following extubation, but one day later his symptoms resolved and he was discharged without further incident. This case highlights the importance of responsible labeling of consumables. It is important for clinicians and poison centers to report any such instances to the United States Food and Drug Administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Betty Chen
- University of Washington, Department of Emergency Medicine, USA; Washington Poison Center, USA.
| | - Matthew Valento
- University of Washington, Department of Emergency Medicine, USA; Washington Poison Center, USA.
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Mechanism of Manganese Dysregulation of Dopamine Neuronal Activity. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5871-5891. [PMID: 32576620 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2830-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese exposure produces Parkinson's-like neurologic symptoms, suggesting a selective dysregulation of dopamine transmission. It is unknown, however, how manganese accumulates in dopaminergic brain regions or how it regulates the activity of dopamine neurons. Our in vivo studies in male C57BLJ mice suggest that manganese accumulates in dopamine neurons of the VTA and substantia nigra via nifedipine-sensitive Ca2+ channels. Manganese produces a Ca2+ channel-mediated current, which increases neurotransmitter release and rhythmic firing activity of dopamine neurons. These increases are prevented by blockade of Ca2+ channels and depend on downstream recruitment of Ca2+-activated potassium channels to the plasma membrane. These findings demonstrate the mechanism of manganese-induced dysfunction of dopamine neurons, and reveal a potential therapeutic target to attenuate manganese-induced impairment of dopamine transmission.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Manganese is a trace element critical to many physiological processes. Overexposure to manganese is an environmental risk factor for neurologic disorders, such as a Parkinson's disease-like syndrome known as manganism. We found that manganese concentration-dependently increased the excitability of dopamine neurons, decreased the amplitude of action potentials, and narrowed action potential width. Blockade of Ca2+ channels prevented these effects as well as manganese accumulation in the mouse midbrain in vivo Our data provide a potential mechanism for manganese regulation of dopaminergic neurons.
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Conroy SK, Brownlowe KB, McAllister TW. Depression Comorbid With Stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury, Parkinson's Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis: Diagnosis and Treatment. FOCUS: JOURNAL OF LIFE LONG LEARNING IN PSYCHIATRY 2020; 18:150-161. [PMID: 33162852 DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Depression is common among patients with neurologic disorders, and it has long been considered more difficult to treat than depression in the general population. In this review, the authors consider challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of depression among patients with stroke, traumatic brain injury, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. For each disorder, the authors discuss the epidemiology and time course of depression as well as review the physiologic and psychological etiologies of depression. In addition, for each disorder, they review screening tools and diagnostic considerations, including differential diagnosis; discuss etiological factors, both neurobiological and psychological; and assess evidence for various depression treatments, including pharmacologic, psychosocial, and neuromodulatory therapies. The evidence suggests that depression is common among patients with neurologic disorders and that it is crucial for general psychiatrists to provide treatment for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Conroy
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Conroy, McAllister); Department of Psychiatry, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus (Brownlowe)
| | - Katherine B Brownlowe
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Conroy, McAllister); Department of Psychiatry, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus (Brownlowe)
| | - Thomas W McAllister
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (Conroy, McAllister); Department of Psychiatry, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus (Brownlowe)
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Cui Y, Zhao M, Han L. Differences in biological activities between recombinant human paraoxonase 1 (rhPON1) subtype isozemys R/Q as antidotes against organophosphorus poisonings. Toxicol Lett 2020; 325:51-61. [PMID: 31981688 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a type of aromatic esterase widely existing in mammals. It can hydrolyze various kinds of compounds effectively in vivo and in vitro. Previous studies have confirmed that PON1 can be used as antidote against organophosphorus poisonings (OPs). In this study, we obtained two subtype isozymes (i.e. rhPON1R192 and rhPON1Q192) by gene recombination and compared their detoxification effects against different OPs in rats. The rhPON1R192 demonstrated better detoxification effect against chlorpyrifos poisoning than the rhPON1Q192, whose detoxification effect against diazinon poisoning was prior to the former. Both of them showed poor detoxification effect against trithion. Therefore, we concluded that, to different OPs, better detoxification effect may be achieved by selecting the PON1 subtype isozyme with higher specific hydrolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Lang Han
- Specialist Clinics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 39 Huaxiang Road, Shenyang, 110022, China.
