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Hosseini FS, Ahmadi A, Kesharwani P, Hosseini H, Sahebkar A. Regulatory effects of statins on Akt signaling for prevention of cancers. Cell Signal 2024; 120:111213. [PMID: 38729324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Statins, which are primarily used as lipid-lowering drugs, have been found to exhibit anti-tumor effects through modulating and interfering with various signaling pathways. In observational studies, statin use has been associated with a significant reduction in the progression of various cancers, including colon, lung, prostate, pancreas, and esophagus cancer, as well as melanoma and B and T cell lymphoma. The mevalonate pathway, which is affected by statins, plays a crucial role in activating Rho, Ras, and Rab proteins, thereby impacting the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells. Statins block this pathway, leading to the inhibition of isoprenoid units, which are critical for the activation of these key proteins, thereby affecting cancer cell behavior. Additionally, statins affect MAPK and Cdk2, which in turn reduce the expression of p21 and p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. Akt signaling plays a crucial role in key cancer cell features like proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis by activating multiple effectors in downstream pathways such as FOXO, PTEN, NF-κB, GSK3β, and mTOR. The PI3K/Akt signaling is necessary for many events in the metastatic pathway and has been implicated in the resistance to cytostatic drugs. The Akt/PTEN axis is currently attracting great interest for its role in carcinogenesis. Statins have been shown to activate the purinergic receptor P2X7 and affect Akt signaling, which may have important anti-cancer effects. Hence, targeting Akt shows promise as an effective approach to cancer prevention and therapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive discussion on the specific impact of statins through Akt signaling in different types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Ahmadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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2
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Glebavičiūtė G, Vijaya AK, Preta G. Effect of Statin Lipophilicity on the Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:455. [PMID: 38927335 PMCID: PMC11200858 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, are drugs used globally for lowering the level of cholesterol in the blood. Different clinical studies of statins in cancer patients have indicated a decrease in cancer mortality, particularly in patients using lipophilic statins compared to those on hydrophilic statins. In this paper, we selected two structurally different statins (simvastatin and pravastatin) with different lipophilicities and investigated their effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Lipophilic simvastatin highly influences cancer cell growth and survival in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, while pravastatin, due to its hydrophilic structure and limited cellular uptake, showed minimal cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giulio Preta
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Science Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.G.); (A.K.V.)
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3
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Inbarajan A, S M, Mathew Punnoose A, Gvv G, D A, David J J. Effects of Simvastatin on Gene Expression and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in the MG-63 Cell Line Treated With Hyperglycemia for Bone Regeneration. Cureus 2024; 16:e55482. [PMID: 38571848 PMCID: PMC10989400 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dental implants have become a widespread treatment option for replacing missing teeth. Adequate bone is required for the placement of dental implants, in the absence of which, augmentation by bone regeneration is done. Antiresorptive drugs are used as treatment procedures for bone regeneration. One such antiresorptive drug is simvastatin (SV), a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme used to manage hyperlipidemia. It reduces serum cholesterol levels and has an advantageous effect on new bone formation. Various studies establish that SV stimulates bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 expression and leads to bone formation. SV prevents the production of isoprenoids and mevalonate, which are essential for osteoclastogenesis and contribute to the bone-sparing effect. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the osteoregenerative activity of SV in the osteoblast-like cell models, MG-63 cell line, with hyperglycemic conditions. Methodology MG-63 cultures were established under high glucose concentrations during the experiments and cultured with SV concentrations of 1 µM and 3 µM. The quantification of the expression of the genes, namely, BMP-2 and osteocalcin (OCN) was done by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTqPCR). The measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity in the SV-treated cells was also determined. Results According to the results of the study, SV had osteoprotective properties resulting from the inhibition of osteoclast stimulation and osteoinductive properties, facilitated by BMP-2 and OCN. In addition, SV at concentrations of 1 µM and 3 µM increased the gene expression of BMP-2 and OCN in the MG-63 cell line. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrated that SV had a significant and direct effect on osteogenesis in osteoblasts in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athiban Inbarajan
