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Zhou M, Lin Y, Chen H, Zhao M, Zeng Y, Hu X, Tang P, Fu Y, Wei L, Han L. Brain-tumor-seeking and serpin-inhibiting outer membrane vesicles restore plasmin-mediated attacks against brain metastases. J Control Release 2024; 375:116-126. [PMID: 39236899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Many chemotherapeutic and molecular targeted drugs have been used to treat brain metastases, e.g., anti-angiogenic vandetanib. However, the blood-brain barrier and brain-specific resistance mechanisms make these systemic therapeutic approaches inefficacious. Brain metastatic cancer cells could mimic neurons to upregulate multiple serpins and secrete them into the extracellular environment to reduce local plasmin production to promote L1CAM-mediated vessel co-option and resist anti-angiogenesis therapy. Here, we developed brain-tumor-seeking and serpin-inhibiting outer membrane vesicles (DE@OMVs) to traverse across the blood-brain barrier, bypass neurons, and specially enter metastatic cancer cells via targeting GRP94 and vimentin. Through specific delivery of dexamethasone and embelin, reduced serpin secretion, restored plasmin production, significant L1CAM inactivation and tumor cell apoptosis were specially found in intracranial metastatic regions, leading to delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice with brain metastases. By combining the brain-tumor-seeking properties with the regulation of the serpin/plasminogen activator/plasmin/L1CAM axis, this study provides a potent and highly-selective systemic therapeutic option for brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuteng Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Puxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuxuan Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Liang Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Arkelius K, Wendt TS, Andersson H, Arnou A, Gottschalk M, Gonzales RJ, Ansar S. LOX-1 and MMP-9 Inhibition Attenuates the Detrimental Effects of Delayed rt-PA Therapy and Improves Outcomes After Acute Ischemic Stroke. Circ Res 2024; 134:954-969. [PMID: 38501247 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute ischemic stroke triggers endothelial activation that disrupts vascular integrity and increases hemorrhagic transformation leading to worsened stroke outcomes. rt-PA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) is an effective treatment; however, its use is limited due to a restricted time window and hemorrhagic transformation risk, which in part may involve activation of MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) mediated through LOX-1 (lectin-like oxLDL [oxidized low-density lipoprotein] receptor 1). This study's overall aim was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of novel MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9) ± LOX-1 inhibitors in combination with rt-PA to improve stroke outcomes. METHODS A rat thromboembolic stroke model was utilized to investigate the impact of rt-PA delivered 4 hours poststroke onset as well as selective MMP-9 (JNJ0966) ±LOX-1 (BI-0115) inhibitors given before rt-PA administration. Infarct size, perfusion, and hemorrhagic transformation were evaluated by 9.4-T magnetic resonance imaging, vascular and parenchymal MMP-9 activity via zymography, and neurological function was assessed using sensorimotor function testing. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to hypoxia plus glucose deprivation/reperfusion (hypoxia plus glucose deprivation 3 hours/R 24 hours) and treated with ±tPA and ±MMP-9 ±LOX-1 inhibitors. Barrier function was assessed via transendothelial electrical resistance, MMP-9 activity was determined with zymography, and LOX-1 and barrier gene expression/levels were measured using qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) and Western blot. RESULTS Stroke and subsequent rt-PA treatment increased edema, hemorrhage, MMP-9 activity, LOX-1 expression, and worsened neurological outcomes. LOX-1 inhibition improved neurological function, reduced edema, and improved endothelial barrier integrity. Elevated MMP-9 activity correlated with increased edema, infarct volume, and decreased neurological function. MMP-9 inhibition reduced MMP-9 activity and LOX-1 expression. In human brain microvascular endothelial cells, LOX-1/MMP-9 inhibition differentially attenuated MMP-9 levels, inflammation, and activation following hypoxia plus glucose deprivation/R. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that LOX-1 inhibition and ± MMP-9 inhibition attenuate negative aspects of ischemic stroke with rt-PA therapy, thus resulting in improved neurological function. While no synergistic effect was observed with simultaneous LOX-1 and MMP-9 inhibition, a distinct interaction is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Arkelius
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden (K.A., H.A., A.A., S.A.)
| | - Trevor S Wendt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ (T.S.W., R.J.G.)
| | - Henrik Andersson
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden (K.A., H.A., A.A., S.A.)
| | - Anaële Arnou
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden (K.A., H.A., A.A., S.A.)
| | | | - Rayna J Gonzales
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ (T.S.W., R.J.G.)
| | - Saema Ansar
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden (K.A., H.A., A.A., S.A.)
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Llancalahuen FM, Vallejos A, Aravena D, Prado Y, Gatica S, Otero C, Simon F. α1-Adrenergic Stimulation Increases Platelet Adhesion to Endothelial Cells Mediated by TRPC6. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1408:65-82. [PMID: 37093422 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of a1-adrenergic nervous system is increased during systemic inflammation and other pathological conditions with the consequent adrenergic receptors (ARs) activation. It has been reported that a1-stimulation contributes to coagulation since a1-AR blockers inhibit coagulation and its organic consequences. Also, coagulation induced by a1-AR stimulation can be greatly decreased using a1-AR blockers. In health, endothelial cells (ECs) perform anticoagulant actions at cellular and molecular level. However, during inflammation, ECs turn dysfunctional promoting a procoagulant state. Endothelium-dependent coagulation progresses at cellular and molecular levels, promoting endothelial acquisition of procoagulant properties to potentiate coagulation by means of prothrombotic and antifibrinolytic proteins expression increase in ECs releasing them to circulation, the thrombus formation is strengthened. Calcium signaling is a main feature of coagulation. Inhibition of ion channels involved in Ca2+ entry severely decreases coagulation. The transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) is a non-selective Ca2+-permeable ion channel. TRPC6 activity is induced by diacylglycerol, suggesting that is regulated by a1-ARs. Furthermore, a1-ARs stimulation elicits a TRPC-like current in rat mesenteric artery smooth muscle and mesangial cells. However, whether TRPC6 could promote an ECs-mediated platelet adhesion induced by a1-adrenergic stimulation is currently not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if the TRPC6 calcium channel mediates platelet adhesion induced by a1-adrenergic stimulation. Our results suggest that platelet adhesion to ECs is enhanced by the a1-adrenergic stimulation evoked by phenylephrine mediated by TRPC6 activity. We conclude that TRPC6 is a molecular determinant in platelet adhesion to ECs with implications in systemic inflammatory diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M Llancalahuen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejando Vallejos
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Aravena
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yolanda Prado
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Santiago, Chile.