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17
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Dlamini WW, Nelson G, Nielsen SS, Racette BA. Manganese exposure, parkinsonian signs, and quality of life in South African mine workers. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:36-43. [PMID: 31647574 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese (Mn) neurotoxicity is associated with parkinsonism; the associated motor deficits can affect individuals' quality of life (QoL). We investigated associations between Mn exposure, parkinsonian signs, and QoL in Mn mine workers. METHODS We assessed parkinsonian signs and QoL in 187 black South African Mn mine workers, using the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor subsection 3 (UPDRS3) and the Parkinson Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), respectively. We estimated cumulative Mn exposure in mg Mn/m3 -years using complete occupational histories and a job-exposure matrix. We investigated the cross-sectional association between cumulative Mn exposure and UPDRS3 score, and the UPDRS3 score and PDQ-39, adjusting for age, using linear regression. RESULTS Participants' mean age was 41.8 years (range, 21-67 years); 97.3% were male. Estimated mean cumulative Mn exposure at the time of examination was 5.4 mg Mn/m3 -years, with a mean of 14.0 years working in a Mn mine. The mean UPDRS3 score was 10.1 and 25.7% of the workers had a UPDRS3 score greater than or equal to 15. There was a U-shaped dose-response relation between cumulative Mn exposure and UPDRS3 score, with a positive association up to 15 mg Mn/m3 -years of exposure and an inverse association thereafter. Greater UPDRS3 scores were associated with poorer self-reported QoL. CONCLUSION In this cohort of employed Mn mine workers, parkinsonian signs were common and were associated with both estimated cumulative Mn exposure and poorer QoL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W Dlamini
- Occupational Health Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Gill Nelson
- Occupational Health Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Infection & Population Health, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Susan Searles Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Brad A Racette
- Occupational Health Division, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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Richter Schmitz CR, Eichwald T, Branco Flores MV, Varela KG, Mantovani A, Steffani JA, Glaser V, de Carvalho D, Remor AP. Sex differences in subacute manganese intoxication: Oxidative parameters and metal deposition in peripheral organs of adult Wistar rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Prasad S, Shamim U, Minj A, Faruq M, Pal PK. Manganism without Parkinsonism: Isolated Unilateral Upper Limb Tremor in a Welder. J Mov Disord 2019; 12:135-137. [PMID: 30944287 PMCID: PMC6547032 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Prasad
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Minj
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | - Mohammed Faruq
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pal
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Tong Y, Zhai Q, Lu W, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W. New insights in integrated response mechanism of Lactobacillus plantarum under excessive manganese stress. Food Res Int 2017; 102:323-332. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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A screening tool to detect clinical manganese neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology 2017; 64:12-18. [PMID: 28274800 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) over-exposure in occupational settings is associated with basal ganglia toxicity and a movement disorder characterized by parkinsonism (i.e., the signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease). A simple test to help non-neurologists identify workers with clinical Mn neurotoxicity represents an unmet need. In a cohort of Mn-exposed workers from welding worksites, with extensive clinical data, we developed a linear regression model to predict the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor subsection part 3 (UPDRS3) score. We primarily considered factors easily obtained in a primary care or occupational medicine clinic, specifically easily assessed signs of parkinsonism and factors likely to be associated with UPDRS3 such as age, timed motor task results, and selected symptoms/conditions. Secondarily we considered other demographic variables and welding exposure. We based the model on 596 examined workers age≤65years and with timed motor task data. We selected the model based on simplicity for clinical application, biologic plausibility, and statistical significance and magnitude of regression coefficients. The model contained age, timed motor task scores for each hand, and indicators of action tremor, speech difficulty, anxiety, depression, loneliness, pain and current cigarette smoking. When we examined how well the model identified workers with clinically significant parkinsonism (UPDRS3≥15) the receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) was 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67, 0.77). With a cut point that provided 80% sensitivity, specificity was 52%, the positive predictive value in our cohort was 29%, and the negative predictive value was 92%. Using the same cut point for predicted UPDRS3, the AUC was nearly identical for UPDRS3≥10, and was 0.83 (95% CI 0.76, 0.90) for UPDRS3≥20. Since welding exposure data was not required after including its putative effects, this model may help identify workers with clinically significant Mn neurotoxicity in a variety of settings, as a first step in a tiered occupational screening program.
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Du K, Liu M, Pan Y, Zhong X, Wei M. Association of Serum Manganese Levels with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9030231. [PMID: 28273828 PMCID: PMC5372894 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is one of the most studied environmental heavy metals linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether serum Mn levels are associated with AD and mild cognition impairment (MCI, a prodromal stage of AD). We conducted a meta-analysis to analyze the serum Mn levels in patients with AD and MCI. A systematic database search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) identified 17 studies, including 836 cases and 1254 health controls (HC). Random-effects meta-analysis showed that patients with AD had significantly reduced serum Mn levels compared with HC subjects (SMD = −0.39; 95% CI (−0.71, −0.08); p = 0.015). MCI individuals had a tendency toward reduced serum Mn levels compared with HC subjects (SMD = −0.31; 95% CI (−0.70, 0.08); p = 0.117). A significant decrease in serum Mn levels was found in patients with cognitive impairment (including both AD patients and MCI patients) (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI (−0.60; −0.13); p = 0.002). Finally, no significant differences were observed between AD and MCI patients in serum levels (SMD = 0.24; 95% CI (−0.23, 0.72); p = 0.310). Our findings show that the serum Mn levels are lower in AD patients, and Mn deficiency may be a risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Du
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Mingyan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Yanzhu Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Xin Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
| | - Minjie Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang 110122, China.
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Shin HW, Park HK. Recent Updates on Acquired Hepatocerebral Degeneration. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2017; 7:463. [PMID: 28975044 PMCID: PMC5623760 DOI: 10.7916/d8tb1k44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD) refers to a chronic neurological syndrome in patients with advanced hepatobiliary diseases. This comprehensive review focuses on the pathomechanism and neuroimaging findings in AHD. METHODS A PubMed search was performed using the terms "acquired hepatocerebral degeneration," "chronic hepatocerebral degeneration," "Non-Wilsonian hepatocerebral degeneration," "cirrhosis-related parkinsonism," and "manganese and liver disease." RESULTS Multiple mechanisms involving the accumulation of toxic substances such as ammonia or manganese and neuroinflammation may lead to widespread neurodegeneration in AHD. Clinical characteristics include movement disorders, mainly parkinsonism and ataxia-plus syndrome, as well as cognitive impairment with psychiatric features. Neuroimaging studies of AHD with parkinsonism show hyperintensity in the bilateral globus pallidus on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images, whereas molecular imaging of the presynaptic dopaminergic system shows variable findings. Ataxia-plus syndrome in AHD may demonstrate high-signal lesions in the middle cerebellar peduncles on T2-weighted images. DISCUSSION Future studies are needed to elucidate the exact pathomechanism and neuroimaging findings of this heterogeneous syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Won Shin
