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Fellner A, Wali GM, Mahant N, Grosz BR, Ellis M, Narayanan RK, Ng K, Davis RL, Tchan MC, Kotschet K, Yeow D, Rudaks LI, Siow SF, Wali G, Yiannikas C, Hobbs M, Copty J, Geaghan M, Darveniza P, Liang C, Williams LJ, Chang FCF, Morales-Briceño H, Tisch S, Hayes M, Whyte S, Kummerfeld S, Kennerson ML, Cowley MJ, Fung VSC, Sue CM, Kumar KR. Genome sequencing reanalysis increases the diagnostic yield in dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 124:107010. [PMID: 38772265 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.107010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the contribution of genomic data reanalysis to the diagnostic yield of dystonia patients who remained undiagnosed after prior genome sequencing. METHODS Probands with heterogeneous dystonia phenotypes who underwent initial genome sequencing (GS) analysis in 2019 were included in the reanalysis, which was performed through gene-specific discovery collaborations and systematic genomic data reanalysis. RESULTS Initial GS analysis in 2019 (n = 111) identified a molecular diagnosis in 11.7 % (13/111) of cases. Reanalysis between 2020 and 2023 increased the diagnostic yield by 7.2 % (8/111); 3.6 % (4/111) through focused gene-specific clinical correlation collaborative efforts [VPS16 (two probands), AOPEP and POLG], and 3.6 % (4/111) by systematic reanalysis completed in 2023 [NUS1 (two probands) and DDX3X variants, and a microdeletion encompassing VPS16]. Seven of these patients had a high phenotype-based dystonia score ≥3. Notable unverified findings in four additional cases included suspicious variants of uncertain significance in FBXL4 and EIF2AK2, and potential phenotypic expansion associated with SLC2A1 and TREX1 variants. CONCLUSION GS data reanalysis increased the diagnostic yield from 11.7 % to 18.9 %, with potential extension up to 22.5 %. While optimal timing for diagnostic reanalysis remains to be determined, this study demonstrates that periodic re-interrogation of dystonia GS datasets can provide additional genetic diagnoses, which may have significant implications for patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi Fellner
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; The Neurogenetics Clinic, Raphael Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel.
| | | | - Neil Mahant
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Bianca R Grosz
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute SLHD, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Melina Ellis
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute SLHD, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Ramesh K Narayanan
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute SLHD, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Karl Ng
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan L Davis
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Michel C Tchan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Genetic Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Katya Kotschet
- Clinical Neurosciences, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dennis Yeow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura I Rudaks
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Sue-Faye Siow
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Genetics, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Gautam Wali
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Con Yiannikas
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Copty
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Geaghan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Darveniza
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Christina Liang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura J Williams
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Florence C F Chang
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hugo Morales-Briceño
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Tisch
- Department of Neurology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Hayes
- Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott Whyte
- Department of Neurology, Gosford Hospital, Gosford, Australia
| | - Sarah Kummerfeld
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute SLHD, Concord, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Children's Cancer Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Victor S C Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Northern Sydney Local Health District, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Sawada J, Katayama T, Tokashiki T, Kikuchi S, Kano K, Takahashi K, Saito T, Adachi Y, Okamoto Y, Yoshimura A, Takashima H, Hasebe N. The First Case of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 8 in Monozygotic Twins. Intern Med 2020; 59:277-283. [PMID: 31554751 PMCID: PMC7008061 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2905-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) is a rare hereditary cerebellar ataxia showing mainly pure cerebellar ataxia. We herein report cases of SCA8 in Japanese monozygotic twins that presented with nystagmus, dysarthria, and limb and truncal ataxia. Their ATXN8OS CTA/CTG repeats were 25/97. They showed similar manifestations, clinical courses, and cerebellar atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging. Some of their pedigrees had nystagmus but not ataxia. These are the first monozygotic twins with SCA8 to be reported anywhere in the world. Although not all subjects with the ATXN8OS CTG expansion develop cerebellar ataxia, these cases suggest the pathogenesis of ATXN8OS repeat expansions in hereditary cerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sawada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katayama
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Takashi Tokashiki
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Okinawa Hospital, Japan
| | - Shiori Kikuchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Kohei Kano
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Kae Takahashi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Saito
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Adachi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Matsue Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yuji Okamoto
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Akiko Yoshimura
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hasebe
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
