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Wang Y, Wu D, Li D, Zhou X, Fan D, Pan J. The role of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway in sevoflurane induced neuroapoptosis and cognitive dysfunction in aged mice. Cell Signal 2023; 110:110841. [PMID: 37549858 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common surgical complication that causes additional pain in patients and affects their quality of life. To address this problem, emerging studies have focused on the POCD. Recent studies have shown that aging and anesthetic exposure are the two major risk factors for developing POCD. However, few reports described the exact molecular mechanisms underlying POCD in elderly patients. In the previous studies, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus were associated with inducing POCD; however, no further information on the related signaling pathways could be disclosed. The PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway is identified as the main regulatory pathway involved in ER stress and cell apoptosis. Therefore, we assume that the occurrence of POCD induced by sevoflurane inhalation may potentially result from ER stress and neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus of aged mice mediated by the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway. In our study, we found a relationship between sevoflurane inhalation concentration and memory decline in aged mice, with a 'ceiling effect'. We have confirmed that POCD induced by sevoflurane results from ER stress and neuroapoptosis in the hippocampus of aged mice, which is regulated by the over-expression of PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway. Furthermore, we also showed that the dephosphorylation inhibitor of eIF2α (salubrinal) could down-regulate PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway expression to inhibit ER stress and enhance the cognitive function of aged mice. In general, our study has elucidated one of the molecular mechanisms of sevoflurane-related cognitive dysfunction in aged groups and provided new strategies for treating sevoflurane-induced POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China; Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, PR China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR China
| | - Xueer Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China; Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dan Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu 610072, PR China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, PR China.
| | - Jian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China; Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, PR China.
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Melatonin reduces the endoplasmic reticulum stress and polyubiquitinated protein accumulation induced by repeated anesthesia exposure in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5783. [PMID: 35388108 PMCID: PMC8986834 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been linked to anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity, but melatonin seems to play a protective role against ER stress. Synchronized Caenorhabditis elegans were exposed to isoflurane during the developmental period; melatonin treatment was used to evaluate its role in preventing the defective unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). The induced expression of hsp-4::GFP by isoflurane was attenuated in the isoflurane-melatonin group. Isoflurane upregulated the expression of ire-1, whereas melatonin did not induce ire-1 expression in C. elegans even after isoflurane exposure. With luzindole treatment, the effect of melatonin on the level of ire-1 was significantly attenuated. The reduced expression of sel-1, sel-11, cdc-48.1, and cdc-48.2 due to isoflurane was restored by melatonin, although not up to the level of the control group. The amount of polyubiquitinated proteins was increased in the isoflurane group; however, melatonin suppressed its accumulation, which was significantly inhibited by a proteasome inhibitor, MG132. The chemotaxis index of the isoflurane-melatonin group was improved compared with the isoflurane group. Melatonin may be a potential preventive molecule against defective UPR and ERAD caused by repeated anesthesia exposure. The ire-1 branch of the UPR and ERAD pathways can be the target of melatonin to reduce anesthesia-induced ER stress.
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Guan PP, Cao LL, Yang Y, Wang P. Calcium Ions Aggravate Alzheimer's Disease Through the Aberrant Activation of Neuronal Networks, Leading to Synaptic and Cognitive Deficits. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:757515. [PMID: 34924952 PMCID: PMC8674839 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.757515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the production and deposition of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, leading to the formation of β-amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Although calcium ions (Ca2+) promote the formation of APs and NFTs, no systematic review of the mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the development and progression of AD has been published. Therefore, the current review aimed to fill the gaps between elevated Ca2+ levels and the pathogenesis of AD. Specifically, we mainly focus on the molecular mechanisms by which Ca2+ affects the neuronal networks of neuroinflammation, neuronal injury, neurogenesis, neurotoxicity, neuroprotection, and autophagy. Furthermore, the roles of Ca2+ transporters located in the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria and lysosome in mediating the effects of Ca2+ on activating neuronal networks that ultimately contribute to the development and progression of AD are discussed. Finally, the drug candidates derived from herbs used as food or seasoning in Chinese daily life are summarized to provide a theoretical basis for improving the clinical treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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Liu P, Gao Q, Guan L, Sheng W, Hu Y, Gao T, Jiang J, Xu Y, Qiao H, Xue X, Liu S, Li T. Atorvastatin Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Activation of ROS-p38MAPK/ATF2 Pathway, Neuronal Degeneration, and Cognitive Impairment of the Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:620946. [PMID: 33519423 PMCID: PMC7840608 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.620946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane, a