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Engert J, Doll J, Vona B, Ehret Kasemo T, Spahn B, Hagen R, Rak K, Voelker J. mRNA Abundance of Neurogenic Factors Correlates with Hearing Capacity in Auditory Brainstem Nuclei of the Rat. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1858. [PMID: 37763262 PMCID: PMC10532994 DOI: 10.3390/life13091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have previously been described up to the adult stage in the rat cochlear nucleus (CN). A decreasing neurogenic potential was observed with critical changes around hearing onset. A better understanding of molecular factors affecting NSCs and neurogenesis is of interest as they represent potential targets to treat the cause of neurologically based hearing disorders. The role of genes affecting NSC development and neurogenesis in CN over time on hearing capacity has remained unclear. This study investigated the mRNA abundance of genes influencing NSCs and neurogenesis in rats' CN over time. The CN of rats on postnatal days 6, 12, and 24 were examined. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction arrays were used to compare mRNA levels of 84 genes relevant to NSCs and neurogenesis. Age- and hearing-specific patterns of changes in mRNA abundance of neurogenically relevant genes were detected in the rat CN. Additionally, crucial neurogenic factors with significant and relevant influence on neurogenesis were identified. The results of this work should contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neurogenesis of the auditory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Engert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (T.E.K.); (B.S.); (R.H.); (K.R.); (J.V.)
| | - Julia Doll
- Institute of Pathology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany;
| | - Barbara Vona
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Totta Ehret Kasemo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (T.E.K.); (B.S.); (R.H.); (K.R.); (J.V.)
| | - Bjoern Spahn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (T.E.K.); (B.S.); (R.H.); (K.R.); (J.V.)
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (T.E.K.); (B.S.); (R.H.); (K.R.); (J.V.)
| | - Kristen Rak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (T.E.K.); (B.S.); (R.H.); (K.R.); (J.V.)
| | - Johannes Voelker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany; (T.E.K.); (B.S.); (R.H.); (K.R.); (J.V.)
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Xiong J, Wang Z, Bai J, Cheng K, Liu Q, Ni J. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: a potential protective agent in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1184766. [PMID: 37529236 PMCID: PMC10387546 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1184766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common type of cerebrovascular disease with high disability and mortality rates, which severely burdens patients, their families, and society. At present, thrombolytic therapy is mainly used for the treatment of ischemic strokes. Even though it can achieve a good effect, thrombolytic recanalization can cause reperfusion injury. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that plays a neuroprotective role in the process of ischemia-reperfusion injury. By combining with its specific receptors, CGRP can induce vasodilation of local cerebral ischemia by directly activating the cAMP-PKA pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells and by indirectly activating the NO-cGMP pathway in an endothelial cell-dependent manner,thus rapidly increasing ischemic local blood flow together with reperfusion. CGRP, as a key effector molecule of neurogenic inflammation, can reduce the activation of microglia, downregulates Th1 classical inflammation, and reduce the production of TNF-α, IL-2, and IFN-γ and the innate immune response of macrophages, leading to the reduction of inflammatory factors. CGRP can reduce the overexpression of the aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) protein and its mRNA in the cerebral ischemic junction, and play a role in reducing cerebral edema. CGRP can protect endothelial cells from angiotensin II by reducing the production of oxidants and protecting antioxidant defense. Furthermore, CGRP-upregulated eNOS can further induce VEGF expression, which then promotes the survival and angiogenesis of vascular endothelial cells. CGRP can also reduce apoptosis by promoting the expression of Bcl-2 and inhibiting the expression of caspase-3. These effects suggest that CGRP can reduce brain injury and repair damaged nerve function. In this review, we focused on the role of CGRP in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiong
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Junhui Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Keling Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qicai Liu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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3
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Lozano-Ureña A, Lázaro-Carot L, Jiménez-Villalba E, Montalbán-Loro R, Mateos-White I, Duart-Abadía P, Martínez-Gurrea I, Nakayama KI, Fariñas I, Kirstein M, Gil-Sanz C, Ferrón SR. IGF2 interacts with the imprinted gene Cdkn1c to promote terminal differentiation of neural stem cells. Development 2023; 150:dev200563. [PMID: 36633189 PMCID: PMC9903205 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis is supported by multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) with unique properties and growth requirements. Adult NSCs constitute a reversibly quiescent cell population that can be activated by extracellular signals from the microenvironment in which they reside in vivo. Although genomic imprinting plays a role in adult neurogenesis through dose regulation of some relevant signals, the roles of many imprinted genes in the process remain elusive. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is encoded by an imprinted gene that contributes to NSC maintenance in the adult subventricular zone through a biallelic expression in only the vascular compartment. We show here that IGF2 additionally promotes terminal differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes, neurons and oligodendrocytes by inducing the expression of the maternally expressed gene cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1c (Cdkn1c), encoding the cell cycle inhibitor p57. Using intraventricular infusion of recombinant IGF2 in a conditional mutant strain with Cdkn1c-deficient NSCs, we confirm that p57 partially mediates the differentiation effects of IGF2 in NSCs and that this occurs independently of its role in cell-cycle progression, balancing the relationship between astrogliogenesis, neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lozano-Ureña
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Laura Lázaro-Carot
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Esteban Jiménez-Villalba
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Raquel Montalbán-Loro
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Isabel Mateos-White
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Pere Duart-Abadía
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Gurrea
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Keiichi I. Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Isabel Fariñas
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Martina Kirstein
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Cristina Gil-Sanz
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - Sacri R. Ferrón
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46100, Spain
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Ito Y, Oyane A, Yasunaga M, Hirata K, Hirose M, Tsurushima H, Ito Y, Matsumaru Y, Ishikawa E. Induction of angiogenesis and neural progenitor cells by basic fibroblast growth factor‐releasing polyglycolic acid sheet following focal cerebral infarction in mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1964-1975. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Ayako Oyane
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Japan
| | - Mayu Yasunaga
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Japan
| | - Koji Hirata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Motohiro Hirose
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba Japan
| | - Hideo Tsurushima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ito
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumaru
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Japan
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Li H, Gan X, Pan L, Zhang Y, Hu X, Wang Z. EGF/bFGF promotes survival, migration and differentiation into neurons of GFP-labeled rhesus monkey neural stem cells xenografted into the rat brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 620:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Gasco V, Cambria V, Bioletto F, Ghigo E, Grottoli S. Traumatic Brain Injury as Frequent Cause of Hypopituitarism and Growth Hormone Deficiency: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:634415. [PMID: 33790864 PMCID: PMC8005917 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.634415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related hypopituitarism has been recognized as a clinical entity for more than a century, with the first case being reported in 1918. However, during the 20th century hypopituitarism was considered only a rare sequela of TBI. Since 2000 several studies strongly suggest that TBI-mediated pituitary hormones deficiency may be more frequent than previously thought. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the most common abnormality, followed by hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, hypocortisolism, and diabetes insipidus. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pituitary damage in TBI patients include a primary injury that may lead to the direct trauma of the hypothalamus or pituitary gland; on the other hand, secondary injuries are mainly related to an interplay of a complex and ongoing cascade of specific molecular/biochemical events. The available data describe the importance of GHD after TBI and its influence in promoting neurocognitive and behavioral deficits. The poor outcomes that are seen with long standing GHD in post TBI patients could be improved by GH treatment, but to date literature data on the possible beneficial effects of GH replacement therapy in post-TBI GHD patients are currently scarce and fragmented. More studies are needed to further characterize this clinical syndrome with the purpose of establishing appropriate standards of care. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge about post-traumatic GH deficiency.