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Genetic and clinical analyses of spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 in mainland China. J Neurol 2019; 266:2979-2986. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Vincent JB. Unstable repeat expansion in major psychiatric disorders: two decades on, is dynamic DNA back on the menu? Psychiatr Genet 2017; 26:156-65. [PMID: 27270050 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For a period in the mid-1990s, soon after the discovery of the involvement of trinucleotide repeat expansions in fragile-X syndrome (both A and E), Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, and a number of hereditary ataxias, there was a clear sense that this new disease mechanism might provide answers for psychiatric disorders. Given the then failures to replicate initial genetic linkage findings for schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), a greater emphasis was placed on the role of complex and non-Mendelian mechanisms, and repeat instability appeared to have the potential to provide adequate explanations for numerous apparently non-Mendelian features such as anticipation, incomplete penetrance, sporadic occurrence, and nonconcordance of monozygotic twins. Initial molecular studies using a ligation-based amplification method (repeat expansion detection) appeared to support the involvement of CAG•CTG repeat expansion in SCZ and BD. However, subsequent studies that dissected the large repeats responsible for much of the positive signal showed that there were three main loci where CAG•CTG repeat expansion was occurring (on 13q21.33, 17q21.33-q22, and 18q21.2). None of the expansions at these loci appeared to segregate with SCZ or BD, and research into repeat expansions in psychiatric illness petered out in the early 2000s. The 13q expansion occurs within a noncoding RNA and appears to be associated with spinocerebellar ataxia 8 (SCA8), but with a still unexplained dichotomy in penetrance - either very high or very low. The 17q expansion occurs within an intron of the carbonic anhydrase-like gene, CA10. The 18q expansion is located within an intron of the TCF4 gene. Mutations in TCF4 are a known cause of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. Also, pertinently, genome-wide association studies have shown a well-replicated association between TCF4 and SCZ. Two decades on, in 2016, it appears to be an appropriate juncture to reflect on what we have learned, and, with the arrival of newer technologies, whether there is any mileage to be made in revisiting the unstable DNA hypothesis for psychiatric illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Vincent
- aMolecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute bInstitute of Medical Science cDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Roda RH, Schindler AB, Blackstone C. SCA8 should not be tested in isolation for ataxia. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2017; 3:e150. [PMID: 28451643 PMCID: PMC5400807 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo H Roda
- Neuromuscular Medicine (R.H.R.), Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Neurogenetics Branch (R.H.R., A.B.S., C.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alice B Schindler
- Neuromuscular Medicine (R.H.R.), Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Neurogenetics Branch (R.H.R., A.B.S., C.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Neuromuscular Medicine (R.H.R.), Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and Neurogenetics Branch (R.H.R., A.B.S., C.B.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Mandrile G, Di Gregorio E, Goel H, Giachino D, De Mercanti S, Iudicello M, Rolando M, Losa S, De Marchi M, Brusco A. Heterozygous Deletion of KLHL1/ATX8OS at the SCA8 Locus Is Unlikely Associated With Cerebellar Impairment in Humans. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 15:208-12. [PMID: 25998497 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Mandrile
- Medical Genetics, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Gregorio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, Torino, 10126, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino University Hospital, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Himanshu Goel
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, Callaghan and Hunter Genetics, University of Newcastle, Waratah, NSW2308, Australia
| | - Daniela Giachino
- Medical Genetics, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
| | - Stefania De Mercanti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
- Neurology Division, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
| | - Marco Iudicello
- Neurology Division, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
| | - Marco Rolando
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3 di Collegno e Pinerolo, Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Collegno, 10093, Italy
| | - Sabrina Losa
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale TO3 di Collegno e Pinerolo, Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Collegno, 10093, Italy
| | - Mario De Marchi
- Medical Genetics, San Luigi Gonzaga University Hospital, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Orbassano, 10043, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, via Santena 19, Torino, 10126, Italy.
- Medical Genetics, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino University Hospital, Torino, 10126, Italy.
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8
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Kim JS, Son TO, Youn J, Ki CS, Cho JW. Non-Ataxic Phenotypes of SCA8 Mimicking Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson Disease. J Clin Neurol 2013; 9:274-9. [PMID: 24285970 PMCID: PMC3840139 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2013.9.4.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 8 (SCA8) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of untranslated CTA/CTG triplet repeats on 13q21. The phenomenology of SCA8 is relatively varied when compared to the other types of SCAs and its spectrum is not well established. Case Report Two newly detected cases of SCA8 with the nonataxic phenotype and unusual clinical manifestations such as dopaminergic-treatment-responsive parkinsonism and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are described herein. Family A expressed good dopaminergic treatment-responsive parkinsonism as an initial manifestation and developed mild cerebellar ataxia with additional movements, including dystonic gait and unusual oscillatory movement of the trunk, during the disease course. The proband of family B presented as probable ALS with cerebellar atrophy on brain MRI, with a positive family history (a brother with typical cerebellar ataxia) and genetic confirmation for SCA8. Conclusions Our findings support that the non-ataxic phenotypes could be caused by a mutation of the SCA8 locus which might affect neurons other than the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Miyawaki T, Sekiguchi K, Yasui N, Ueda T, Kanda F, Toda T. [A case of juvenile parkinsonism with expanded SCA8 CTA/CTG repeats]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2013; 53:278-282. [PMID: 23603541 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.53.