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hee Kyung Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Ilsan-Paik Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Movement Disorder Center, Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Hanley KW, Andrews R, Bertke S, Ashley K. Exploring Manganese Fractionation Using a Sequential Extraction Method to Evaluate Welders' Gas Metal Arc Welding Exposures during Heavy Equipment Manufacturing. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:123-134. [PMID: 28395311 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted an occupational exposure assessment study of manganese (Mn) in welding fume at three factories where heavy equipment was manufactured. The objective of this study was to evaluate exposures to different Mn fractions using a sequential extraction procedure. One hundred nine worker-days were monitored for either total or respirable Mn during gas metal arc welding. The samples were analyzed using an experimental method to separate different Mn fractions based on selective chemical solubility. The full-shift total particle size Mn time-weighted average (TWA) breathing zone concentrations ranged 0.38-26 for soluble Mn in a mild ammonium acetate solution; 3.2-170 for Mn0,2+ in acetic acid; 3.1-290 for Mn3+,4+ in hydroxylamine-hydrochloride; and non-detectable (ND)-130 µg m-3 for insoluble Mn fractions in hydrochloric and nitric acid. The summation of all the total particulate Mn TWA fractions yielded results that ranged from 6.9 to 610 µg m-3. The range of respirable size Mn TWA concentrations were 0.33-21 for soluble Mn; 15-140 for Mn0,2+; 14-170 for Mn3+,4+; 5.3-230 for insoluble Mn; and 36-530 µg m-3 for Mn (sum of fractions). Total particulate TWA GM concentrations of the Mn (sum) were 53 (GSD = 2.5), 150 (GSD = 1.7), and 120 (GSD = 1.8) µg m-3 for the three separate factories. Although all of the workers' exposures were measured below the OSHA regulatory permissible exposure limit and NIOSH recommended exposure limit for Mn, 70 welders' exposures exceeded the ACGIH Threshold Limit Values® for total Mn (100 µg m-3) and 29 exceeded the recently adopted respirable Mn TLV (20 µg m-3). This study shows that a welding fume exposure control and management program is warranted for Mn, which includes improved exhaust ventilation and may necessitate the use of respiratory protection, especially for welding parts that impede air circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Hanley
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ronnee Andrews
- Chemical Exposure and Monitoring Branch, Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Steven Bertke
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin Ashley
- Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Selikhova M, Tripoliti E, Fedoryshyn L, Matvienko Y, Stanetska H, Boychuk M, Komnatska I, Lees A, Sanotsky Y. Analysis of a distinct speech disorder seen in chronic manganese toxicity following Ephedrone abuse. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 147:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hines EQ, Soomro I, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Smith SW. Massive intravenous manganese overdose due to compounding error: minimal role for hemodialysis. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 54:523-5. [PMID: 27163837 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2016.1178390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Manganese-associated parkinsonism is well described in occupational settings, in chronic methcathinone users, and in patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. We present a unique case of acute intravenous manganese poisoning with a systematic evaluation of hemodialysis efficacy. CASE DETAILS A 52-year-old woman was inadvertently administered a single intravenous dose of 800 mg compounded manganese chloride at an outpatient chelation center. In an attempt to minimize central nervous system (CNS) manganese deposition, she underwent urgent hemodialysis followed by five days of therapy with calcium disodium EDTA (1 g/m(2) over eight hours daily). Her initial whole blood manganese concentration, obtained six hours after exposure and prior to treatment, was 120 mcg/L (2.19 micromol/L); normal <5 mcg/L (< 0.09 micromol/L). Following the first four-hour hemodialysis session her blood manganese concentration decreased to 20 mcg/L (0.36 micromol/L). Despite the fall in her blood manganese concentration, analysis of dialysate revealed a total elimination of only 604 mcg (11 micromol) manganese (∼1.4% of manganese burden). Although she remained asymptomatic, an MRI on hospital day two revealed T1 hyperintensities within the bilateral globus pallidi, consistent with manganese exposure. DISCUSSION Manganese poisoning is associated with irreversible neurologic toxicity. Hemodialysis did not appear to significantly enhance elimination in this case of acute intravenous manganese toxicity, beyond supportive care and calcium disodium EDTA chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Quaal Hines
- a Division of Medical Toxicology, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA ;,b New York City Poison Control Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Irfana Soomro
- c Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Mary Ann Howland
- a Division of Medical Toxicology, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA ;,b New York City Poison Control Center , New York , NY , USA ;,d College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Jamaica , NY , USA
| | - Robert S Hoffman
- a Division of Medical Toxicology, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA ;,b New York City Poison Control Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - Silas W Smith
- a Division of Medical Toxicology, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine , NYU School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA ;,b New York City Poison Control Center , New York , NY , USA
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Bouabid S, Tinakoua A, Lakhdar-Ghazal N, Benazzouz A. Manganese neurotoxicity: behavioral disorders associated with dysfunctions in the basal ganglia and neurochemical transmission. J Neurochem 2015; 136:677-691. [PMID: 26608821 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element required for many physiological functions. While it is essential at physiological levels, excessive accumulation of Mn in the brain causes severe dysfunctions in the central nervous system known as manganism. Manganism is an extrapyramidal disorder characterized by motor disturbances associated with neuropsychiatric and cognitive disabilities similar to Parkinsonism. As the primary brain regions targeted by Mn are the basal ganglia, known to be involved in the pathophysiology of extrapyramidal disorders, this review will examine the impact of Mn exposure on the basal ganglia circuitry and neurotransmitters in relation to motor and non-motor disorders. The collected data from recent available studies in humans and experimental animal models provide new information about the mechanisms by which Mn affects behavior, neurotransmitters, and basal ganglia function observed in manganism. The effects of the alterations of metals on basal ganglia and neurochemical functioning are critical to develop effective modalities not only for the treatment of vulnerable populations (e.g., Mn-exposed workers) but also for understanding the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases where brain metal imbalances are involved, such as Parkinson's disease. We examine the impact of manganese (Mn) exposure on the basal ganglia circuitry and neurotransmitters in relation with motor and non-motor disorders. The collected data from available studies show that when accumulated in the globus pallidus, Mn influences the subthalamic (STN) and substantia nigra (SN) neurons, which are at the origin of changes in the thalamus and the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Bouabid