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7
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Azizi F, Askari S, Javadpour P, Hadjighassem M, Ghasemi R. Potential role of exosome in post-stroke reorganization and/or neurodegeneration. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1590-1606. [PMID: 33408596 PMCID: PMC7783471 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-3025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently, stroke is a common and devastating condition, which is sometimes associated with permanent cerebral damages. Although in early time after stroke, the related treatments are mainly focused on the restoration of cerebral blood flow (CBF), at the same time, some changes are commencing that continue for a long time and need to be specially noticed. Previous studies have proposed several molecular mechanisms in these post-stroke events. Exosomes are a type of vesicle, which are formed and secreted by most cells as a mean to transfer cellular constituents such as proteins, DNA and/or RNA to distant cells. Therefore, they are considered as a novel mechanism of cellular communication. Herein, we reviewed the current knowledge on cascades, which are activated after stroke and consequently lead to the reorganization and/or continuance of tissue damage and development of other disorders such as Neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Thereafter, we summarized the latest proofs about the possible participation of exosomes in transferring some components such as proteins and micro-RNAs (miRs), from the affected areas to other parts of the brain and eventually cause the above-mentioned post-stroke events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Azizi
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Askari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Javadpour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Jurkowski MP, Bettio L, K. Woo E, Patten A, Yau SY, Gil-Mohapel J. Beyond the Hippocampus and the SVZ: Adult Neurogenesis Throughout the Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:576444. [PMID: 33132848 PMCID: PMC7550688 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.576444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing evidence has repeatedly shown that new neurons are produced in the mammalian brain into adulthood. Adult neurogenesis has been best described in the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ), in which a series of distinct stages of neuronal development has been well characterized. However, more recently, new neurons have also been found in other brain regions of the adult mammalian brain, including the hypothalamus, striatum, substantia nigra, cortex, and amygdala. While some studies have suggested that these new neurons originate from endogenous stem cell pools located within these brain regions, others have shown the migration of neurons from the SVZ to these regions. Notably, it has been shown that the generation of new neurons in these brain regions is impacted by neurologic processes such as stroke/ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, numerous factors such as neurotrophic support, pharmacologic interventions, environmental exposures, and stem cell therapy can modulate this endogenous process. While the presence and significance of adult neurogenesis in the human brain (and particularly outside of the classical neurogenic regions) is still an area of debate, this intrinsic neurogenic potential and its possible regulation through therapeutic measures present an exciting alternative for the treatment of several neurologic conditions. This review summarizes evidence in support of the classic and novel neurogenic zones present within the mammalian brain and discusses the functional significance of these new neurons as well as the factors that regulate their production. Finally, it also discusses the potential clinical applications of promoting neurogenesis outside of the classical neurogenic niches, particularly in the hypothalamus, cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, and amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal P. Jurkowski
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Luis Bettio
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emma K. Woo
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Patten
- Centre for Interprofessional Clinical Simulation Learning (CICSL), Royal Jubilee Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Suk-Yu Yau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Purvis EM, O'Donnell JC, Chen HI, Cullen DK. Tissue Engineering and Biomaterial Strategies to Elicit Endogenous Neuronal Replacement in the Brain. Front Neurol 2020; 11:344. [PMID: 32411087 PMCID: PMC7199479 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis in the postnatal mammalian brain is known to occur in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone. These neurogenic niches serve as endogenous sources of neural precursor cells that could potentially replace neurons that have been lost or damaged throughout the brain. As an example, manipulation of the subventricular zone to augment neurogenesis has become a popular strategy for attempting to replace neurons that have been lost due to acute brain injury or neurodegenerative disease. In this review article, we describe current experimental strategies to enhance the regenerative potential of endogenous neural precursor cell sources by enhancing cell proliferation in neurogenic regions and/or redirecting migration, including pharmacological, biomaterial, and tissue engineering strategies. In particular, we discuss a novel replacement strategy based on exogenously biofabricated "living scaffolds" that could enhance and redirect endogenous neuroblast migration from the subventricular zone to specified regions throughout the brain. This approach utilizes the first implantable, biomimetic tissue-engineered rostral migratory stream, thereby leveraging the brain's natural mechanism for sustained neuronal replacement by replicating the structure and function of the native rostral migratory stream. Across all these strategies, we discuss several challenges that need to be overcome to successfully harness endogenous neural precursor cells to promote nervous system repair and functional restoration. With further development, the diverse and innovative tissue engineering and biomaterial strategies explored in this review have the potential to facilitate functional neuronal replacement to mitigate neurological and psychiatric symptoms caused by injury, developmental disorders, or neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Purvis
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John C. O'Donnell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - H. Isaac Chen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Wang K, Lai C, Li T, Wang C, Wang W, Ni B, Bai C, Zhang S, Han L, Gu H, Zhao Z, Duan Y, Yang X, Xing L, Zhao L, Zhou S, Xia M, Jiang C, Wang X, Yang P. Basic fibroblast growth factor protects against influenza A virus-induced acute lung injury by recruiting neutrophils. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 10:573-585. [PMID: 29121325 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IAV) infection is a major cause of severe respiratory illness that affects almost every country in the world. IAV infections result in respiratory illness and even acute lung injury and death, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for IAV pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. In this study, the basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) level was markedly increased in H1N1 virus-infected humans and mice. FGF2, which is predominately derived from epithelial cells, recruits and activates neutrophils via the FGFR2-PI3K-AKT-NFκB signaling pathway. FGF2 depletion or knockout exacerbated influenza-associated disease by impairing neutrophil recruitment and activation. More importantly, administration of the recombinant FGF2 protein significantly alleviated the severity of IAV-induced lung injury and promoted the survival of IAV-infected mice. Based on the results from experiments in which neutrophils were depleted and adoptively transferred, FGF2 protected mice against IAV infection by recruiting neutrophils. Thus, FGF2 plays a critical role in preventing IAV-induced lung injury, and FGF2 is a promising potential therapeutic target during IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengcai Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tieling Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Ni
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changqing Bai
- Beijing 307 Hospital of PLA Affiliated with the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lina Han
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yueqiang Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingna Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Min Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Penghui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China.,Beijing 302 Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Ceci M, Mariano V, Romano N. Zebrafish as a translational regeneration model to study the activation of neural stem cells and role of their environment. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:45-66. [PMID: 30067512 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The review is an overview of the current knowledge of neuronal regeneration properties in mammals and fish. The ability to regenerate the damaged parts of the nervous tissue has been demonstrated in all vertebrates. Notably, fish and amphibians have the highest capacity for neurogenesis, whereas reptiles and birds are able to only regenerate specific regions of the brain, while mammals have reduced capacity for neurogenesis. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a promising model of study because lesions in the brain or complete cross-section of the spinal cord are followed by an effective neuro-regeneration that successfully restores the motor function. In the brain and the spinal cord of zebrafish, stem cell activity is always able to re-activate the molecular programs required for central nervous system regeneration. In mammals, traumatic brain injuries are followed by reduced neurogenesis and poor axonal regeneration, often insufficient to functionally restore the nervous tissue, while spinal injuries are not repaired at all. The environment that surrounds the stem cell niche constituted by connective tissue and stimulating factors, including pro-inflammation molecules, seems to be a determinant in triggering stem cell proliferation and/or the trans-differentiation of connective elements (mainly fibroblasts). Investigating and comparing the neuronal regeneration in zebrafish and mammals may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind neurogenesis, and the failure of the regenerative response in mammals, first of all, the role of inflammation, considered the main inhibitor of the neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Ceci