- Prosthodontics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Mubeena S
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Alan Mathew Punnoose
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology Laboratory, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Giri Gvv
- Oral Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Anusha D
- Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, IND
| | - Jasline David J
- Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Madha Dental College, Chennai, IND
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4
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Darwish A, Pammer M, Gallyas F, Vígh L, Balogi Z, Juhász K. Emerging Lipid Targets in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:397. [PMID: 38254886 PMCID: PMC10814456 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
GBM accounts for most of the fatal brain cancer cases, making it one of the deadliest tumor types. GBM is characterized by severe progression and poor prognosis with a short survival upon conventional chemo- and radiotherapy. In order to improve therapeutic efficiency, considerable efforts have been made to target various features of GBM. One of the targetable features of GBM is the rewired lipid metabolism that contributes to the tumor's aggressive growth and penetration into the surrounding brain tissue. Lipid reprogramming allows GBM to acquire survival, proliferation, and invasion benefits as well as supportive modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Several attempts have been made to find novel therapeutic approaches by exploiting the lipid metabolic reprogramming in GBM. In recent studies, various components of de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, lipid uptake, and prostaglandin synthesis have been considered promising targets in GBM. Emerging data also suggest a significant role hence therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid metabolic pathway in GBM. Here we review the lipid-related GBM characteristics in detail and highlight specific targets with their potential therapeutic use in novel antitumor approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Darwish
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Milán Pammer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Gallyas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Center, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Balogi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Kata Juhász
- Institute of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
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5
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Zhai Y, Du Y, Li G, Yu M, Hu H, Pan C, Wang D, Shi Z, Yan X, Li X, Jiang T, Zhang W. Trogocytosis of CAR molecule regulates CAR-T cell dysfunction and tumor antigen escape. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:457. [PMID: 38143263 PMCID: PMC10749292 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01708-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has demonstrated clinical response in treating both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Although instances of rapid tumor remissions have been observed in animal models and clinical trials, tumor relapses occur with multiple therapeutic resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, while the mechanisms underlying the long-term therapeutic resistance are well-known, short-term adaptation remains less understood. However, more views shed light on short-term adaptation and hold that it provides an opportunity window for long-term resistance. In this study, we explore a previously unreported mechanism in which tumor cells employ trogocytosis to acquire CAR molecules from CAR-T cells, a reversal of previously documented processes. This mechanism results in the depletion of CAR molecules and subsequent CAR-T cell dysfunction, also leading to short-term antigen loss and antigen masking. Such type of intercellular communication is independent of CAR downstream signaling, CAR-T cell condition, target antigen, and tumor cell type. However, it is mainly dependent on antigen density and CAR sensitivity, and is associated with tumor cell cholesterol metabolism. Partial mitigation of this trogocytosis-induced CAR molecule transfer can be achieved by adaptively administering CAR-T cells with antigen density-individualized CAR sensitivities. Together, our study reveals a dynamic process of CAR molecule transfer and refining the framework of clinical CAR-T therapy for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Zhai
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yicong Du
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Mingchen Yu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Changqing Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhongfang Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xu Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Peking University, National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, PR China.
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, PR China.
- Research Unit of Accurate Diagnosis, Treatment, and Translational Medicine of Brain Tumors, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, PR China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, PR China.
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, PR China.
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA) and Asian Glioma Genome Atlas Network (AGGA), Beijing, PR China.