widely used volatile anesthetic, induces neuronal apoptosis and memory impairments in various animal models. However, the potential mechanisms and effective pharmacologic agents are still not fully understood. The p38MAPK/ATF-2 pathway has been proved to regulate neuronal cell survival and inflammation. Besides, atorvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, exerts neuroprotective effects. Thus, this study aimed to explore the influence of atorvastatin on isoflurane-induced neurodegeneration and underlying mechanisms. Aged C57BL/6 mice (20 months old) were exposed to isoflurane (1.5%) anesthesia for 6 h. Atorvastatin (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg body weight) was administered to the mice for 7 days. Atorvastatin attenuated the isoflurane-induced generation of ROS and apoptosis. Western blotting revealed a decrease in cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression in line with ROS levels. Furthermore, atorvastatin ameliorated the isoflurane-induced activation of p38MAPK/ATF-2 signaling. In a cellular study, we proved that isoflurane could induce oxidative stress and inflammation by activating the p38MAPK/ATF-2 pathway in BV-2 microglia cells. In addition, SB203580, a selected p38MAPK inhibitor, inhibited the isoflurane-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The results implied that p38MAPK/ATF-2 was a potential target for the treatment of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Quansheng Gao
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weixuan Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanting Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Qiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sanhong Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzuo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Zhu X, Yao Y, Guo M, Li J, Yang P, Xu H, Lin D. Sevoflurane increases intracellular calcium to induce mitochondrial injury and neuroapoptosis. Toxicol Lett 2021; 336:11-20. [PMID: 33171207 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane is commonly used in clinical anesthesia. However, some reports indicated that Sevoflurane could induce mitochondrial injury and neuroapoptosis. Although the mechanism remains unclear, evidence points to the increase of intracellular calcium after administration of Sevoflurane. Herein, we sought whether the increment of intracellular Ca2+ caused by Sevoflurane administration could induce mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in primary neurons of the hippocampus. Fluo-4-acetoxymethyl ester Ca2+ probe was used for measuring intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. LDH assay, CCK-8 assay, and Western blotting were performed to confirm Sevoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis. ROS, mPTP, and ATP production were assayed to reveal mitochondrial injury. Our results indicated that Sevoflurane increased intracellular Ca2+ and neuronal death. Sevoflurane also elevated ROS and the opening of mPTP, and decreased ATP production in neurons. The expression of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were also increased. By using calcium channel blocker Nimodipine, the increase of intracellular Ca2+ was attenuated, and the death rate of neurons, the ROS and opening of mPTP, decreased ATP production, the expressions of cytochrome c, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 were alleviated. Our study suggested that Sevoflurane could increase intracellular Ca2+ to induce mitochondrial injury and mitochondria-mediated neuroapoptosis in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yiyi Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Mingyan Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Pengfeng Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Daowei Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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Isoflurane Exposure in Juvenile Caenorhabditis elegans Causes Persistent Changes in Neuron Dynamics. Anesthesiology 2020; 133:569-582. [PMID: 32452864 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal studies demonstrate that anesthetic exposure during neurodevelopment can lead to persistent behavioral impairment. The changes in neuronal function underlying these effects are incompletely understood. Caenorhabditis elegans is well suited for functional imaging of postanesthetic effects on neuronal activity. This study aimed to examine such effects within the neurocircuitry underlying C. elegans locomotion. METHODS C. elegans were exposed to 8% isoflurane for 3 h during the neurodevelopmentally critical L1 larval stage. Locomotion was assessed during early and late adulthood. Spontaneous activity was measured within the locomotion command interneuron circuitry using confocal and light-sheet microscopy of the calcium-sensitive fluorophore GCaMP6s. RESULTS C. elegans exposed to isoflurane demonstrated attenuation in spontaneous reversal behavior, persisting throughout the animal's lifespan (reversals/min: untreated early adulthood, 1.14 ± 0.42, vs. isoflurane-exposed early adulthood, 0.83 ± 0.55; untreated late adulthood, 1.75 ± 0.64, vs. isoflurane-exposed late adulthood, 1.14 ± 0.68; P = 0.001 and 0.006, respectively; n > 50 animal tracks/condition). Likewise, isoflurane exposure altered activity dynamics in the command interneuron AVA, which mediates crawling reversals. The rate at which AVA transitions between activity states was found to be increased. These anesthetic-induced effects were more pronounced with age (off-to-on activity state transition time (s): untreated early adulthood, 2.5 ± 1.2, vs. isoflurane-exposed early adulthood, 1.9 ± 1.3; untreated late adulthood, 4.6 ± 3.0, vs. isoflurane-exposed late adulthood, 3.0 ± 2.4; P = 0.028 and 0.008, respectively; n > 35 traces acquired from more than 15 animals/condition). Comparable effects were observed throughout the command interneuron circuitry, indicating that isoflurane exposure alters transition rates between behavioral crawling states of the system overall. These effects were modulated by loss-of-function mutations within the FoxO transcription factor daf-16 and by rapamycin-mediated mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Altered locomotive behavior and activity dynamics indicate a persistent effect on interneuron dynamics and circuit function in C. elegansafter developmental exposure to isoflurane. These effects are modulated by a loss of daf-16 or mTOR activity, consistent with a pathologic activation of stress-response pathways.