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 31-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of progressive tremor and clumsiness in his limbs and trunk. His symptoms were started in the right leg then gradually spread to all extremities as well as his trunk for 2 years. Neurological examinations revealed muscle rigidity with resting tremor predominantly right limbs. Akinesia and retropulsion were positive. Neither pyramidal tract sign nor cerebellar ataxia was detected. Genetic testing showed the expansion of SCA8 CTA/CTG repeats as 28/141 repeats. Though moderate expansion (less than 92) of SCA8 repeats has been reported in healthy subjects and patients with various diseases, the extraordinary long expansion of CTA/CTG repeats in SCA8 gene in our patient could be significantly pathological. 600 mg/day of L-DOPA clearly improved his symptoms. Dedicate follow up of the clinical course of our patient and the accumulation of the further cases is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toko Miyawaki
- Division of Neurology/Molecular Brain Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine
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Ikeda Y, Ranum LPW, Day JW. Clinical and genetic features of spinocerebellar ataxia type 8. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:493-505. [PMID: 21827909 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Ikeda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Gupta A, Jankovic J. Spinocerebellar ataxia 8: variable phenotype and unique pathogenesis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009; 15:621-6. [PMID: 19559641 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia 8 (SCA8), a triplet repeat expansion disorder, is genetically distinct from the other inherited ataxias, but its unusually variable phenotype can make its diagnosis difficult. In this review we describe 3 new cases of genetically verified SCA8 to highlight the broad clinical spectrum of symptoms observed with this disorder and to draw attention to the features of myoclonus and migraine headaches, which in the context of cerebellar ataxia warrants the clinician to consider SCA8 as a potential diagnosis. We also address the controversy surrounding the genetic testing approach for diagnosing SCA8. Finally, we evaluate the evidence that SCA8 may affect calcium channel function and that the presentation of episodic ataxia and migraines suggests a clinical and pathogenic overlap of SCA8 with the channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitabh Gupta
- Department of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
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Ikeda Y, Daughters RS, Ranum LPW. Bidirectional expression of the SCA8 expansion mutation: one mutation, two genes. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 7:150-8. [PMID: 18418692 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) is a dominantly inherited, slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CTG.CAG repeat expansion located on chromosome 13q21. The expansion mutation was isolated directly from the DNA of a single patient using RAPID cloning and subsequently shown to co-segregate with disease in additional ataxia families including a seven-generation kindred (the MN-A family). The size-dependent penetrance of the repeat found in the large MN-A kindred makes it appear as though some parts of the family have a dominant disorder while other parts of this same family have recessive or sporadic forms of ataxia. While the linkage and size-dependent penetrance of the SCA8 CTG.CAG expansion in the MN-A family argue that the SCA8 expansion causes ataxia, the reduced penetrance in other SCA8 families and the discovery of expansions in the general population have led to a controversy surrounding whether or not the SCA8 expansion is pathogenic. A recently reported mouse model in which SCA8 BAC-expansion but not BAC-control lines develop a progressive neurological phenotype now demonstrates the pathogenicity of the (CTG.CAG)(n) expansion. These mice show a loss of cerebellar GABAergic inhibition and, similar to human patients, have 1C2-positive intranuclear inclusions in Purkinje cells and other neurons. Additional studies demonstrate that the SCA8 expansion is expressed in both directions (CUG and CAG) and that a novel gene expressed in the CAG direction encodes a pure polyglutamine expansion protein (ataxin 8, ATXN8). Moreover, the expression of non-coding (CUG)(n) expansion transcripts (ataxin 8 opposite strand, ATXN8OS) and the discovery of intranuclear polyglutamine inclusions suggest SCA8 pathogenesis may involve toxic gain-of-function mechanisms at both the protein and RNA levels. Our data, combined with the recently reported antisense transcripts spanning the DM1 repeat expansion in the CAG direction and the growing number of reports of antisense transcripts expressed throughout the mammalian genome, raises the possibility that bidirectional expression across pathogenic microsatellite expansions may occur in other expansion disorders, and that potential pathogenic effects of mutations expressed from both strands should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Ikeda
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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SCA8 repeat expansion: large CTA/CTG repeat alleles in neurological disorders and functional implications. Hum Genet 2009; 125:437-44. [PMID: 19229559 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) involves bidirectional expression of CUG (ATXN8OS) and CAG (ATXN8) expansion transcripts. The pathogenesis of SCA8 is complex and the spectrum of clinical presentations is broad. In the present study, we assessed the SCA8 repeat size ranges in Taiwanese Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and atypical parkinsonism and investigated the genetic variation modulating ATXN8 expression. Thirteen large SCA8 alleles and a novel ATXN8 -62 G/A promoter SNP were found. There is a significant difference in the proportion of the individuals carrying SCA8 larger alleles in atypical parkinsonism (P = 0.044) as compared to that in the control subjects. In lymphoblastoid cells carrying SCA8 large alleles, treatment of MG-132 or staurosporine significantly increases the cell death or caspase 3 activity. Although expressed at low steady-state, ATXN8 expression level is significantly higher (P = 0.012) in cells with SCA8 large alleles than that of the control cells. The ATXN8 transcriptional activity was significantly higher in the luciferase reporter construct containing the -62G allele than that containing the -62A allele in both neuroblastoma and embryonic kidney cells. Therefore, our preliminary results suggest that ATXN8 gene -62 G/A polymorphism may be functional in modulating ATXN8 expression.