- University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, Equipe Rythmes Biologiques, Neurosciences et Environnement, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Anass Tinakoua
- University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, Equipe Rythmes Biologiques, Neurosciences et Environnement, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nouria Lakhdar-Ghazal
- Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, Equipe Rythmes Biologiques, Neurosciences et Environnement, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- University de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, Bordeaux, France
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Bodelón OG, Iglesias C, Garrido J, Clemente C, Garcia-Alonso MC, Escudero ML. Analysis of metallic traces from the biodegradation of endomedullary AZ31 alloy temporary implants in rat organs after long implantation times. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:045015. [PMID: 26238295 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/4/045015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AZ31 alloy has been tested as a biodegradable material in the form of endomedullary implants in female Wistar rat femurs. In order to evaluate the accumulation of potentially toxic elements from the biodegradation of the implant, magnesium (Mg), aluminium (Al), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and fluorine (F) levels have been measured in different organs such as kidneys, liver, lungs, spleen and brain. Several factors that may influence accumulation have been taken into account: how long the implant has been in place, whether or not the bone is fractured, and the presence of an MgF2 protective coating on the implant. The main conclusions and the clinical relevance of the study have been that AZ31 endomedullary implants have a degradation rate of about 60% after 13 months, which is fully compatible with fracture consolidation. Neither bone fracture nor an MgF2 coating seems to influence the accumulation of trace elements in the studied organs. Aluminium is the only alloying element in this study that requires special attention. The increase in Al recovered from the sampled organs represents 3.95% of the amount contained in the AZ31 implant. Al accumulates in a statistically significant way in all the organs except the brain. All of this suggests that in long-term tests AZ31 may be a suitable material for osteosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G Bodelón
- Department of Surface Engineering, Corrosion and Durability, National Centre for Metallurgical Research (CENIM), CSIC, Avda. Gregorio del Amo 8. 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Deng H, Zheng W, Jankovic J. Genetics and molecular biology of brain calcification. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 22:20-38. [PMID: 25906927 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain calcification is a common neuroimaging finding in patients with neurological, metabolic, or developmental disorders, mitochondrial diseases, infectious diseases, traumatic or toxic history, as well as in otherwise normal older people. Patients with brain calcification may exhibit movement disorders, seizures, cognitive impairment, and a variety of other neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. Brain calcification may also present as a single, isolated neuroimaging finding. When no specific cause is evident, a genetic etiology should be considered. The aim of the review is to highlight clinical disorders associated with brain calcification and provide summary of current knowledge of diagnosis, genetics, and pathogenesis of brain calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Huang CY, Liu CH, Tsao E, Hsieh CJ, Weng YH, Hsiao IT, Yen TC, Lin KJ, Huang CC. Chronic manganism: A long-term follow-up study with a new dopamine terminal biomarker of 18F-FP-(+)-DTBZ (18F-AV-133) brain PET scan. J Neurol Sci 2015; 353:102-6. [PMID: 25936253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent experimental studies revealed that dopamine neuron dysfunction in chronic manganism may be due to a reduced capacity of dopamine release in the striatum. The findings imposed further difficulty in the differential diagnosis between manganism and IPD. We conducted a long-term clinical follow-up study of 4 manganism patients, applying a new tracer (18)F-9-fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ((18)F-AV-133) with positron emission tomography (PET). Twenty age-matched subjects including 4 manganism patients, 8 idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) patients, and 8 healthy controls were enrolled for comparison. Volumes of interest of the bilateral putamen, caudate nuclei and occipital cortex as the reference region were delineated from individual magnetic resonance images. The clinical features of the manganism patients still progressed, with increased scores on the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale. The (18)F-AV-133 uptake in the IPD patients decreased at the bilateral striatum, compared with the healthy controls. In the manganism patients, there was no decreased uptake of radioactivity involving the bilateral striatum, except Patient 4, who had a stroke with decreased uptake in the right posterior putamen. The (18)F-AV-133 PET finding reveals that nigrostriatum neurons are not degenerated in chronic manganism and can provide a useful neuroimage biomarker in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Yun Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Liu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Division of Medical Education, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Eusden Tsao
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ju Hsieh
- Molecular Imaging Center and Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Weng
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Tsung Hsiao
- Molecular Imaging Center and Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chen Yen
- Molecular Imaging Center and Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ju Lin
- Molecular Imaging Center and Nuclear Medicine, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Chin-Chan M, Navarro-Yepes J, Quintanilla-Vega B. Environmental pollutants as risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders: Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:124. [PMID: 25914621 PMCID: PMC4392704 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer (AD) and Parkinson (PD) have attracted attention in last decades due to their high incidence worldwide. The etiology of these diseases is still unclear; however the role of the environment as a putative risk factor has gained importance. More worryingly is the evidence that pre- and post-natal exposures to environmental factors predispose to the onset of neurodegenerative diseases in later life. Neurotoxic metals such as lead, mercury, aluminum, cadmium and arsenic, as well as some pesticides and metal-based nanoparticles have been involved in AD due to their ability to increase beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and the phosphorylation of Tau protein (P-Tau), causing senile/amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) characteristic of AD. The exposure to lead, manganese, solvents and some pesticides has been related to hallmarks of PD such as mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in metal homeostasis and aggregation of proteins such as α-synuclein (α-syn), which is a key constituent of Lewy bodies (LB), a crucial factor in PD pathogenesis. Common mechanisms of environmental pollutants to increase Aβ, P-Tau, α-syn and neuronal death have been reported, including the oxidative stress mainly involved in the increase of Aβ and α-syn, and the reduced activity/protein levels of Aβ degrading enzyme (IDE)s such as neprilysin or insulin IDE. In addition, epigenetic mechanisms by maternal nutrient supplementation and exposure to heavy metals and pesticides have been proposed to lead phenotypic diversity and susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses data from epidemiological and experimental studies about the role of environmental factors in the development of idiopathic AD and PD, and their mechanisms of action.