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Yang F, Zhao H, Zhang K, Wu X, Liu H. Research progress and treatment strategies for anesthetic neurotoxicity. Brain Res Bull 2020; 164:37-44. [PMID: 32798600 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Every year, a large number of infants and young children worldwide are administered general anesthesia. Whether general anesthesia adversely affects the intellectual development and cognitive function of children at a later date remains controversial. Many animal experiments have shown that general anesthetics can cause nerve damage during development, affect synaptic plasticity, and induce apoptosis, and finally affect learning and memory function in adulthood. The neurotoxicity of pediatric anesthetics (PAN) has received extensive attention in the field of anesthesia, which has been listed as a potential problem affecting public health by NFDA of the United States. Previous studies on rodents and non-human primates indicate that inhalation of anesthetics early after birth can induce long-term and sustained impairment of learning and memory function, as well as changes in brain function. Many anti-oxidant drugs, dexmedetomidine, as well as a rich living environment and exercise have been proven to reduce the neurotoxicity of anesthetics. In this paper, we summarize the research progress, molecular mechanisms and current intervention measures of anesthetic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Hai Zhao
- Clinical Skills Center, Shenyang Medical College, Huanghe Street 146, Shenyang, 110034, China.
| | - Kaiyuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Xiuying Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Sanhao Street 36, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Chen B, Liu Y, Cai Y, Tang D, Xu S, Gao P, Yu W, Jiao Y, Li W. Hippocampus is more vulnerable to neural damages induced by repeated sevoflurane exposure in the second trimester than other brain areas. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:864-874. [PMID: 32515467 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the rapidly developing and sensitive period of the central nervous system (CNS), a harmful stimulus may have serious consequences. The effect of anesthetic exposure on the development of the offspring's CNS during pregnancy is still unclear and has been widely concerned. In the present study, we compared the susceptibility of the hippocampus with those of other brain regions in offsprings when the mother mice were exposed to repeated sevoflurane. We found that other than affecting motor sensation, emotion, or social behavior of offspring mice, repeated sevoflurane exposure induced significant memory deficiency. Compared with other brain regions, the hippocampus, which is the key component of the brain serving for learning and memory, was more vulnerable to repeated sevoflurane exposure. We also found that repeated sevoflurane exposure to mother mice could inhibit the axon development of hippocampal neurons. We also predicted that N6-methyladenosine modification of mRNA might play an essential role in the vulnerability of the hippocampus to sevoflurane, while the underlying cellular mechanism needs to be explored in the future. Our study may provide a new perspective for studying the mechanism of hippocampus-specific injury induced by sevoflurane exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yirong Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Saihong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Po Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yingfu Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wenxian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
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Schiffman HJ, Olufs ZPG, Lasarev MR, Wassarman DA, Perouansky M. Ageing and genetic background influence anaesthetic effects in a D. melanogaster model of blunt trauma with brain injury †. Br J Anaesth 2020; 125:77-86. [PMID: 32466842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND General anaesthetics interact with the pathophysiological mechanisms of traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used a Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) model to test the hypothesis that ageing and genetic background modulate the effect of anaesthetics and hyperoxia on TBI-induced mortality in the context of blunt trauma. METHODS We exposed flies to isoflurane or sevoflurane under normoxic or hyperoxic conditions and TBI, and subsequently quantified the effect on mortality 24 h after injury. To determine the effect of age on anaesthetic-induced mortality, we analysed flies at 1-8 and 43-50 days old. To determine the effect of genetic background, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis on a collection of young inbred, fully sequenced lines. RESULTS Exposure to anaesthetics and hyperoxia differentially affected mortality in young and old flies. Pre-exposure of young but not old flies to anaesthetics reduced mortality. Post-exposure selectively increased mortality. For old but not young flies, hyperoxia enhanced the effect on mortality of post-exposure to isoflurane but not to sevoflurane. Post-exposure to isoflurane in hyperoxia increased the mortality of young fly lines in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel collection to different extents. GWAS analysis of these data identified single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in cell water regulation and oxygen sensing as being associated with the post-exposure effect on mortality. CONCLUSIONS Ageing and genetic background influence the effects of volatile general anaesthetics and hyperoxia on mortality in the context of traumatic brain injury. Polymorphisms in specific genes are identified as potential causes of ageing and genetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David A Wassarman
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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MicroRNA-325-3p prevents sevoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment by inhibiting Nupr1 and C/EBPβ/IGFBP5 signaling in rats. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5209-5220. [PMID: 32191629 PMCID: PMC7138556 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal apoptosis contributes to neurotoxicity observed after sevoflurane exposure. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the resulting learning and memory impairments remains unknown. Here, we investigated the roles of miR-325-3p and Nupr1 in sevoflurane-induced learning and memory impairments in neonatal rats and HCN-2 human cortical neuronal cells. We found that in both neonatal rats and HCN-2 cells, sevoflurane exposure impairs learning and memory in neonatal rats and increases expression of Nupr1, the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker proteins C/EBPβ and IGFBP5, and the apoptosis-related protein markers cleaved-Caspase-3 and Bax. Using bioinformatics tools to identify microRNAs that bind to Nupr1, we found that miR-325-3p is downregulated in hippocampal neurons exposed to sevoflurane. Moreover, Nupr1 knockdown and miR-325-3p overexpression improved the rats’ performance in learning and memory tests and reduced sevoflurane-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that miR-325-3p blocks sevoflurane-induced learning and memory impairments by inhibiting Nupr1 and the downstream C/EBPβ/IGFBP5 signaling axis in neonatal rats. MiR-325-3p may therefore be a useful therapeutic target in sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.
