1
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Mandlik DS, Mandlik SK, S A. Therapeutic implications of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in Alzheimer's disease: a novel therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:603-619. [PMID: 36178363 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2130297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely popular neurodegenerative condition associated with dementia, responsible for around 70% of the cases. There are presently 50 million people living with dementia in the world, but this number is anticipated to increase to 152 million by 2050, posing a substantial socioeconomic encumbrance. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms that cause AD remain unidentified, and currently, no therapy is available. Numerous signalling paths related to AD neuropathology, including glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), have been investigated as potential targets for the treatment of AD in current years.GSK-3β is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is linked to a variety of biological activities, comprising glycogen metabolism to gene transcription. GSK-3β is also involved in the pathophysiology of sporadic as well as familial types of AD, which has led to the development of the GSK3 theory of AD. GSK-3β is a critical performer in the pathology of AD because dysregulation of this kinase affects all the main symbols of the disease such as amyloid formation, tau phosphorylation, neurogenesis and synaptic and memory function. The current review highlights present-day knowledge of GSK-3β-related neurobiology, focusing on its role in AD pathogenesis signalling pathways. It also explores the possibility of targeting GSK-3β for the management of AD and offers an overview of the present research work in preclinical and clinical studies to produce GSK-3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Arulmozhi S
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
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2
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Arafah A, Khatoon S, Rasool I, Khan A, Rather MA, Abujabal KA, Faqih YAH, Rashid H, Rashid SM, Bilal Ahmad S, Alexiou A, Rehman MU. The Future of Precision Medicine in the Cure of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020335. [PMID: 36830872 PMCID: PMC9953731 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This decade has seen the beginning of ground-breaking conceptual shifts in the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which acknowledges risk elements and the evolving wide spectrum of complicated underlying pathophysiology among the range of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Significant improvements in diagnosis, treatments, and mitigation of AD are likely to result from the development and application of a comprehensive approach to precision medicine (PM), as is the case with several other diseases. This strategy will probably be based on the achievements made in more sophisticated research areas, including cancer. PM will require the direct integration of neurology, neuroscience, and psychiatry into a paradigm of the healthcare field that turns away from the isolated method. PM is biomarker-guided treatment at a systems level that incorporates findings of the thorough pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders as well as methodological developments. Comprehensive examination and categorization of interrelated and convergent disease processes, an explanation of the genomic and epigenetic drivers, a description of the spatial and temporal paths of natural history, biological markers, and risk markers, as well as aspects about the regulation, and the ethical, governmental, and sociocultural repercussions of findings at a subclinical level all require clarification and realistic execution. Advances toward a comprehensive systems-based approach to PM may finally usher in a new era of scientific and technical achievement that will help to end the complications of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azher Arafah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.K.); (M.U.R.)
| | - Saima Khatoon
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Iyman Rasool
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College (GMC-Srinagar), Karan Nagar, Srinagar 190010, India
| | - Andleeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.K.); (M.U.R.)
| | - Mashoque Ahmad Rather
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Bryd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | | | | | - Hina Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahzada Mudasir Rashid
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (SKUAST-K), Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, Haidingergasse 29, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (A.K.); (M.U.R.)
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3
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Liu C, Cong L, Zhu M, Wang Y, Tang S, Han X, Zhang Q, Tian N, Liu K, Liang X, Fa W, Wang N, Hou T, Du Y. Screening for Genetic Mutations Associated with Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in Han Chinese. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:724-733. [PMID: 36306459 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221028112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is highly influenced by genetic factors. Numerous mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PSEN1 and PSEN2) have been identified for EOAD, but they can only account for a small proportion of EOAD cases. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to screen genetic mutations and variants associated with EOAD among Han Chinese adults. METHODS This study included 34 patients with EOAD and 26 controls from a population-based study and neurological ward. We first sequenced mutations in APP/PSENs and then performed whole-exome sequencing in the remaining patients with negative mutations in APP/PSENs to screen for additional potential genetic variants. Among patients who were negative in genetic screening tests, we further evaluated the risk burden of genes related to the Aβ metabolism-centered network to search for other probable causes of EOAD. RESULTS We identified 7 functional variants in APP/PSENs in 8 patients, including 1 APP mutation (p. Val715Met), 3 PSEN1 mutations (p. Phe177Ser; p. Arg377Met; p. Ile416Thr), and 3 PSEN2 mutations (p. Glu24Lys; p. Gly34Ser; p. Met239Thr). Of the remaining 26 EOAD cases without mutations in APP/PSENs, the proportion of carrying rare variants of genes involved in Aβ and APP metabolism was significantly higher than that of controls (84.6% vs. 73.1%, P=0.042). Thirty-one risk genes with 47 variants were identified in 22 patients. However, in 26 normal subjects, only 20 risk genes with 29 variants were identified in 19 subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the role of APP/PSENs mutations in EOAD, identifying a new PSEN2 missense mutation, and further offer valuable insights into the potential genetic mechanisms of EOAD without APP/PSENs mutations among Han Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Na Tian
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Keke Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxin Fa
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, China
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4
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Barthelson K, Newman M, Lardelli M. Brain transcriptomes of zebrafish and mouse Alzheimer's disease knock-in models imply early disrupted energy metabolism. Dis Model Mech 2021; 15:273566. [PMID: 34842276 PMCID: PMC8807579 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy production is the most fundamentally important cellular activity supporting all other functions, particularly in highly active organs, such as brains. Here, we summarise transcriptome analyses of young adult (pre-disease) brains from a collection of 11 early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD)-like and non-EOFAD-like mutations in three zebrafish genes. The one cellular activity consistently predicted as affected by only the EOFAD-like mutations is oxidative phosphorylation, which produces most of the energy of the brain. All the mutations were predicted to affect protein synthesis. We extended our analysis to knock-in mouse models of APOE alleles and found the same effect for the late onset Alzheimer's disease risk allele ε4. Our results support a common molecular basis for the initiation of the pathological processes leading to both early and late onset forms of Alzheimer's disease, and illustrate the utility of zebrafish and knock-in single EOFAD mutation models for understanding the causes of this disease. Summary: Young adult zebrafish mutants and a mouse model of a genetic variant promoting early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease, respectively, share changes in brain gene expression, indicating disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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5
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Jiao B, Liu H, Guo L, Xiao X, Liao X, Zhou Y, Weng L, Zhou L, Wang X, Jiang Y, Yang Q, Zhu Y, Zhou L, Zhang W, Wang J, Yan X, Li J, Tang B, Shen L. The role of genetics in neurodegenerative dementia: a large cohort study in South China. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:69. [PMID: 34389718 PMCID: PMC8363644 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias are a group of diseases with highly heterogeneous pathology and complicated etiology. There exist potential genetic component overlaps between different neurodegenerative dementias. Here, 1795 patients with neurodegenerative dementias from South China were enrolled, including 1592 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 110 with frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and 93 with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Genes targeted sequencing analysis were performed. According to the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) guidelines, 39 pathogenic/likely pathogenic (P/LP) variants were identified in 47 unrelated patients in 14 different genes, including PSEN1, PSEN2, APP, MAPT, GRN, CHCHD10, TBK1, VCP, HTRA1, OPTN, SQSTM1, SIGMAR1, and abnormal repeat expansions in C9orf72 and HTT. Overall, 33.3% (13/39) of the variants were novel, the identified P/LP variants were seen in 2.2% (35/1592) and 10.9% (12/110) of AD and FTD cases, respectively. The overall molecular diagnostic rate was 2.6%. Among them, PSEN1 was the most frequently mutated gene (46.8%, 22/47), followed by PSEN2 and APP. Additionally, the age at onset of patients with P/LP variants (51.4 years), ranging from 30 to 83 years, was ~10 years earlier than those without P/LP variants (p < 0.05). This study sheds insight into the genetic spectrum and clinical manifestations of neurodegenerative dementias in South China, further expands the existing repertoire of P/LP variants involved in known dementia-associated genes. It provides a new perspective for basic research on genetic pathogenesis and novel guiding for clinical practice of neurodegenerative dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Liu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lina Guo
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuewen Xiao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Weng
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaling Jiang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qijie Yang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Zhu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junling Wang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinchen Li
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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Li XY, Cui Y, Jing D, Xie K, Zhong X, Kong Y, Wang Y, Chu M, Wang C, Wu L. Novel PSEN1 and PSEN2 Mutations Identified in Sporadic Early-onset Alzheimer Disease and Posterior Cortical Atrophy. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2021; 35:208-213. [PMID: 33973882 PMCID: PMC8386585 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Sporadic early-onset Alzheimer disease (sEOAD) and its visual variant, posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), have a disease onset at less than 65 years of age with no familial aggregation. The etiology and genetic basis of these diseases remain poorly understood. Our study aimed to identify additional mutations or variants associated with sEOAD and PCA and to further examine their genetic and phenotypic spectrums. METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing and analyzed the clinical and neuroimaging features of mutation carriers with 29 patients having sEOAD and 25 having PCA. RESULTS Nine rare damaging variants were identified in 4 patients with sEOAD and 3 with PCA. A novel mutation (p.A136V) in PSEN1 was identified in a patient with sEOAD and a likely pathogenic variant (p.M239T) was identified for PSEN2 in a patient with PCA. In addition, 7 rare damaging variants were detected in other genes related to neurodegenerative diseases. The patient carrying the PSEN1 p.A136V mutation presented with typical clinical and imaging features of sEOAD, and the PCA patient with the PSEN2 p.M239T mutation presented with visuospatial impairment as the initial symptom. CONCLUSION Our study expands the PSEN1 mutation spectrum of sEOAD and highlights the importance of screening PSEN1 and/or PSEN2 mutations in PCA patients.