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Alrosan AZ, Heilat GB, Al Subeh ZY, Alrosan K, Alrousan AF, Abu-Safieh AK, Alabdallat NS. The effects of statin therapy on brain tumors, particularly glioma: a review. Anticancer Drugs 2023; 34:985-994. [PMID: 37466094 PMCID: PMC10501357 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors account for less than 2% of all malignancies. However, they are associated with the highest morbidity and mortality rates among all solid tumors. The most common malignant primary brain tumors are glioma or glioblastoma (GBM), which have a median survival time of about 14 months, often suffer from recurrence after a few months following treatment, and pose a therapeutic challenge. Despite recent therapeutic advances, the prognosis for glioma patients is poor when treated with modern therapies, including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation, or a combination of these. Therefore, discovering a new target to treat brain tumors, particularly glioma, might be advantageous in raising progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) rates. Statins, also known as competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, are effective medications for reducing cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. The use of statins prior to and during other cancer treatments appears to enhance patient outcomes according to preclinical studies. After surgical resection followed by concurrent radiation and treatment, OS for patients with GBM is only about a year. Statins have recently emerged as potential adjuvant medications for treating GBM due to their ability to inhibit cell growth, survival, migration, metastasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and increase apoptosis in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Whether statins enhance clinical outcomes, such as patient survival in GBM, is still debatable. This study aimed to explore the effects of statin therapy in the context of cancer treatment, with a particular focus on GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Z. Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa
| | - Ghaith B. Heilat
- Department of General Surgery and Urology, Faculty of Medicine, The Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | - Zeinab Y. Al Subeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Jordan University of Science and Technology
| | - Khaled Alrosan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa
| | - Alaa F. Alrousan
- Doctor of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid
| | - Amro K. Abu-Safieh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Tamura R. Drug Repositioning for Refractory Benign Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12997. [PMID: 37629179 PMCID: PMC10455557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning (DR) is the process of identifying novel therapeutic potentials for already-approved drugs and discovering new therapies for untreated diseases. DR can play an important role in optimizing the pre-clinical process of developing novel drugs by saving time and cost compared with the process of de novo drug discovery. Although the number of publications related to DR has rapidly increased, most therapeutic approaches were reported for malignant tumors. Surgical resection represents the definitive treatment for benign tumors of the central nervous system (BTCNS). However, treatment options remain limited for surgery-, chemotherapy- and radiation-refractory BTCNS, as well as malignant tumors. Meningioma, pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET), and schwannoma are the most common BTCNS. The treatment strategy using DR may be applied for refractory BTCNS, such as Grade 2 meningiomas, neurofibromatosis type 2-related schwannomatosis, and PitNETs with cavernous sinus invasion. In the setting of BTCNS, stable disease can provide significant benefit to the patient. DR may provide a longer duration of survival without disease progression for patients with refractory BTCNS. This article reviews the utility of DR for refractory BTCNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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8
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Santos JC, Profitós-Pelejà N, Ribeiro ML, Roué G. Antitumor Activity of Simvastatin in Preclinical Models of Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225601. [PMID: 36428695 PMCID: PMC9688202 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare and aggressive subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that remains incurable with standard therapy. Statins are well-tolerated, inexpensive, and widely prescribed as cholesterol-lowering agents to treat hyperlipidemia and to prevent cardiovascular diseases through the blockage of the mevalonate metabolic pathway. These drugs have also shown promising anti-cancer activity through pleiotropic effects including the induction of lymphoma cell death. However, their potential use as anti-MCL agents has not been evaluated so far. AIM The present study aimed to investigate the activity of simvastatin on MCL cells. METHODS We evaluated the cytotoxicity of simvastatin in MCL cell lines by CellTiter-Glo and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Cell proliferation and mitotic index were assessed by direct cell recounting and histone H3-pSer10 immunostaining. Apoptosis induction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were evaluated by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion properties were determined by transwell assay. The antitumoral effect of simvastatin in vivo was evaluated in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) MCL xenograft model. RESULTS We show that treatment with simvastatin induced a 2 to 6-fold LDH release, inhibited more than 50% of cell proliferation, and enhanced the caspase-independent ROS-mediated death of MCL cells. The effective impairment of MCL cell survival was accompanied by the inhibition of AKT and mTOR phosphorylation. Moreover, simvastatin strongly decreased MCL cell migration and invasion ability, leading to a 55% tumor growth inhibition and a consistent diminution of bone marrow and spleen metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION Altogether, these data provide the first preclinical insight into the effect of simvastatin against MCL cells, suggesting that this agent might be considered for repurpose as a precise MCL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Carvalho Santos
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.S.); (G.R.); Tel.: +34-935572800 (ext. 4081) (J.C.S.); +34-935572835 (G.R.)
| | - Núria Profitós-Pelejà
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University Medical School, Braganca Paulista 01246-100, SP, Brazil
| | - Gaël Roué
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.S.); (G.R.); Tel.: +34-935572800 (ext. 4081) (J.C.S.); +34-935572835 (G.R.)
