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Amezcua L, Hamilton RH, Ciccarelli O. The current state of diversity, equity, and inclusion in multiple sclerosis research, clinical trials, and workforce. Mult Scler 2024:13524585241286988. [PMID: 39377130 DOI: 10.1177/13524585241286988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilyana Amezcua
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roy H Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Olga Ciccarelli
- Queen Square Multiple Sclerosis Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London (UCL), London, UK; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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Dy-Hollins ME, Hall DA, Cahill CM, Meyer ACL, Peltier AC, Ostendorf T, Rheaume CE, Keran CM, Goldman MD. A Qualitative Study of Facilitators, Barriers, and Gender Disparities in Academic Neurology. Neurology 2024; 103:e209392. [PMID: 38885474 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To understand the challenges and facilitators of a successful academic neurology research career broadly and to identify gender-based disparities specifically. METHODS In 2019, participants self-identifying as researchers, preregistered for the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Annual Meeting, ≥7 years out of residency, and authors of ≥1 AAN meeting abstract submission (2006-2009) were selected to participate in the qualitative study (purposeful sampling strategy). To increase diversity, 15 participants were invited by members involved in the AAN until interviews were complete. The AAN at the time of the study asked gender using sex-based terms. Participants were asked predetermined and open-ended questions. Themes were generated using a flexible coding methodology. RESULTS Sixty neurologists (31 women, 29 men) participated in the focus groups and individual interviews. Six predetermined domains relevant to a successful neurology research career were explored: success definitions, facilitators, barriers, biases and harassment, mitigation strategies, and participant recommendations. Gender-based differences were noted during discussions focused on barriers and biases and harassment. Lack of women mentors, under-representation of women in senior faculty positions, and competing responsibilities when children are young were identified as barriers to women's success. Participants acknowledged that known gender disparities in compensation, academic promotion, and publications disproportionately affect women. Women shared more experiences of bias and harassment. Some men felt that gender-based biases were minimal to nonexistent. Participants shared their recommendations on ways to mitigate gender disparities and pursue a neurology research career. Leadership involvement locally and nationally in advocating and implementing change outside academic institutions was also mentioned as being valuable. DISCUSSION Our findings may not be generalizable to academic neurologists outside the United States. Women academic neurology researchers experienced disparities across several domains affecting success: lower compensation, fewer women mentors, bias, and harassment. Women are less likely to be promoted, have less research success, and job satisfaction. Shared experiences of bias and harassment among women neurology researchers indicate continuing opportunity for education among departments and colleagues for preventive measures. These qualitative results indicate gender disparities among US-based neurology researchers and highlight the importance of the continued need to work toward equality and equity in disparate gender-related issues in the careers of neurology researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisela E Dy-Hollins
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Deborah A Hall
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Carolyn M Cahill
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Ana-Claire L Meyer
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Amanda C Peltier
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Tasha Ostendorf
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Carol E Rheaume
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Christopher M Keran
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Myla D Goldman
- From the Department of Neurology (M.E.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.M.C., T.O., C.E.R., C.M.K.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; Former Member of the AAN Clinical Research Subcommittee (A.-C.L.M.), Denali Therapeutics, San Francisco, CA; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.C.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Department of Neurology (M.D.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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Gonzales NR, Fournier LE. Running to Stand Still: Persistent Gender Disparities in Academic Neurology. Neurology 2024; 103:e209597. [PMID: 38885483 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Gonzales
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), Neurohospitalist & Stroke Section, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; and Baylor Scott & White Health (L.F.), Temple, TX
| | - Lauren E Fournier
- From the Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), Neurohospitalist & Stroke Section, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora; and Baylor Scott & White Health (L.F.), Temple, TX