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7
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Lehmann L, Lo A, Knox KM, Barker-Haliski M. Alzheimer's Disease and Epilepsy: A Perspective on the Opportunities for Overlapping Therapeutic Innovation. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:1895-1912. [PMID: 33929683 PMCID: PMC8254705 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with variants in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PSEN) 1 and 2. It is increasingly recognized that patients with AD experience undiagnosed focal seizures. These AD patients with reported seizures may have worsened disease trajectory. Seizures in epilepsy can also lead to cognitive deficits, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Epilepsy is roughly three times more common in individuals aged 65 and older. Due to the numerous available antiseizure drugs (ASDs), treatment of seizures has been proposed to reduce the burden of AD. More work is needed to establish the functional impact of seizures in AD to determine whether ASDs could be a rational therapeutic strategy. The efficacy of ASDs in aged animals is not routinely studied, despite the fact that the elderly represents the fastest growing demographic with epilepsy. This leaves a particular gap in understanding the discrete pathophysiological overlap between hyperexcitability and aging, and AD more specifically. Most of our preclinical knowledge of hyperexcitability in AD has come from mouse models that overexpress APP. While these studies have been invaluable, other drivers underlie AD, e.g. PSEN2. A diversity of animal models should be more frequently integrated into the study of hyperexcitability in AD, which could be particularly beneficial to identify novel therapies. Specifically, AD-associated risk genes, in particular PSENs, altogether represent underexplored contributors to hyperexcitability. This review assesses the available studies of ASDs administration in clinical AD populations and preclinical studies with AD-associated models and offers a perspective on the opportunities for further therapeutic innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Lehmann
- Undergraduate Neuroscience Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexandria Lo
- Department of Public Health-Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kevin M Knox
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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8
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Mega A, Galluzzi S, Bonvicini C, Fostinelli S, Gennarelli M, Geroldi C, Zanetti O, Benussi L, Di Maria E, Frisoni GB. Genetic counselling and testing for inherited dementia: single-centre evaluation of the consensus Italian DIAfN protocol. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:152. [PMID: 33203472 PMCID: PMC7670800 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background A consensus protocol for genetic counselling and testing of familial dementia, the Italian Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer’s and Frontotemporal Network (IT-DIAfN) protocol, has been developed in Italy by a network of expert dementia centres. The aim of this study is to evaluate feasibility and acceptability of the genetic counselling and testing process, as undertaken according to the IT-DIAfN protocol in one of the IT-DIAfN dementia research centres. Methods The protocol was tested by a multidisciplinary team at the IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy, on affected individuals with suspected inherited forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and to healthy at-risk relatives. The genetic counselling and testing process consisted of (i) pre-test consultation and psychological assessment (ii) genetic testing, (iii) genetic test result disclosure and (iv) follow-up consultation and psychological assessment. Results Twenty affected individuals from 17 families fulfilled the family history criteria of the IT-DIAfN protocol for suspected inherited dementia (17 for AD, 2 for FTD, 1 for inclusion body myopathy with Paget disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia) and were included in the protocol. Nineteen out of 20 affected individuals received the genetic test result (one left after the pre-test consultation being not ready to cope with an unfavourable outcome). A pathogenic mutation was found in 6 affected individuals (1 in PSEN1, 2 in PSEN2, 1 in GRN, 1 in MAPT, 1 in VCP). Eleven healthy at-risk relatives asked to undergo predictive testing and were included in the protocol. Three completed the protocol, including follow-up; one did not ask for the genetic test result after genetic testing; and eight withdrew before the genetic testing, mainly due to an increased awareness about the possible consequences of an unfavourable test result. To date, no catastrophic reactions were reported at the follow-up. Conclusions Our case series shows that a structured genetic counselling and testing protocol for inherited dementia can be implemented in both affected individuals and at-risk relatives in a research setting. The procedure was shown to be safe in terms of occurrence of catastrophic events. A formal validation in larger cohorts is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mega
- Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Samantha Galluzzi
- Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Fostinelli
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristina Geroldi
- Alzheimer's Unit - Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Orazio Zanetti
- Alzheimer's Unit - Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emilio Di Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. .,Unit of Medical Genetics, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging & Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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9
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Setu JR, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Abdel-Daim MM. Exploring the Role of PSEN Mutations in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:833-849. [PMID: 32556937 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Mutations of presenilin (PSEN) genes that encode presenilin proteins have been found as the vital causal factors for early-onset familial AD (FAD). AD pathological features such as memory loss, synaptic dysfunction, and formation of plaques have been successfully mimicked in the transgenic mouse models that coexpress FAD-related presenilin and amyloid precursor protein (APP) variants. γ-Secretase (GS) is an enzyme that plays roles in catalyzing intramembranous APP proteolysis to release pathogenic amyloid beta (Aβ). It has been found that presenilins can play a role as the GS's catalytic subunit. FAD-related mutations in presenilins can modify the site of GS cleavage in a way that can elevate the production of longer and highly fibrillogenic Aβ. Presenilins can interact with β-catenin to generate presenilin complexes. Aforesaid interactions have also been studied to observe the mutational and physiological activities in the catenin signal transduction pathway. Along with APP, GS can catalyze intramembrane proteolysis of various substrates that play a vital role in synaptic function. PSEN mutations can cause FAD with autosomal dominant inheritance and early onset of the disease. In this article, we have reviewed the current progress in the analysis of PSENs and the correlation of PSEN mutations and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. .,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | | | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - May N Bin-Jumah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11474, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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10
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Barthelson K, Newman M, Lardelli M. Sorting Out the Role of the Sortilin-Related Receptor 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2020; 4:123-140. [PMID: 32587946 PMCID: PMC7306921 DOI: 10.3233/adr-200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin-related receptor 1 (SORL1) encodes a large, multi-domain containing, membrane-bound receptor involved in endosomal sorting of proteins between the trans-Golgi network, endosomes and the plasma membrane. It is genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. SORL1 is a unique gene in AD, as it appears to show strong associations with the common, late-onset, sporadic form of AD and the rare, early-onset familial form of AD. Here, we review the genetics of SORL1 in AD and discuss potential roles it could play in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karissa Barthelson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Bonvicini C, Scassellati C, Benussi L, Di Maria E, Maj C, Ciani M, Fostinelli S, Mega A, Bocchetta M, Lanzi G, Giacopuzzi E, Ferraboli S, Pievani M, Fedi V, Defanti CA, Giliani S, Frisoni GB, Ghidoni R, Gennarelli M. Next Generation Sequencing Analysis in Early Onset Dementia Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:243-256. [PMID: 30530974 PMCID: PMC6398561 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Early onset dementias (EOD) are rare neurodegenerative dementias that present before 65 years. Genetic factors have a substantially higher pathogenetic contribution in EOD patients than in late onset dementia. Objective: To identify known and/or novel rare variants in major candidate genes associated to EOD by high-throughput sequencing. Common-risk variants of apolipoprotein E (APOE) and prion protein (PRNP) genes were also assessed. Methods: We studied 22 EOD patients recruited in Memory Clinics, in the context of studies investigating genetic forms of dementia. Two methodological approaches were applied for the target-Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) analysis of these patients. In addition, we performed progranulin plasma dosage, C9Orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion analysis, and APOE genotyping. Results: We detected three rare known pathogenic mutations in the GRN and PSEN2 genes and eleven unknown-impact mutations in the GRN, VCP, MAPT, FUS, TREM2, and NOTCH3 genes. Six patients were carriers of only common risk variants (APOE and PRNP), and one did not show any risk mutation/variant. Overall, 69% (n = 9) of our early onset Alzheimer’s disease (EAOD) patients, compared with 34% (n = 13) of sporadic late onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) patients and 27% (n = 73) of non-affected controls (ADNI, whole genome data), were carriers of at least two rare/common risk variants in the analyzed candidate genes panel, excluding the full penetrant mutations. Conclusion: This study suggests that EOD patients without full penetrant mutations are characterized by higher probability to carry polygenic risk alleles that patients with LOAD forms. This finding is in line with recently reported evidence, thus suggesting that the genetic risk factors identified in LOAD might modulate the risk also in EOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Bonvicini