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Chen IC, Lin HY, Lee GC, Kao SH, Chen CM, Wu YR, Hsieh-Li HM, Su MT, Lee-Chen GJ. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 larger triplet expansion alters histone modification and induces RNA foci. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:9. [PMID: 19203395 PMCID: PMC2647542 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) involves the expression of an expanded CTG/CAG combined repeats (CR) from opposite strands producing CUG expansion transcripts (ataxin 8 opposite strand, ATXN8OS) and a polyglutamine expansion protein (ataxin 8, ATXN8). The pathogenesis of SCA8 is complex and the spectrum of clinical presentations is broad. RESULTS Using stably induced cell models expressing 0, 23, 88 and 157 CR, we study the role of ATXN8OS transcripts in SCA8 pathogenesis. In the absence of doxycycline, the stable ATXN8OS CR cell lines exhibit low levels of ATXN8OS expression and a repeat length-related increase in staurosporine sensitivity and in the number of annexin positive cells. A repeat length-dependent repression of ATXN8OS expression was also notable. Addition of doxycycline leads to 25 approximately 50 times more ATXN8OS RNA expression with a repeat length-dependent increase in fold of ATXN8OS RNA induction. ChIP-PCR assay using anti-dimethyl-histone H3-K9 and anti-acetyl-histone H3-K14 antibodies revealed increased H3-K9 dimethylation and reduced H3-K14 acetylation around the ATXN8OS cDNA gene in 157 CR line. The repeat length-dependent increase in induction fold is probably due to the increased RNA stability as demonstrated by monitoring ATXN8OS RNA decay in cells treated with the transcriptional inhibitor, actinomycin D. In cells stably expressing ATXN8OS, RNA FISH experiments further revealed ribonuclear foci formation in cells carrying expanded 88 and 157 CR. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that the expanded CUG-repeat tracts are toxic to human cells and may affect ATXN8OS RNA expression and stability through epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Cheng Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yuan Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Ghin-Chueh Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huan Kao
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang-Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei 105, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Su
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Jen Lee-Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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15
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Munhoz RP, Teive HA, Raskin S, Werneck LC. CTA/CTG expansions at the SCA 8 locus in multiple system atrophy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008; 111:208-10. [PMID: 18980793 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA 8) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia with additional features, such as upper motor neuron signs, urinary incontinence and dysphagia. From a clinical standpoint, SCA 8 and the cerebellar form of multiple system atrophy (MSA-C) share several common features. METHODS We studied the presence of expanded SCA 8 alleles in 10 sporadic patients with probable MSA-C. RESULTS We found 1 patient with a heterozygous CTA/CTG repeat expansion in the pathological range. Clinically this subject presented no features that differed from the other subjects carrying smaller repeat sizes. CONCLUSIONS We believe that the association of SCA 8 repeat expansions with sporadic, atypical and heterogeneous phenotypes is debatable and should be interpreted with caution. Our personal conclusion is that testing in such patients may become a source of diagnostic confusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato P Munhoz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de Clínicas, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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16
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SCA8 mRNA expression suggests an antisense regulation of KLHL1 and correlates to SCA8 pathology. Brain Res 2008; 1233:176-84. [PMID: 18708037 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of inherited neurodegenerative diseases are known to be caused by the expansion of unstable trinucleotide repeat tracts. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) has been identified as being partly caused by a CTG expansion in an untranslated, endogenous antisense RNA that overlaps the Kelch-like 1 (KLHL1) gene. Clinically, SCA8 patients show similar features to those with the other SCAs, including limb and truncal ataxia, ataxic dysarthria and horizontal nystagmus, all of which are signs of dysfunction of the cerebellar system. However, allele sizes within the SCA8 proposed pathogenic range have been reported in patients with ataxia of unknown etiology, in individuals from pedigrees with other SCA or Friedreich's ataxia, and in patients with Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia or parkinsonism. These observations suggest that mutation of the SCA8 locus might affect neurons other than the cerebellum. Antisense transcripts are known to regulate complementary sense transcripts and are involved in several biologic functions, such as development, adaptive response, and viral infection. In order to test whether SCA8 affects the KLHL1 expression by antisense RNA in brain cells, we examined the expression pattern of KLHL1 and SCA8 in human tissues and in mouse brain regions. SCA8 expression was colocalized with KLHL1 transcript in many brain regions whose functions are correlated to the clinical symptoms of SCA8 patients. These findings lead to the hypothesis of a possible relevance that SCA8 transcript downregulates KLHL1 expression through an antisense mechanism, which then leads to SCA8 neuropathogenesis.