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Xu ZD, Wang Y, Liang G, Liu ZQ, Ma WH, Chu CT, Wei HF. Propofol affects mouse embryonic fibroblast survival and proliferation in vitro via ATG5- and calcium-dependent regulation of autophagy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:303-310. [PMID: 31645660 PMCID: PMC7471456 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic agent, which has been found to affect cell survival and proliferation especially in early life. Our previous studies show that propofol-induced neurodegeneration and neurogenesis are closely associated with cell autophagy. In the present study we explored the roles of autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) in propofol-induced autophagy in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) in vitro. We showed that ATG5 was functionally related to propofol-induced cell survival and damage: propofol significantly enhanced cell survival and proliferation at a clinically relevant dose (10 µM), but caused cell death at an extremely high concentration (200 µM) in ATG5−/− MEF, but not in WT cells. The dual effects found in ATG5−/− MEF could be blocked by intracellular Ca2+ channel antagonists. We also found that propofol evoked a moderate (promote cell growth) and extremely high (cause apoptosis) cytosolic Ca2+ elevation at the concentrations of 10 µM and 200 µM, respectively, only in ATG5−/− MEF. In addition, ATG5−/− MEF themselves released more Ca2+ in cytosolic space and endoplasmic reticulum compared with WT cells, suggesting that autophagy deficiency made intracellular calcium signaling more vulnerable to external stimuli (propofol). Altogether, our results reveal that ATG5 plays a crucial role in propofol regulation of cell survival and proliferation by affecting intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Downregulation of CDK5 Restores Sevoflurane-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction by Promoting SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 40:955-965. [PMID: 31950315 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00786-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have found that use of traditional anesthetics may lead to cognitive impairment of the immature brain. Our previous studies verified that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) plays a role in sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction. Autophagy was shown to protect against anesthesia-induced nerve injury. Therefore, the current study aimed to ascertain if autophagy participates in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, primary hippocampal neurons were isolated and utilized for experiments in vitro. We also performed in vivo experiments with 6-day-old wild-type mice treated with or without roscovitine (Rosc, a CDK5 inhibitor) or 3-methyladenine (3-Ma, an autophagy inhibitor) after exposure to sevoflurane. We used the Morris water maze to analyze cognitive function. Immunohistochemical staining was used to assess pathologic changes in the hippocampus. The results showed that suppressing CDK5 reversed sevoflurane-induced nerve cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro and demonstrated that inhibits CDK5 activation promoted Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) expression, which functions importantly in induced autophagy activation. Suppression of Sirt1 expression inhibited the protective effect of Rosc on sevoflurane-induced nerve injury by inhibiting autophagy activation. Our in vivo experiments also found that pretreatment with 3-Ma attenuated the protective effect of Rosc on sevoflurane-induced nerve injury and cognitive dysfunction. We conclude that inhibits CDK5 activation restored sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by promoting Sirt1-mediated autophagy.
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Conflicting Actions of Inhalational Anesthetics, Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection, Mediated by the Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020450. [PMID: 31936788 PMCID: PMC7013687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that exposure of the developing brain to inhalational anesthetics can cause neurotoxicity. However, other studies have claimed that anesthetics can exert neuroprotective effects. We investigated the mechanisms associated with the neurotoxic and neuroprotective effects exerted by inhalational anesthetics. Neuroblastoma cells were exposed to sevoflurane and then cultured in 1% oxygen. We evaluated the expression of proteins related to the unfolded protein response (UPR). Next, we exposed adult mice in which binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) had been mutated, and wild-type mice, to sevoflurane, and evaluated their cognitive function. We compared our results to those from our previous study in which mice were exposed to sevoflurane at the fetal stage. Pre-exposure to sevoflurane reduced the expression of CHOP in neuroblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia. Anesthetic pre-exposure also significantly improved the cognitive function of adult wild-type mice, but not the mutant mice. In contrast, mice exposed to anesthetics during the fetal stage showed cognitive impairment. Our data indicate that exposure to inhalational anesthetics causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and subsequently leads to an adaptive response, the UPR. This response may enhance the capacity of cells to adapt to injuries and improve neuronal function in adult mice, but not in developing mice.