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Catia Scassellati
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emilio Di Maria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genova and Division of Medical Genetics, Galliera Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Maj
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Institute for Genomic Statistics and Bioinformatics, Bonn, Germany
| | - Miriam Ciani
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Fostinelli
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Mega
- Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Martina Bocchetta
- Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetana Lanzi
- A. Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Giacopuzzi
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferraboli
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Pievani
- Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Alberto Defanti
- Fondazione Europea Ricerca Biomedica, Centro di Eccellenza Alzheimer, Ospedale Briolini Gazzaniga, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Silvia Giliani
- A. Nocivelli' Institute for Molecular Medicine Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Battista Frisoni
- Laboratory Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Genetics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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12
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Jiang H, Jayadev S, Lardelli M, Newman M. A Review of the Familial Alzheimer's Disease Locus PRESENILIN 2 and Its Relationship to PRESENILIN 1. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1323-1339. [PMID: 30412492 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PRESENILIN 1 (PSEN1) and PRESENILIN 2 (PSEN2) genes are loci for mutations causing familial Alzheimer's disease (fAD). However, the function of these genes and how they contribute to fAD pathogenesis has not been fully determined. This review provides a summary of the overlapping and independent functions of the PRESENILINS with a focus on the lesser studied PSEN2. As a core component of the γ-secretase complex, the PSEN2 protein is involved in many γ-secretase-related physiological activities, including innate immunity, Notch signaling, autophagy, and mitochondrial function. These physiological activities have all been associated with AD progression, indicating that PSEN2 plays a particular role in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Jiang
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Laboratory, Centre for Molecular Pathology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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13
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Nikolac Perkovic M, Pivac N. Genetic Markers of Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1192:27-52. [PMID: 31705489 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a complex and heterogeneous, severe neurodegenerative disorder and the predominant form of dementia, characterized by cognitive disturbances, behavioral and psychotic symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, disorientation, behavioral changes, and death. Genetic background of Alzheimer's disease differs between early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, other cases of early-onset Alzheimer's disease, and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Rare cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's diseases are caused by high-penetrant mutations in genes coding for amyloid precursor protein, presenilin 1, and presenilin 2. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease is multifactorial and associated with many different genetic risk loci (>20), with the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele being a major genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Genetic and genomic studies offer insight into many additional genetic risk loci involved in the genetically complex nature of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. This review highlights the contributions of individual loci to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and suggests that their exact contribution is still not clear. Therefore, the use of genetic markers of Alzheimer's disease, for monitoring development, time course, treatment response, and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease, is still far away from the clinical application, because the contribution of genetic variations to the relative risk of developing Alzheimer's disease is limited. In the light of prediction and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, a novel approach could be found in the form of additive genetic risk scores, which combine additive effects of numerous susceptibility loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Nikolac Perkovic
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
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14
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Giau VV, Pyun JM, Bagyinszky E, An SSA, Kim S. A pathogenic PSEN2 p.His169Asn mutation associated with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:1321-1329. [PMID: 30104866 PMCID: PMC6074827 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s170374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) is genetically heterogeneous and has been associated with mutations in 3 different genes, coding for amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). Most frequent cases are associated with mutations in the PSEN1 gene, whereas mutations in the APP and PSEN2 genes are rare. Methods Patient who presented progressive memory decline in her 50s was enrolled in this study. A broad battery of neuropsychological tests and neuroimaging was applied to make the diagnosis. Genetic tests were performed in the patient to evaluate possible mutations using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The pathogenic nature of missense mutation and its 3D protein structure prediction were performed by in silico prediction programs. Results A pathogenic mutation in the PSEN2 gene in a Korean patient associated with EOAD was identified. Targeted Next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing revealed a heterozygous C to A transition at position 505 (c.505C>A), resulting in a probably missense mutation at codon 169 (p.His169Asn) in PSEN2. PolyPhen-2 and SIFT software analyses predicted this mutation to be a probable damaging variant. This hypothesis was supported by the results of 3D in silico modelling analyses that predicted the p.His169Asn may result in major helix torsion due to histidine to asparagine substitution. Mutation may cause additional stresses with hydrophobic residues on the surface that interact inside the transmembrane domain III, which is a conserved domain in PSEN2 His169. Conclusion These findings revealed that the p.His169Asn might be an important residue in PSEN2, which may alter the functions of PSEN2, suggesting its potential involvement with AD phenotype. Future functional studies are needed to evaluate the role of PSEN2 p.His169Asn mutation in AD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea,
| | - Jung-Min Pyun
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea,
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea,
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea,
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine & Neurocognitive Behavior Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea,
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15
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Marín-Muñoz J, Noguera-Perea MF, Gómez-Tortosa E, López-Motos D, Antequera-Torres M, Martínez-Herrada B, Manzanares-Sánchez S, Vivancos-Moreau L, Legaz-García A, Rábano-Gutiérrez Del Arroyo A, Antúnez-Almagro C. Novel Mutation (Gly212Val) in the PS2 Gene Associated with Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:73-8. [PMID: 27128372 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin 2 gene (PS2) are an extremely rare cause of early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (AD), accounting for only 5% of these families. These cases represent a particular model of AD, and the scarcity of reports on their clinical phenotypes makes them of great interest. We report a family with early-onset autosomal dominant AD in four members, where the two living siblings were found to carry the novel PS2 mutation Gly212Val (exon 7, transmembrane domain IV) with highly predicted pathogenicity. Age at onset ranged from 60 to 65 years and three of the cases died between ages 74 and 76 years. Clinical phenotype was quite homogeneous among affected members of the family, and overall features, including cognitive decline, tau/p-tau and amyloid-β cerebrospinal fluid markers, neuroimaging, and neuropathology were consistent with typical AD. Lewy bodies were present but restricted to the amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Marín-Muñoz
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ma Fuensanta Noguera-Perea
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | - Martirio Antequera-Torres