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17
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He Y, Zu T, Benzow KA, Orr HT, Clark HB, Koob MD. Targeted deletion of a single Sca8 ataxia locus allele in mice causes abnormal gait, progressive loss of motor coordination, and Purkinje cell dendritic deficits. J Neurosci 2006; 26:9975-82. [PMID: 17005861 PMCID: PMC6674467 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2595-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) patients typically have a slowly progressive, adult-onset ataxia. SCA8 is dominantly inherited and is caused by large CTG repeat expansions in the untranslated antisense RNA of the Kelch-like 1 gene (KLHL1), but the molecular mechanism through which this expansion leads to disease is still unknown. To more fully characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in SCA8, we developed a mouse model in which Klhl1 is deleted in either all tissues or is deleted specifically in Purkinje cells only. We found that mice that are either homozygous or heterozygous for the Klhl1 deletion have significant gait abnormalities at an early age and develop a significant loss of motor coordination by 24 weeks of age. This loss progresses more rapidly in homozygous knock-outs. Mice with Klhl1 specifically deleted in only Purkinje cells had a loss of motor coordination that was almost identical to the total-tissue deletion mice. Finally, we found significant Purkinje cell dendritic deficits, as measured by the thickness of the molecular layer, in all mice in which Klhl1 was deleted (both total and Purkinje cell-specific deletions) and an intermediate reduction in molecular layer thickness in mice with reduced levels of Klhl1 expression (heterozygous deletions). The results from this mouse model show that even a partial loss of Klhl1 function leads to degeneration of Purkinje cell function and indicates that loss of KLHL1 activity is likely to play a significant part in the underlying pathophysiology of SCA8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungui He
- Institute of Human Genetics
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Tao Zu
- Institute of Human Genetics
| | - Kellie A. Benzow
- Institute of Human Genetics
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Harry T. Orr
- Institute of Human Genetics
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - H. Brent Clark
- Institute of Human Genetics
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, and
- Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael D. Koob
- Institute of Human Genetics
- Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, and
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18
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Moseley ML, Zu T, Ikeda Y, Gao W, Mosemiller AK, Daughters RS, Chen G, Weatherspoon MR, Clark HB, Ebner TJ, Day JW, Ranum LPW. Bidirectional expression of CUG and CAG expansion transcripts and intranuclear polyglutamine inclusions in spinocerebellar ataxia type 8. Nat Genet 2006; 38:758-69. [PMID: 16804541 DOI: 10.1038/ng1827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that a (CTG)n expansion causes spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8), a slowly progressive ataxia with reduced penetrance. We now report a transgenic mouse model in which the full-length human SCA8 mutation is transcribed using its endogenous promoter. (CTG)116 expansion, but not (CTG)11 control lines, develop a progressive neurological phenotype with in vivo imaging showing reduced cerebellar-cortical inhibition. 1C2-positive intranuclear inclusions in cerebellar Purkinje and brainstem neurons in SCA8 expansion mice and human SCA8 autopsy tissue result from translation of a polyglutamine protein, encoded on a previously unidentified antiparallel transcript (ataxin 8, ATXN8) spanning the repeat in the CAG direction. The neurological phenotype in SCA8 BAC expansion but not BAC control lines demonstrates the pathogenicity of the (CTG-CAG)n expansion. Moreover, the expression of noncoding (CUG)n expansion transcripts (ataxin 8 opposite strand, ATXN8OS) and the discovery of intranuclear polyglutamine inclusions suggests SCA8 pathogenesis involves toxic gain-of-function mechanisms at both the protein and RNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda L Moseley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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19
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Munhoz RP, Teive HA, Raskin S, Troiano AR. Atypical parkinsonism and SCA8. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2006; 12:191-2. [PMID: 16368257 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 10/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Lilja A, Hämäläinen P, Kaitaranta E, Rinne R. Cognitive impairment in spinocerebellar ataxia type 8. J Neurol Sci 2005; 237:31-8. [PMID: 15958266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Only a limited number of studies have investigated the cognitive performances of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) patients. In none of the SCA8 studies have the neuropsychological test performances been the primary measures. The objective of the current study was to investigate the characteristics of cognitive deficits in SCA8. METHODS Ten SCA8 patients and ten case-by-case matched control subjects underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological examination evaluating attention and information processing, concept formation, reasoning and executive functions, verbal production, memory and learning and visuoperceptual and -constructive functions. RESULTS SCA8 patients demonstrated deficits primarily in attention and information processing, as well as in concept formation, reasoning, executive functions and verbal production. Visuoperceptual and -constructive functions, as well as most of the performances of memory were unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive impairments, especially those related to attention, information processing and executive functions, seem to be a clinical feature of SCA8 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arja Lilja
- Masku Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, P.O. Box 15, FIN-21251 Masku, Finland.