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Lin Q, Chen Z, Shen ZL, Xue F, Qin JJ, Kang XP, Chen ZR, Xia ZY, Gao L, Chen XZ. TRAF3IP3 promotes glioma progression through the ERK signaling pathway. Front Oncol 2022; 12:776834. [PMID: 36185204 PMCID: PMC9523251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.776834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAF3IP3 was reportedly associated with poor prognosis in patients with melanoma; however, its role in glioma is unknown. We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between TRAF3IP3 and glioma and to investigate the potential role of TRAF3IP3 in glioma. Datasets were collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. We used the Wilcoxon rank-sum test to compared TRAF3IP3 expression in normal and glioma tissues. Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between TRAF3IP3 and patient survival rate. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to annotate the biological function of TRAF3IP3 in glioma. We also examined the effects of TRAF3IP3 on glioma progression, including characteristics such as cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, using cell proliferation, wound healing, and Transwell assays, respectively, paired with in vitro glioma cell lines and in vivo mouse xenograft models to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. High TRAF3IP3 expression in glioma tissues was associated with patients with neoplasm cancer tissue source site, and poorer overall survival (OS) (p = 0.03), which was validated using TCGA. GSEA revealed the enrichment of neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions, the olfactory pathway, proteasome pathway, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, and calcium signaling pathway in the TRAF3IP3 high-expression phenotype. TRAF3IP3 knockdown markedly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of U251 glioma cells, whereas TRAF3IP3 overexpression notably promoted the progression of U118 cell tumors. Mechanistic studies revealed that TRAF3IP3 upregulated p-ERK expression in glioma cells. Notably, the ERK signaling pathway inhibitor U0126 drastically attenuated the effects of TRAF3IP3 on p-ERK and markedly blocked its tumor-promoting activity. TRAF3IP3 overexpression also promoted in vivo tumor growth in a nude mouse xenograft model. Collectively, TRAF3IP3 stimulates glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, at least partly by activating the ERK signaling pathway. We hypothesize that TRAF3IP3 may participate in glioma development via the ERK signaling pathway and that elevated TRAF3IP3 expression may serve as a potential biomarker for glioma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Li Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Jun Qin
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Peng Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Rong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong -Yuan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Gao, ; Xian-Zhen Chen,
| | - Xian-Zhen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Liang Gao, ; Xian-Zhen Chen,
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10
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Wang S, Wang Y, Xiong J, Bao W, Li Y, Qin J, Han G, Hu S, Lei J, Yang Z, Qian Y, Dong S, Dong Z. Novel Brain-Stiffness-Mimicking Matrix Gel Enables Comprehensive Invasion Analysis of 3D Cultured GBM Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:885806. [PMID: 35755807 PMCID: PMC9218788 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.885806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults, which is fast growing and tends to invade surrounding normal brain tissues. Uncovering the molecular and cellular mechanisms of GBM high invasion potential is of great importance for the treatment and prognostic prediction. However, the commonly used two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and analysis system suffers from lack of the heterogeneity and in vivo property of brain tissues. Here, we established a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture-based analysis system that could better recapitulate the heterogeneity of GBM and mimic the in vivo conditions in the brain. The GBM cell lines, DBTRG and U251, were cultured by hanging drop culture into the GBM multicellular spheroids, which were embedded in the optimized 3D brain-stiffness-mimicking matrix gel (0.5 mg/ml Collagen Ⅰ + 3 mg/ml Matrigel+ 3.3 mg/ml Hyaluronic Acid (HA)). The biochemical composition of the optimized matrix gel is similar to that of the brain microenvironment, and the elastic modulus is close to that of the brain tissue. The dynamics of the GBM spheroids was examined using high-content imaging for 60 h, and four metrics including invasion distance, invasion area, single-cell invasion velocity, and directionality were employed to quantify the invasion capacity. The result showed that DBTRG cells possess higher invasion capacity than U251 cells, which was consistent with the results of the classic transwell test. Transcriptome analysis of both cell lines was performed to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our novel brain-stiffness-mimicking matrix gel enables comprehensive invasion analysis of the 3D cultured GBM cells and provides a model basis for in-depth exploration of the mechanisms regulating GBM invasion including the interaction between GBM cells and brain stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuowen Wang
- Brain Research Institute, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- Brain Research Institute, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Xiong
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wendai Bao
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqi Li
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Guang Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junrong Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zehao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuang Dong
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Tongji Medical College, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- Brain Research Institute, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