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Soliman R, Mamdouh H, Rashed L, Hussein M. The use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in in acute ischemic stroke is associated with increased level of BDNF. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:1165-1172. [PMID: 33830432 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Much concern was directed towards the crucial role of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in improving neuroplasticity in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The aim of the work to investigate the effect of treating patients with acute ischemic stroke with rt-PA, on the level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a marker of neuroplasticity. This study was conducted on 47 patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (during the first 4.5 h from stroke onset); 26 patients of them eligible for receiving rt-PA (patient group) and 21 patients having contraindications for treatment with rt-PA (control group). Neurological, radiological and laboratory assessment (including BDNF serum level) were done for both groups at stroke onset (before receiving rt-PA) and at day 7. There was a statistically significant increase in BDNF serum level from day 1 to day 7 in rt-PA treated patients in comparison to control group (P-value˂ 0.001). Serum level of BDNF is significantly higher at the onset of stroke in female patients and non-smokers than males or smokers (P-value = 0.011, 0.01 respectively). There was no effect of either age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, drug abuse, past or family history of stroke, valvular heart diseases, atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, ejection fraction, carotid atherosclerotic changes, lipid profile or uric acid, on BDNF serum level measured at the onset of stroke. Treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke with rt-PA causes significant improvement in neuroplasticity through increasing BDNF serum level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Soliman
- Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Hend Mamdouh
- Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- Department of Biochemistry, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mona Hussein
- Department of Neurology, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt.
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Role of tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor as potential biomarkers in psychosis. Asian J Psychiatr 2019; 43:105-110. [PMID: 31125952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification of biological markers for psychosis has an impact on its diagnosis, prognosis, and likelihood of treatment response. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is involved in important functions such as synaptic plasticity, long-term potentiation and neurogenesis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) is the most important inhibitor of tPA. Preliminary studies have shown that schizophrenia patients have lower tPA and higher PAI-1 levels than the general population. The association of tPA and PAI-1 abnormalities with psychotic spectrum disorders, however, remains elusive. Our primary objective was to assess the plasma levels of tPA and PAI-1 in patients experiencing acute psychotic episodes as compared to those in healthy controls. In this prospective case-control study, we collected peripheral blood samples from psychiatric inpatients and healthy age, gender and race-matched subjects and determined plasma levels of tPA and PAI-1 by enzyme-linked immune-absorbent assays. Plasma levels of PAI-1 in patients with schizoaffective disorder were significantly lower as compared to those in control subjects (P = 0.03). tPA was lower in cases as compared to controls although it did not reach statistical significance. Asian patients and controls had lower PAI-1 levels. Further, Asian patients with schizoaffective disorder had significantly lower PAI-1 level compared to Asian patients with schizophrenia. Our results indicate that patients with schizoaffective disorder have lower PAI-1 levels than those with schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and healthy controls. Further studies are warranted to explore the potential of PAI-1 as a biomarker for diagnosing schizoaffective disorder.
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Che R, Zhao W, Ma Q, Jiang F, Wu L, Yu Z, Zhang Q, Dong K, Song H, Huang X, Ji X. rt-PA with remote ischemic postconditioning for acute ischemic stroke. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:364-372. [PMID: 30847368 PMCID: PMC6389851 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the feasibility and safety of remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) in acute ischemic stroke patients after intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) thrombolysis (IVT). Methods We performed a pilot randomized trial involving acute ischemic stroke patients with IVT. The patients were randomized 1:1 to receive RIPC or standard medical therapy. In the RIPC group, the participants underwent instant RIPC within 2 h of IVT, followed by repeated RIPC therapy for 7 days. The feasibility end point was the completion of RIPC and time from the first RIPC to finishing IVT in the RIPC group. The safety end point included tissue and neurovascular injury resulting from RIPC, changes in vital signs, level of plasma myoglobin, any hemorrhagic transformation, and other adverse events. Results Thirty patients (15 RIPC and 15 Control) were recruited after IVT. The mean age was 65.7 ± 10.2 years, with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 6.5 (4.0–10.0). The completion rate for RIPC was 97.0%. The mean time from first RIPC to completing IVT was 66.0 (25.0–75.0) min in the RIPC group. One case of hemorrhagic transformation was observed in the RIPC group. No significant difference was found in the level of myoglobin between the two groups (P > 0.05). Interpretation RIPC is effective and safe for AIS patients after intravenous rt‐PA thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Che
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Qingfeng Ma
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Fang Jiang
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Longfei Wu
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Kai Dong
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Haiqing Song
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Neurology Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxia Conditioning Translational Medicine Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,Department of Neurosurgery Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China
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Scilabra SD, Pigoni M, Pravatá V, Schätzl T, Müller SA, Troeberg L, Lichtenthaler SF. Increased TIMP-3 expression alters the cellular secretome through dual inhibition of the metalloprotease ADAM10 and ligand-binding of the LRP-1 receptor. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14697. [PMID: 30279425 PMCID: PMC6168507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) is a major regulator of extracellular matrix turnover and protein shedding by inhibiting different classes of metalloproteinases, including disintegrin metalloproteinases (ADAMs). Tissue bioavailability of TIMP-3 is regulated by the endocytic receptor low-density-lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1). TIMP-3 plays protective roles in disease. Thus, different approaches have been developed aiming to increase TIMP-3 bioavailability, yet overall effects of increased TIMP-3 in vivo have not been investigated. Herein, by using unbiased mass-spectrometry we demonstrate that TIMP-3-overexpression in HEK293 cells has a dual effect on shedding of transmembrane proteins and turnover of soluble proteins. Several membrane proteins showing reduced shedding are known as ADAM10 substrates, suggesting that exogenous TIMP-3 preferentially inhibits ADAM10 in HEK293 cells. Additionally identified shed membrane proteins may be novel ADAM10 substrate candidates. TIMP-3-overexpression also increased extracellular levels of several soluble proteins, including TIMP-1, MIF and SPARC. Levels of these proteins similarly increased upon LRP-1 inactivation, suggesting that TIMP-3 increases soluble protein levels by competing for their binding to LRP-1 and their subsequent internalization. In conclusion, our study reveals that increased levels of TIMP-3 induce substantial modifications in the cellular secretome and that TIMP-3-based therapies may potentially provoke undesired, dysregulated functions of ADAM10 and LRP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone D Scilabra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - Martina Pigoni
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronica Pravatá
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Schätzl
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Millar LJ, Shi L, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Neonatal Hypoxia Ischaemia: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Challenges. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 28533743 PMCID: PMC5420571 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is the most common cause of death and disability in human neonates, and is often associated with persistent motor, sensory, and cognitive impairment. Improved intensive care technology has increased survival without preventing neurological disorder, increasing morbidity throughout the adult population. Early preventative or neuroprotective interventions have the potential to rescue brain development in neonates, yet only one therapeutic intervention is currently licensed for use in developed countries. Recent investigations of the transient cortical layer known as subplate, especially regarding subplate's secretory role, opens up a novel set of potential molecular modulators of neonatal HI injury. This review examines the biological mechanisms of human neonatal HI, discusses evidence for the relevance of subplate-secreted molecules to this condition, and evaluates available animal models. Neuroserpin, a neuronally released neuroprotective factor, is discussed as a case study for developing new potential pharmacological interventions for use post-ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancelot J. Millar