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Goldowsky A, Singh R, Moss A. Speaker Diversity and Audience Ratings at a National Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Conference. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2024; 30:78-82. [PMID: 36932989 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to improve speaker diversity at gastroenterology conferences, but little public data exist to quantify this. In addition, the perception of diverse speakers by conference audiences is not appreciated. We sought to identify time trends in speaker profiles and audience ratings at a national inflammatory bowel diseases conference. METHODS Faculty profiles and audience feedback forms from 2014 to 2020 were reviewed for an annual inflammatory bowel diseases meeting. Speaker demographics including gender, race, and years of experience post-training were collected. Continuing medical education surveys were examined for audience ratings of speakers' knowledge level and teaching ability. RESULTS Six years of data were collected, including 560 main program faculty and 13 905 total feedback forms. The percentage of female speakers increased from 25% in 2016 to 39% in 2020. All-male panels decreased from 47% in 2014 to 2017 to 11% in 2018 to 2020. Racial diversity of speakers remained unchanged (13% Asian, 5% Hispanic/Latinx, 1% Black). In audience feedback forms, female speakers from all sessions were perceived as having equal knowledge base and teaching ability compared with male speakers. However, speakers with <10 years of experience post-training were viewed as less knowledgeable and with poorer teaching abilities compared with more senior faculty. CONCLUSIONS Gender diversity at inflammatory bowel disease conferences is improving. However, there remain significant gaps, particularly in racial diversity and improving perceptions of early-career speakers. These data should inform program committees for future gastroenterology conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Goldowsky
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roshni Singh
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alan Moss
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Abdennadher M, Patel S, Dembny K, Edalatpour R, Weinberg J, Bartolini L, Ganesh A, Singhal D. Work, Parenting, and Well-being: An International Survey of Neurologists During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Neurol Clin Pract 2023; 13:e200176. [PMID: 37599703 PMCID: PMC10434989 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives COVID-19 reframed the relationship between work and home and, in general, made both more difficult-especially for parents. We hypothesized that, among neurologists, the effects of the pandemic on productivity and on well-being would be greater on those with children than on those without children and that the effects would be greater on women with children than on men with children. Methods We conducted an international electronic survey launched by the Practice Current section of the American Academy of Neurology. The survey included questions on demographics (self-identified gender, number of children and elderly dependents, childcare support, and country and state when applicable), workflow changes because of COVID-19, impacted domains, and productivity and well-being using the Likert scale. Counts are presented as descriptive statistics. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results We collected 243 fully completed surveys from providers in all continents with high representation of the United States (76%), providers who identified as women (71.6%), and neurologists with children (91%) among respondents. A majority worked remotely (28% fully, 43% mix). Neurologists reported decreased academic productivity (72%), work benefits (65%), and time for writing (48%). These findings were more prominent in respondents with children and among women practicing outside of the United States. Increased pressure from productivity expectations and lack of time for family were reported by 47% and 41% of respondents, respectively. Discussion The disruption from the COVID-19 pandemic affected academic productivity and decreased the well-being of neurologists in general and of neurologists with children more drastically. This could potentially hinder the promotion and retention of junior neurologists who were juggling life and work during the pandemic outbreak and its recurrent surges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Abdennadher
- Department of Neurology (MA, RE), Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center, MA; Department of Neurology (SP, KD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (RE), University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; Boston University School of Public Health (JW), MA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (LB), Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Community Health Sciences (AG), and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurology (DS), University of Texas at San Antonio, TX
| | - Sima Patel
- Department of Neurology (MA, RE), Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center, MA; Department of Neurology (SP, KD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (RE), University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; Boston University School of Public Health (JW), MA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (LB), Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Community Health Sciences (AG), and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurology (DS), University of Texas at San Antonio, TX
| | - Kate Dembny
- Department of Neurology (MA, RE), Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center, MA; Department of Neurology (SP, KD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (RE), University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; Boston University School of Public Health (JW), MA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (LB), Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Community Health Sciences (AG), and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurology (DS), University of Texas at San Antonio, TX
| | - Roya Edalatpour