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11
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Wang H, Liu D, Liang H, Ba Z, Ma Y, Xu H, Wang J, Wang T, Tian T, Yang J, Gao X, Qiao S, Qu Y, Yang Z, Guo W, Zhao M, Ao H, Zheng X, Yuan J, Yang W. A Nomogram for Predicting Survival in Patients With Colorectal Cancer Incorporating Cardiovascular Comorbidities. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:875560. [PMID: 35711348 PMCID: PMC9196079 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.875560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular comorbidities (CVCs) affect the overall survival (OS) of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). However, a prognostic evaluation system for these patients is currently lacking. Objectives This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram, which takes CVCs into account, for predicting the survival of patients with CRC. Methods In total, 21,432 patients with CRC were recruited from four centers in China between January 2011 and December 2017. The nomogram was constructed, based on Cox regression, using a training cohort (19,102 patients), and validated using a validation cohort (2,330 patients). The discrimination and calibration of the model were assessed by the concordance index and calibration curve. The clinical utility of the model was measured by decision curve analysis (DCA). Based on the nomogram, we divided patients into three groups: low, middle, and high risk. Results Independent risk factors selected into our nomogram for OS included age, metastasis, malignant ascites, heart failure, and venous thromboembolism, whereas dyslipidemia was found to be a protective factor. The c-index of our nomogram was 0.714 (95% CI: 0.708–0.720) in the training cohort and 0.742 (95% CI: 0.725–0.759) in the validation cohort. The calibration curve and DCA showed the reliability of the model. The cutoff values of the three groups were 68.19 and 145.44, which were also significant in the validation cohort (p < 0.001). Conclusion Taking CVCs into account, an easy-to-use nomogram was provided to estimate OS for patients with CRC, improving the prognostic evaluation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hanyang Liang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengqing Ba
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haobo Xu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tianjie Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Tian
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jingang Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojin Gao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shubin Qiao
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Qu
- Department of Cardiology, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Yuncheng, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Yuncheng, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Oncology, Yuncheng Central Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Yuncheng, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Huiping Ao
- Department of Oncology, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiansong Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiansong Yuan,
| | - Weixian Yang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Weixian Yang,
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12
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Bruinsmann FA, de Cristo Soares Alves A, de Fraga Dias A, Lopes Silva LF, Visioli F, Raffin Pohlmann A, Figueiró F, Sonvico F, Stanisçuaski Guterres S. Nose-to-brain delivery of simvastatin mediated by chitosan-coated lipid-core nanocapsules allows for the treatment of glioblastoma in vivo. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121563. [PMID: 35151819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and lethal malignant brain tumor. Despite simvastatin (SVT) showing potential anticancer properties, its antitumoral effect against glioblastoma appears limited when the conventional oral administration route is selected. As a consequence, nose-to-brain delivery has been proposed as an alternative route to deliver SVT into the brain. This study aimed to prepare chitosan-coated simvastatin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules (LNCSVT-chit) suitable for nose-to-brain delivery and capable of fostering antitumor effects against glioblastoma both in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that the nanocapsules present adequate particle size (mean diameter below 200 nm), narrow particle size distribution (PDI < 0.2), positive zeta potential and high encapsulation efficiency (nearly 100%). In vitro cytotoxicity of LNCSVT-chit was comparable to non-encapsulated SVT in C6 rat glioma cells, whereas LNCSVT-chit were more cytotoxic than non-encapsulated SVT after 72 h of incubation against U-138 MG human glioblastoma cell line. In studies carried out in rats, LNCSVT-chit significantly enhanced the amount of drug in rat brain tissue after intranasal administration (2.4-fold) when compared with free SVT. Moreover, LNCSVT-chit promoted a significant decrease in tumor growth and malignancy in glioma-bearing rats in comparison to control and free SVT groups. Additionally, LNCSVT-chit did not cause any toxicity in treated rats. Considered overall, the results demonstrated that the nose-to-brain administration of LNCSVT-chit represents a novel potential strategy for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Aline Bruinsmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Aline de Cristo Soares Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Amanda de Fraga Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035 000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Lopes Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035 000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Figueiró
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035 000, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre for Innovation in Health Products - Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, Padiglione 33, Campus Universitario, 43124 Parma, PR, Italy.