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Effect of Regulatory Element DNA Methylation on Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167588. [PMID: 27973546 PMCID: PMC5156355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the tissue-type plasminogen activator gene (t-PA; gene name PLAT) is regulated, in part, by epigenetic mechanisms. We investigated the relationship between PLAT methylation and PLAT expression in five primary human cell types and six transformed cell lines. CpG methylation was analyzed in the proximal PLAT gene promoter and near the multihormone responsive enhancer (MHRE) -7.3 kilobase pairs upstream of the PLAT transcriptional start site (TSS, -7.3 kb). In Bowes melanoma cells, the PLAT promoter and the MHRE were fully unmethylated and t-PA secretion was extremely high. In other cell types the region from -647 to -366 was fully methylated, whereas an unmethylated stretch of DNA from -121 to +94 was required but not sufficient for detectable t-PA mRNA and t-PA secretion. DNA methylation near the MHRE was not correlated with t-PA secretion. Specific methylation of the PLAT promoter region -151 to +151, inserted into a firefly luciferase reporter gene, abolished reporter gene activity. The region -121 to + 94 contains two well-described regulatory elements, a PMA-responsive element (CRE) near -106 and a GC-rich region containing an Sp1 binding site near +59. Methylation of double-stranded DNA oligonucleotides containing the CRE or the GC-rich region had little or no effect on transcription factor binding. Methylated CpGs may attract co-repressor complexes that contain histone deacetylases (HDAC). However, reporter gene activity of methylated plasmids was not restored by the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin. In conclusion, efficient PLAT gene expression requires a short stretch of unmethylated CpG sites in the proximal promoter.
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Bosse K, Haneder S, Arlt C, Ihling CH, Seufferlein T, Sinz A. Mass spectrometry-based secretome analysis of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Proteomics 2016; 16:2801-2814. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Bosse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics; Institute of Pharmacy; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Christian Arlt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics; Institute of Pharmacy; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Christian H. Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics; Institute of Pharmacy; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Andrea Sinz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics; Institute of Pharmacy; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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Lee HM, Kim Y. Drug Repurposing Is a New Opportunity for Developing Drugs against Neuropsychiatric Disorders. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 2016:6378137. [PMID: 27073698 PMCID: PMC4814692 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6378137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Better the drugs you know than the drugs you do not know. Drug repurposing is a promising, fast, and cost effective method that can overcome traditional de novo drug discovery and development challenges of targeting neuropsychiatric and other disorders. Drug discovery and development targeting neuropsychiatric disorders are complicated because of the limitations in understanding pathophysiological phenomena. In addition, traditional de novo drug discovery and development are risky, expensive, and time-consuming processes. One alternative approach, drug repurposing, has emerged taking advantage of off-target effects of the existing drugs. In order to identify new opportunities for the existing drugs, it is essential for us to understand the mechanisms of action of drugs, both biologically and pharmacologically. By doing this, drug repurposing would be a more effective method to develop drugs against neuropsychiatric and other disorders. Here, we review the difficulties in drug discovery and development in neuropsychiatric disorders and the extent and perspectives of drug repurposing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Min Lee
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, 115 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Duke University, 905 S. LaSalle Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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12
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Turner RJ, Sharp FR. Implications of MMP9 for Blood Brain Barrier Disruption and Hemorrhagic Transformation Following Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:56. [PMID: 26973468 PMCID: PMC4777722 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have documented increases in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), specifically MMP-9 levels following stroke, with such perturbations associated with disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB), increased risk of hemorrhagic complications, and worsened outcome. Despite this, controversy remains as to which cells release MMP-9 at the normal and pathological BBB, with even less clarity in the context of stroke. This may be further complicated by the influence of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment. The aim of the present review is to examine the relationship between neutrophils, MMP-9 and tPA following ischemic stroke to elucidate which cells are responsible for the increases in MMP-9 and resultant barrier changes and hemorrhage observed following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée J Turner
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center Sacramento, CA, USA
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13
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Kassner A, Merali Z. Assessment of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:3310-5. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.115.008861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kassner
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.K., Z.M.); and Division of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.K., Z.M.)
| | - Zamir Merali
- From the Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.K., Z.M.); and Division of Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (A.K., Z.M.)
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The Epigenetic Reader BRD2 as a Specific Modulator of PAI-1 Expression in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Mouse Primary Astrocytes. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:2211-9. [PMID: 26349765 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The post translational modification of lysine acetylation is a key mechanism that regulates chromatin structure. Epigenetic readers, such as the BET domains, are responsible for reading histone lysine acetylation which is a hallmark of open chromatin structure, further providing a scaffold that can be accessed by RNA polymerases as well as transcription factors. Recently, several reports have assessed and highlighted the roles of epigenetic readers in various cellular contexts. However, little is known about their role in the regulation of inflammatory genes, which is critical in exquisitely tuning inflammatory responses to a variety of immune stimuli. In this study, we investigated the role of epigenetic readers BRD2 and BRD4 in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced immune responses in mouse primary astrocytes. Inflammatory stimulation by LPS showed that the levels of Brd2 mRNA and protein were increased, while Brd4 mRNA levels did not change. Knocking down of Brd2 mRNA using specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) in cultured mouse primary astrocytes inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression and secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). However, no other pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Il-6, Il-1β and Tnf-α, were affected. Indeed, treatment with bromodomain-containing protein inhibitor, JQ1, blocked Pai-1 mRNA expression through the inhibition of direct BRD2 protein-binding and active histone modification on Pai-1 promoter. Taken together, our data suggest that BRD2 is involved in the modulation of neuroinflammatory responses through PAI-1 and via the regulation of epigenetic reader BET protein, further providing a potential novel therapeutic strategy in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Ma J, Tong Y, Yu D, Mao M. Tissue plasminogen activator-independent roles of neuroserpin in the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:146-51. [PMID: 25767491 PMCID: PMC4354132 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have confirmed the existence of tissue-type plasminogen activator-independent roles of neuroserpin, a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily. In this review article, we aim to clarify this role. These unique roles of neuroserpin are involved in its neuroprotective effect during ischemic brain injury, its regulation of tumorigenesis, and the mediation of emotion and cognition through the inhibition of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and fibrinolysin, modification of Th cells, reducing plaque formation, promoting process growth and intracellular adhesion, and altering the expression of cadherin and nuclear factor kappa B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Laboratory of Early Developmental and Injuries, West China Institutes for Woman and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Laboratory of Early Developmental and Injuries, West China Institutes for Woman and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Laboratory of Early Developmental and Injuries, West China Institutes for Woman and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Laboratory of Early Developmental and Injuries, West China Institutes for Woman and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Docagne F, Parcq J, Lijnen R, Ali C, Vivien D. Understanding the Functions of Endogenous and Exogenous Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator During Stroke. Stroke 2015; 46:314-20. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.114.006698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Docagne
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Jérôme Parcq
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Roger Lijnen
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Carine Ali
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
| | - Denis Vivien
- From the INSERM UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen Basse Normandie, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France (F.D., J.P., C.A., D.V.); and Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (R.L.)