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Begoña Martínez-Herrada
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Salvadora Manzanares-Sánchez
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Vivancos-Moreau
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustina Legaz-García
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Antúnez-Almagro
- Dementia Care Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia, Spain
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16
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Benussi L, Binetti G, Ghidoni R. Loss of Neuroprotective Factors in Neurodegenerative Dementias: The End or the Starting Point? Front Neurosci 2017; 11:672. [PMID: 29249935 PMCID: PMC5717017 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical, genetic and biochemical experimental evidences highlight the existence of common molecular pathways underlying neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will explore a key common pathological mechanism, i.e., the loss of neuroprotective factors, across the three major neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia: Alzheimer's disease (AD), Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). We will report evidences that the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), the most investigated and characterized brain neurotrophin, progranulin, a multi-functional adipokine with trophic and growth factor properties, and cystatin C, a neuroprotective growth factor, are reduced in AD, FTD, and LBD. Moreover, we will review the molecular mechanism underlying the loss of neuroprotective factors in neurodegenerative diseases leading to dementia, with a special focus on endo-lysosomal pathway and intercellular communication mediated by extracellular vesicles. Exploring the shared commonality of disease mechanisms is of pivotal importance to identify novel potential therapeutic targets and to develop treatments to delay, slow or block disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,MAC Memory Center, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
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17
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Mathis CA, Lopresti BJ, Ikonomovic MD, Klunk WE. Small-molecule PET Tracers for Imaging Proteinopathies. Semin Nucl Med 2017; 47:553-575. [PMID: 28826526 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we provide a review of the challenges and advances in developing successful PET imaging agents for 3 major types of aggregated amyloid proteins: amyloid-beta (Aβ), tau, and alpha-synuclein (α-syn). These 3 amyloids are involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, referred to as proteinopathies or proteopathies, that include Alzheimer disease, Lewy body dementias, multiple system atrophy, and frontotemporal dementias, among others. In the Introduction section, we briefly discuss the history of amyloid in neurodegenerative diseases and describe why progress in developing effective imaging agents has been hampered by the failure of crystallography to provide definitive ligand-protein interactions for rational radioligand design efforts. Instead, the field has relied on largely serendipitous, trial-and-error methods to achieve useful and specific PET amyloid imaging tracers for Aβ, tau, and α-syn deposits. Because many of the proteopathies involve more than 1 amyloid protein, it is important to develop selective PET tracers for the different amyloids to help assess the relative contribution of each to total amyloid burden. We use Pittsburgh compound B to illustrate some of the critical steps in developing a potent and selective Aβ PET imaging agent. Other selective Aβ and tau PET imaging compounds have followed similar pathways in their developmental processes. Success for selective α-syn PET imaging agents has not been realized yet, but work is ongoing in multiple laboratories throughout the world. In the tau sections, we provide background regarding 3-repeat (3R) and 4-repeat (4R) tau proteins and how they can affect the binding of tau radioligands in different tauopathies. We review the ongoing efforts to assess the properties of tau ligands, which are useful in 3R, 4R, or combined 3R-4R tauopathies. Finally, we describe in the α-syn sections recent attempts to develop selective tracers to image α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Brian J Lopresti
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Milos D Ikonomovic
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William E Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
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18
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Franco Bocanegra DK, Nicoll JAR, Boche D. Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease: the relevance of animal models? J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:827-846. [PMID: 28516241 PMCID: PMC5911273 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1729-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mouse is one of the organisms most widely used as an animal model in biomedical research, due to the particular ease with which it can be handled and reproduced in laboratory. As a member of the mammalian class, mice share with humans many features regarding metabolic pathways, cell morphology and anatomy. However, important biological differences between mice and humans exist and must be taken into consideration when interpreting research results, to properly translate evidence from experimental studies into information that can be useful for human disease prevention and/or treatment. With respect to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), much of the experimental information currently known about this disease has been gathered from studies using mainly mice as models. Therefore, it is notably important to fully characterise the differences between mice and humans regarding important aspects of the disease. It is now widely known that inflammation plays an important role in the development of AD, a role that is not only a response to the surrounding pathological environment, but rather seems to be strongly implicated in the aetiology of the disease as indicated by the genetic studies. This review highlights relevant differences in inflammation and in microglia, the innate immune cell of the brain, between mice and humans regarding genetics and morphology in normal ageing, and the relationship of microglia with AD-like pathology, the inflammatory profile, and cognition. We conclude that some noteworthy differences exist between mice and humans regarding microglial characteristics, in distribution, gene expression, and states of activation. This may have repercussions in the way that transgenic mice respond to, and influence, the AD-like pathology. However, despite these differences, human and mouse microglia also show similarities in morphology and behaviour, such that the mouse is a suitable model for studying the role of microglia, as long as these differences are taken into consideration when delineating new strategies to approach the study of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana K Franco Bocanegra
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 806, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - James A R Nicoll
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 806, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Mailpoint 806, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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Cai Y, Bagyinszky E, An SSA, Kim SY. In silico modeling of pathogenic or possibly pathogenic point mutations in PSEN2. Mol Cell Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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First report of PSEN2 mutation presenting as posterior cortical atrophy. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2016; 29:249-51. [PMID: 25010293 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Maqbool M, Mobashir M, Hoda N. Pivotal role of glycogen synthase kinase-3: A therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 107:63-81. [PMID: 26562543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are among the most challenging diseases with poorly known mechanism of cause and paucity of complete cure. Out of all the neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease is the most devastating and loosening of thinking and judging ability disease that occurs in the old age people. Many hypotheses came forth in order to explain its causes. In this review, we have enlightened Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 which has been considered as a concrete cause for Alzheimer's disease. Plaques and Tangles (abnormal structures) are the basic suspects in damaging and killing of nerve cells wherein Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 has a key role in the formation of these fatal accumulations. Various Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors have been reported to reduce the amount of amyloid-beta as well as the tau hyperphosphorylation in both neuronal and nonneuronal cells. Additionally, Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors have been reported to enhance the adult hippocampal neurogenesis in vivo as well as in vitro. Keeping the chemotype of the reported Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 inhibitors in consideration, they may be grouped into natural inhibitors, inorganic metal ions, organo-synthetic, and peptide like inhibitors. On the basis of their mode of binding to the constituent enzyme, they may also be grouped as ATP, nonATP, and allosteric binding sites competitive inhibitors. ATP competitive inhibitors were known earlier inhibitors but they lack efficient selectivity. This led to find the new ways for the enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudasir Maqbool
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Mobashir
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India; SciLifeLab, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics (MBB), Karolinska Institute, Box 1031, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India.