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, largo dell'Università, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Vittoria Mariano
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicla Romano
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, largo dell'Università, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
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12
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Ren C, Ji YQ, Liu H, Wang Z, Wang JH, Zhang CY, Guan LN, Yin PY. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on neural differentiation of stem cells offer new hope for neurological disease treatment. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1152-1157. [PMID: 30804240 PMCID: PMC6425836 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.251191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has brought new hope for the treatment of neurological diseases. The key to stem cell therapy lies in inducing the specific differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells. Because the differentiation of stem cells in vitro and in vivo is affected by multiple factors, the final differentiation outcome is strongly associated with the microenvironment in which the stem cells are located. Accordingly, the optimal microenvironment for inducing stem cell differentiation is a hot topic. EGb761 is extracted from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. It is used worldwide and is becoming one of the focuses of stem cell research. Studies have shown that EGb761 can antagonize oxygen free radicals, stabilize cell membranes, promote neurogenesis and synaptogenesis, increase the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factors, and replicate the environment required during the differentiation of stem cells into nerve cells. This offers the possibility of using EGb761 to induce the differentiation of stem cells, facilitating stem cell transplantation. To provide a comprehensive reference for the future application of EGb761 in stem cell therapy, we reviewed studies investigating the influence of EGb761 on stem cells. These started with the composition and neuropharmacology of EGb761, and eventually led to the finding that EGb761 and some of its important components play important roles in the differentiation of stem cells and the protection of a beneficial microenvironment for stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cai-Yi Zhang
- Department of Emergency and Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Na Guan
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Yin
- Department of Blood Supply, Yantai Center Blood Station, Yantai, Shandong Province, China
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13
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Chen X, Wu H, Chen H, Wang Q, Xie XJ, Shen J. Astragaloside VI Promotes Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Enhances Neurological Function Recovery in Transient Cerebral Ischemic Injury via Activating EGFR/MAPK Signaling Cascades. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3053-3067. [PMID: 30088176 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radix Astragali (AR) is a commonly used medicinal herb for post-stroke disability in Traditional Chinese Medicine but its active compounds for promoting neurogenic effects are largely unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Astragaloside VI could be a promising active compound from AR for adult neurogenesis and brain repair via targeting epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated MAPK signaling pathway in post-stroke treatment. By using cultured neural stem cells (NSCs) and experimental stroke rat model, we investigated the effects of Astragaloside VI on inducing NSCs proliferation and self-renewal in vitro, and enhancing neurogenesis for the recovery of the neurological functions in post-ischemic brains in vivo. For animal experiments, rats were undergone 1.5 h middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) plus 7 days reperfusion. Astragaloside VI (2 μg/kg) was daily administrated by intravenous injection (i.v.) for 7 days. Astragaloside VI treatment promoted neurogenesis and astrogenic formation in dentate gyrus zone, subventricular zone, and cortex of the transient ischemic rat brains in vivo. Astragaloside VI treatment enhanced NSCs self-renewal and proliferation in the cultured NSCs in vitro without affecting NSCs differentiation. Western blot analysis showed that Astragaloside VI up-regulated the expression of nestin, p-EGFR and p-MAPK, and increased neurosphere sizes, whose effects were abolished by the co-treatment of EGF receptor inhibitor gefitinib and ERK inhibitor PD98059. Behavior tests revealed that Astragaloside VI promoted the spatial learning and memory and improved the impaired motor function in transient cerebral ischemic rats. Taken together, Astragaloside VI could effectively activate EGFR/MAPK signaling cascades, promote NSCs proliferation and neurogenesis in transient cerebral ischemic brains, and improve the repair of neurological functions in post-ischemic stroke rats. Astragaloside VI could be a new therapeutic drug candidate for post-stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an, Shenzhen, China.,The 8th people's Hospital of Shenzhen, The Affiliated Bao-an Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.,School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hansen Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Jiangang Shen
- Department of Core Facility, The People's Hospital of Bao-an, Shenzhen, China. .,School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Adams KV, Morshead CM. Neural stem cell heterogeneity in the mammalian forebrain. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:2-36. [PMID: 29902499 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The brain was long considered an organ that underwent very little change after development. It is now well established that the mammalian central nervous system contains neural stem cells that generate progeny that are capable of making new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout life. The field has advanced rapidly as it strives to understand the basic biology of these precursor cells, and explore their potential to promote brain repair. The purpose of this review is to present current knowledge about the diversity of neural stem cells in vitro and in vivo, and highlight distinctions between neural stem cell populations, throughout development, and within the niche. A comprehensive understanding of neural stem cell heterogeneity will provide insights into the cellular and molecular regulation of neural development and lifelong neurogenesis, and will guide the development of novel strategies to promote regeneration and neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey V Adams
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada.
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Institute of Medical Science, Terrence Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, M5S 3E2, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Canada; Rehabilitation Science Institute, University of Toronto, Canada.
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15
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Neural stem cell therapies and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:1-17. [PMID: 29758244 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the adult as well as in the neonate. Extensive pre-clinical studies have shown promising therapeutic effects of neural stem cell-based treatments for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. There are two major strategies of neural stem cell-based therapies: transplanting exogenous neural stem cells and boosting self-repair of endogenous neural stem cells. Neural stem cell transplantation has been proved to improve functional recovery after brain injury through multiple by-stander mechanisms (e.g., neuroprotection, immunomodulation), rather than simple cell-replacement. Endogenous neural stem cells reside in certain neurogenic niches of the brain and response to brain injury. Many molecules (e.g., neurotrophic factors) can stimulate or enhance proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem cells after injury. In this review, we first present an overview of neural stem cells during normal brain development and the effect of hypoxic-ischemic injury on the activation and function of endogenous neural stem cells in the brain. We then summarize and discuss the current knowledge of strategies and mechanisms for neural stem cell-based therapies on brain hypoxic-ischemic injury, including neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and adult ischemic stroke.
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16
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Ren C, Yin P, Ren N, Wang Z, Wang J, Zhang C, Ge W, Geng D, Wang X. Cerebrospinal fluid-stem cell interactions may pave the path for cell-based therapy in neurological diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018. [PMID: 29523182 PMCID: PMC5845187 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that the regulation of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) or transplanting of exogenous nerve cells are the newest and most promising methods for the treatment of dementia and other neurological diseases. The special location and limited number of endogenous NSCs, however, restrict their clinical application. The success in directional differentiation of exogenous stem cells from other tissue sources into neural cells has provided a novel source for NSCs. Study on the relative mechanisms is still at the preliminary stage. Currently the induction methods include: 1) cell growth factor induction; 2) chemical induction; 3) combined growth factor-chemical induction; or 4) other induction methods such as traumatic brain tissue homogenate, gene transfection, traditional Chinese medicine, and coculture induction. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), as a natural medium under physiological conditions, contains a variety of progrowth peptide factors that can promote the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) into neural cells through the corresponding receptors on the cell surface. This suggests that CSF can not only nourish the nerve cells, but also become an effective and suitable inducer to increase the yield of NSCs. However, some other studies believed that CSF contained certain inhibitory components against the differentiation of primary stem cells into mature neural cells. Based on the above background, here we review the relative literature on the influence of the CSF on stem cells in order to provide a more comprehensive reference for the wide clinical application of NSCs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- Department of Blood Supply, Yantai Center Blood Station, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Neng Ren
- Department of Inervention Therapy, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Caiyi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China.