- Department of Neurology (MA, RE), Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center, MA; Department of Neurology (SP, KD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (RE), University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; Boston University School of Public Health (JW), MA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (LB), Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Community Health Sciences (AG), and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurology (DS), University of Texas at San Antonio, TX
| | - Janice Weinberg
- Department of Neurology (MA, RE), Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center, MA; Department of Neurology (SP, KD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (RE), University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; Boston University School of Public Health (JW), MA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (LB), Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Community Health Sciences (AG), and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurology (DS), University of Texas at San Antonio, TX
| | - Luca Bartolini
- Department of Neurology (MA, RE), Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center, MA; Department of Neurology (SP, KD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (RE), University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; Boston University School of Public Health (JW), MA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (LB), Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Community Health Sciences (AG), and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurology (DS), University of Texas at San Antonio, TX
| | - Aravind Ganesh
- Department of Neurology (MA, RE), Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center, MA; Department of Neurology (SP, KD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (RE), University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; Boston University School of Public Health (JW), MA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (LB), Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Community Health Sciences (AG), and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurology (DS), University of Texas at San Antonio, TX
| | - Divya Singhal
- Department of Neurology (MA, RE), Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Medical Center, MA; Department of Neurology (SP, KD), University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis; Department of Neurology (RE), University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School; Boston University School of Public Health (JW), MA; Division of Pediatric Neurology (LB), Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Community Health Sciences (AG), and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Neurology (DS), University of Texas at San Antonio, TX
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Marcelin JR, Khazanchi R, Lyden E, Cawcutt KA, Ha DR, Florez N, Kullar R, Ristagno EH. Demographic Representation Among Speakers and Program Committee Members at the IDWeek Conference, 2013-2021. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:897-904. [PMID: 36208201 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2016, the IDWeek program committee was charged with ensuring gender equity in speaker sessions. Whether this charge also resulted in more opportunities for historically underrepresented speakers is unknown. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of trends in the demographic composition of IDWeek speakers and program committee members between 2013 and 2021. We used descriptive statistics to summarize data, χ2 tests to compare speaker demographics between 2013-2016 (before 2016) and 2017-2021 (after 2016), and Cochran-Armitage tests for trend. Each speaker slot was considered an independent event. RESULTS A total of 5482 speaker slots were filled by 3389 individuals from 2013 to 2021. There was a linear increase in female speakers from 38.6% in 2013 to 58.4% in 2021 (P < .001). The proportion of white speakers decreased overall from 84.9% in 2013 to 63.5% in 2021. Compared with white speakers, more slots were filled by Asian speakers after 2016 versus before 2016 (20.1% vs 14.8%, respectively; P < .001). Program committee members from 2013-2021 were >80% non-Hispanic white; <5% of committee members identified as black, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, or Hispanic. More program committee slots were filled by women after 2016 than before 2016 (52.7% vs 33.9%; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS Intentional consideration of gender equity by the program committee was associated with equitable gender representation of invited speakers at IDWeek after 2016. Gradually, the proportions of IDWeek speakers from historically excluded racial/ethnic approached their respective proportions in the IDSA membership. White speakers remained overrepresented relative to membership proportions until 2021, and gaps in program committee racial/ethnic demographic representation highlights opportunities for continued inclusion, diversity, access, and equity at IDWeek.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine R Marcelin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rohan Khazanchi
- Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Program, Brigham & Women's Hospital/Boston Children's Hospital/Boston Medical Center and Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lyden
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kelly A Cawcutt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - David R Ha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Narjust Florez
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth H Ristagno
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester Minnesota, USA