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22
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Blauwendraat C, Wilke C, Jansen IE, Schulte C, Simón-Sánchez J, Metzger FG, Bender B, Gasser T, Maetzler W, Rizzu P, Heutink P, Synofzik M. Pilot whole-exome sequencing of a German early-onset Alzheimer's disease cohort reveals a substantial frequency of PSEN2 variants. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:208.e11-208.e17. [PMID: 26522186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) accounts for 1%-2% of all Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects, with large variation in the reported genetic contribution of known dementia genes. In this pilot study, we genetically characterized a German EOAD cohort (23 subjects) by whole-exome sequencing, capturing variants in all recognized AD and frontotemporal dementia genes. After variant filtering, we identified 7 events of altogether 6 different rare variants in 6 subjects, including 4 novel variants. Four of the 6 variants, observed in 5 different index subjects (5/23 = 22%), were considered to be possibly pathogenic. These included 2 presenilin 2 (PSEN2) variants (p.N141I-previously denoted as a Volga German variant, observed in 2 index subjects; and p.L238P), 1 amyloid precursor protein (p.I716M), and 1 presenilin 1 (ΔE9). Using a control exome data set of 96 ethnically matched neurodegenerative disease controls (Parkinson's disease), we identified only 1 variant (PSEN2 p.T18M) (1%), demonstrating a significantly higher mutational burden in the EOAD group (p > 0.0001). Our findings demonstrate a substantial frequency of variants in dementia genes in EOAD, including several seemingly "sporadic" subjects. This indicates that heritability in EOAD might be higher than assumed. The finding of 3 subjects carrying potential pathogenic PSEN2 variants suggests that, in specific populations PSEN2 variants might be as frequent as (or more frequent than) presenilin 1, for example, in German populations which are influenced by Volga German heritage. Variants in AD genes were also associated with rare phenotypes such as frontal AD or primary progressive aphasia, demonstrating the need to screen AD genes in frontotemporal dementia-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Applied Genomics for Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlo Wilke
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iris E Jansen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Genome Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Javier Simón-Sánchez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Genome Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian G Metzger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and Geriatric Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bender
- Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University, Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- Applied Genomics for Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Genome Biology of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Xia M, Chen S, Shi Y, Huang Y, Xu J, Zhao T, He S, Wu Y, Xu C, Zang W, Zhang J. Probable novel PSEN2 Pro123Leu mutation in a Chinese Han family of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3334.e13-3334.e18. [PMID: 26422362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe a probably novel mutation in exon 5 of the presenilin 2 gene (Pro123Leu) in a Chinese familial early-onset Alzheimer's disease, which clinically manifests as progressive memory loss, cognitive impairment, parkinsonism, and myoclonic jerks. Clinical and neuroimaging examination, target region capture, and high-throughput sequencing were performed in a family of 4 generations. Cerebral perfusion and glucose metabolism were evaluated using arterial spin labeling perfusion magnetic resonance imaging and (18)F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, respectively. Target region capture sequencing yielded a novel missense mutation at codon 123 (P123L) which is a heterozygous C to T point mutation at position 368 (c.368C>T) in exon 5 of the presenilin 2 leading to a proline-to-leucine substitution. The results were also identified by Sanger sequencing in 7 family members but not in the other 9 unaffected family members and 100 control subjects. This mutation is probably pathogenic and is the first of its kind reported in an early-onset familial AD associated with atypical symptom presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrong Xia
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junling Xu
- Department of Radiology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changshui Xu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weizhou Zang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Cai Y, An SSA, Kim S. Mutations in presenilin 2 and its implications in Alzheimer's disease and other dementia-associated disorders. Clin Interv Aging 2015; 10:1163-72. [PMID: 26203236 PMCID: PMC4507455 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s85808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Mutations in the genes encoding presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein have been identified as the main genetic causes of familial AD. To date, more than 200 mutations have been described worldwide in PSEN1, which is highly homologous with PSEN2, while mutations in PSEN2 have been rarely reported. We performed a systematic review of studies describing the mutations identified in PSEN2. Most PSEN2 mutations were detected in European and in African populations. Only two were found in Korean populations. Interestingly, PSEN2 mutations appeared not only in AD patients but also in patients with other disorders, including frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, breast cancer, dilated cardiomyopathy, and Parkinson's disease with dementia. Here, we have summarized the PSEN2 mutations and the potential implications of these mutations in dementia-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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25
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Abstract
An increasing number of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases, including autosomal-dominant Alzheimer disease (AD), familial autosomal-dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and heritable Lewy body disease (LBD) have been defined at the molecular level in recent years, making it possible to determine the genotype before the onset of symptoms. The identification of deterministic genes for these common adult-onset genetic diseases is moving the field of genetic counseling toward a new and challenging direction. With the identification of genes associated with AD and FTD, there is considerable interest in the clinical application of genetic information in genetic counseling and testing. Progress in the genetics of dementing disorders and the availability of clinical tests for practicing physicians therefore increases the need for a better understanding of the multifaceted issues associated with genetic testing. The aims of this systematic review are: (1) to underline the need to consider a genetic etiology of AD, FTD, and LBD; (2) to provide clinicians with information necessary to effectively translate genetic diagnosis into clinical practice; and (3) to highlight gaps and uncertainties in the field which will need to be addressed by future research.
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26
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Probable novel PSEN2 Val214Leu mutation in Alzheimer's disease supported by structural prediction. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:105. [PMID: 24885952 PMCID: PMC4036836 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-14-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PSEN2 mutations are rare variants, and fewer than 30 different PSEN2 mutations have been found. So far, it has not been reported in Asia. Case presentation PSEN2 mutation at codon 214 for predicting a valine to leucine substitution was found in a 70-year-old woman, who showed a dementia of the Alzheimer type. We did not find the mutation in 614 control chromosomes. We also predicted the structures of presenilin 2 protein with native Val 214 residue and Leu 214 mutation, which revealed significant structural changes in the region. Conclusion It could be a novel mutation verified with structural prediction in a patient with Alzheimer’s disease.