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Abstract
Manganese is an essential trace element with neurotoxicant properties at high levels that were first described in the mid-nineteenth century. The largest sources of occupational and environmental exposures are mining, fossil fuel combustion, and iron and steel industries. Manganese neurotoxicity has been described in many workers with high levels of occupational manganese exposure and can cause a distinct neurologic phenotype known as manganism. Recently, our understanding of the clinical syndrome and pathophysiology of manganese toxicity has shifted. Modern day manganese exposures, which are an order of magnitude lower than previously described in cases of manganism, result in different clinical, imaging, and pathologic phenotypes. Here we will review three neurologic "myths" of manganism in the twenty-first century and will provide evidence that Mn is associated with a clinical syndrome of parkinsonism that resembles Parkinson disease, dopaminergic dysfunction on molecular imaging, and an inflammatory neuropathology in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Andruska
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - And Brad A Racette
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA ; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa
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Lee SA, Lee JJ, You GR, Choi YW, Kim C. Distinction between Mn(iii) and Mn(ii) by using a colorimetric chemosensor in aqueous solution. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A new colorimetric chemosensor for Mn(iii) and Mn(ii) was developed and used to differentiate between Mn(iii) and Mn(ii).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Ah Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry and Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials
- Seoul National University of Science and Technology
- Seoul 139-743
- Korea
| | - Jae Jun Lee
- Department of Fine Chemistry and Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials
- Seoul National University of Science and Technology
- Seoul 139-743
- Korea
| | - Ga Rim You
- Department of Fine Chemistry and Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials
- Seoul National University of Science and Technology
- Seoul 139-743
- Korea
| | - Ye Won Choi
- Department of Fine Chemistry and Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials
- Seoul National University of Science and Technology
- Seoul 139-743
- Korea
| | - Cheal Kim
- Department of Fine Chemistry and Department of Interdisciplinary Bio IT Materials
- Seoul National University of Science and Technology
- Seoul 139-743
- Korea
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Hanley KW, Andrews R, Bertke S, Ashley K. Manganese Fractionation Using a Sequential Extraction Method to Evaluate Welders' Shielded Metal Arc Welding Exposures During Construction Projects in Oil Refineries. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2015; 12:774-84. [PMID: 26011602 PMCID: PMC4658655 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2015.1047022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has conducted an occupational exposure assessment study of manganese (Mn) in welding fume of construction workers rebuilding tanks, piping, and process equipment at two oil refineries. The objective of this study was to evaluate exposures to different Mn fractions using a sequential extraction procedure. Seventy-two worker-days were monitored for either total or respirable Mn during stick welding and associated activities both within and outside of confined spaces. The samples were analyzed using an experimental method to separate different Mn fractions by valence states based on selective chemical solubility. The full-shift total particulate Mn time-weighted average (TWA) breathing zone concentrations ranged from 0.013-29 for soluble Mn in a mild ammonium acetate solution; from 0.26-250 for Mn(0,2+) in acetic acid; from non-detectable (ND) - 350 for Mn(3+,4+) in hydroxylamine-hydrochloride; and from ND - 39 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m(3)) for insoluble Mn fractions in hydrochloric and nitric acid. The summation of all Mn fractions in total particulate TWA ranged from 0.52-470 μg/m(3). The range of respirable particulate Mn TWA concentrations were from 0.20-28 for soluble Mn; from 1.4-270 for Mn(0,2+); from 0.49-150 for Mn(3+,4+); from ND - 100 for insoluble Mn; and from 2.0-490 μg/m(3) for Mn (sum of fractions). For all jobs combined, total particulate TWA GM concentrations of the Mn(sum) were 99 (GSD = 3.35) and 8.7 (GSD = 3.54) μg/m(3) for workers inside and outside of confined spaces; respirable Mn also showed much higher levels for welders within confined spaces. Regardless of particle size and confined space work status, Mn(0,2+) fraction was the most abundant followed by Mn(3+,4+) fraction, typically >50% and ∼30-40% of Mn(sum), respectively. Eighteen welders' exposures exceeded the ACGIH Threshold Limit Values for total Mn (100 μg/m(3)) and 25 exceeded the recently adopted respirable Mn TLV (20 μg/m(3)). This study shows that a welding fume exposure control and management program is warranted, especially for welding jobs in confined spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronnee Andrews
- Chemical Exposure and Monitoring Branch, Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,
| | - Steven Bertke
- Industrywide Studies Branch, Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,
| | - Kevin Ashley
- Chemical Exposure and Monitoring Branch, Division of Applied Research and Technology, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA,
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Andrews RN, Keane M, Hanley KW, Feng HA, Ashley K. Manganese speciation of laboratory-generated welding fumes. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 7:6403-6410. [PMID: 26345630 PMCID: PMC4556603 DOI: 10.1039/c5ay01147g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this laboratory study was to identify and measure manganese (Mn) fractions in chamber-generated welding fumes (WF) and to evaluate and compare the results from a sequential extraction procedure for Mn fractions with that of an acid digestion procedure for measurement of total, elemental Mn. To prepare Mn-containing particulate matter from representative welding processes, a welding system was operated in short circuit gas metal arc welding (GMAW) mode using both stainless steel (SS) and mild carbon steel (MCS) and also with flux cored arc welding (FCAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) using MCS. Generated WF samples were collected onto polycarbonate filters before homogenization, weighing and storage in scintillation vials. The extraction procedure consisted of four sequential steps to measure various Mn fractions based upon selective solubility: (1) soluble Mn dissolved in 0.01 M ammonium acetate; (2) Mn (0,II) dissolved in 25 % (v/v) acetic acid; (3) Mn (III,IV) dissolved in 0.5% (w/v) hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 25% (v/v) acetic acid; and (4) insoluble Mn extracted with concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids. After sample treatment, the four fractions were analyzed for Mn by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). WF from GMAW and FCAW showed similar distributions of Mn species, with the largest concentrations of Mn detected in the Mn (0,II) and insoluble Mn fractions. On the other hand, the majority of the Mn content of SMAW fume was detected as Mn (III,IV). Although the concentration of Mn measured from summation of the four sequential steps was statistically significantly different from that measured from the hot block dissolution method for total Mn, the difference is small enough to be of no practical importance for industrial hygiene air samples, and either method may be used for Mn measurement. The sequential extraction method provides valuable information about the oxidation state of Mn in samples and allows for comparison to results from previous work and from total Mn dissolution methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnee N. Andrews