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17
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Hoirisch-Clapauch S, Nardi AE. A role for tissue plasminogen activator in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:747-50. [PMID: 25459148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening disease characterized by generalized microvascular occlusion. TTP has been related to severe deficiency of ADAMTS13, an enzyme that cleaves von Willebrand factor multimers into less adhesive molecules. However, ADAMTS13 deficiency correlates poorly with severity of thrombocytopenia or microangiopathic hemolysis, with the frequency of neurologic complications or the response to plasma exchange. Also, some patients with severe hereditary ADAMTS13 deficiency consistently relapse every few weeks, whereas others remain asymptomatic into their forties. Taken together, these findings suggest that an additional element is missing in the pathophysiology of TTP. We postulate that both low ADAMTS13 activity and low tissue-plasminogen activator activity are required to trigger TTP attacks. Tissue-plasminogen activator end product, plasmin, extensively degrades von Willebrand factor, breaking-down the bonds between platelets and the blood vessel wall, so that low tissue-plasminogen activator activity prevents a mechanism similar to that of ADAMTS13. The hypothesis that low tissue-plasminogen activator activity plays an important role in TTP pathogenesis is further substantiated by TTP comorbidity. Problems prevalent in patients with TTP attacks or with long-term TTP remission, including increased body mass index, major depression, cognitive abnormalities, hypertension, and premature death, are somehow associated with low tissue-plasminogen activator activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Hoirisch-Clapauch
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Egidio Nardi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, National Institute for Translational Medicine, INCT-TM, Brazil
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18
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Propofol treatment modulates neurite extension regulated by immunologically challenged rat primary astrocytes: a possible role of PAI-1. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:556-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kruithof EKO, Dunoyer-Geindre S. Human tissue-type plasminogen activator. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:243-54. [PMID: 24718307 DOI: 10.1160/th13-06-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA ) plays an important role in the removal of intravascular fibrin deposits and has several physiological roles and pathological activities in the brain. Its production by many other cell types suggests that t-PA has additional functions outside the vascular and central nervous system. Activity of t-PA is regulated at the level of its gene transcription, its mRNA stability and translation, its storage and regulated release, its interaction with cofactors that enhance its activity, its inhibition by inhibitors such as plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 or neuroserpin, and its removal by clearance receptors. Gene transcription of t-PA is modulated by a large number of hormones, growth factors, cytokines or drugs and t-PA gene responses may be tissue-specific. The aim of this review is to summarise current knowledge on t-PA function and regulation of its pericellular activity, with an emphasis on regulation of its gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K O Kruithof
- Egbert K.O. Kruithof, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, University Medical Center CMU 9094, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 22 3795493 or +41 22 3795567, E-mail:
| | - S Dunoyer-Geindre
- Sylvie Dunoyer-Geindre, Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, Department of internal medicine, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine of the University of Geneva, University Medical Center CMU 9094, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 22 3795493 or +41 22 3795567, E-mail:
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20
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Valiente M, Obenauf AC, Jin X, Chen Q, Zhang XHF, Lee DJ, Chaft JE, Kris MG, Huse JT, Brogi E, Massagué J. Serpins promote cancer cell survival and vascular co-option in brain metastasis. Cell 2014; 156:1002-16. [PMID: 24581498 PMCID: PMC3988473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastasis is an ominous complication of cancer, yet most cancer cells that infiltrate the brain die of unknown causes. Here, we identify plasmin from the reactive brain stroma as a defense against metastatic invasion, and plasminogen activator (PA) inhibitory serpins in cancer cells as a shield against this defense. Plasmin suppresses brain metastasis in two ways: by converting membrane-bound astrocytic FasL into a paracrine death signal for cancer cells, and by inactivating the axon pathfinding molecule L1CAM, which metastatic cells express for spreading along brain capillaries and for metastatic outgrowth. Brain metastatic cells from lung cancer and breast cancer express high levels of anti-PA serpins, including neuroserpin and serpin B2, to prevent plasmin generation and its metastasis-suppressive effects. By protecting cancer cells from death signals and fostering vascular co-option, anti-PA serpins provide a unifying mechanism for the initiation of brain metastasis in lung and breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Valiente
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna C Obenauf
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin Jin
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Derek J Lee
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jamie E Chaft
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mark G Kris
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason T Huse
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Edi Brogi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Metastasis Research Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 21205, USA.