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
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13
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Statins and Gliomas: A Systematic Review of the Preclinical Studies and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Literature. Drugs 2022; 82:293-310. [PMID: 35122635 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-021-01668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas represent most common primary brain tumors. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common subtype and carries a poor prognosis. There is growing interest in the anti-glioma properties of statins. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the preclinical literature and to meta-analyze existing clinical studies to determine what benefit, if any, statins may confer in the context of glioma. METHODS The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science libraries were queried in May 2021. Preclinical studies were included if they investigated the anti-cancer effects of statins in glioma in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies were included if they reported incidence rates of glioma by statin use, or mortality outcomes among GBM patients by statin use. Pooled point estimates were calculated using a random-effects model. RESULTS In total, 64 publications, 51 preclinical and 13 clinical, were included. Preclinical studies indicated that statins inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. These effects were time- and concentration-dependent. Synergistic anti-glioma effects were observed when statins were combined with other anti-cancer therapies. Clinical observational studies showed an inverse, albeit non-statistically significant, association between statin use and incidence rate of glioma (HR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.62-1.13, I2 = 72%, p-heterogeneity = 0.003, 6 studies). Statin use was not associated with better overall survival following GBM surgery (HR = 1.05, 95% CI 0.85-1.30, I2 = 30%, p-heterogeneity = 0.23, 4 studies). CONCLUSION Statins were potent anti-cancer drugs that suppressed glioma growth through various mechanisms in vitro; these effects have translated into the clinical realm, clinically but not statistically, in terms of glioma incidence but not GBM survival.
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14
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Barzegar Behrooz A, Talaie Z, Jusheghani F, Łos MJ, Klonisch T, Ghavami S. Wnt and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Survival Pathways as Therapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031353. [PMID: 35163279 PMCID: PMC8836096 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating type of brain tumor, and current therapeutic treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, are palliative at best. The design of effective and targeted chemotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of GBM require a thorough analysis of specific signaling pathways to identify those serving as drivers of GBM progression and invasion. The Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathways are key regulators of important biological functions that include cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), metabolism, and angiogenesis. Targeting specific regulatory components of the Wnt/β-catenin and PAM pathways has the potential to disrupt critical brain tumor cell functions to achieve critical advancements in alternative GBM treatment strategies to enhance the survival rate of GBM patients. In this review, we emphasize the importance of the Wnt/β-catenin and PAM pathways for GBM invasion into brain tissue and explore their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Brain Cancer Department, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (A.B.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Zahra Talaie
- Brain Cancer Department, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran; (A.B.B.); (Z.T.)
| | - Fatemeh Jusheghani
- Department of Biotechnology, Asu vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran;
| | - Marek J. Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
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15
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Bahmad HF, Daher D, Aljamal AA, Elajami MK, Oh KS, Alvarez Moreno JC, Delgado R, Suarez R, Zaldivar A, Azimi R, Castellano A, Sackstein R, Poppiti RJ. Repurposing of Anticancer Stem Cell Drugs in Brain Tumors. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:749-773. [PMID: 34165342 PMCID: PMC8647630 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211025482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors in adults may be infrequent when compared with other cancer etiologies, but they remain one of the deadliest with bleak survival rates. Current treatment modalities encompass surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, increasing resistance rates are being witnessed, and this has been attributed, in part, to cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are a subpopulation of cancer cells that reside within the tumor bulk and have the capacity for self-renewal and can differentiate and proliferate into multiple cell lineages. Studying those CSCs enables an increasing understanding of carcinogenesis, and targeting CSCs may overcome existing treatment resistance. One approach to weaponize new drugs is to target these CSCs through drug repurposing which entails using drugs, which are Food and Drug Administration-approved and safe for one defined disease, for a new indication. This approach serves to save both time and money that would otherwise be spent in designing a totally new therapy. In this review, we will illustrate drug repurposing strategies that have been used in brain tumors and then further elaborate on how these approaches, specifically those that target the resident CSCs, can help take the field of drug repurposing to a new level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham F. Bahmad
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Darine Daher
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of
Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abed A. Aljamal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai
Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Mohamad K. Elajami
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai
Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida
| | - Kei Shing Oh
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Juan Carlos Alvarez Moreno
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Ruben Delgado
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Richard Suarez
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Ana Zaldivar
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Roshanak Azimi
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
| | - Amilcar Castellano
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine,
Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine,
Florida International University, Miami, Florida