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Kokubun H, Jin H, Aoe T. Pathogenic Effects of Impaired Retrieval between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225614. [PMID: 31717602 PMCID: PMC6888596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular activities, such as growth and secretion, are dependent on correct protein folding and intracellular protein transport. Injury, like ischemia, malnutrition, and invasion of toxic substances, affect the folding environment in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER senses this information, following which cells adapt their response to varied situations through the unfolded protein response. Activation of the KDEL receptor, resulting from the secretion from the ER of chaperones containing the KDEL sequence, plays an important role in this adaptation. The KDEL receptor was initially shown to be necessary for the retention of KDEL sequence-containing proteins in the ER. However, it has become clear that the activated KDEL receptor also regulates bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi complex, as well as from the Golgi to the secretory pathway. In addition, it has been suggested that the signal for KDEL receptor activation may also affect several other cellular activities. In this review, we discuss KDEL receptor-mediated bidirectional transport and signaling and describe disease models and human diseases related to KDEL receptor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kokubun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hisayo Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Aoe
- Department of Medicine, Pain Center, Chiba Medical Center, Teikyo University, Ichihara 299-0111, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-436-62-1211
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Zhou R, Li X, Li L, Zhang H. Theaflavins alleviate sevoflurane-induced neurocytotoxicity via Nrf2 signaling pathway. Int J Neurosci 2019; 130:1-8. [PMID: 31518514 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2019.1667788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Sevoflurane could induce apoptosis of rat hippocampal neurons, while theaflavins (TFs) have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to explore whether TFs could alleviate sevoflurane-induced neuronal cell injury.Materials and methods: Cells were treated by concentration gradient of sevoflurane and TFs. Cell viability, level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis rate were determined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry, respectively. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blot were performed to determine mRNA and protein expressions.Results: TFs promoted viability of cells under the treatment of sevoflurane, while it suppressed apoptosis and down-regulated ROS level in a concentration-dependent manner. TFs could also down-regulate expression levels of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and cytosol and intranuclear nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in rat hippocampal nerve cells, while it up-regulated those of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NADPH quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) and peroxiredoxin 1 (Prx1).Conclusions: Our study suggests that TFs exert protective effects on sevoflurane-induced neurocytotoxicity and therefore could be used as a potential drug for treatment of neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongsheng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of the Second Anesthesia, The Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of the Second Anesthesia, The Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Sevoflurane induces cognitive impairment in young mice via autophagy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216372. [PMID: 31107909 PMCID: PMC6527218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anesthesia may induce neurotoxicity and neurocognitive impairment in young mice. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely to be determined. Meanwhile, autophagy is involved in brain development and contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. We, therefore, set out to determine the effects of sevoflurane on autophagy in the hippocampus of young mice and on cognitive function in the mice. Methods Six day-old mice received 3% sevoflurane, for two hours daily, on postnatal days (P) 6, 7 and 8. We then decapitated the mice and harvested the hippocampus of the young mice at P8. The level of LC3, the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, and SQSTM1/p62 level associated with the autophagy in the hippocampus of the mice were assessed by using Western blotting. We used different groups of mice for behavioral testing via the Morris Water Maze from P31 to P37. Results The anesthetic sevoflurane increased the level of LC3-II and ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I, decreased the p62 level in the hippocampus of the young mice, and induced cognitive impairment in the mice. 3-Methyladenine, the inhibitor of autophagy, attenuated the activation of autophagy and ameliorated the cognitive impairment induced by sevoflurane in the young mice. Conclusion These data showed that sevoflurane anesthesia might induce cognitive impairment in the young mice via activation of autophagy in the hippocampus of the young mice. These findings from the proof of concept studies have established a system and suggest the role of autophagy in anesthesia neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment in the young mice, pending further investigation.
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Liu B, Ou G, Chen Y, Zhang J. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B protects against sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity mediated by ER stress in developing brain. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:28-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Zhang LM, Zhang DX. The Dual Neuroprotective-Neurotoxic Effects of Sevoflurane After Hemorrhagic Shock Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 235:591-599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Liu RZ, Li T, Zhao GQ. Cytosolic HMGB1 Mediates Autophagy Activation in an Emulsified Isoflurane Anesthesia Cell Model. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:1090-1100. [PMID: 30712242 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation anesthetic isoflurane may cause an increased risk of cognitive impairment. Previous studies have indicated that this cognitive decline is associated with neuroinflammation mediated by high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). HMGB1 is released from cells and acts as a damage-associated molecule in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effect of intracellular HMGB1 during emulsified isoflurane (EI) exposure is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of autophagy on neuroprotection, evaluate variation of HMGB1, and determine its role in autophagic flux after EI exposure in vitro. We observed that EI decreased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by an increase in autophagic flux. EI exposure also elevates the HMGB1 level in cytoplasm. Further, cytosolic HMGB1 was necessary for autophagy by perturbing the beclin1-Bcl-2 interaction. Most importantly, autophagy induction by rapamycin alleviated EI-provoked cell injury, and HMGB1 knockdown induced autophagy inhibition, which exacerbated cell damage. Based on these findings, we propose that autophagic flux is sustained and upregulated in response to EI exposure by increased cytosolic HMGB1, and that autophagy activation serves as a protective mechanism against EI-induced cytotoxicity. Thus, the complex roles of HMGB1 make it pivotal in reducing EI-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Zhu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Rd, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Rd, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No.126, Xiantai Rd, Changchun, 130000, China.