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21
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Hoirisch-Clapauch S, Mezzasalma MAU, Nardi AE. Pivotal role of tissue plasminogen activator in the mechanism of action of electroconvulsive therapy. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:99-105. [PMID: 24113086 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113507639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy is an important treatment option for major depressive disorders, acute mania, mood disorders with psychotic features, and catatonia. Several hypotheses have been proposed as electroconvulsive therapy's mechanism of action. Our hypothesis involves many converging pathways facilitated by increased synthesis and release of tissue-plasminogen activator. Human and animal experiments have shown that tissue-plasminogen activator participates in many mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy or its animal variant, electroconvulsive stimulus, including improved N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated signaling, activation of both brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor, increased bioavailability of zinc, purinergic release, and increased mobility of dendritic spines. As a result, tissue-plasminogen activator helps promote neurogenesis in limbic structures, modulates synaptic transmission and plasticity, improves cognitive function, and mediates antidepressant effects. Notably, electroconvulsive therapy seems to influence tissue-plasminogen activator metabolism. For example, electroconvulsive stimulus increases the expression of glutamate decarboxylase 65 isoform in γ-aminobutyric acid-releasing neurons, which enhances the release of tissue-plasminogen activator, and the expression of p11, a protein involved in plasminogen and tissue-plasminogen activator assembling. This paper reviews how electroconvulsive therapy correlates with tissue-plasminogen activator. We suggest that interventions aiming at increasing tissue-plasminogen activator levels or its bioavailability - such as daily aerobic exercises together with a carbohydrate-restricted diet, or normalization of homocysteine levels - be evaluated in controlled studies assessing response and remission duration in patients who undergo electroconvulsive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Hoirisch-Clapauch
- 1Department of Hematology, Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Cho KS, Joo SH, Choi CS, Kim KC, Ko HM, Park JH, Kim P, Hur J, Lee SH, Bahn GH, Ryu JH, Lee J, Han SH, Kwon KJ, Shin CY. Glucose deprivation reversibly down-regulates tissue plasminogen activator via proteasomal degradation in rat primary astrocytes. Life Sci 2013; 92:929-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang Z, Chen X, Li L, Zhang K, Tian S, Gao H, Li H. t-PA reduces ischemic impairment of blood-brain barrier by strengthening endothelium junction. Neurol Sci 2013; 34:1605-11. [PMID: 23423463 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-013-1293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is one of the most prevalent diseases in senior individuals. Its therapeutical strategies include anticoagulation, thrombolysis and cell protection. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) that interacts with thrombin for the lysis of thrombosis is widely used to treat stroke patients in early stage. The mechanism of action of t-PA is not clear. Here, we report a novel role of t-PA in protecting blood-brain barrier and its potential mechanisms. In a model of the blood-brain barrier with human umbilical vascular epithelium cells, we found that t-PA in low concentrations prevented the impairment of the blood-brain barrier as a result of oxygen and glucose deprivation. This protection was fulfilled by strengthening the junctions among vascular endothelia and by upregulating the productions of vascular endothelium growth factor and of zonula occludens-1. Therefore, t-PA may strengthen the junctions of vascular endothelia in the blood-brain barrier to improve the microenvironment of brain cells and, in turn, the outcome of stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 You-Zheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
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Shawyer AC, Amaral JGPV, Langer JC. The role of tissue plasminogen activator in the management of complex intra-abdominal abscesses in children. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:1380-4. [PMID: 22813800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the safety of fibrinolytic therapy using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in children with complex intra-abdominal abscesses. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Intra-abdominal abscesses are common in children. Antibiotics and percutaneous drainage are the mainstays of treatment, but drainage may be less effective when the fluid is thick or septated. Fibrinolytic therapy using tPA is effective in a rat model of intra-abdominal abscesses, has recently been reported for the treatment of intra-abdominal abscesses in adults, and is commonly used in the treatment of empyema in children. METHODS This is a retrospective review of all patients over a 10-year period who had intra-abdominal collections managed with tPA abscess drainage. RESULTS Sixty-four children had a total of 66 drains placed and 92 doses of tPA. Appendicitis was the cause of the abscesses in 52 of 64 children. Mean length of stay pre-tPA was 11.7 ± 7.63 days, mean time from drain insertion to tPA was 4.3 ± 3.78 days, and mean time from tPA to discharge was 8.6 ± 8.85 days. Thirty patients underwent an operation before tPA administration. No patients experienced bleeding complications, anastomotic or appendiceal stump leak, or wound dehiscence after the administration of tPA, and no patients had abnormalities in coagulation studies related to tPA administration. One child died of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Tissue plasminogen activator is safe for the management of thick or septated intra-abdominal abscesses in children. A prospective controlled study will be needed to evaluate the efficacy of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Shawyer
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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Aronica E, Ravizza T, Zurolo E, Vezzani A. Astrocyte immune responses in epilepsy. Glia 2012; 60:1258-68. [PMID: 22331574 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the major glial cell type of the central nervous system (CNS), are known to play a major role in the regulation of the immune/inflammatory response in several human CNS diseases. In epilepsy-associated pathologies, the presence of astrogliosis has stimulated extensive research focused on the role of reactive astrocytes in the pathophysiological processes that underlie the development of epilepsy. In brain tissue from patients with epilepsy, astrocytes undergo significant changes in their physiological properties, including the activation of inflammatory pathways. Accumulating experimental evidence suggests that proinflammatory molecules can alter glio-neuronal communications contributing to the generation of seizures and seizure-related neuronal damage. In particular, both in vitro and in vivo data point to the role of astrocytes as both major source and target of epileptogenic inflammatory signaling. In this context, understanding the astroglial inflammatory response occurring in epileptic brain tissue may provide new strategies for targeting astrocyte-mediated epileptogenesis. This article reviews current evidence regarding the role of astrocytes in the regulation of the innate immune responses in epilepsy. Both clinical observations in drug-resistant human epilepsies and experimental findings in clinically relevant models will be discussed and elaborated, highlighting specific inflammatory pathways (such as interleukin-1β/toll-like receptor 4) that could be potential targets for antiepileptic, disease-modifying therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Ehrlich D, Pirchl M, Humpel C. Effects of long-term moderate ethanol and cholesterol on cognition, cholinergic neurons, inflammation, and vascular impairment in rats. Neuroscience 2012; 205:154-66. [PMID: 22244974 PMCID: PMC3314917 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is strong evidence that vascular risk factors play a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) or vascular dementia (vaD). Ethanol (EtOH) and cholesterol are such vascular risk factors, and we recently showed that hypercholesterolemia causes pathologies similar to AD [Ullrich et al. (2010) Mol Cell Neurosci 45, 408–417]. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term (12 months) EtOH treatment (20% v/v in drinking water) alone or long-term 5% cholesterol diet alone or a combination (mix) in adult Sprague–Dawley rats. Long-term EtOH treatment (plasma EtOH levels 58±23 mg/dl) caused significant impairment of spatial memory, reduced the number of choline acetyltransferase- and p75 neurotrophin receptor-positive nucleus basalis of Meynert neurons, decreased cortical acetylcholine, elevated cortical monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tissue-type plasminogen activator, enhanced microglia, and markedly induced anti-rat immunoglobulin G-positive blood–brain barrier leakage. The effect of long-term hypercholesterolemia was similar. Combined long-term treatment of rats with 20% EtOH and 5% cholesterol (mix) did not potentiate treatment with EtOH alone, but instead counteracted some of the EtOH-associated effects. In conclusion, our data show that vascular risk factors EtOH and cholesterol play a role in cognitive impairment and possibly vaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ehrlich