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Familial Alzheimer's disease sustained by presenilin 2 mutations: Systematic review of literature and genotype–phenotype correlation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:170-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder, classified as either early onset (under 65 years of age), or late onset (over 65 years of age). Three main genes are involved in early onset AD: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1), and presenilin 2 (PSEN2). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) E4 allele has been found to be a main risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified several genes that might be potential risk factors for AD, including clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), and sortilin-related receptor (SORL1). Recent studies have discovered additional novel genes that might be involved in late-onset AD, such as triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and cluster of differentiation 33 (CD33). Identification of new AD-related genes is important for better understanding of the pathomechanisms leading to neurodegeneration. Since the differential diagnoses of neurodegenerative disorders are difficult, especially in the early stages, genetic testing is essential for diagnostic processes. Next-generation sequencing studies have been successfully used for detecting mutations, monitoring the epigenetic changes, and analyzing transcriptomes. These studies may be a promising approach toward understanding the complete genetic mechanisms of diverse genetic disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Youn
- Department of Neurology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Budang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Goldman JS, Hahn SE, Catania JW, LaRusse-Eckert S, Butson MB, Rumbaugh M, Strecker MN, Roberts JS, Burke W, Mayeux R, Bird T. Genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer disease: joint practice guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Genet Med 2011; 13:597-605. [PMID: 21577118 PMCID: PMC3326653 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e31821d69b8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia. It occurs worldwide and affects all ethnic groups. The incidence of Alzheimer disease is increasing due, in part, to increased life expectancy and the aging baby boomer generation. The average lifetime risk of developing Alzheimer disease is 10-12%. This risk at least doubles with the presence of a first-degree relative with the disorder. Despite its limited utility, patients express concern over their risk and, in some instances, request testing. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that testing individuals for apolipoprotein E can be valuable and safe in certain contexts. However, because of the complicated genetic nature of the disorder, few clinicians are prepared to address the genetic risks of Alzheimer disease with their patients. Given the increased awareness in family history thanks to family history campaigns, the increasing incidence of Alzheimer disease, and the availability of direct to consumer testing, patient requests for information is increasing. This practice guideline provides clinicians with a framework for assessing their patients' genetic risk for Alzheimer disease, identifying which individuals may benefit from genetic testing, and providing the key elements of genetic counseling for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill S Goldman
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. [corrected]
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Jayadev S, Leverenz JB, Steinbart E, Stahl J, Klunk W, Yu CE, Bird TD. Alzheimer's disease phenotypes and genotypes associated with mutations in presenilin 2. Brain 2010; 133:1143-54. [PMID: 20375137 PMCID: PMC2850581 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awq033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin 2 are rare causes of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Eighteen presenilin 2 mutations have been reported, although not all have been confirmed pathogenic. Much remains to be learned about the range of phenotypes associated with these mutations. We have analysed our unique collection of 146 affected cases in 11 Volga German families, 101 who are likely to have the same N141I mutation in presenilin 2 (54 genotyped confirmed). We have also assessed the detailed neuropathologic findings in 18 autopsies from these families and reviewed the world's literature on other presenilin 2 mutations; presenting a novel mutation that is predicted to lead to a premature truncation codon. Seven presenilin 2 mutations reported in the literature have strong evidence for pathogenicity whereas others may be benign polymorphisms. One hundred and one affected persons, with sufficient historical information from the Volga German pedigrees (N141I mutation), had a mean onset age of 53.7 years+/-7.8 (range 39-75) and mean age at death of 64.2 years+/-9.8 (range 43-88). These figures overlap with and generally fall between the results from the subjects in our centre who have late onset familial Alzheimer's disease or mutations in presenilin 1. Seizures were noted in 20 (30%) of 64 subjects with detailed medical records. Two mutation carriers lived beyond age 80 without developing dementia, representing uncommon examples of decreased penetrance. Two persons had severe amyloid angiopathy and haemorrhagic stroke. Eighteen cases had detailed histopathology available and analysed at our institution. Braak stage was five or six, amyloid angiopathy and neuritic plaques were common and more than 75% had Lewy bodies in the amygdala. TAR DNA-binding protein-43 inclusions were uncommon. In addition, a 58-year-old female with a 2 year course of cognitive decline and no family history of dementia has abnormal fludeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging and a novel 2 base pair deletion in presenilin 2 at nucleotide 342/343, predicted to produce a frame-shift and premature termination. We conclude that mutations in presenilin 2 are rare with only seven being well documented in the literature. The best studied N141I mutation produces an Alzheimer's disease phenotype with a wide range of onset ages overlapping both early and late onset Alzheimer's disease, often associated with seizures, high penetrance and typical Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. A novel premature termination mutation supports loss of function or haploinsufficiency as pathogenic mechanisms in presenilin 2 associated Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Jayadev
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James B. Leverenz
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 2 Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Centre, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- 3 Parkinson Disease Research Education and Clinical Centre, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ellen Steinbart
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 4 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justin Stahl
- 5 Virginia Mason Clinic, Veterans Administration Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - William Klunk
- 6 Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cheng-En Yu
- 4 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- 4 Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centre, Seattle, WA, USA
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Rostagno A, Holton JL, Lashley T, Revesz T, Ghiso J. Cerebral amyloidosis: amyloid subunits, mutants and phenotypes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:581-600. [PMID: 19898742 PMCID: PMC3410709 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid diseases are part of a complex group of chronic and progressive entities bracketed together under the common denomination of protein folding disorders and characterized by the intra- and extracellular accumulation of fibrillar aggregates. Of the more than 25 unrelated proteins known to produce amyloidosis in humans only about a third of them are associated with cerebral deposits translating in cognitive deficits, dementia, stroke, cerebellar and extrapyramidal signs, or a combination thereof. The familial forms reviewed herein, although infrequent, provide unique paradigms to examine the role of amyloid in the mechanism of disease pathogenesis and to dissect the link between vascular and parenchymal amyloid deposition and their differential contribution to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rostagno
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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32
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Génétique de la maladie d’Alzheimer : formes autosomiques dominantes. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2009; 165:223-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Hayrapetyan V, Rybalchenko V, Rybalchenko N, Koulen P. The N-terminus of presenilin-2 increases single channel activity of brain ryanodine receptors through direct protein-protein interaction. Cell Calcium 2008; 44:507-18. [PMID: 18440065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2) form the catalytic core in gamma-secretase complexes and mutations in these proteins result in aberrant cleavage of amyloid precursor protein leading to accumulation of the beta-amyloid in the brain of familial Alzheimer Disease patients. PS2 possesses a hydrophilic cytoplasmic N-terminal domain (PS2 NTF1-87) dispensable for gamma-secretase activity with physiological functions yet to be determined. The effects of this soluble 87 amino acid fragment of mouse PS2 on single channel activity of mouse brain ryanodine receptors (RyR) were determined. PS2 NTF1-87 application to the cytoplasmic side of the RyR significantly increased single channel activity by favoring higher sublevel openings. The Ca(2+) activation and desensitization ranges for RyRs were unchanged. We demonstrate facilitation of RyR gating by PS2 NTF1-87, which might represent a general mechanism of RyR regulation by presenilins potentially prone to be affected by mutations or external stimuli contributing to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodya Hayrapetyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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Venezia V, Nizzari M, Carlo P, Corsaro A, Florio T, Russo C. Amyloid precursor protein and presenilin involvement in cell signaling. NEURODEGENER DIS 2007; 4:101-11. [PMID: 17596704 DOI: 10.1159/000101834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To date the most relevant role for the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and for the presenilins (PSs) on Alzheimer's disease (AD) genesis is linked to the 'amyloid hypothesis', which considers an aberrant formation of amyloid-beta peptides the cause of neurodegeneration. In this view, APP is merely a substrate, cleaved by the gamma-secretase complex to form toxic amyloid peptides, PSs are key players in gamma-secretase complex, and corollary or secondary events are Tau-linked pathology and gliosis. A second theory, complementary to the amyloid hypothesis, proposes that APP and PSs may modulate a yet unclear cell signal, the disruption of which may induce cell-cycle abnormalities, neuronal death, eventually amyloid formation and finally dementia. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of a complex network of proteins, with a clear relevance for signal transduction mechanisms, which interact with APP or PSs. In this scenario, the C-terminal domain of APP has a pivotal role due to the presence of the 682YENPTY687 motif that represents the docking site for multiple interacting proteins involved in cell signaling. In this review we discuss the significance of novel findings related to cell signaling events modulated by APP and PSs for AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venezia