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17
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Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM. Glucocorticoids, genes and brain function. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:136-168. [PMID: 29180230 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key genes in transcriptomic data constitutes a huge challenge. Our review of microarray reports revealed 88 genes whose transcription is consistently regulated by glucocorticoids (GCs), such as cortisol, corticosterone and dexamethasone, in the brain. Replicable transcriptomic data were combined with biochemical and physiological data to create an integrated view of the effects induced by GCs. The most frequently reported genes were Errfi1 and Ddit4. Their up-regulation was associated with the altered transcription of genes regulating growth factor and mTORC1 signaling (Gab1, Tsc22d3, Dusp1, Ndrg2, Ppp5c and Sesn1) and progression of the cell cycle (Ccnd1, Cdkn1a and Cables1). The GC-induced reprogramming of cell function involves changes in the mRNA level of genes responsible for the regulation of transcription (Klf9, Bcl6, Klf15, Tle3, Cxxc5, Litaf, Tle4, Jun, Sox4, Sox2, Sox9, Irf1, Sall2, Nfkbia and Id1) and the selective degradation of mRNA (Tob2). Other genes are involved in the regulation of metabolism (Gpd1, Aldoc and Pdk4), actin cytoskeleton (Myh2, Nedd9, Mical2, Rhou, Arl4d, Osbpl3, Arhgef3, Sdc4, Rdx, Wipf3, Chst1 and Hepacam), autophagy (Eva1a and Plekhf1), vesicular transport (Rhob, Ehd3, Vps37b and Scamp2), gap junctions (Gjb6), immune response (Tiparp, Mertk, Lyve1 and Il6r), signaling mediated by thyroid hormones (Thra and Sult1a1), calcium (Calm2), adrenaline/noradrenaline (Adcy9 and Adra1d), neuropeptide Y (Npy1r) and histamine (Hdc). GCs also affected genes involved in the synthesis of polyamines (Azin1) and taurine (Cdo1). The actions of GCs are restrained by feedback mechanisms depending on the transcription of Sgk1, Fkbp5 and Nr3c1. A side effect induced by GCs is increased production of reactive oxygen species. Available data show that the brain's response to GCs is part of an emergency mode characterized by inactivation of non-core activities, restrained inflammation, restriction of investments (growth), improved efficiency of energy production and the removal of unnecessary or malfunctioning cellular components to conserve energy and maintain nutrient supply during the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz R Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Adrian M Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Jastrzebiec, ul. Postepu 36A, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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18
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Wei ZZ, Zhang JY, Taylor TM, Gu X, Zhao Y, Wei L. Neuroprotective and regenerative roles of intranasal Wnt-3a administration after focal ischemic stroke in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:404-421. [PMID: 28430000 PMCID: PMC5851145 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17702669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a conserved pathway involved in expansion of neural progenitors and lineage specification during development. However, the role of Wnt signaling in the post-stroke brain has not been well-elucidated. We hypothesized that Wnt-3a would play an important role for neurogenesis and brain repair. Adult male mice were subjected to a focal ischemic stroke targeting the sensorimotor cortex. Mice that received Wnt-3a (2 µg/kg/day, 1 h after stroke and once a day for the next 2 days, intranasal delivery) had reduced infarct volume compared to stroke controls. Wnt-3a intranasal treatment of seven days upregulated the expression of brain-derived growth factor (BDNF), increased the proliferation and migration of neuroblasts from the subventricular zone (SVZ), resulting in increased numbers of newly formed neurons and endothelial cells in the peri-infarct zone. Both the molecular and cellular effects of Wnt-3a were blocked by the Wnt specific inhibitors XAV-939 or Dkk-1. In functional assays, Wnt-3a treatment enhanced the local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) in the peri-infarct, as well as improved sensorimotor functions in a battery of behavioral tests. Together, our data demonstrates that the Wnt-3a signaling can act as a dual neuroprotective and regenerative factor for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zachory Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James Ya Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tammi M Taylor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohuan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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19
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Nguyen T, Mao Y, Sutherland T, Gorrie CA. Neural progenitor cells but not astrocytes respond distally to thoracic spinal cord injury in rat models. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1885-1894. [PMID: 29239336 PMCID: PMC5745844 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.219051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a detrimental condition that causes loss of sensory and motor function in an individual. Many complex secondary injury cascades occur after SCI and they offer great potential for therapeutic targeting. In this study, we investigated the response of endogenous neural progenitor cells, astrocytes, and microglia to a localized thoracic SCI throughout the neuroaxis. Twenty-five adult female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent mild-contusion thoracic SCI (n = 9), sham surgery (n = 8), or no surgery (n = 8). Spinal cord and brain tissues were fixed and cut at six regions of the neuroaxis. Immunohistochemistry showed increased reactivity of neural progenitor cell marker nestin in the central canal at all levels of the spinal cord. Increased reactivity of astrocyte-specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein was found only at the lesion epicenter. The number of activated microglia was significantly increased at the lesion site, and activated microglia extended to the lumbar enlargement. Phagocytic microglia and macrophages were significantly increased only at the lesion site. There were no changes in nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, microglia and macrophage response in the third ventricle of rats subjected to mild-contusion thoracic SCI compared to the sham surgery or no surgery. These findings indicate that neural progenitor cells, astrocytes and microglia respond differently to a localized SCI, presumably due to differences in inflammatory signaling. These different cellular responses may have implications in the way that neural progenitor cells can be manipulated for neuroregeneration after SCI. This needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yilin Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Theresa Sutherland
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine Anne Gorrie
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Targeting Adult Neurogenesis for Poststroke Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5868632. [PMID: 28808445 PMCID: PMC5541797 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5868632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis mainly occurs at the subventricular zone (SVZ) on the walls of the lateral ventricle and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG). However, the majority of newborn neurons undergo programmed cell death (PCD) during the period of proliferation, migration, and integration. Stroke activates neural stem cells (NSCs) in both SVZ and SGZ. This process is regulated by a wide variety of signaling pathways. However, the newborn neurons derived from adult neurogenesis are insufficient for tissue repair and function recovery. Thus, enhancing the endogenous neurogenesis driven by ischemia and promoting the survival of newborn neurons can be promising therapeutic interventions for stroke. Here, we present an overview of the process of adult neurogenesis and the potential of stroke-induced neurogenesis on brain repair.
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21
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Endogenous regeneration: Engineering growth factors for stroke. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:57-65. [PMID: 28411103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite the efforts in developing therapeutics for stroke, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) remains the only FDA approved drug for ischemic stroke. Regenerative medicine targeting endogenous growth factors has drawn much interest in the clinical field as it provides potential restoration for the damaged brain tissue without being limited by a narrow therapeutic window. To date, most of the translational studies using regenerative medicines have encountered problems and failures. In this review, we discuss the effects of some trophic factors which include of erythropoietin (EPO), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) in experimental ischemic stroke models and elaborate the lost in translation of the candidate growth factors from bench to bedside. Several new methodologies have been developed to overcome the caveats in translational studies. This review highlights the latest bioengineering approaches including the controlled release and delivery of growth factors by hydrogel-based scaffolds and the enhancement of half-life and selectivity of growth factors by a novel approach facilitated by glycosaminoglycans.