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21
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Felling RJ, Barron TF. Early onset of ataxia in a child with a pathogenic SCA8 allele. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 33:136-8. [PMID: 16087061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 01/08/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This case report describes a child with an expanded CTA/CTG repeat in one allele of the spinocerebellar ataxia 8 gene. This patient presented with ataxia at a much earlier age than is typical for patients with this condition. This unique patient further highlights the complexity of the role that this molecular defect plays in the onset and course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Felling
- Penn State University College of Medicine, Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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22
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Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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23
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Factor SA, Qian J, Lava NS, Hubbard JD, Payami H. False-positive SCA8 gene test in a patient with pathologically proven multiple system atrophy. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:462-3. [PMID: 15732096 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Corral J, Genís D, Banchs I, San Nicolás H, Armstrong J, Volpini V. Giant SCA8 alleles in nine children whose mother has two moderately large ones. Ann Neurol 2005; 57:549-53. [PMID: 15786481 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report here a family in which each of nine children has inherited giant SCA8 CTG expansions from a homozygous mother who has two moderately large SCA8 CTG alleles. In contrast, three homozygous male individuals and a case of coexistence of two expansions of the FRDA gene and one of SCA8, all of them with moderately large alleles, have transmitted their respective SCA8 expanded alleles with minor changes, as usually occurs in heterozygous male transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Corral
- Centre de Genètica Mèdica i Molecular-Institut de Recerca Oncològica-IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Ikeda Y, Dalton JC, Moseley ML, Gardner KL, Bird TD, Ashizawa T, Seltzer WK, Pandolfo M, Milunsky A, Potter NT, Shoji M, Vincent JB, Day JW, Ranum LPW. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8: molecular genetic comparisons and haplotype analysis of 37 families with ataxia. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:3-16. [PMID: 15152344 PMCID: PMC1182005 DOI: 10.1086/422014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported elsewhere that an untranslated CTG expansion causes the dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8). SCA8 shows a complex inheritance pattern with extremes of incomplete penetrance, in which often only one or two affected individuals are found in a given family. SCA8 expansions have also been found in control chromosomes, indicating that separate genetic or environmental factors increase disease penetrance among SCA8-expansion-carrying patients with ataxia. We describe the molecular genetic features and disease penetrance of 37 different families with SCA8 ataxia from the United States, Canada, Japan, and Mexico. Haplotype analysis using 17 STR markers spanning an approximately 1-Mb region was performed on the families with ataxia, on a group of expansion carriers in the general population, and on psychiatric patients, to clarify the genetic basis of the reduced penetrance and to investigate whether CTG expansions among different populations share a common ancestral background. Two major ancestrally related haplotypes (A and A') were found among white families with ataxia, normal controls, and patients with major psychosis, indicating a common ancestral origin of both pathogenic and nonpathogenic SCA8 expansions among whites. Two additional and distinct haplotypes were found among a group of Japanese families with ataxia (haplotype B) and a Mexican family with ataxia (haplotype C). Our finding that SCA8 expansions on three independently arising haplotypes are found among patients with ataxia and cosegregate with ataxia when multiple family members are affected further supports the direct role of the CTG expansion in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Ikeda
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Joline C. Dalton
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Melinda L. Moseley
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Kathy L. Gardner
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - William K. Seltzer
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Massimo Pandolfo
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Aubrey Milunsky
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Nicholas T. Potter
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Mikio Shoji
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - John B. Vincent
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - John W. Day
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
| | - Laura P. W. Ranum
- Institute of Human Genetics and Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development and Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Veterans Administration Hospital Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston; Athena Diagnostics, Worcester, MA; Department of Neurology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels Free University, Brussels; Center for Human Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tennessee Medical Center, Knoxville, TN; Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Biophysical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan; and Neurogenetics Section, The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto
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Zeman A, Stone J, Porteous M, Burns E, Barron L, Warner J. Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 in Scotland: genetic and clinical features in seven unrelated cases and a review of published reports. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:459-65. [PMID: 14966165 PMCID: PMC1738991 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.018895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish whether the DNA expansion linked to spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA 8) is associated with ataxia in Scotland; to clarify the range of associated clinical phenotypes; and to compare the findings with previous reports. METHODS DNA was screened from 1190 anonymised controls, 137 subjects who had tested negative for Huntington's disease, 176 with schizophrenia, and 173 with undiagnosed ataxia. Five unrelated ataxic patients with the SCA 8 expansion and a sixth identified subsequently had clinical and psychometric assessment; the clinical features were available in a seventh. A systematic search for other reports of SCA 8 was undertaken. RESULTS Over 98% of SCA 8 CTA/CTG repeat lengths fell between 14 and 40. Repeat lengths over 91 were observed in three healthy controls (0.12%), two patients with suspected Huntington's disease (0.73%), and six ataxic subjects (1.74%; p<0.0005 v healthy controls). Repeat lengths over 100 occurred in five ataxic subjects but in only one control. All seven symptomatic subjects with the SCA 8 expansion had a cerebellar syndrome; four had upper motor neurone signs; and 5/6 assessed had cognitive complaints. There was personality change in two and mood disturbance in three. In published reports, SCA 8 repeat lengths over 91 occurred in approximately 0.5% of the healthy population but were over-represented among ataxic patients (3.4%; p<0.0001). The predominant clinical phenotype was cerebellar, with pyramidal signs in 50%, and neuropsychiatric features in some cases. CONCLUSIONS SCA 8 expansion is a risk factor for a cerebellar syndrome, often associated with upper motor neurone and neuropsychiatric features. The expansion occurs unexpectedly often in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zeman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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Wu YR, Lin HY, Chen CM, Gwinn-Hardy K, Ro LS, Wang YC, Li SH, Hwang JC, Fang K, Hsieh-Li HM, Li ML, Tung LC, Su MT, Lu KT, Lee-Chen GJ. Genetic testing in spinocerebellar ataxia in Taiwan: expansions of trinucleotide repeats in SCA8 and SCA17 are associated with typical Parkinson's disease. Clin Genet 2004; 65:209-14. [PMID: 14756671 DOI: 10.1111/j.0009-9163.2004.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA tests in normal subjects and patients with ataxia and Parkinson's disease (PD) were carried out to assess the frequency of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) and to document the distribution of SCA mutations underlying ethnic Chinese in Taiwan. MJD/SCA3 (46%) was the most common autosomal dominant SCA in the Taiwanese cohort, followed by SCA6 (18%) and SCA1 (3%). No expansions of SCA types 2, 10, 12, or dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) were detected. The clinical phenotypes of these affected SCA patients were very heterogeneous. All of them showed clinical symptoms of cerebellar ataxia, with or without other associated features. The frequencies of large normal alleles are closely associated with the prevalence of SCA1, SCA2, MJD/SCA3, SCA6, and DRPLA among Taiwanese, Japanese, and Caucasians. Interestingly, abnormal expansions of SCA8 and SCA17 genes were detected in patients with PD. The clinical presentation for these patients is typical of idiopathic PD with the following characteristics: late onset of disease, resting tremor in the limbs, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a good response to levodopa. This study appears to be the first report describing the PD phenotype in association with an expanded allele in the TATA-binding protein gene and suggests that SCA8 may also be a cause of typical PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Wu
- Second Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review covers recent developments in inherited ataxias. The discovery of new loci and genes has led to improved understanding of the breadth and epidemiology of inherited ataxias. This has resulted also in more rational classification schemes. Research on identified loci has begun to yield insights into the pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration in these diseases. RECENT FINDINGS There are a plethora of inherited ataxias due to a variety of mutational mechanisms involving numerous loci. While ataxia and other aspects of cerebellar dysfunction are the core features of these diseases, rational classification has been impeded by the simultaneous variety of associated clinical features and considerable overlap in clinical features among diseases involving different loci. Inherited ataxias can be classified according to mode of inheritance and mechanism of mutations. Dominantly inherited ataxias (spinocerebellar ataxias) are one major group of ataxias. Spinocerebellar ataxias can be subdivided into expanded exonic CAG repeat (polyglutamine; polyQ) disorders, dominantly inherited ataxias with mutations in non-coding regions, and dominantly inherited ataxias with chromosomal localizations but unidentified loci. Another group of dominantly inherited ataxias are episodic ataxias due to ion channel mutations. Recessive ataxias constitute a more heterogeneous group due to loss-of-function effects in numerous loci. A number of these loci have now been identified. Progress has been made in investigating the pathogenesis of neuronal dysfunction/neurodegeneration in several inherited ataxias. Convergent evidence suggests that transcriptional dysregulation is an important component of neurodegeneration in polyQ disorders. Mitochondrial dysfunction is central to pathogenesis of the most common recessive ataxia, Friedreich ataxia. SUMMARY Mapping of additional ataxia loci and identification of novel ataxia genes continues unabated. Genetic classification enables typology of inherited ataxias. Identification of the affected loci and the mutational mechanisms has allowed the first glimmers of understanding of the pathogenesis of several inherited ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Schöls L, Bauer I, Zühlke C, Schulte T, Kölmel C, Bürk K, Topka H, Bauer P, Przuntek H, Riess O. Do CTG expansions at the SCA8 locus cause ataxia? Ann Neurol 2003; 54:110-5. [PMID: 12838526 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the significance of expanded CTG repeats at the SCA8 locus, we analyzed the allele distribution in 1,262 German ataxia patients. We found intermediate and expanded CTG repeats with similar frequencies in ataxia patients with and without established genetic diseases. One family linked to the SCA8 locus showed incomplete penetrance and an association of smaller CTG repeats with more severe disease. Our data question the disease-causing character of CTG expansions for SCA8 and advise great caution in genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
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Izumi Y, Maruyama H, Oda M, Morino H, Okada T, Ito H, Sasaki I, Tanaka H, Komure O, Udaka F, Nakamura S, Kawakami H. SCA8 repeat expansion: large CTA/CTG repeat alleles are more common in ataxic patients, including those with SCA6. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:704-9. [PMID: 12545428 PMCID: PMC1180244 DOI: 10.1086/367775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2002] [Accepted: 11/25/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the SCA8 CTA/CTG repeat in a large group of Japanese subjects. The frequency of large alleles (85-399 CTA/CTG repeats) was 1.9% in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), 0.4% in Parkinson disease, 0.3% in Alzheimer disease, and 0% in a healthy control group; the frequency was significantly higher in the group with SCA than in the control group. Homozygotes for large alleles were observed only in the group with SCA. In five patients with SCA from two families, a large SCA8 CTA/CTG repeat and a large SCA6 CAG repeat coexisted. Age at onset was correlated with SCA8 repeats rather than SCA6 repeats in these five patients. In one of these families, at least one patient showed only a large SCA8 CTA/CTG repeat allele, with no large SCA6 CAG repeat allele. We speculate that the presence of a large SCA8 CTA/CTG repeat allele influences the function of channels such as alpha(1A)-voltage-dependent calcium channel through changing or aberrant splicing, resulting in the development of cerebellar ataxia, especially in homozygous patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuishin Izumi