- Laboratory for Psychiatry and Exp. Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Anichstr. 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Liu Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Xin H, Cui Y, Hanson LR, Frey WH, Chopp M. Subacute intranasal administration of tissue plasminogen activator increases functional recovery and axonal remodeling after stroke in rats. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:804-9. [PMID: 22115941 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a thrombolytic agent, application of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) to ischemic stroke is limited by the narrow time window and side effects on brain edema and hemorrhage. This study examined whether tPA, administered by intranasal delivery directly targeting the brain and spinal cord, provides therapeutic benefit during the subacute phase after stroke. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Animals were treated intranasally with saline, 60 μg or 600 μg recombinant human tPA at 7 and 14days after MCAo (n=8/group), respectively. An adhesive-removal test and a foot-fault test were used to monitor functional recovery. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the corticorubral tract (CRT) and the corticospinal tract (CST). Naive rats (n=6) were employed as normal control. Animals were euthanized 8 weeks after stroke. Compared with saline treated animals, significant functional improvements were evident in rats treated with 600 μg tPA (p<0.05), but not in 60 μg tPA treated rats. Furthermore, 600 μg tPA treatment significantly enhanced both CRT and CST sprouting originating from the contralesional cortex into the denervated side of the red nucleus and cervical gray matter compared with control group (p<0.01), respectively. The behavioral outcomes were highly correlated with CRT and CST axonal remodeling. Our data suggest that delayed tPA intranasal treatment provides therapeutic benefits for neurological recovery after stroke by, at least in part, promoting neuronal remodeling in the brain and spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Lemarchant S, Docagne F, Emery E, Vivien D, Ali C, Rubio M. tPA in the injured central nervous system: different scenarios starring the same actor? Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:749-56. [PMID: 22079561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When in 1947, Astrup and Permin reported that animal tissues contain fibrinokinase, a plasminogen activator, and when Pennica and colleagues (Pennica et al., 1983) cloned and expressed human tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in Escherichia coli in 1983, they might did not realize how much their pioneer work would impact the life of millions of patients suffering from myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Some years after, accumulating evidence shows that tPA is not just a plasminogen activator of endothelial origin. Indeed, the main function of tPA released from the endothelium is to convert fibrin-bound plasminogen into active plasmin, thus dissolving the fibrin meshwork of blood clots. But this serine protease is also expressed by several cell types, and its beneficial and deleterious actions stand beyond fibrinolysis or even proteolysis. We will review here the reported effects and mechanisms of action of tPA in the course of three different pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS): spinal cord injury, ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis. While these three disorders have distinct aetiologies, they share some pathogenic mechanisms. We will depict the main "good" and "bad" sides of tPA described to date during each of these pathological situations, as well as the proposed mechanisms explaining these effects. We speculate that due to common pathogenic pathways, tPA's actions described in one particular disease could in fact occur in the others. Finally, we will evaluate if tPA could be a therapeutic target for these pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sighild Lemarchant
- INSERM U919, "Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit", UMR CNRS 6232 Cinaps, GIP Cyceron, University of Caen, Bd H. Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 Caen Cedex, France
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Extracellular proteases in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2011; 96:191-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Loiacono G, Cirillo C, Chiarelli F, Verrotti A. Focal epilepsy associated with glioneuronal tumors. ISRN NEUROLOGY 2011; 2011:867503. [PMID: 22389832 PMCID: PMC3263547 DOI: 10.5402/2011/867503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioneuronal tumors are an increasingly recognized cause of partial seizures that occur primarily in children and young adults. Focal epilepsy associated with glioneuronal tumors is often resistant to pharmacological treatment. The cellular mechanisms underlying the epileptogenicity of glioneuronal tumors remain largely unknown. The involved mechanisms are certain to be multifactorial and depend on specific tumor histology, integrity of the blood-brain barrier, characteristics of the peritumoral environment, circuit abnormalities, or cellular and molecular defects. Glioneuronal tumors presenting with epilepsy were observed to have relatively benign biological behavior. The completeness of the tumor resection is of paramount importance in avoiding tumor progression and malignant transformation, which are rare in cases of epileptogenic glioneuronal tumors.
An evolving understanding of the various mechanisms of tumor-related epileptogenicity may also lead to a more defined surgical objective and effective therapeutic strategies, including antiepileptogenic treatments, to prevent epilepsy in at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Loiacono
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Almonte AG, Sweatt JD. Serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, and protease-activated receptors: roles in synaptic function and behavior. Brain Res 2011; 1407:107-22. [PMID: 21782155 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, and protease-activated receptors have been intensively investigated in the periphery and their roles in a wide range of processes-coagulation, inflammation, and digestion, for example-have been well characterized (see Coughlin, 2000; Macfarlane et al., 2001; Molinari et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2008; Di Cera, 2009 for reviews). A growing number of studies demonstrate that these protein systems are widely expressed in many cell types and regions in mammalian brains. Accumulating lines of evidence suggest that the brain has co-opted the activities of these interesting proteins to regulate various processes underlying synaptic activity and behavior. In this review, we discuss emerging roles for serine proteases in the regulation of mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine G Almonte
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Abstract
Over the past decade, an increasing number of observations indicate that activation of inflammatory processes occurs in variety of focal epilepsies. Understanding the feature and consequences of neuroinflammation, including the contribution to development and perpetuation of seizures, as well as to mood or cognitive dysfunction, is a major requisite for delineating its role in epilepsy. The present article discusses the most recent observations supporting the involvement of the inflammatory response in human focal epilepsy. It also evaluates emerging evidence concerning the possibility to identify epilepsy-associated inflammatory biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and serum, as well as the potential application of neuroimaging approaches to study the inflammatory reactions in chronic epilepsy patients in vivo, aiming to improve the recognition of appropriate patient populations who might benefit from antiinflammatory or immunomodulatory therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuro Pathology, University of Amsterdam and Epilepsy Institute, the Netherlands.