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Shan Y, Yang F, Tang Z, Bi C, Sun S, Zhang Y, Liu H. Dexmedetomidine Ameliorates the Neurotoxicity of Sevoflurane on the Immature Brain Through the BMP/SMAD Signaling Pathway. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:964. [PMID: 30618586 PMCID: PMC6304752 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that general anesthetics might damage the nervous system, thus, the effect of general anesthetics on the developing brain has attracted much attention. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) exhibits a certain neuroprotective effect, but the mechanism is obscure. In our study, pregnant rats on gestational day 20 (G20) were exposed to 3% sevoflurane for 2 h or 4 h, and the neuronal apoptosis in hippocampal CA1 region of the offspring rats was detected by quantification of TUNEL positive cells and cleaved-caspase3 (cl-caspase3). Different doses of Dex were intraperitoneally injected before sevoflurane anesthesia; then, the expression of apoptotic-related proteins including BCL-2, BAX and cl-caspase3 as well as amyloid precursor protein (APP, a marker of axonal injury), p-CRMP-2 and CRMP-2 were measured at postnatal days 0, 1and 3 (P0, P1, and P3, respectively). As an antagonist of the bone morphgenetic proteins (BMP) receptor, DMH1 was co-administered with sevoflurane plus Dex to investigate whether BMP/SMAD is associated with the neuroprotective effects of Dex. The results showed that prenatal sevoflurane anesthesia for 4 h activated apoptosis transiently, as manifested by the caspase3 activity peaked on P1 and disappeared on P3. In addition, the expressions of APP and p-CRMP-2/CRMP-2 in postnatal rat hippocampus were significantly increased, which revealed that prenatal sevoflurane anesthesia caused axonal injury of offspring. The long-term learning and memory ability of offspring rats was also impaired after prenatal sevoflurane anesthesia. These damaging effects of sevoflurane could be mitigated by Dex and DMH1 reversed the neuroprotective effect of Dex. Our results indicated that prenatal exposure to 3% sevoflurane for 4 h increased apoptosis and axonal injury, even caused long-term learning and memory dysfunction in the offspring rats. Dex dose-dependently reduced sevoflurane- anesthesia-induced the neurotoxicity by activating the BMP/SMAD signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Congjie Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shiwei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongfang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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21
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Jin H, Komita M, Aoe T. Decreased Protein Quality Control Promotes the Cognitive Dysfunction Associated With Aging and Environmental Insults. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:753. [PMID: 30443201 PMCID: PMC6221900 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most neurodegenerative diseases are sporadic and develop with age. Degenerative neural tissues often contain intra- and extracellular protein aggregates, suggesting that the proteostasis network that combats protein misfolding could be dysfunctional in the setting of neurodegenerative disease. Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone that is crucial for protein folding and modulating the adaptive response in early secretory pathways. The interaction between BiP and unfolded proteins is mediated by the substrate-binding domain and nucleotide-binding domain with ATPase activity. The interaction facilitates protein folding and maturation. BiP has a recovery motif at the carboxyl terminus. The aim of this study is to examine cognitive function in model mice with an impaired proteostasis network by expressing a mutant form of BiP lacking the recovery motif. We also investigated if impairments of cognitive function were exacerbated by exposure to environmental insults, such as inhaled anesthetics. Methods: We examined cognitive function by performing radial maze testing with mutant BiP mice and assessed the additional impact of general anesthesia in the context of proteostasis dysfunction. Testing over 8 days was performed 10 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after birth. Results: Age-related cognitive decline occurred in both forms of mice. The mutant BiP and anesthetic exposure promoted cognitive dysfunction prior to the senile period. After senescence, when mice were tested at 6 months of age and at 1 year old, there were no significant differences between the two genotypes in terms of the radial maze testing; furthermore, there was no significant difference when tested with and without anesthetic exposure. Conclusion: Our data suggest that aging was the predominant factor underlying the impairment of cognitive function in this study. Impairment of the proteostasis network may promote age-related neurodegeneration, and this is exacerbated by external insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mari Komita
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Ichihara, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Aoe
- Department of Medicine, Pain Center, Chiba Medical Center, Teikyo University, Ichihara, Japan
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Gui Y, Li A, Zhang J, Li G, Ruan X, Guo Q, Zou W. α-Asarone Alleviated Chronic Constriction Injury–Induced Neuropathic Pain Through Inhibition of Spinal Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in an Liver X Receptor–Dependent Manner. Anesth Analg 2018; 127:775-783. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000002792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Coghlan M, Richards E, Shaik S, Rossi P, Vanama RB, Ahmadi S, Petroz C, Crawford M, Maynes JT. Inhalational Anesthetics Induce Neuronal Protein Aggregation and Affect ER Trafficking. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5275. [PMID: 29588456 PMCID: PMC5869676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic agents have been implicated in the causation of neurological and cognitive deficits after surgery, the exacerbation of chronic neurodegenerative disease, and were recently reported to promote the onset of the neurologic respiratory disease Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS), related to misfolding of the transcription factor Phox2B. To study how anesthetic agents could affect neuronal function through alterations to protein folding, we created neuronal cell models emulating the graded disease severity of CCHS. We found that the gas anesthetic isoflurane and the opiate morphine potentiated aggregation and mislocalization of Phox2B variants, similar to that seen in CCHS, and observed transcript and protein level changes consistent with activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response. Attenuation of ER stress pathways did not result in a correction of Phox2B misfolding, indicating a primary effect of isoflurane on protein structure. We also observed that isoflurane hindered the folding and activity of proteins that rely heavily on ER function, like the CFTR channel. Our results show how anesthetic drugs can alter protein folding and induce ER stress, indicating a mechanism by which these agents may affect neuronal function after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Coghlan
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Richards
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sadiq Shaik
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pablo Rossi
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ramesh Babu Vanama
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Saumel Ahmadi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christelle Petroz
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mark Crawford
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. .,Program in Molecular Medicine, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
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Zhu G, Tao L, Wang R, Xue Y, Wang X, Yang S, Sun X, Gao G, Mao Z, Yang Q. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates distinct impacts of sevoflurane on different subfields of immature hippocampus. J Neurochem 2017; 142:272-285. [PMID: 28444766 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane, a typical inhaled anesthetic, is widely used in patients of all ages during surgery. The negative effects, such as inducing cell death and damaging spatial memory, of sevoflurane on neurodevelopment have raised increasing concerns in recent years. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study focused on the crucial role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in sevoflurane-induced hippocampal injury. Three-week-old rats were exposed to sevoflurane or control air for 5 h with or without ER stress inhibitor (4-phenylbutyric acid, 4-PBA) injection. The hippocampus was harvested to measure the ER stress sensors by western immunoblotting. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling staining was used to detect cell apoptosis and electrophysiology was used to measure the intrinsic excitability of neurons in hippocampus. We measured learning and memory ability by Morris water maze tests 5 weeks after sevoflurane exposure. Interestingly, persistent sevoflurane exposure significantly increased the levels of ER stress sensors in hippocampus. But it resulted in different effects in CA1 and dentate gyrus. Greatly increased caspase-12-mediated apoptotic cells, which were proved to be the neural stem cells, were detected in the dentate gyrus. Meanwhile, CA1 pyramidal neurons exhibited significantly reduced intrinsic excitability. Furthermore, the administration of ER stress inhibitor attenuated the above mentioned detrimental effects evidently and prevented the following relevant learning and memory deficits. In conclusion, sevoflurane-mediated ER stress performs distinct effects on the different subfields of the immature hippocampus and inhibiting ER stress during sevoflurane anesthesia will be a potential method to prevent the following learning and memory deficits in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ronglin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaosong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guodong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zixu Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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The genetics of isoflurane-induced developmental neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 60:40-49. [PMID: 27989695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurotoxicity induced by early developmental exposure to volatile anesthetics is a characteristic of organisms across a wide range of species, extending from the nematode C. elegans to mammals. Prevention of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity (AIN) will rely upon an understanding of its underlying mechanisms. However, no forward genetic screens have been undertaken to identify the critical pathways affected in AIN. By characterizing such pathways, we may identify mechanisms to eliminate isoflurane induced AIN in mammals. METHODS Chemotaxis in adult C. elegans after larval exposure to isoflurane was used to measure AIN. We initially compared changes in chemotaxis indices between classical mutants known to affect nervous system development adding mutants in response to data. Activation of specific genes was visualized using fluorescent markers. Animals were then treated with rapamycin or preconditioned with isoflurane to test effects on AIN. RESULTS Forty-four mutations, as well as pharmacologic manipulations, identified two pathways, highly conserved from invertebrates to humans, that regulate AIN in C. elegans. Activation of one stress-protective pathway (DAF-2 dependent) eliminates AIN, while activation of a second stress-responsive pathway (endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associated stress) causes AIN. Pharmacologic inhibition of the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) blocks ER-stress and AIN. Preconditioning with isoflurane prior to larval exposure also inhibited AIN. DISCUSSION Our data are best explained by a model in which isoflurane acutely inhibits mitochondrial function causing activation of responses that ultimately lead to ER-stress. The neurotoxic effect of isoflurane can be completely prevented by manipulations at multiple points in the pathways that control this response. Endogenous signaling pathways can be recruited to protect organisms from the neurotoxic effects of isoflurane.