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Horgusluoglu E, Nudelman K, Nho K, Saykin AJ. Adult neurogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases: A systems biology perspective. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:93-112. [PMID: 26879907 PMCID: PMC4987273 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are generated throughout adulthood in two regions of the brain, the olfactory bulb and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and are incorporated into the hippocampal network circuitry; disruption of this process has been postulated to contribute to neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Known modulators of adult neurogenesis include signal transduction pathways, the vascular and immune systems, metabolic factors, and epigenetic regulation. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, and cell cycle regulators control neural stem cell proliferation, maintenance in the adult neurogenic niche, and differentiation into mature neurons; these factors act in networks of signaling molecules that influence each other during construction and maintenance of neural circuits, and in turn contribute to learning and memory. The immune system and vascular system are necessary for neuronal formation and neural stem cell fate determination. Inflammatory cytokines regulate adult neurogenesis in response to immune system activation, whereas the vasculature regulates the neural stem cell niche. Vasculature, immune/support cell populations (microglia/astrocytes), adhesion molecules, growth factors, and the extracellular matrix also provide a homing environment for neural stem cells. Epigenetic changes during hippocampal neurogenesis also impact memory and learning. Some genetic variations in neurogenesis related genes may play important roles in the alteration of neural stem cells differentiation into new born neurons during adult neurogenesis, with important therapeutic implications. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of and interactions between these modulators of adult neurogenesis, as well as implications for neurodegenerative disease and current therapeutic research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrin Horgusluoglu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kelly Nudelman
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Center for Neuroimaging, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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24
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Ye Y, Peng YR, Hu SQ, Yan XL, Chen J, Xu T. In Vitro Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Neuron-Like Cells by Cerebrospinal Fluid Improves Motor Function of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rats. Front Neurol 2016; 7:183. [PMID: 27833584 PMCID: PMC5081354 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) represent a promising tool for stem cell-based therapies. However, the majority of BMSC transplants only allow for limited recovery of the lost functions. We previously found that human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) is more potent than growth factors in differentiating human BMSCs into neuron-like cells in vitro. In this study, we studied the effect of transplantation of rat BMSC-derived neuron-like cells (BMSC-Ns) induced by hCSF into rat brain with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The survival and differentiation of the transplanted cells were determined using immunofluorescence staining of bromodeoxyuridine. The recovery of neurological function were observed by the modified neurological severity score (modified NSS) at 4, 15, and 32 days after cell transplantation, HE staining for determination of the infarct volume at day 32 after cell transplantation. Transplantation of BMSC-Ns or BMSCs significantly improved indexes of neurological function and reduced infarct size in rats previously subjected to MCAO compared with those in the control group. Remarkably, 32 days after transplantation, rats treated with BMSC-Ns presented a smaller infarct size, higher number of neuron-specific, enolase-positive, and BrdU-positive cells, and improved neurological function compared with BMSC group. Our results demonstrate that transplantation of hCSF-treated BMSC-Ns significantly improves neurological function and reduces infarct size in rats subjected to MCAO. This study may pave a new avenue for the treatment of MCAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Ran Peng
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , China
| | - Shu-Qun Hu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu , China
| | - Xian-Liang Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou, Jiangsu , China
| | - Tie Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Institute of Emergency Rescue Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China; Emergency Center, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Marlier Q, Verteneuil S, Vandenbosch R, Malgrange B. Mechanisms and Functional Significance of Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:458. [PMID: 26696816 PMCID: PMC4672088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke affects one in every six people worldwide, and is the leading cause of adult disability. After stroke, some limited spontaneous recovery occurs, the mechanisms of which remain largely unknown. Multiple, parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. For years, clinical studies have tried to use exogenous cell therapy as a means of brain repair, with varying success. Since the rediscovery of adult neurogenesis and the identification of adult neural stem cells in the late nineties, one promising field of investigation is focused upon triggering and stimulating this self-repair system to replace the neurons lost following brain injury. For instance, it is has been demonstrated that the adult brain has the capacity to produce large numbers of new neurons in response to stroke. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated overview of stroke-induced adult neurogenesis, from a cellular and molecular perspective, to its impact on brain repair and functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Marlier
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Renaud Vandenbosch
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liege, C.H.U. Sart Tilman Liege, Belgium
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Lin R, Iacovitti L. Classic and novel stem cell niches in brain homeostasis and repair. Brain Res 2015; 1628:327-342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ge W, Ren C, Duan X, Geng D, Zhang C, Liu X, Chen H, Wan M, Geng R. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into neural stem cells using cerebrospinal fluid. Cell Biochem Biophys 2015; 71:449-55. [PMID: 25217067 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Optimization of a methodology for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiation into neural stem cells (NSCs) using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). MSCs were extracted from umbilical cord blood from healthy, full-term, newborn infants and from the bone marrow of patients. CSF was taken from healthy adult volunteers and patients. Four groups investigated were: A (n = 8) cord blood MSC induced with healthy volunteer CSF (control group); B (n = 7): patient MSCs induced with health volunteer CSF; Group C (n = 12): patient MSCs induced with their own CSF; group D (n = 6): cord blood MSCs induced with patient CSF. Following induction, cell differentiation state was examined using microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry. There were significantly more clinically applicable MSCs in Groups B and C than groups A and D (P < 0.05) and Group B had significantly more clinically applicable MSCs than group C (P < 0.05). The presence of NSCs was as with the MSCs. Group B had significantly more clinically applicable NSCs than all of the other groups. In addition, group B cells grew significantly faster than the other groups (P < 0.05). Upon CSF induction, MSCs differentiated into NSCs suitable for clinical treatment. The source of the MSCs and/or CSF influenced the number of NSCs produced and the NSC growth rate. Thus, the source of MSCs and CSF should be considered before initiating a stem cell clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, 99 Huaihai Road West, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China,
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Hermann DM, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Schlechter J, Bernstock JD, Doeppner TR, Pluchino S. Neural precursor cells in the ischemic brain - integration, cellular crosstalk, and consequences for stroke recovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:291. [PMID: 25278840 PMCID: PMC4165213 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After an ischemic stroke, neural precursor cells (NPCs) proliferate within major germinal niches of the brain. Endogenous NPCs subsequently migrate toward the ischemic lesion where they promote tissue remodeling and neural repair. Unfortunately, this restorative process is generally insufficient and thus unable to support a full recovery of lost neurological functions. Supported by solid experimental and preclinical data, the transplantation of exogenous NPCs has emerged as a potential tool for stroke treatment. Transplanted NPCs are thought to act mainly via trophic and immune modulatory effects, thereby complementing the restorative responses initially executed by the endogenous NPC population. Recent studies have attempted to elucidate how the therapeutic properties of transplanted NPCs vary depending on the route of transplantation. Systemic NPC delivery leads to potent immune modulatory actions, which prevent secondary neuronal degeneration, reduces glial scar formation, diminishes oxidative stress and stabilizes blood–brain barrier integrity. On the contrary, local stem cell delivery allows for the accumulation of large numbers of transplanted NPCs in the brain, thus achieving high levels of locally available tissue trophic factors, which may better induce a strong endogenous NPC proliferative response. Herein we describe the diverse capabilities of exogenous (systemically vs. locally transplanted) NPCs in enhancing the endogenous neurogenic response after stroke, and how the route of transplantation may affect migration, survival, bystander effects and integration of the cellular graft. It is the authors’ claim that understanding these aspects will be of pivotal importance in discerning how transplanted NPCs exert their therapeutic effects in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk M Hermann
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Cognitive Health of the Elderly, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Jana Schlechter