| | - Robert J. Poppiti
- Arkadi M. Rywlin M.D. Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach,
Florida
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Florida
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16
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Kumar N, Mandal CC. Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs on Akt Signaling for Prevention of Tumorigenesis. Front Genet 2021; 12:724149. [PMID: 34603386 PMCID: PMC8483559 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.724149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol has been reported to be accumulated in cancer cells. The metabolic dysregulation of the cholesterol is associated with tumor development and progression. The cholesterol-lowering drugs have been found to be involved in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. Akt, a serine/threonine kinase, can modulate the role of several downstream proteins involved in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metabolism, and apoptosis. Since its involvement in several signaling pathways, its dysregulation is commonly reported in several cancers. Thus, targeting Akt could be an effective approach for cancer prevention and therapy. Cholesterol-lowering drugs have been found to affect the expression of Akt, and its activation in the cancer cells and thus have shown anticancer activity in different type of cancers. These drugs act on various signaling pathways such as PTEN/Akt, PI3k/Akt, Akt/NF-κB, Akt/FOXO1, Akt/mTOR, etc., which will be discussed in this article. This review article will discuss the significance of cholesterol in cancer cells, cholesterol-lowering drugs, the role of Akt in cancer cells, and the effects of cholesterol-lowering drugs on Akt in the prevention of therapy resistance and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
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17
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Fang J, Chopp M, Xin H, Zhang L, Wang F, Golembieski W, Zhang ZG, He L, Liu Z. Plasminogen deficiency causes reduced angiogenesis and behavioral recovery after stroke in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2583-2592. [PMID: 33853408 PMCID: PMC8504962 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211007958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen is involved in the process of angiogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we investigated the potential contribution of plasmin/plasminogen in mediating angiogenesis and thereby contributing to functional recovery post-stroke. Wild-type plasminogen naive (Plg+/+) mice and plasminogen knockout (Plg-/-) mice were subjected to unilateral permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Blood vessels were labeled with FITC-dextran. Functional outcomes, and cerebral vessel density were compared between Plg+/+ and Plg-/- mice at different time points after stroke. We found that Plg-/- mice exhibited significantly reduced functional recovery, associated with significantly decreased vessel density in the peri-infarct area in the ipsilesional cortex compared with Plg+/+ mice. In vitro, cerebral endothelial cells harvested from Plg-/- mice exhibited significantly reduced angiogenesis assessed using tube formation assay, and migration, as evaluated using Scratch assays, compared to endothelial cells harvested from Plg+/+ mice. In addition, using Western blots, expression of thrombospondin (TSP)-1 and TSP-2 were increased after MCAo in the Plg-/- group compared to Plg+/+ mice, especially in the ipsilesional side of brain. Taken together, our data suggest that plasmin/plasminogen down-regulates the expression level of TSP-1 and TSP-2, and thereby promotes angiogenesis in the peri-ischemic brain tissue, which contributes to functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Li He
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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18
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Afshari AR, Mollazadeh H, Henney NC, Jamialahmad T, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on brain tumors: a review. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 73:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Abo-Zalam HB, El-Denshary ES, Abdelsalam RM, Khalil IA, Khattab MM, Hamzawy MA. Therapeutic advancement of simvastatin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SV-SLNs) in treatment of hyperlipidemia and attenuating hepatotoxicity, myopathy and apoptosis: Comprehensive study. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111494. [PMID: 34243595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study set out to optimize simvastatin (SV) in lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to improve bioavailability, efficacy and alleviate adverse effects. Simvastatin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SV-SLNs) were prepared by hot-melt ultrasonication method and optimized by box-Behnken experimental design. Sixty Wister albino rats were randomly assigned into six groups and treated daily for 16 weeks: control group, the group fed with 20 g of high-fat diet (HFD), group treated with vehicle (20 mg/kg, P.O.) for last four weeks, group treated with HFD and SV (20 mg/kg, P.O.) / or SV-SLNs (20 mg/kg/day, P.O.) / or SV-SLNs (5 mg/kg, P.O.) at last four weeks. Blood, liver tissues, and quadriceps muscles were collected for biochemical analysis, histological and immunohistochemical assays. The optimized SV-SLNS showed a particle-size 255.2 ± 7.7 nm, PDI 0.31 ± 0.09, Zeta-potential - 19.30 ± 3.25, and EE% 89.81 ± 2.1%. HFD showed severe changes in body weight liver functions, lipid profiles, atherogenic index (AIX), albumin, glucose, insulin level, alkaline phosphatase as well as muscle injury, oxidative stress biomarkers, and protein expression of caspase-3. Simvastatin treatment in animals feed with HFD showed a significant improvement of all tested parameters, but it was associated with hepatotoxicity, myopathy, and histological changes in quadriceps muscles. SV-SLNs exhibited a significant improvement of all biochemical, histological examinations, and immunohistochemical assays. SV-SLNs (5 mg/kg) treatment returns all measured parameters to control itself. These results represent that SV-SLNs is a promising candidate as a drug carrier for delivering SV with maximum efficacy and limited adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagar B Abo-Zalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, 6th of October University, 6th of October, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ezzeldein S El-Denshary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Abdelsalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; School of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Islam A Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University of Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October, Giza 12566, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Khattab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hamzawy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt.