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Masaya Oda
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Hiroyuki Morino
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Takayuki Okada
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Hidefumi Ito
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Iwao Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Hiroyasu Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Osamu Komure
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Fukashi Udaka
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Shigenobu Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
| | - Hideshi Kawakami
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Hiroshima; Department of Neurology, Kitano Hospital, Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, and Department of Neurology, Sumitomo Hospital, Osaka; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kagawa Medical University, Kagawa, Japan; Third Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan; Department of Neurology, Utano National Hospital, Kyoto
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Andrés AM, Soldevila M, Saitou N, Volpini V, Calafell F, Bertranpetit J. Understanding the dynamics of Spinocerebellar Ataxia 8 (SCA8) locus through a comparative genetic approach in humans and apes. Neurosci Lett 2003; 336:143-6. [PMID: 12505613 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar Ataxia 8 (SCA8) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a trinucleotide repeat. We undertake a comparative genetic analysis among human populations and primate species in the normal variation range, where forces that shaped present diversity can be recognised. We determinate number of repeats of the short tandem repeat through allele length sizing and sequencing methods. Human allele distributions are very similar among populations, ruling out ethnicity as a genetic risk for allele expansion. Primate comparison shows human-specific features, with longer human alleles due to a novel variable trinucleotide repeat, not present in non-human primates, which increased the disease-causing expansion likelihood. SCA8 seems to be a human specific disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Andrés
- Unitat de Biologia Evolutiva, Facultat de Ciències de la Salut i de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr Aiguader 80, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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van Swieten JC, Brusse E, de Graaf BM, Krieger E, van de Graaf R, de Koning I, Maat-Kievit A, Leegwater P, Dooijes D, Oostra BA, Heutink P. A mutation in the fibroblast growth factor 14 gene is associated with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia [corrected]. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 72:191-9. [PMID: 12489043 PMCID: PMC378625 DOI: 10.1086/345488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2002] [Accepted: 10/08/2002] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders for which >/=14 different genetic loci have been identified. In some SCA types, expanded tri- or pentanucleotide repeats have been identified, and the length of these expansions correlates with the age at onset and with the severity of the clinical phenotype. In several other SCA types, no genetic defect has yet been identified. We describe a large, three-generation family with early-onset tremor, dyskinesia, and slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, not associated with any of the known SCA loci, and a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14) gene on chromosome 13q34. Our observations are in accordance with the occurrence of ataxia and paroxysmal dyskinesia in Fgf14-knockout mice. As indicated by protein modeling, the amino acid change from phenylalanine to serine at position 145 is predicted to reduce the stability of the protein. The present FGF14 mutation represents a novel gene defect involved in the neurodegeneration of cerebellum and basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Topisirovic I, Dragasevic N, Savic D, Ristic A, Keckarevic M, Keckarevic D, Culjkovic B, Petrovic I, Romac S, Kostic VS. Genetic and clinical analysis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 repeat expansion in Yugoslavia. Clin Genet 2002; 62:321-4. [PMID: 12372061 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8) is a slowly progressive ataxia causally associated with untranslated CTG repeat expansion on chromosome 13q21. However, the role of the CTG repeat in SCA8 pathology is not yet well understood. Therefore, we studied the length of the SCA8 CTA/CTG expansions (combined repeats, CRs) in 115 patients with ataxia, 64 unrelated individuals with non-triplet neuromuscular diseases, 70 unrelated patients with schizophrenia, and 125 healthy controls. Only one patient with apparently sporadic ataxia was identified with an expansion of 100 CRs. He had inherited the expansion from his asymptomatic father (140 CRs) and transmitted the mutation to his son (92 CRs). Paternal transmission in this family produced contractions of 40 and 8 CRs, respectively. None of the subjects from other studied groups had an expansion at the SCA8 locus. In the control group the number of CRs at the SCA8 locus ranged from 14 to 34. Our findings support the notion that allelic variants of the expansion mutation at the SCA8 locus can predispose to ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Topisirovic
- PCR Center, Faculty for Biology, Institute of Neurology CCS, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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Paulson HL. Diagnostic testing in neurogenetics. Principles, limitations, and ethical considerations. Neurol Clin 2002; 20:627-43, v. [PMID: 12432824 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8619(02)00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetics has emphatically entered the practice of neurology. The last decade witnessed the discovery of the genetic basis of many diseases that primarily affect the nervous system. In areas such as neuromuscular and movement disorders, genetic testing has become a routine part of diagnostic testing. In areas like epilepsy, genetic advances likely will lead to new testing for certain patients. In dementia, the existence of a common predisposing genetic factor (apolipoprotein E) has already raised complex issues such as the appropriateness of genetic testing in specific clinical situations--issues that neurologists will confront more in the future. This article reviews basic principles of genetic testing, its application to neurology, and some limitations and ethical issues confronting the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa School of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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