- Department of Oncology, Biology and Genetics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Li D, Parks SB, Kushner JD, Nauman D, Burgess D, Ludwigsen S, Partain J, Nixon RR, Allen CN, Irwin RP, Jakobs PM, Litt M, Hershberger RE. Mutations of presenilin genes in dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure. Am J Hum Genet 2006; 79:1030-9. [PMID: 17186461 PMCID: PMC1698711 DOI: 10.1086/509900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Two common disorders of the elderly are heart failure and Alzheimer disease (AD). Heart failure usually results from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM of unknown cause in families has recently been shown to result from genetic disease, highlighting newly discovered disease mechanisms. AD is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease of older Americans. Familial AD is caused most commonly by presenilin 1 (PSEN1) or presenilin 2 (PSEN2) mutations, a discovery that has greatly advanced the field. The presenilins are also expressed in the heart and are critical to cardiac development. We hypothesized that mutations in presenilins may also be associated with DCM and that their discovery could provide new insight into the pathogenesis of DCM and heart failure. A total of 315 index patients with DCM were evaluated for sequence variation in PSEN1 and PSEN2. Families positive for mutations underwent additional clinical, genetic, and functional studies. A novel PSEN1 missense mutation (Asp333Gly) was identified in one family, and a single PSEN2 missense mutation (Ser130Leu) was found in two other families. Both mutations segregated with DCM and heart failure. The PSEN1 mutation was associated with complete penetrance and progressive disease that resulted in the necessity of cardiac transplantation or in death. The PSEN2 mutation showed partial penetrance, milder disease, and a more favorable prognosis. Calcium signaling was altered in cultured skin fibroblasts from PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutation carriers. These data indicate that PSEN1 and PSEN2 mutations are associated with DCM and heart failure and implicate novel mechanisms of myocardial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanxiang Li
- Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy Research Program, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Paterlini A, Missale C, Usardi A, Rossi R, Barbiero L, Spano P, Binetti G. Presenilin 2 mutations alter cystatin C trafficking in mouse primary neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 28:371-6. [PMID: 16545890 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2005] [Revised: 12/30/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin genes account for the majority of familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) cases. In the present report we demonstrated that the FAD-linked presenilin 2 mutations (PS2 M239I and T122R) alter cystatin C trafficking in mouse primary neurons reducing secretion of its glycosylated form. These mutations showed a different impact on cystatin C: PS2 T122R had a much stronger effect determining a dramatic intracellular accumulation of cystatin C (native and glycosylated), followed by a reduction in the secretion of both forms. Several experimental evidences suggest that cystatin C exerts a protective role in the brain and favors stem cells proliferation. Confocal imaging showed that the effect of PS2 T122R mutation was a massive recruitment of cystatin C into the neuronal processes, in the presence of an intact cytoskeletal structure. The consequent reduction in the cystatin C extracellular levels might result in a failure of neuroregeneration. Understanding the interplay of PS2 and cystatin C in the pathogenesis of AD might highlight new therapeutic prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ghidoni
- NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Centro S. Giovanni di Dio-FBF, AFaR, Brescia, Italy
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Giacomello M, Barbiero L, Zatti G, Squitti R, Binetti G, Pozzan T, Fasolato C, Ghidoni R, Pizzo P. Reduction of Ca2+ stores and capacitative Ca2+ entry is associated with the familial Alzheimer's disease presenilin-2 T122R mutation and anticipates the onset of dementia. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 18:638-48. [PMID: 15755689 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin genes PS1 and PS2, the major cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), are associated with alterations in Ca2+ signalling. In contrast to the majority of FAD-linked PS1 mutations, which cause an overload of intracellular Ca2+ pools, the FAD-linked PS2 mutation M239I reduces Ca2+ release from intracellular stores [Zatti, G., Ghidoni, R., Barbiero, L., Binetti, G., Pozzan, T., Fasolato, C., Pizzo, P., 2004. The presenilin 2 M239I mutation associated with Familial Alzheimer's Disease reduces Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Neurobiol. Dis. 15/2, 269-278]. We here show that in human FAD fibroblasts another PS2 mutation (T122R) reduces both Ca2+ release and capacitative Ca2+ entry. The observation, done in two monozygotic twins, is of note since only one of the subjects showed overt signs of disease at the time of biopsy whereas the other one developed the disease 3 years later. This finding indicates that Ca2+ dysregulation anticipates the onset of dementia. A similar Ca2+ alteration occurred in HeLa and HEK293 cells transiently expressing PS2-T122R. Based on these data, the "Ca2+ overload" hypothesis in AD pathogenesis is here discussed and reformulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Giacomello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo, 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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Finckh U, Kuschel C, Anagnostouli M, Patsouris E, Pantes GV, Gatzonis S, Kapaki E, Davaki P, Lamszus K, Stavrou D, Gal A. Novel mutations and repeated findings of mutations in familial Alzheimer disease. Neurogenetics 2005; 6:85-9. [PMID: 15776278 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-005-0211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one unrelated patients with a history of suspected familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) were screened for mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP, the known FAD genes encoding the presenilins (PS1 and PS2) and the amyloid precursor protein (APP). The mutation detection rate was 57%. Of the nine pathogenic mutations found in 12 cases, three were in APP, one in PSEN2, and five in PSEN1, including two novel Greek mutations (L113Q and N135S). Whereas our findings suggest the possibility of single founders for the majority of mutations, we found evidence of recurrence of the APP mutations V717L and V717I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Finckh
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Butenfeld 42, 22529 Hamburg, Germany.
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Avramopoulos D, Fallin MD, Bassett SS. Linkage to chromosome 14q in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients without psychotic symptoms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 132B:9-13. [PMID: 15389761 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cases of early onset AD have been attributed to three genes, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP, while the only gene consistently associated with late onset AD (LOAD) is APOE. Several genome scans have now been performed for LOAD with inconsistent findings in several genomic regions, possibly reflecting the underlying genetic heterogeneity. Many lines of evidence suggest that the absence or presence of psychotic symptoms, common in AD, might delineate distinct etiologic disease subtypes. We have performed a genome scan of 148 AD pedigrees (ages of onset more than 50 years) including the presence or absence of delusions and hallucinations as covariates. This approach identified linkage to a locus on chromosome 14q24.3, close to the PSEN1 locus (LOD score 3.91; genome-wide empirical P = 0.052), derived from individuals that do not have co-morbid hallucinations. The finding appears stronger (LOD score 5.74; genome-wide empirical P = 0.048) in families that include younger affected members (AAO between 50 and 65 years), however it is not present without the inclusion of the covariate and we observe no correlation between the presence of hallucinations and the age of onset. A mutation screen of PSEN1 did not detect any coding region or splice site mutations. This linkage finding suggests the presence of a gene causing AD without co-morbid hallucinations and with an earlier (yet not early) age at onset (AAO) in the 14q24 region. This region requires further study to replicate the finding and identify the genetic variant responsible for the linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- The Johns Hopkins University, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Meyer 4 Room 139, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Marcon G, Giaccone G, Cupidi C, Balestrieri M, Beltrami CA, Finato N, Bergonzi P, Sorbi S, Bugiani O, Tagliavini F. Neuropathological and clinical phenotype of an Italian Alzheimer family with M239V mutation of presenilin 2 gene. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:199-209. [PMID: 15055444 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 and 2 are 2 highly homologous genes involved in familial Alzheimer disease. While more than 100 mutations in presenilin 1 are known to segregate with the disease in familial Alzheimer disease, only 9 mutations of presenilin 2 have been identified to date. We report the clinical and neuropathological phenotype of FLO10, the large Italian Alzheimer kindred associated with methionine to valine substitution at residue 239 of presenilin 2. The patients showed a remarkable variability in age of onset of symptoms, disease duration, and clinical presentation. The neuropathological study of 2 patients revealed peculiar features in addition to neurofibrillary changes and A beta amyloid deposits in the neuropil and vessel wall. Ectopic neurons in the subcortical white matter, often containing neurofibrillary tangles, were found in both patients, one of whom presented with epilepsy. Furthermore, 1 patient showed an unusually high number of ghost tangles in the cerebral cortex. These observations indicate that the Alzheimer kindred FLO10 associated with M239V mutation of presenilin 2 is characterized by some peculiarities of the clinical and neuropathologic phenotype compared to sporadic Alzheimer disease.