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Liu B, Xia J, Chen Y, Zhang J. Sevoflurane-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Contributes to Neuroapoptosis and BACE-1 Expression in the Developing Brain: The Role of eIF2α. Neurotox Res 2016; 31:218-229. [PMID: 27682474 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal exposure to volatile anesthetics causes apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain, possibly leading to neurocognitive deficits in adulthood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress might be associated with sevoflurane (sevo)-induced neuroapoptosis. However, the signaling pathway regulating sevo-induced neuroapoptosis is not understood. We investigated the effects of neonatal sevo exposure on ER signaling pathway activation. Seven-day-old mouse pups were divided into control (C) and sevo (S; 3 % sevo exposure, 6 h) groups. ER stress marker [protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CHOP, and caspase-12] levels were determined by western blotting. To understand the role of eIF2α in sevo-induced ER stress and caspase-3 activation, pups were pretreated with an eIF2α dephosphorylation inhibitor, salubrinal, and a potent and selective inhibitor of PERK, GSK2656157, before sevo exposure, and the effects on ER stress signaling and neuroapoptosis were examined. We investigated whether neonatal exposure to sevo increased β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) expression. Neonatal sevo exposure elevated caspase-3 activation. ER stress signaling was activated, along with increased PERK and eIF2α phosphorylation, and upregulation of proapoptotic proteins (ATF4 and CHOP) in the cerebral cortex of the developing brain. Pretreatment with salubrinal augmented sevo-induced eIF2α phosphorylation, which inhibited ER stress-mediated ATF4 and caspase-3 activation. Inhibition of PERK phosphorylation due to GSK2656157 pretreatment reduced the sevo-induced increase in eIF2α phosphorylation. Sevo increased BACE-1 expression, which was attenuated by GSK2656157 and salubrinal pretreatment. Our data suggested that neonatal sevo exposure-induced neuroapoptosis is mediated via the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP axis of the ER stress signaling pathway. Modulation of eIF2α phosphorylation may play a key role in sevo-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Jin'an District, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Junming Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Jin'an District, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Jin'an District, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, No. 12 Wulumuqi Middle Road, Jin'an District, Shanghai, 200040, People's Republic of China.
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Wang W, Lu R, Feng DY, Zhang H. Sevoflurane Inhibits Glutamate-Aspartate Transporter and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Expression in Hippocampal Astrocytes of Neonatal Rats Through the Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) Pathway. Anesth Analg 2016; 123:93-102. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zhou YF, Wang QX, Zhou HY, Chen G. Autophagy activation prevents sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity in H4 human neuroglioma cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:580-8. [PMID: 27041458 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The inhaled anesthetic sevoflurane may induce cognitive impairment in both animals and humans. Previous study has shown that sevoflurane triggers ER stress and may lead to apoptosis in rat hippocampal neurons. In this study, we examined whether sevoflurane caused autophagy and its contributions to sevoflurane induced neuronal cell injury. METHODS H4 human neuroglioma cells were exposed to 4.1% sevoflurane for 6 h. Cell viability and apoptosis ratio were assessed using a CCK8 kit and flow cytometry, respectively. Autophagosomes in the cells were detected using GFP-LC3 plasmid transfection or transmission electronic microscopy. The expression of LC3B, p62/SQSTM, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and glucose-related protein 78 (GRP78) was assessed with Western blotting. RESULTS Sevoflurane treatment induced apoptosis and markedly increased the LC3-II level and GFP-LC3 puncta number, decreased p62 expression in H4 cells. Activation of autophagy by rapamycin (1 μmol/L) significantly reduced sevoflurane-induced apoptosis and increased cell viability, whereas inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA (5 mmol/L) caused the opposite effects. Furthermore, sevoflurane treatment markedly increased the expression of CHOP and GRP78, two hallmark proteins of ER stress. Inhibition of ER stress by 4-phenylbutyrate (500 μmol/L) abrogated sevoflurane-induced autophagy and apoptosis, and improved the viability. Moreover, sevoflurane-stimulated expression of CHOP and GRP78 was inhibited by rapamycin, but further enhanced by 3-MA. CONCLUSION Sevoflurane treatment induces ER stress and activates autophagy, which antagonizes sevoflurane-induced apoptosis in H4 human neuroglioma cells. The results suggest that autophagy may be a potential therapeutic target in preventing sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity.
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