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Ross L, Hassett C, Brown P, Spurgeon E, Mathew R, Bal G, Hussain MS, Martin A, Silver JK, Rensel M. Gender Representation Among Physician Authors of Practice Guidelines Developed, Endorsed, or Affirmed by the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2023; 100:e465-e472. [PMID: 35680419 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To assess American Academy of Neurology (AAN)-recommended Practice Guidelines (PGs) for equity in gender representation among physician authors. METHODS This cross-sectional study included AAN-recommended PG publications from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020. Author degrees and gender were identified by 2 reviewers using the publication and/or online searches. Gender was determined from pronouns or photographs. Gender representation was compared with Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data on academic neurologists. Data were analyzed using Z tests of 2 proportions and descriptive statistics. RESULTS AAMC benchmarks report academic women neurologists represented 35% of the specialty in 2015, 38% in 2018, and 39% in 2020. We identified 68 unique PG publications with 709 physician authors, 31% (223) women, 68% (484) men, and 0.3% (2) gender could not be identified. Representation of women physicians was low among PG authors across all benchmarks, significantly so for 2018 and 2020 (p < 0.01). Among physician first authors, women were significantly underrepresented across all benchmarks (18% [12/65], p < 0.01). Representation of women physicians was lower when men physicians were first authors vs women physicians (31% [161/524] vs 43% [50/118], p = 0.02). Among subspecialties with 10+ PGs, women physician authorship was highest in child neurology (48% [57/120]) and lowest in stroke and vascular neurology (16% [18/113]). DISCUSSION We found that women physicians were underrepresented as authors of AAN-recommended PGs. This suggests a missed opportunity for neurology because PGs that include expertise from women physicians may improve care and translation into practice. In addition, women physicians lose out on professional development from authorship. Further research is needed to understand causality and address gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ross
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Catherine Hassett
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Brown
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Spurgeon
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rachael Mathew
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gabriella Bal
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Muhammad Shazam Hussain
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Amarilis Martin
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Julie K Silver
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mary Rensel
- From the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research (L.R., M.R.), Cerebrovascular Center (C.H., M.S.H.), Center for General Neurology (P.B.), Epilepsy Center (E.S.), Neurological Institute (R.M., G.B.), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (A.M.), Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit; and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (J.K.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Burch R, Strowd R. Gender Equality in Neurology Careers: Are We There Yet? Neurology 2023; 100:221-222. [PMID: 36717237 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Burch
- From Neurology (R.B.), Minneapolis, MN; Brain Tumor Center of Excellence (R.S.), Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center; Section on Hematology and Oncology (R.S.), Department of Internal Medicine (R.S.), and Department of Neurology (R.S.), Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC.
| | - Roy Strowd
- From Neurology (R.B.), Minneapolis, MN; Brain Tumor Center of Excellence (R.S.), Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center; Section on Hematology and Oncology (R.S.), Department of Internal Medicine (R.S.), and Department of Neurology (R.S.), Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
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9
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Hall DA, Cahill C, Meyer ACL, Peltier A, Dy-Hollins M, Goldman M. Gender Disparities in the Career of Neurology Researchers. Neurology 2023; 100:e454-e464. [PMID: 36270897 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To assess gender disparities in neurology researcher careers in the United States. METHODS A 34-question survey was distributed to 4,644 US-based American Academy of Neurology members who self-identified as researchers in 2020 addressing the following domains: research and funding, scholarly activities, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) effect, and local institutional climate. RESULTS A total of 700 (15%) individuals completed the survey (women, n = 231; men, n = 426), with 71% White and >80% conducting research. Women respondents were significantly younger than men, more likely to be assistant professors (32% vs 21%), and less likely to be full professors (18% vs 39%). Compared with men, women received equivalent grants and research support and had comparable or additional formal research training and mentorship. Women had less middle author publications (mean 5.8 [SD 9.2] vs mean 8.2 [SD 11.8], p = 0.03) compared with men but similar first or last author publications (mean 4.3[5.4] vs 6.1 [9.8], p = 0.05). A lower proportion of women presented research at grand rounds or at a national/international conference compared with men (58% vs 69%, p = 0.01). Women spent more time in nonprofessional responsibilities, were less satisfied with their work-life balance, and were less likely to agree with statements addressing equity/diversity and institutional climate. Respondents shared their concerns regarding how the pandemic was affecting neurology research