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Zekanowski C, Styczyńska M, Pepłońska B, Gabryelewicz T, Religa D, Ilkowski J, Kijanowska-Haładyna B, Kotapka-Minc S, Mikkelsen S, Pfeffer A, Barczak A, Łuczywek E, Wasiak B, Chodakowska-Zebrowska M, Gustaw K, Łaczkowski J, Sobów T, Kuźnicki J, Barcikowska M. Mutations in presenilin 1, presenilin 2 and amyloid precursor protein genes in patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease in Poland. Exp Neurol 2004; 184:991-6. [PMID: 14769392 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2003] [Revised: 07/19/2003] [Accepted: 07/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in three causative genes have been identified in patients with an autosomal-dominant form of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). To determine the spectrum of mutations in a group consisting of 40 Polish patients with clinically diagnosed familial EOAD and 1 patient with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and family history of AD, we performed a screening for mutations in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes. Four previously recognized pathogenic mutations in PSEN1 gene (H163R, M139V) and APP gene (T714A, V715A), and three novel putative mutations in PSEN1 gene (P117R and I213F) and PSEN2 gene (Q228L) were identified. The 34 patients with no mutations detected were older than the patients with mutations. A frequency of APOE4 allele was higher in this group. Frequency of mutations is relatively low (17%), possibly due to used operational definition of a patient with familial EOAD (a patient having at least one relative with early-onset dementia). It could be concluded that screening for mutations in the three genes could be included in a diagnostic program directed at patients with a positive family history or age of onset before 55 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Zekanowski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. In the past decade, many advances in the understanding of the etiology of AD have been reported. Familial early onset AD is a heterogeneous disorder that can be caused by mutations in at least three different genes. Current studies are focused on identifying genetic risk factors for late onset AD. In this article, the authors will review the progress in understanding the pathogenic implications of the genes mutated in familial early onset AD and the mapping studies to identify additional genes involved in late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Pastor
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Zatti G, Ghidoni R, Barbiero L, Binetti G, Pozzan T, Fasolato C, Pizzo P. The presenilin 2 M239I mutation associated with familial Alzheimer's disease reduces Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 15:269-78. [PMID: 15006697 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2003] [Revised: 10/17/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilin (PS) genes account for the majority of the cases of the familial form of Alzheimer's disease (FAD). PS mutations have been correlated with both over-production of the amyloid-beta-42 (Abeta42) peptide and alterations of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. We here show, for the first time, the effect of the recently described PS2 FAD-associated M239I mutation on two major parameters of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis: the Ca(2+) storing capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the activation level of capacitative Ca(2+) entry (CCE), the Ca(2+) influx pathway activated by depletion of intracellular stores. Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores was significantly reduced in fibroblasts from FAD patients, compared to that found in cells from healthy individuals or patients affected by sporadic forms of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). No significant difference was however found in CCE between FAD and control fibroblasts. Similar results were obtained in two cell lines (HEK293 and HeLa) stably or transiently expressing the PS2 M239I mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Zatti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
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Lleó A, Berezovska O, Growdon JH, Hyman BT. Clinical, pathological, and biochemical spectrum of Alzheimer disease associated with PS-1 mutations. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004; 12:146-56. [PMID: 15010344 DOI: 10.1097/00019442-200403000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Three genes have been implicated in the etiology of early-onset autosomal-dominant Alzheimer disease (AD): the amyloid precursor protein, the presenilin-1, and presenilin-2 genes. Approximately half of autosomal-dominant AD cases are associated with mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene on the long arm of Chromosome 14. Marked allelic heterogeneity characterizes families with PS-1 gene mutations; more than 100 different mutations have been found in independent families thus far. With the exception of age at onset, the clinical phenotype is similar to late-onset AD, although some rare specific phenotypes have been described. These mutations lead to enhanced deposition of total Abeta and Abeta42 (but not Abeta40) in the brain, compared with sporadic AD. There is a considerable heterogeneity in the histological profiles among brains from patients with different mutations, and although some lead to predominantly parenchymal deposition of Abeta in the form of diffuse and cored plaques, others show predominantly vascular deposition, with severe amyloid angiopathy. Only some mutations are associated with enhanced neurofibrillary tangle formation and increased neuronal loss compared with sporadic AD. However, there is an important clinical and pathological variability even among family members with the same mutation, which suggests the involvement of other genetic or environmental factors that modulate the clinical expression of the disease. This represents a valuable model for identifying such factors and has potential implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for delaying disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Lleó
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Alzheimer Research Unit, Charleston, MA 02129, USA
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Binetti G, Signorini S, Squitti R, Alberici A, Benussi L, Cassetta E, Frisoni GB, Barbiero L, Feudatari E, Nicosia F, Testa C, Zanetti O, Gennarelli M, Perani D, Anchisi D, Ghidoni R, Rossini PM. Atypical dementia associated with a novel presenilin-2 mutation. Ann Neurol 2004; 54:832-6. [PMID: 14681895 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe an Italian pedigree with hereditary dementia associated with a novel T122R mutation in the presenilin-2 gene (PSEN2). The clinical history, symptom presentation, and structural neuroimaging were consistent with an atypical form of dementia. Disease expression varied within family members. One in a pair of mutated monozygotic twins had evident signs of disease, whereas the other did not, even if her functional neuroimaging investigations, cerebrospinal fluid levels of Abeta1-42, and Tau protein were able to provide markers for future disease development. These observations suggest the importance of still unknown biological and perhaps environmental factors in the disease determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Binetti
- Neurobiology Lab and Memory Clinic, IRCCS-Fatebenefratelli, via Pilastroni 4, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Howell WM, Brookes AJ. Evaluation of multiple presenilin 2 SNPs for association with early-onset sporadic Alzheimer disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 111:157-63. [PMID: 12210343 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The presenilin genes encode proteins that modify, mediate, or perform similar functions to gamma-secretase, the enzyme responsible for converting amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) into beta-amyloid. Mutations in the presenilin genes cause an increased production of Abeta42, the aberrant form of beta-amyloid found in the neural plaques of Alzheimer disease patients. Previously reported association studies of presenilin 2 (PSEN2) polymorphisms with early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) have produced contradictory results. In an effort to resolve these differences, we tested eight single nucleotide polymorphisms in and around the 3' region of the PSEN2 gene for association with EOAD. An initial set of Scottish EOAD cases (n = 121) and controls (n = 152) was screened using the genotyping method dynamic allele-specific hybridization (DASH). No significant differences were seen between allele or genotype frequencies of cases and controls. However, when conditioned on the risk allele (epsilon 4) APOE, three polymorphisms showed allelic association with a P value below 0.05. These same polymorphisms were in near 100% linkage disequilibrium with each other (P < 5 x 10(-5)), and in each, one of the homozygous genotypes was absent in controls but present in the cases. Replication in an independent set of Scottish EOAD cases (n = 84) and controls (n = 173) did not confirm this finding. From this study we find no evidence to suggest that variations in the PSEN2 gene pose as major risk factors for sporadic EOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mathias Howell
- Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ventriglia M, Bocchio Chiavetto L, Benussi L, Binetti G, Zanetti O, Riva MA, Gennarelli M. Association between the BDNF 196 A/G polymorphism and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2002; 7:136-7. [PMID: 11840305 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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