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - Michael Keane
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505
| | - Kevin W. Hanley
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - H. Amy Feng
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45226
| | - Kevin Ashley
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1090 Tusculum Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45226
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Dusek P, Roos PM, Litwin T, Schneider SA, Flaten TP, Aaseth J. The neurotoxicity of iron, copper and manganese in Parkinson's and Wilson's diseases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 31:193-203. [PMID: 24954801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Impaired cellular homeostasis of metals, particularly of Cu, Fe and Mn may trigger neurodegeneration through various mechanisms, notably induction of oxidative stress, promotion of α-synuclein aggregation and fibril formation, activation of microglial cells leading to inflammation and impaired production of metalloproteins. In this article we review available studies concerning Fe, Cu and Mn in Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease. In Parkinson's disease local dysregulation of iron metabolism in the substantia nigra (SN) seems to be related to neurodegeneration with an increase in SN iron concentration, accompanied by decreased SN Cu and ceruloplasmin concentrations and increased free Cu concentrations and decreased ferroxidase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid. Available data in Wilson's disease suggest that substantial increases in CNS Cu concentrations persist for a long time during chelating treatment and that local accumulation of Fe in certain brain nuclei may occur during the course of the disease. Consequences for chelating treatment strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Dusek
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medicine Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Per M Roos
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurophysiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomasz Litwin
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Trond Peder Flaten
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Aaseth
- Department of Medicine, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Kongsvinger Hospital Division, Kongsvinger, Norway
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Early-Life Toxic Insults and Onset of Sporadic Neurodegenerative Diseases-an Overview of Experimental Studies. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 29:231-264. [PMID: 26695168 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis states that adverse fetal and early childhood exposures can predispose to obesity, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) in adult life. Early exposure to environmental chemicals interferes with developmental programming and induces subclinical alterations that may hesitate in pathophysiology and behavioral deficits at a later life stage. The mechanisms by which perinatal insults lead to altered programming and to disease later in life are still undefined. The long latency between exposure and onset of disease, the difficulty of reconstructing early exposures, and the wealth of factors which the individual is exposed to during the life course make extremely difficult to prove the developmental origin of NDDs in clinical and epidemiological studies. An overview of animal studies assessing the long-term effects of perinatal exposure to different chemicals (heavy metals and pesticides) supports the link between exposure and hallmarks of neurodegeneration at the adult stage. Furthermore, models of maternal immune activation show that brain inflammation in early life may enhance adult vulnerability to environmental toxins, thus supporting the multiple hit hypothesis for NDDs' etiology. The study of prospective animal cohorts may help to unraveling the complex pathophysiology of sporadic NDDs. In vivo models could be a powerful tool to clarify the mechanisms through which different kinds of insults predispose to cell loss in the adult age, to establish a cause-effect relationship between "omic" signatures and disease/dysfunction later in life, and to identify peripheral biomarkers of exposure, effects, and susceptibility, for translation to prospective epidemiological studies.
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Racette BA. Manganism in the 21st century: the Hanninen lecture. Neurotoxicology 2014; 45:201-7. [PMID: 24148923 PMCID: PMC3992192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the original description of the health effects of inhaled occupational manganese (Mn) by Couper in 1837, an extensive literature details the clinical syndrome and pathophysiology of what was thought to be a rare condition. In the last decade, conventional wisdom regarding the clinicopathological effects of Mn has been challenged. Past exposures to Mn were an order of magnitude higher than modern exposures in developed countries; therefore, the clinical syndrome seen in the time of Couper is no longer typical of modern Mn exposed workers. Parkinsonism (rigidity, bradykinesia, rest tremor, and postural instability) is present in 15% of Mn-exposed workers in welding industries, and these parkinsonian signs are associated with reduced health status and quality of life. These parkinsonian signs also overlap considerably with the clinical findings seen in early stages of Parkinson's disease (PD); although, molecular imaging suggests that Mn-exposed workers have dopaminergic dysfunction in a pattern unique from PD. Furthermore, geographic information system studies demonstrate that regions of the US with high industrial Mn emissions have an increased incidence of PD and increased PD associated mortality. This review will contrast historical, descriptive human studies in Mn-exposed subjects with more recent data and will suggest a research agenda for the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Racette
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Abstract
Neuroimaging is a potentially valuable tool to link individual differences in the human genome to structure and functional variations, narrowing the gaps in the casual chain from a given genetic variation to a brain disorder. Because genes are not usually expressed at the level of mental behavior, but are mediated by their molecular and cellular effects, molecular imaging could play a key role. This article reviews the literature using molecular imaging as an intermediate phenotype and/or biomarker for illness related to certain genetic alterations, focusing on the most common neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Leite
- PET/CT, Clínica de Diagnóstico Por Imagem (CDPI), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Roberta Hespanhol
- PET/CT, Clínica de Diagnóstico Por Imagem (CDPI), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Palacios N, Fitzgerald KC, Hart JE, Weisskopf MG, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A, Laden F. Particulate matter and risk of Parkinson disease in a large prospective study of women. Environ Health 2014; 13:80. [PMID: 25294559 PMCID: PMC4201741 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution has been implicated in a number of adverse health outcomes and the effect of particulate matter (PM) on the brain is beginning to be recognized. Yet, no prospective study has examined the association between PM and risk of Parkinson Disease. Thus, our goal was assess if exposure to particulate matter air pollution is related to risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), a large prospective cohort of women. METHODS Cumulative average exposure to different size fractions of PM up to 2 years before the onset of PD, was estimated using a spatio-temporal model by linking each individual's places of residence throughout the study with location-specific air pollution levels. We prospectively followed 115,767 women in the NHS, identified 508 incident PD cases and used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the risk of PD associated with each size fraction of PM independently. RESULTS In models adjusted for age in months, smoking, region, population density, caffeine and ibuprofen intake, we observed no statistically significant associations between exposure to air pollution and PD risk. The relative risk (RR) comparing the top quartile to the bottom quartile of PM exposure was 0.99 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.84,1.16) for PM10 (≤10 microns in diameter), 1.08 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.45) for PM2.5 (≤2.5 microns in diameter), and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.71, 1.19) for PM(10-2.5) (2.5 to 10 microns in diameter). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found no evidence that exposure to air pollution is a risk factor for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Palacios