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Cognitive Health of the Elderly, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Chair of Vascular Neurology, Dementia and Cognitive Health of the Elderly, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen Essen, Germany
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Xiang Y, Liu H, Yan T, Zhuang Z, Jin D, Peng Y. Functional electrical stimulation-facilitated proliferation and regeneration of neural precursor cells in the brains of rats with cerebral infarction. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:243-51. [PMID: 25206808 PMCID: PMC4146152 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.128215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that proliferation of endogenous neural precursor cells cannot alone compensate for the damage to neurons and axons. From the perspective of neural plasticity, we observed the effects of functional electrical stimulation treatment on endogenous neural precursor cell proliferation and expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor in the rat brain on the infarct side. Functional electrical stimulation was performed in rat models of acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Simultaneously, we set up a placebo stimulation group and a sham-operated group. Immunohistochemical staining showed that, at 7 and 14 days, compared with the placebo group, the numbers of nestin (a neural precursor cell marker)-positive cells in the subgranular zone and subventricular zone were increased in the functional electrical stimulation treatment group. Western blot assays and reverse-transcription PCR showed that total protein levels and gene expression of epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor were also upregulated on the infarct side. Prehensile traction test results showed that, at 14 days, prehension function of rats in the functional electrical stimulation group was significantly better than in the placebo group. These results suggest that functional electrical stimulation can promote endogenous neural precursor cell proliferation in the brains of acute cerebral infarction rats, enhance expression of basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor, and improve the motor function of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shenzhen Sixth People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huihua Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tiebin Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhuang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dongmei Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Merson TD, Bourne JA. Endogenous neurogenesis following ischaemic brain injury: insights for therapeutic strategies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:4-19. [PMID: 25128862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is among the most common yet most intractable types of central nervous system (CNS) injury in the adult human population. In the acute stages of disease, neurons in the ischaemic lesion rapidly die and other neuronal populations in the ischaemic penumbra are vulnerable to secondary injury. Multiple parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. Accumulating evidence indicates that cerebral ischaemia initiates an endogenous regenerative response within the adult brain that potentiates adult neurogenesis from populations of neural stem and progenitor cells. A major research focus has been to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the potentiation of adult neurogenesis and to appreciate how interventions designed to modulate these processes could enhance neural regeneration in the post-ischaemic brain. In this review, we highlight recent advances over the last 5 years that help unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms that potentiate endogenous neurogenesis following cerebral ischaemia and are dissecting the functional importance of this regenerative mechanism following brain injury. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Merson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Level 1 North STRIP 1, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Li YC, Tsai LK, Wang JH, Young TH. A neural stem/precursor cell monolayer for neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2014; 35:1192-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tam RY, Fuehrmann T, Mitrousis N, Shoichet MS. Regenerative therapies for central nervous system diseases: a biomaterials approach. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:169-88. [PMID: 24002187 PMCID: PMC3857664 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has a limited capacity to spontaneously regenerate following traumatic injury or disease, requiring innovative strategies to promote tissue and functional repair. Tissue regeneration strategies, such as cell and/or drug delivery, have demonstrated promising results in experimental animal models, but have been difficult to translate clinically. The efficacy of cell therapy, which involves stem cell transplantation into the CNS to replace damaged tissue, has been limited due to low cell survival and integration upon transplantation, while delivery of therapeutic molecules to the CNS using conventional methods, such as oral and intravenous administration, have been limited by diffusion across the blood-brain/spinal cord-barrier. The use of biomaterials to promote graft survival and integration as well as localized and sustained delivery of biologics to CNS injury sites is actively being pursued. This review will highlight recent advances using biomaterials as cell- and drug-delivery vehicles for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Y Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tobias Fuehrmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Mitrousis
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Molly S Shoichet
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, 160 College Street, Room 514, Toronto, ON, Canada, Tel: +416 978 1460, Fax: +416 978 4317, E-mail:
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Ruan L, Lau BWM, Wang J, Huang L, Zhuge Q, Wang B, Jin K, So KF. Neurogenesis in neurological and psychiatric diseases and brain injury: from bench to bedside. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:116-37. [PMID: 24384539 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Researchers who have uncovered the presence of stem cells in an adult's central nervous system have not only challenged the dogma that new neurons cannot be generated during adulthood, but also shed light on the etiology and disease mechanisms underlying many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Brain trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychiatric disorders pose enormous burdens at both personal and societal levels. Although medications for these disorders are widely used, the treatment mechanisms underlying the illnesses remain largely elusive. In the past decade, an increasing amount of evidence indicate that adult neurogenesis (i.e. generating new CNS neurons during adulthood) may be involved in the pathology of different CNS disorders, and thus neurogenesis may be a potential target area for treatments. Although new neurons were shown to be a major player in mediating treatment efficacy of neurological and psychotropic drugs on cognitive functions, it is still debatable if the altered production of new neurons can cause the disorders. This review hence seeks to discuss pre and current clinical studies that demonstrate the functional impact adult neurogenesis have on neurological and psychiatric illnesses while examining the related underlying disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Ruan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jixian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Lijie Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Qichuan Zhuge
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Kunlin Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aging and Neurological Disorder Research, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; GMH Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Oyagi A, Hara H. Essential roles of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in the brain. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 18:803-10. [PMID: 23006514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2012.00371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family of growth factors, which interacts with the EGF receptor to exert mitogenic activity for various types of cells. Through its interactions with various molecules, it is involved in diverse biological processes, including wound healing, blast implantation, and tumor formation. At the same time, HB-EGF is widely expressed in the central nervous system, including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and is considered to play pivotal roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Because HB-EGF protein levels in the brain are much higher than those of TGF-α and EGF, it is possible that HB-EGF serves as a major physiologic ligand for the EGF receptor (ErbB1) within the central nervous system. Recent studies indicate that HB-EGF contributes to the neuronal survival and proliferation of glial/stem cells. HB-EGF also promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons, an action mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as by the Akt signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the implications of HB-EGF in higher brain functions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Oyagi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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Devesa J, Reimunde P, Devesa P, Barberá M, Arce V. Growth hormone (GH) and brain trauma. Horm Behav 2013; 63:331-44. [PMID: 22405763 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a pleiotropic hormone with known neurotrophic effects. We aimed to study whether GH administration might be useful together with rehabilitation in the recovery of TBI patients. 