careers, with a higher proportion of women reporting that family responsibilities affected research activities and lead to delayed submission of non-COVID-19-related manuscripts. DISCUSSION Our survey of US-based neurology researchers demonstrated continued gender-based disparities in academic rank, manuscript authorship, and invited speaking engagements, although funding opportunities and access to additional training were equivalent. Women were less likely than men to agree that neurology departments support diversity and equity and that the institutional climate was inclusive and transparent. The pandemic had affected both genders in research, but areas were different for women related to family responsibilities. This article also highlights additional areas of research and areas for intervention to improve and reduce gender disparities among neurology researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Hall
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.C.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (A.-C.L.M.), Fort Detrick, MD; Department of Neurology (A.-C.L.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (M.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Neurology (M.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
| | - Carolyn Cahill
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.C.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (A.-C.L.M.), Fort Detrick, MD; Department of Neurology (A.-C.L.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (M.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Neurology (M.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Ana-Claire L Meyer
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.C.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (A.-C.L.M.), Fort Detrick, MD; Department of Neurology (A.-C.L.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (M.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Neurology (M.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Amanda Peltier
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.C.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (A.-C.L.M.), Fort Detrick, MD; Department of Neurology (A.-C.L.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (M.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Neurology (M.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Marisela Dy-Hollins
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.C.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (A.-C.L.M.), Fort Detrick, MD; Department of Neurology (A.-C.L.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (M.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Neurology (M.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Myla Goldman
- From the Department of Neurological Sciences (D.A.H.), Rush University, Chicago, IL; Member Insights Department (C.C.), American Academy of Neurology, Minneapolis, MN; U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command (A.-C.L.M.), Fort Detrick, MD; Department of Neurology (A.-C.L.M.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology and Medicine (A.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Neurology (M.D.-H.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; and Department of Neurology (M.G.), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
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10
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de Boer I, Ambrosini A, Halker Singh RB, Baykan B, Buse DC, Tassoreli C, Jensen RH, Pozo-Rosich P, Terwindt GM. Perceived barriers to career progression in the headache field: A global web-based cross-sectional survey. Cephalalgia 2022; 42:1498-1509. [PMID: 36071614 DOI: 10.1177/03331024221123081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well recognized that underrepresented and minoritized groups do not have the same career opportunities. However, there are limited data on the range and specifics of potential barriers that withhold people in headache medicine and science from reaching their full potential. Moreover, people from different geographical regions often perceive different challenges. We aimed to identify world-wide perceived career barriers and possibilities for promoting equality amongst professionals in the headache fields. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among professionals in the field of headache globally. The questions of the survey were aimed at assessing perceived career barriers in four domains: professional recognition, opportunities in scientific societies, clinical practice, and salary and compensation. Perceived mentorship was also assessed. RESULTS In total 580 responders completed the survey (55.3% women). Gender was the most important perceived barrier in almost all domains. Additionally, country of birth emerged as an important barrier to participation in international scientific societies. Career barriers varied across world regions. CONCLUSION It is essential that longstanding and ongoing disparities by gender and country of origin for professionals in the headache field are globally acknowledged and addressed in areas of recruitment, retention, opportunities, mentor- and sponsorships, and advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene de Boer
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Betül Baykan
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dawn C Buse
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Cristina Tassoreli
- Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rigmor H Jensen
- Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Centre, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Patricia Pozo-Rosich
- Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela M Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Meyer-Frießem C, Enax-Krumova E, Kruppa C. Between clinical practice, teaching and research - a project report on the development and implementation of a career mentoring curriculum for female clinician scientists. GMS JOURNAL FOR MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 39:Doc35. [PMID: 36119149 PMCID: PMC9469568 DOI: 10.3205/zma001556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Despite the high proportion of female medical students, the leading positions in almost all medical departments are still considerably less often held by female clinicians than by male. The aim of this project report is to introduce a career mentoring curriculum for female clinician scientists at Ruhr-University of Bochum in Germany. Methods The career mentoring program was developed for young female clinician scientists who aim for a leading position in academic medicine. We describe and discuss herein its planning and implementation over two years (11/2020-11/2022) focusing on the needs of the target group. Results The mentoring program is based on an agile twin-track strategy. It includes peer mentoring, content-related input and interdisciplinary three-to-one mentoring by the coordinators. Additionally, the mentees develop and conduct a scientific project to practice their acquired skills in a protected environment. The quality assurance system of the mentoring program includes a continuous evaluation of the mentees' satisfaction with the content and organisation of the program, whose results serve as the basis of the prompt adjustment of the latter. It also includes an evaluation of the sustainable impact of the program on the mentees' career development based on an adapted role matrix. The role matrix addresses the mentees to acquire the competencies required for them to become a successful clinician, scientist and academic teacher. Conclusions A 2-year innovative and unique career mentoring program for female clinician scientists was developed and already successfully launched. Making use of different mentoring strategies, the program has the potential to promote gender equality and encourage female physicians to pursue a career in academic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Meyer-Frießem
- Ruhr-University Bochum, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Bochum, Germany
| | - Elena Enax-Krumova
- Ruhr-University Bochum, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Department of Anaesthesiology, Department of Neurology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christiane Kruppa
- Ruhr-University Bochum, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil gGmbH Bochum, Department of General and Trauma Surgery, Bochum, Germany
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12
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Gamage I, Bolland MJ, Sadler L, Dalbeth N, Grey A. Diversity of invited speakers at endocrinology conferences. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:907-913. [PMID: 34913500 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess diversity of gender and geographical location of institutional affiliation among invited speakers at major international endocrinology conferences. DESIGN AND METHODS Descriptive study of characteristics of invited speakers at eight general and discipline-specific endocrinology conferences held annually in Europe and North America 2013-2019. Main outcomes were gender, geographical location of institutional affiliation and frequency of repeat presentations among invited speakers. RESULTS Of 2375 invited speakers who gave 3522 presentations, 843 (35.5%) were women. Five hundred and ninety-four (25.0%) speakers gave >1 presentation at any conference. The proportion of women speakers declined as the number of presentations per speaker increased. Of speakers giving two and seven presentations, respectively, 36.0% and 20.0% were women. 52.9% of speakers were from institutions in North America, and 25.6% from institutions in Western Europe. Fewer than 5% of speakers were from institutions in each of Eastern Europe, Asia, South America, Africa and Oceania. The proportions of speakers who were women and from each geographical area were unchanged over 7 years. Up to one in three speakers gave >1 presentation at an individual conference (range 9.9%-32.2%). CONCLUSIONS Women and speakers from institutions outside of North America and Western Europe are underrepresented among invited speakers at major international endocrinology conferences. Longitudinal data indicate no change in either speaker characteristic over the time period examined. These underrepresentations are more marked among speakers who give repeat presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru Gamage
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark J Bolland
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynn Sadler
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Grey
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Quiros PA, Gordon LK. Neuro-Ophthalmology: Creating a Diverse, Equitable, and Inclusive Subspecialty Is the Responsibility of Everyone. J Neuroophthalmol 2021; 41:279-284. [PMID: 34415264 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Quiros
- Doheny Eye Institute (PAQ), and Stein Eye Institute (PAQ, LKG), Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Hinson HE, Gonzales NR. On increasing the visibility of women and other groups underrepresented in medicine: To be it, you must see it. Neurology 2020; 95:991-992. [PMID: 33109626 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H E Hinson
- From Neurology and Emergency Medicine (H.E.H.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; and Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.
| | - Nicole R Gonzales
- From Neurology and Emergency Medicine (H.E.H.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland; and Department of Neurology (N.R.G.), University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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