- />Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- />Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- />Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- />Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Jaime E Hart
- />Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- />Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Marc G Weisskopf
- />Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Alberto Ascherio
- />Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- />Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
| | - Francine Laden
- />Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- />Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts USA
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42
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Palacios N, Fitzgerald K, Roberts AL, Hart JE, Weisskopf MG, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A, Laden F. A prospective analysis of airborne metal exposures and risk of Parkinson disease in the nurses' health study cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:933-8. [PMID: 24905870 PMCID: PMC4154211 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1307218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to metals has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVES We sought to examine in a large prospective study of female nurses whether exposure to airborne metals was associated with risk of PD. METHODS We linked the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Air Toxics tract-level data with the Nurses' Health Study, a prospective cohort of female nurses. Over the course of 18 years of follow-up from 1990 through 2008, we identified 425 incident cases of PD. We examined the association of risk of PD with the following metals that were part of the first U.S. EPA collections in 1990, 1996, and 1999: arsenic, antimony, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, mercury, and nickel. To estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs, we used the Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for age, smoking, and population density. RESULTS In adjusted models, the HR for the highest compared with the lowest quartile of each metal ranged from 0.78 (95% CI: 0.59, 1.04) for chromium to 1.33 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.79) for mercury. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found limited evidence for the association between adulthood ambient exposure to metals and risk of PD. The results for mercury need to be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Palacios
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Golasik M, Wodowski G, Gomółka E, Herman M, Piekoszewski W. Urine as a material for evaluation of exposure to manganese in methcathinone users. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2014; 28:338-43. [PMID: 24867657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure even to low doses of manganese may lead to development of neurological syndrome similar to parkinsonism. The aim of this research is to assess the possibility of manganese poisoning based on the level of metal in the urine of long-term methcathinone users from Poland. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) was used to determine manganese in urine, while the detection of the psychoactive drugs was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results of survey on longitudinal patterns of drug use showed that users of traditional illicit drugs now turn to cheaper alternatives, such as methcathinone. Parkinsonian features were observed in almost half of methcathinone users. The subjects had a higher mean level of Mn in their urine (8.68±9.27 μg L(-1)) than the controls (4.27±1.91 μg L(-1)). The presence of numerous psychoactive substances (in unchanged forms and their metabolites) was confirmed in all of the samples, with only one exception. The elevated level of manganese in urine (in 29.2% of patients) can be used as a primary marker of recent methcathinone administration, especially in the case of long time intravenous drug users where blood sampling is complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Golasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wodowski
- Outpatients Clinic for Drug Prevention and Treatment of Addicts, Św. Katarzyny 3, 31-063 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Gomółka
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 15b, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Herman
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Piekoszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; Laboratory of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry, Regional Laboratory of Physicochemical Analysis and Structural Research, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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Cena LG, Keane MJ, Chisholm WP, Stone S, Harper M, Chen BT. A novel method for assessing respiratory deposition of welding fume nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:771-80. [PMID: 24824154 PMCID: PMC4783140 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2014.919393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Welders are exposed to high concentrations of nanoparticles. Compared to larger particles, nanoparticles have been associated with more toxic effects at the cellular level, including the generation of more reactive oxygen species activity. Current methods for welding-fume aerosol exposures do not differentiate between the nano-fraction and the larger particles. The objectives of this work are to establish a method to estimate the respiratory deposition of the nano-fraction of selected metals in welding fumes and test this method in a laboratory setting. Manganese (Mn), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) are commonly found in welding fume aerosols and have been linked with severe adverse health outcomes. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) were evaluated as methods for analyzing the content of Mn, Ni, Cr, and Cr(VI) nanoparticles in welding fumes collected with nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) samplers. NRD samplers collect nanoparticles at deposition efficiencies that closely resemble physiological deposition in the respiratory tract. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) for ICP-MS and IC were determined analytically. Mild and stainless steel welding fumes generated with a robotic welder were collected with NRD samplers inside a chamber. LODs (LOQs) for Mn, Ni, Cr, and Cr(VI) were 1.3 μg (4.43 μg), 0.4 μg (1.14 μg), 1.1 μg (3.33 μg), and 0.4 μg (1.42 μg), respectively. Recovery of spiked samples and certified welding fume reference material was greater than 95%. When testing the method, the average percentage of total mass concentrations collected by the NRD samplers was ~30% for Mn, ~50% for Cr, and ~60% for Ni, indicating that a large fraction of the metals may lie in the nanoparticle fraction. This knowledge is critical to the development of toxicological studies aimed at finding links between exposure to welding fume nanoparticles and adverse health effects. Future work will involve the validation of the method in workplace settings. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: Digestion, extraction, and analysis procedures for nylon mesh screens.].