13 TBI patients (8 M, 5 F; age: 6-53 years old) were studied. Time after TBI: 2.5 months to 11 years; 5 patients showed acquired GH-deficiency (GHD). Disabilities observed: cognitive disorders; motor plegias; neurogenic dysphagia (n=5), vegetative coma (n=2) and amaurosis (n=1). All but one TBI patient followed intense rehabilitation for years. Treatment consisted of GH administration (maximal dose 1 mg/day, 5 days/week, resting 15-days every 2-months, until a maximum of 8 months) and clinical rehabilitation according to the individual needs (3-4 h/day, 5 days/week, during 6-12 months). Informed consent was obtained before commencing GH administration. GH significantly increased plasma IGF-1 values (ng.mL(-1)) in both GHD and no GHD patients, being then similar between both groups (GHD: 275.6±35.6 [p<0.01 vs. baseline], no GHD: 270.2±64 [p<0.05 vs. baseline]). In all the cases clear significant improvements were observed during and at the end of the combined treatment. Cognitive improvements appeared earlier and were more important than motor improvements. Swallowing improved significantly in all TBI patients with neurogenic dysphagia (2 of them in a vegetative state). Visual performance was ameliorated in the patient with amaurosis. No undesirable side-effects were observed. Our data indicate that GH can be combined with rehabilitation for improving disabilities in TBI patients, regardless of whether or not they are GHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Christie KJ, Turnley AM. Regulation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells for neural repair-factors that promote neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the normal and damaged brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 6:70. [PMID: 23346046 PMCID: PMC3548228 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem/precursor cells in the adult brain reside in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. These cells primarily generate neuroblasts that normally migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB) and the dentate granule cell layer respectively. Following brain damage, such as traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke or in degenerative disease models, neural precursor cells from the SVZ in particular, can migrate from their normal route along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the site of neural damage. This neural precursor cell response to neural damage is mediated by release of endogenous factors, including cytokines and chemokines produced by the inflammatory response at the injury site, and by the production of growth and neurotrophic factors. Endogenous hippocampal neurogenesis is frequently also directly or indirectly affected by neural damage. Administration of a variety of factors that regulate different aspects of neural stem/precursor biology often leads to improved functional motor and/or behavioral outcomes. Such factors can target neural stem/precursor proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation into appropriate neuronal or glial lineages. Newborn cells also need to subsequently survive and functionally integrate into extant neural circuitry, which may be the major bottleneck to the current therapeutic potential of neural stem/precursor cells. This review will cover the effects of a range of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate neural stem/precursor cell functions. In particular it focuses on factors that may be harnessed to enhance the endogenous neural stem/precursor cell response to neural damage, highlighting those that have already shown evidence of preclinical effectiveness and discussing others that warrant further preclinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Christie
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Li J, Lepski G. Cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: a systematic review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:786475. [PMID: 23484157 PMCID: PMC3581246 DOI: 10.1155/2013/786475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell transplantation, as a therapeutic intervention for spinal cord injury (SCI), has been extensively studied by researchers in recent years. A number of different kinds of stem cells, neural progenitors, and glial cells have been tested in basic research, and most have been excluded from clinical studies because of a variety of reasons, including safety and efficacy. The signaling pathways, protein interactions, cellular behavior, and the differentiated fates of experimental cells have been studied in vitro in detail. Furthermore, the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and effects on promoting functional recovery of transplanted cells have also been examined in different animal SCI models. However, despite significant progress, a "bench to bedside" gap still exists. In this paper, we comprehensively cover publications in the field from the last years. The most commonly utilized cell lineages were covered in this paper and specific areas covered include survival of grafted cells, axonal regeneration and remyelination, sensory and motor functional recovery, and electrophysiological improvements. Finally we also review the literature on the in vivo tracking techniques for transplanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, 646000 Luzhou, China
| | - Guilherme Lepski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Avnida Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells: current status and challenges. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2013; 61:149-58. [PMID: 23283518 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most serious public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Allogenic islet transplantation is an efficient therapy for type 1 diabetes. However, immune rejection, side effects of immunosuppressive treatment as well as lack of sufficient donor organs limits its potential. In recent years, several promising approaches for generation of new pancreatic β cells have been developed. This review provides an overview of current status of pancreatic and extra-pancreatic stem cells differentiation into insulin-producing cells and the possible application of these cells for diabetes treatment. The PubMed database was searched for English language articles published between 2001 and 2012, using the keyword combinations: diabetes mellitus, differentiation, insulin-producing cells, stem cells.
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Supeno NE, Pati S, Hadi RA, Ghani ARI, Mustafa Z, Abdullah JM, Idris FM, Han X, Jaafar H. IGF-1 acts as controlling switch for long-term proliferation and maintenance of EGF/FGF-responsive striatal neural stem cells. Int J Med Sci 2013; 10:522-31. [PMID: 23532711 PMCID: PMC3607237 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.5325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term maintenance of neural stem cells in vitro is crucial for their stage specific roles in neurogenesis. To have an in-depth understanding of optimal conditional microenvironmental niche for long-term maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs), we imposed different combinatorial treatment of growth factors to EGF/FGF-responsive cells. We hypothesized, that IGF-1-treatment can provide an optimal niche for long-term maintenance and proliferation of EGF/FGF-responsive NSCs. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the cellular morphology and growth of rat embryonic striatal tissue derived-NSCs in long-term culture under the influence of different combinatorial effects of certain growth factors, such as EGF, bFGF, LIF and IGF-1. METHODS The NSCs were harvested and cultured from striatal tissue of 18 days old rat embryos. We have generated neurospheres from these NSCs and cultured them till passage 7 (28 days in vitro) under four different conditional microenvironments: (A) without growth factor, (B) EGF/bFGF, (C) EGF/bFGF/LIF, (D) EGF/bFGF/IGF-1 and (E) EGF/bFGF/LIF/IGF-1. Isolated NSCs were characterised by Immunoflouroscence for nestin expression. The cell growth and proliferation was evaluated at different time intervals (P1, P3, P5 & P7), assessing the metabolic activity based cell proliferation. Apoptosis was studied in each of these groups by In situ cell death assay. RESULTS Our results demonstrated certain important findings relevant to long-term culture and maintenance of striatal NSC-derived neurospheres. This suggested that IGF-1 can induce enhanced cell proliferation during early stages of neurogenesis, impose long-term maintenance (up to passage 7) to cultured NSCs and enhance survival efficiency in vitro, in the presence of EGF and FGF. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that the enforcement of IGF-1 treatment to the EGF/FGF-responsive NSCs, can lead to enhanced cell proliferation during early stages of neurogenesis, and an extended life span in vitro. This information will be beneficial for improving future therapeutic implication of NSCs, by addressing improved in vitro production of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Entan Supeno
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Dibajnia P, Morshead CM. Role of neural precursor cells in promoting repair following stroke. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:78-90. [PMID: 23064725 PMCID: PMC4086492 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for the treatment of stroke have received considerable attention. Two broad approaches to stem cell-based therapies have been taken: the transplantation of exogenous stem cells, and the activation of endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells (together termed neural precursors). Studies examining the transplantation of exogenous cells have demonstrated that neural stem and progenitor cells lead to the most clinically promising results. Endogenous activation of neural precursors has also been explored based on the fact that resident precursor cells have the inherent capacity to proliferate, migrate and differentiate into mature neurons in the uninjured adult brain. Studies have revealed that these neural precursor cell behaviours can be activated following stroke, whereby neural precursors will expand in number, migrate to the infarct site and differentiate into neurons. However, this innate response is insufficient to lead to functional recovery, making it necessary to enhance the activation of endogenous precursors to promote tissue repair and functional recovery. Herein we will discuss the current state of the stem cell-based approaches with a focus on endogenous repair to treat the stroke injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Dibajnia
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Cindi M Morshead
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Transfected and Nontransfected 3T3 Fibroblasts Enhance Migratory Neuroblasts and Functional Restoration in Mice With Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:1123-36. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182779e96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Kang SS, Keasey MP, Arnold SA, Reid R, Geralds J, Hagg T. Endogenous CNTF mediates stroke-induced adult CNS neurogenesis in mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 49:68-78. [PMID: 22960105 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal brain ischemia in adult rats rapidly and robustly induces neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) but there are few and inconsistent reports in mice, presenting a hurdle to genetically investigate the endogenous neurogenic regulators such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Here, we first provide a platform for further studies by showing that middle cerebral artery occlusion in adult male C57BL/6 mice robustly enhances neurogenesis in the SVZ only under very specific conditions, i.e., 14days after a 30min occlusion. CNTF expression paralleled changes in the number of proliferated, BrdU-positive, SVZ cells. Stroke-induced proliferation was absent in CNTF-/- mice, suggesting that it is mediated by CNTF. MCAO-increased CNTF appears to act on C cell proliferation and by inducing FGF2 expression but not via EGF expression or Notch1 signaling of neural stem cells in the SVZ. CNTF is unique, as expression of other gp130 ligands, IL-6 and LIF, did not predict SVZ proliferation or showed no or only small compensatory increases in CNTF-/- mice. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, which can inhibit neurogenesis, and the presence of leukocytes in the SVZ were inversely correlated with neurogenesis, but pro-inflammatory cytokines did not affect CNTF expression in cultured astrocytes. These results suggest that slowly up-regulated CNTF in the SVZ mediates stroke-induced neurogenesis and is counteracted by inflammation. Further pharmacological stimulation of endogenous CNTF might be a good therapeutic strategy for cell replacement after stroke as CNTF regulates normal patterns of neurogenesis and is expressed almost exclusively in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Su Kang