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Yang L, Zhang Z, Sun D, Xu Z, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Li L. Low serum BDNF may indicate the development of PSD in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011; 26:495-502. [PMID: 20845405 DOI: 10.1002/gps.2552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was to test whether serum BDNF or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is correlated with the development of depression at the acute stage of stroke. METHODS Hundred ischemic stroke patients admitted to the hospital within the first 24 h of stroke onset were consecutively recruited and followed up for 14 days. The 17-item HDRS and MADRS were used to assess the severity of major depressive symptoms on day 3, day 7, and day 14 after admission. The diagnoses of depression were made in accordance with DSM-IV criteria for post-stroke depression (PSD). Serum BDNF and tPA of all the patients were determined by ELISA both on day 1 and day 7 after admission. Meanwhile, 50 healthy control subjects were also recruited and underwent measurement of serum BDNF and tPA once. RESULTS We found that 37 patients (37.0%) were diagnosed of major depression at the end of the follow-up. Serum BDNF on day 1 was significantly higher in non-PSD stroke patients than in normal controls, while PSD patients had significantly lower BDNF than non-PSD patients. There was a significant negative correlation between serum BDNF and tPA on day 1 only in PSD patients (r = -0.440, p = 0.006). Serum BDNF < 5.86 ng/ml on day 1 was independently associated with incident PSD at the acute stage of stroke (OR = 28.992; 95% CI, 8.014-104.891; p < 0.001 after adjustment). CONCLUSION There was a significant elevation of BDNF early after ischemic stroke. Serum BDNF on day 1 after admission may predict the risk of subsequent PSD. Moreover, tPA may be involved in the change of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Yang
- Medical College, Southeast University, China
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Kwon KJ, Cho KS, Lee SH, Kim JN, Joo SH, Ryu JH, Ignarro LJ, Han SH, Young Shin C. Regulation of tissue plasminogen activator/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by hydrocortisone in rat primary astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1059-69. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Rodríguez-González R, Agulla J, Pérez-Mato M, Sobrino T, Castillo J. Neuroprotective effect of neuroserpin in rat primary cortical cultures after oxygen and glucose deprivation and tPA. Neurochem Int 2011; 58:337-43. [PMID: 21163314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Besides its role as a thrombolytic agent, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) triggers harmful effects in the brain parenchyma after stroke, such as inflammation, excitotoxicity and basal lamina degradation. Neuroserpin, a natural inhibitor of tPA, has shown neuroprotective effects in animal models of brain infarct. However, the molecular mechanisms of neuroserpin-mediated neuroprotection after brain ischemia remain to be well characterized. Then, our aim was to investigate such mechanisms in primary mixed cortical cell cultures after oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Primary rat mixed cortical cultures containing both astrocytes and neurons were subjected to OGD for 150min and subsequently treated with either tPA (5μg/mL), neuroserpin (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 or 1μM), and tPA together with neuroserpin at the mentioned doses. Twenty-four hours after treatment, LDH release, caspase-3 activity, MCP-1, MIP-2, active MMP-9, GRO/KC and COX-2 were measured. Statistical differences were analyzed using Student's t-test or one-way ANOVA as appropriate. Treatment with tPA after OGD increased LDH release, active MMP-9, MCP-1 and MIP-2 (all p≤0.05), but not caspase-3, GRO/KC or COX-2 compared to control. Treatment with neuroserpin after OGD decreased LDH release and active MMP-9 (all p≤0.05). It had no effect on caspase-3 activity, or on MCP-1, MIP-2, GRO/KC or COX-2 expression compared to control. Administration of tPA together with neuroserpin decreased LDH release, active MMP-9 and MIP-2 (all p≤0.05) and showed no effect on MCP-1, GRO/KC or COX-2 compared to control. Our results suggest that neuroprotective activity of neuroserpin involves attenuation on tPA-mediated mechanisms of inflammation and BBB disruption after brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rodríguez-González
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Blake CM, Wang H, Laskowitz DT, Sullenger BA. A reversible aptamer improves outcome and safety in murine models of stroke and hemorrhage. Oligonucleotides 2011; 21:11-9. [PMID: 21142878 PMCID: PMC3043993 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2010.0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator is underutilized partly due to the risk of life-threatening hemorrhage. In response to the clinical need for safer stroke therapy, we explored using an aptamer-based therapeutic strategy to promote cerebral reperfusion in a murine model of ischemic stroke. Aptamers are nucleic acid ligands that bind to their targets with high affinity and specificity, and can be rapidly reversed with an antidote. Here we show that a Factor IXa aptamer administered intravenously after 60 minutes of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion improved neurological function and was associated with reduced thrombin generation and decreased inflammation. Moreover, when the aptamer was administered in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage, treatment with its specific antidote reduced hematoma volume and improved survival. The ability to rapidly reverse a pharmacologic agent that improves neurological function after ischemic stroke should intracranial hemorrhage arise indicates that aptamer-antidote pairs may represent a novel, safer approach to treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M. Blake
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Translational Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Haichen Wang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel T. Laskowitz
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Bruce A. Sullenger
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Translational Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator in human epileptogenic pathologies. Neuroscience 2010; 167:929-45. [PMID: 20219643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence demonstrates the involvement of plasminogen activators (PAs) in a number of physiologic and pathologic events in the CNS. Induction of both tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) has been observed in different experimental models of epilepsy and tPA has been implicated in the mechanisms underlying seizure activity. We investigated the expression and the cellular distribution of tPA and uPA in several epileptogenic pathologies, including hippocampal sclerosis (HS; n=6), and developmental glioneuronal lesions, such as focal cortical dysplasia (FCD, n=6), cortical tubers in patients with the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC; n=6) and in gangliogliomas (GG; n=6), using immuno-cytochemical, western blot and real-time quantitative PCR analysis. TPA and uPA immunostaining showed increased expression within the epileptogenic lesions compared to control specimens in both glial and neuronal cells (hippocampal neurons in HS and dysplastic neurons in FCD, TSC and GG specimens). Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed expression of both proteins in astrocytes and microglia, as well as in microvascular endothelium. Immunoblot demonstrated also up-regulation of the uPA receptor (uPAR; P<0.05). Increased expression of tPA, uPA, uPAR and tissue PA inhibitor type mRNA levels was also detected by PCR analysis in different epileptogenic pathologies (P<0.05). Our data support the role of PA system components in different human focal epileptogenic pathologies, which may critically influence neuronal activity, inflammatory response, as well as contributing to the complex remodeling of the neuronal networks occurring in epileptogenic lesions.