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Cena
- a Health Effects Laboratory Division , National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Morgantown , West Virginia
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Wang K, Liu S, Wang J, Wu Y, Cai F, Song W. Transcriptional regulation of human USP24 gene expression by NF-kappa B. J Neurochem 2013; 128:818-28. [PMID: 24286619 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. This process is carried out under tight regulation by deubiquitinating enzymes. Genetic linkage studies indicated that the region of the human ubiquitin-specific protease 24 (USP24) gene is significantly correlated with Parkinson's disease. In this study, we cloned a 1648 bp 5' flanking region of the human USP24 gene coding sequence and a series of nested deletions into the pGL3-Basic vector. We analyzed promoter activities of these regions with a luciferase-based reporter assay system. A 64-bp region was identified to contain the transcription initiation site and a minimum promoter sequence for transcriptional activation of the USP24 gene expression. Expression of USP24 is controlled by a TATA-box-less promoter with several putative cis-acting elements. Transcriptional activation and gel-shift assay demonstrated that the USP24 gene promoter contains a functional NFκB-binding site. Over-expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) and tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) treatment significantly increased the USP24 promoter activity, mRNA expression and protein level in human HEK293 cells, mouse N2a cells and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Deletion and mutation of the binding site abolished the regulatory effect of NFκB on human USP24 gene transcription. These results suggested that USP24 expression is tightly regulated at its transcription level and NFκB plays an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Maddage R, Marques JP, Gruetter R. Phase-based manganese enhanced MRI, a new methodology to enhance brain cytoarchitectural contrast and study manganese uptake. Magn Reson Med 2013; 72:1246-56. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajika Maddage
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - José P. Marques
- Department of Radiology; Université de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging; École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Radiology; Université de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Radiology; Université de Geneve; Geneve Switzerland
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Evaluation of neurobehavioral and neuroinflammatory end-points in the post-exposure period in rats sub-acutely exposed to manganese. Toxicology 2013; 314:95-9. [PMID: 24060432 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) can cause manganism, a neurological disorder similar to Parkinson' Disease (PD). The neurobehavioral and neuroinflammatory end-points in the Mn post exposure period have not been studied yet. Rats were injected on alternate days with 8 doses of MnCl2 (25mg/kg) or saline, then euthanized 1, 10, 30 or 70 days following the last dose. Whole-blood (WB) (p<0.05), urine (p<0.05) and brain cortical (p<0.0001) Mn levels were significantly increased 24h after the last dose. Decreases in the rats' ambulation were noted 1, 10 and 30 days after the last Mn dose (p<0.001; p<0.05; p<0.001, respectively) and also in the rearing activity at the four time-points (p<0.05). Cortical glial fibrillary acid protein immunoreactivity (GFAP-ir) was significantly increased at 1, 10, 30 (p<0.0001) and 70 (p<0.001) days after the last Mn dose, as well as tumor necrosis α (TNF-α) levels (p<0.05) but just on day 1. Taken together, the results show that, during the 70-day clearance phase of Mn, the recovery is not immediate as behavioral alterations and neuroinflammation persist long after Mn is cleared from the cortical brain compartment.
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Lundin JI, Checkoway H, Criswell SR, Hobson AJ, Harris RC, Swisher LM, Evanoff BA, Racette BA. Screening for early detection of parkinsonism using a self-administered questionnaire: a cross-sectional epidemiologic study. Neurotoxicology 2013; 45:232-7. [PMID: 24035927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Manganese (Mn) is a common component of welding fume. Exposure to Mn fume has been associated with parkinsonism. A simple and reliable screening tool to evaluate Mn exposed workers for neurotoxic injury would have broad occupational health application. METHODS This study investigated 490 occupational welders recruited from a trade union list. Subjects were examined by a movement disorders specialist using the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor subsection 3 (UPDRS3). Parkinsonism, intermediate, and normal groups were defined as UPDRS3 score ≥ 15, 6-15, and <6, respectively. Workers completed a health status questionnaire (PDQ39) and a Parkinson disease (PD) Symptoms Questionnaire. Areas under receiver operator curve (AUC) were analyzed based on these scores, adjusted for age, smoking, race, gender, and neurologist, using normal as the reference. RESULTS The AUC was 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.73-0.84) for PDQ39 and 0.78 (95% CI=0.72-0.85) for PD Symptoms Questionnaire score. At 70% sensitivity, the specificity for PDQ39 score and PD Symptoms Questionnaire score for the prediction of parkinsonism was 73.1% and 80.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the questionnaires have reasonably good sensitivity and specificity to predict parkinsonism in Mn exposed workers. These questionnaires could be a valuable first step in a tiered screening approach for Mn exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica I Lundin
- University of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Harvey Checkoway
- University of California San Diego, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Susan R Criswell
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA; American Parkinson Disease Association Advanced Center for Parkinson Research, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Angela J Hobson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Rachel C Harris
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Laura M Swisher
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA; American Parkinson Disease Association Advanced Center for Parkinson Research, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Bradley A Evanoff
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Brad A Racette
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA; American Parkinson Disease Association Advanced Center for Parkinson Research, St. Louis, MO, USA; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Park RM. Neurobehavioral deficits and parkinsonism in occupations with manganese exposure: a review of methodological issues in the epidemiological literature. Saf Health Work 2013; 4:123-35. [PMID: 24106642 PMCID: PMC3791085 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to manganese (Mn) is associated with neurobehavioral effects. There is disagreement on whether commonly occurring exposures in welding, ferroalloy, and other industrial processes produce neurologically significant neurobehavioral changes representing parkinsonism. A review of methodological issues in the human epidemiological literature on Mn identified: (1) studies focused on idiopathic Parkinson disease without considering manganism, a parkinsonian syndrome; (2) studies with healthy worker effect bias; (3) studies with problematic statistical modeling; and (4) studies arising from case series derived from litigation. Investigations with adequate study design and exposure assessment revealed consistent neurobehavioral effects and attributable subclinical and clinical signs and symptoms of impairment. Twenty-eight studies show an exposure-response relationship between Mn and neurobehavioral effects, including 11 with continuous exposure metrics and six with three or four levels of contrasted exposure. The effects of sustained low-concentration exposures to Mn are consistent with the manifestations of early manganism, i.e., consistent with parkinsonism. This is compelling evidence that Mn is a neurotoxic chemical and there is good evidence that Mn exposures far below the current US standard of 5.0 mg/m3 are causing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Park
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Education and Information Division, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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How does an occupational neurologist assess welders and steelworkers for a manganese-induced movement disorder? An international team's experiences in Guanxi, China, part I. J Occup Environ Med 2013; 54:1432-4. [PMID: 23135302 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318216d0df] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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