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Matthew P Keasey
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Sheila A Arnold
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Rollie Reid
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Justin Geralds
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Theo Hagg
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Saha B, Jaber M, Gaillard A. Potentials of endogenous neural stem cells in cortical repair. Front Cell Neurosci 2012; 6:14. [PMID: 22509153 PMCID: PMC3321408 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2012.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades great thrust has been put in the area of regenerative neurobiology research to combat brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. The recent discovery of neurogenic niches in the adult brain has led researchers to study how to mobilize these cells to orchestrate an endogenous repair mechanism. The brain can minimize injury-induced damage by means of an immediate glial response and by initiating repair mechanisms that involve the generation and mobilization of new neurons to the site of injury where they can integrate into the existing circuit. This review highlights the current status of research in this field. Here, we discuss the changes that take place in the neurogenic milieu following injury. We will focus, in particular, on the cellular and molecular controls that lead to increased proliferation in the Sub ventricular Zone (SVZ) as well as neurogenesis. We will also concentrate on how these cellular and molecular mechanisms influence the migration of new cells to the affected area and their differentiation into neuronal/glial lineage that initiate the repair mechanism. Next, we will discuss some of the different factors that limit/retard the repair process and highlight future lines of research that can help to overcome these limitations. A clear understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological changes following brain damage and the subsequent endogenous repair should help us develop better strategies to repair damaged brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Saha
- Experimental and Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Cellular Therapies in Brain Diseases group, INSERM U1084, University of Poitiers Poitiers, France
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Kizil C, Kaslin J, Kroehne V, Brand M. Adult neurogenesis and brain regeneration in zebrafish. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:429-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Zhang Q, Liu G, Wu Y, Sha H, Zhang P, Jia J. BDNF promotes EGF-induced proliferation and migration of human fetal neural stem/progenitor cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Molecules 2011; 16:10146-56. [PMID: 22146375 PMCID: PMC6264301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules161210146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis is a complex process, which contributes to the ability of the adult brain to function normally and adapt to diseases. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is known to play an important role in neurogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Here, we hypothesized that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) can enhance the effect of EGF on neurogenesis. Using in vitro cell culture of aborted human fetal brain tissues, we investigated proliferation and migration of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) after treatment with EGF and different concentrations of BDNF. EGF stimulated proliferation and migration of NSPCs, and this effect was significantly enhanced by co-incubation with BDNF. In the NSPCs treated with 50 ng/mL BDNF, BrdU incorporation was significantly increased (from 7.91% to 17.07%), as compared with that in the control. Moreover, the number of migrating cells was at least 2-fold higher than that in the control. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Akt-1 was increased by BDNF treatment, as well. By contrast, the enhancing effect of BDNF on EGF-induced proliferation and migration of NSPCs were abolished by an inhibitor of PI3K, LY294002. These findings suggest that BDNF promotes EGF-induced proliferation and migration of NSPC through the PI3K/Akt pathway, providing significant insights into not only the mechanism underlying EGF-induced neurogenesis but also potential neuronal replacement strategies to treat brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (Q.Z.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (Q.Z.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (Q.Z.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- The Yonghe Branch of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200436, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel./Fax: +86-21-528-878-20
| | - Hongying Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (Q.Z.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (Q.Z.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Yang Q, Wang EY, Huang XJ, Qu WS, Zhang L, Xu JZ, Wang W, Tian DS. Blocking epidermal growth factor receptor attenuates reactive astrogliosis through inhibiting cell cycle progression and protects against ischemic brain injury in rats. J Neurochem 2011; 119:644-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Paciaroni M, Bogousslavsky J. Trafermin for stroke recovery: is it time for another randomized clinical trial? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:1533-41. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.616888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lanfranconi S, Locatelli F, Corti S, Candelise L, Comi GP, Baron PL, Strazzer S, Bresolin N, Bersano A. Growth factors in ischemic stroke. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:1645-87. [PMID: 20015202 PMCID: PMC4373358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from pre-clinical and clinical studies provide evidence that colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and other growth factors (GFs) can improve stroke outcome by reducing stroke damage through their anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects, and by promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. This review provides a critical and up-to-date literature review on CSF use in stroke. We searched for experimental and clinical studies on haemopoietic GFs such as granulocyte CSF, erythropoietin, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, stem cell factor (SCF), vascular endothelial GF, stromal cell-derived factor-1α and SCF in ischemic stroke. We also considered studies on insulin-like growth factor-1 and neurotrophins. Despite promising results from animal models, the lack of data in human beings hampers efficacy assessments of GFs on stroke outcome. We provide a comprehensive and critical view of the present knowledge about GFs and stroke, and an overview of ongoing and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lanfranconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Dino Ferrari Centre, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - F Locatelli
- Istituto E. Medea, Fondazione La Nostra FamigliaBosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - S Corti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Dino Ferrari Centre, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - L Candelise
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Dino Ferrari Centre, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - G P Comi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Dino Ferrari Centre, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - P L Baron
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Dino Ferrari Centre, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
| | - S Strazzer
- Istituto E. Medea, Fondazione La Nostra FamigliaBosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - N Bresolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Dino Ferrari Centre, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
- Istituto E. Medea, Fondazione La Nostra FamigliaBosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - A Bersano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Dino Ferrari Centre, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Università degli Studi di MilanoMilan, Italy
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Ye Y, Zeng YM, Wan MR, Lu XF. Induction of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into neural-like cells using cerebrospinal fluid. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 59:179-84. [PMID: 21210249 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-010-9130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To optimize a technique that induces bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to differentiation into neural-like cells, using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the patient. In vitro, CSF (Group A) and the cell growth factors EGF and bFGF (Group B) were used to induce BMSCs to differentiate into neural-like cells. Post-induction, presence of neural-like cells was confirmed through the use of light and immunofluorescence microscopy. BMSCs can be induced to differentiate into neural-like cells. The presence of neural-like cells was confirmed via morphological characteristics, phenotype, and biological properties. Induction using CSF can shorten the production time of neural-like cells and the quantity is significantly higher than that obtained by induction with growth factor (P < 0.01). The two induction methods can induce BMSCs to differentiate into neural-like cells. Using CSF induction, 30 ml bone marrow can produce a sufficient number of neural-like cells that totally meet the requirements for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, the first Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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