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 gene polymorphisms and mirtazapine responses in Koreans with major depression. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-5872.2009.00025.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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From ion channels to complex networks: Magic bullet versus magic shotgun approaches to anticonvulsant pharmacotherapy. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:297-305. [PMID: 19046822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wasseff S. Mechanisms of convulsions in eclampsia. Med Hypotheses 2009; 72:49-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ren C, Gao X, Niu G, Yan Z, Chen X, Zhao H. Delayed postconditioning protects against focal ischemic brain injury in rats. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3851. [PMID: 19066627 PMCID: PMC2588536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We and others have reported that rapid ischemic postconditioning, interrupting early reperfusion after stroke, reduces infarction in rats. However, its extremely short therapeutic time windows, from a few seconds to minutes after reperfusion, may hinder its clinical translation. Thus, in this study we explored if delayed postconditioning, which is conducted a few hours after reperfusion, offers protection against stroke. Methods and Results Focal ischemia was generated by 30 min occlusion of bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) combined with permanent occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA); delayed postconditioning was performed by repetitive, brief occlusion and release of the bilateral CCAs, or of the ipsilateral CCA alone. As a result, delayed postconditioning performed at 3h and 6h after stroke robustly reduced infarct size, with the strongest protection achieved by delayed postconditioning with 6 cycles of 15 min occlusion/15 min release of the ipsilateral CCA executed from 6h. We found that this delayed postconditioning provided long-term protection for up to two months by reducing infarction and improving outcomes of the behavioral tests; it also attenuated reduction in 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-uptake therefore improving metabolism, and reduced edema and blood brain barrier leakage. Reperfusion in ischemic stroke patients is usually achieved by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) application, however, t-PA's side effect may worsen ischemic injury. Thus, we tested whether delayed postconditioning counteracts the exacerbating effect of t-PA. The results showed that delayed postconditioning mitigated the worsening effect of t-PA on infarction. Conclusion Delayed postconditioning reduced ischemic injury after focal ischemia, which opens a new research avenue for stroke therapy and its underlying protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuancheng Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 5 Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuwen Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Gang Niu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Zhimin Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sumariwalla PF, Jin P, Zhang J, Ni I, Crawford D, Shepard HM, Paleolog EM, Feldmann M. Antagonism of the human epidermal growth factor receptor family controls disease severity in murine collagen-induced arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:3071-80. [PMID: 18821697 DOI: 10.1002/art.23885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic potential of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family inhibitor, herstatin, in an animal model of arthritis. METHODS Constructs of herstatin and modified tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-herstatin were expressed in HEK 293T cells, and secreted protein was analyzed by Western blotting. Tissue PA-herstatin adenovirus (Ad-tPA-Her) was prepared, and titers established. Gene expression of Ad-tPA-Her was determined by polymerase chain reaction using HeLa cells. Pharmacokinetics of gene and protein expression in vivo in liver tissue and serum samples were confirmed via intravenous administration of Ad-tPA-Her. Clinical signs of disease were monitored in arthritic DBA/1 mice after therapeutic administration of Ad-tPA-Her, and histologic analysis of hind foot specimens was performed. RESULTS Native herstatin was not secreted in supernatants, while modified tPA-herstatin was detected in abundance. HeLa cells stably expressed the tPA-herstatin gene when infected with virus. Additionally, tPA-herstatin gene and protein expression was observed over time in mice treated with virus. Importantly, Ad-tPA-Her, when administered therapeutically to arthritic mice, controlled clinical and histologic signs of disease and reduced the number of joints with severe damage. CONCLUSION Our results support the notion that the human epidermal growth factor receptor family has a role in the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. The novel tPA-herstatin fusion protein could be used as an effective therapeutic tool for control of inflammatory disorders involving an angiogenic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Percy F Sumariwalla
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Franssen EH, De Bree FM, Essing AH, Ramon-Cueto A, Verhaagen J. Comparative gene expression profiling of olfactory ensheathing glia and Schwann cells indicates distinct tissue repair characteristics of olfactory ensheathing glia. Glia 2008; 56:1285-98. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Adibhatla RM, Hatcher JF. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of stroke: therapeutic strategies. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2008; 7:243-53. [PMID: 18673209 PMCID: PMC2562687 DOI: 10.2174/187152708784936608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Today there exists only one FDA-approved treatment for ischemic stroke; i.e., the serine protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). In the aftermath of the failed stroke clinical trials with the nitrone spin trap/radical scavenger, NXY-059, a number of articles raised the question: are we doing the right thing? Is the animal research truly translational in identifying new agents for stroke treatment? This review summarizes the current state of affairs with plasminogen activators in thrombolytic therapy. In addition to therapeutic value, potential side effects of tPA also exist that aggravate stroke injury and offset the benefits provided by reperfusion of the occluded artery. Thus, combinational options (ultrasound alone or with microspheres/nanobubbles, mechanical dissociation of clot, activated protein C (APC), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), neuroserpin and CDP-choline) that could offset tPA toxic side effects and improve efficacy are also discussed here. Desmoteplase, a plasminogen activator derived from the saliva of Desmodus rotundus vampire bat, antagonizes vascular tPA-induced neurotoxicity by competitively binding to low-density lipoprotein related-receptors (LPR) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) interface, minimizing the tPA uptake into brain parenchyma. tPA can also activate matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of endopeptidases comprised of 24 mammalian enzymes that primarily catalyze the turnover and degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). MMPs have been implicated in BBB breakdown and neuronal injury in the early times after stroke, but also contribute to vascular remodeling, angiogenesis, neurogenesis and axonal regeneration during the later repair phase after stroke. tPA, directly or by activation of MMP-9, could have beneficial effects on recovery after stroke by promoting neurovascular repair through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). However, any treatment regimen directed at MMPs must consider their pleiotropic nature and the likelihood of either beneficial or detrimental effects that might depend on the timing of the treatment in relation to the stage of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Muralikrishna Adibhatla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Hu K, Mars WM, Liu Y. Novel actions of tissue-type plasminogen activator in chronic kidney disease. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:5174-86. [PMID: 18508579 DOI: 10.2741/3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is traditionally viewed as a simple serine protease whose main function is to convert plasminogen into biologically active plasmin. As a protease, tPA plays a crucial role in regulating blood fibrinolysis, in maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular matrix and in modulating the post-translational activation of growth factors. However, emerging evidence indicates that tPA also functions as a cytokine that transmits its signal across the cell membrane, initiates a diverse array of intracellular signaling, and dictates gene expression in the nuclei. tPA binds to the cell membrane LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1), triggers its tyrosine phosphorylation. As a cytokine, tPA plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal interstitial fibrosis through diverse mechanisms. It facilitates tubular epithelial to mesenchymal transition, potentiates myofibroblast activation, and protects renal interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts from apoptosis. Together, growing evidence has implicated tPA as a fibrogenic cytokine that promotes the progression of kidney diseases. These new findings have radically changed our conception of tPA in renal fibrogenesis and represent a paradigm shift towards uncovering its cytokine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebin Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Non-serotonin anti-depressant actions: Direct ion channel modulation by SSRIs and the concept of single agent poly-pharmacy. Med Hypotheses 2008; 70:951-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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