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20
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Mozhi A, Sunil V, Zhan W, Ghode PB, Thakor NV, Wang CH. Enhanced penetration of pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic micellar nanoprobe in 3D multicellular spheroids for chemophototherapy. J Control Release 2020; 323:502-518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Li Y, Wei X, Wang Q, Li W, Yang T. Inverse screening of Simvastatin kinase targets from glioblastoma druggable kinome. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 86:107243. [PMID: 32172201 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The statin drug Simvastatin is a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that has been widely used to lower blood lipid. However, the drug is clinically observed to reposition a significant suppressing potency on glioblastoma (GBM) by unexpectedly targeting diverse kinase pathways involved in GBM tumorigensis. Here, an inverse screening strategy is described to discover potential kinase targets of Simvastatin. Various human protein kinases implicated in GBM are enriched to define a druggable kinome; the binding behavior of Simvastatin to the kinome is profiled systematically via an integrative computational approach, from which most kinases have only low or moderate binding potency to Simvastatin, while only few are identified as promising kinase hits. It is revealed that Simvastatin can potentially interact with certain known targets or key regulators of GBM such as ErbB, c-Src and FGFR signaling pathways, but exhibit low affinity to the well-established GBM target of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Further assays determine that Simvastatin can inhibit kinase hits EGFR, MET, SRC and HER2 at nanomolar level, which are comparable with those of cognate kinase inhibitors. Structural analyses reveal that the sophisticated T790 M gatekeeper mutation can considerably reduce Simvastatin sensitivity to EGFR by inducing the ligand change between different binding modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China.
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Current state and future perspective of drug repurposing in malignant glioma. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 68:92-104. [PMID: 31734137 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are still extremely difficult to treat because complete surgical resection is biologically not feasible due to the invasive nature of these diseases and the proximity of tumors to functionally sensitive areas. Moreover, adjuvant therapies are facing a strong therapeutic resistance since the central nervous system is a highly protected environment and the tumor cells display a vast intra-tumoral genetic and epigenetic variation. As a consequence, new therapeutics are urgently needed but the process of developing novel compounds that finally reach clinical application is highly time-consuming and expensive. Drug repurposing is an approach to facilitate and accelerate the discovery of new cancer treatments. In malignant glioma, like in other cancers, pre-existing physiological pathways that regulate cell growth, cell death or cell migration are dysregulated causing malignant transformation. A wide variety of drugs are clinically used to treat non-cancerous diseases interfering with these malignancy-associated pathways. Repurposed drugs have key advantages: They already have approval for clinical use by national regulatory authorities. Moreover, they are for the most part inexpensive and their side effect and safety profiles are well characterized. In this work, we provide an overview on current repurposing strategies for the treatment of malignant glioma.
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Cote DJ, Rosner BA, Smith-Warner SA, Egan KM, Stampfer MJ. Statin use, hyperlipidemia, and risk of glioma. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:997-1011. [PMID: 31559554 PMCID: PMC7206659 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Statins have previously been shown to have protective effects for other cancers, but no prospective studies of statin use and glioma have been conducted. Methods We evaluated the association between statin use and risk of glioma in the female Nurses' Health Study (NHS, n = 114,419) and Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII, n = 115,813) and the male Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, n = 50,223). Glioma cases were confirmed by medical record review. Age and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of glioma by statin use were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results In 4,430,700 person-years of follow-up, we confirmed 483 incident cases of glioma. Compared with never-users, ever statin use was associated with borderline increased risk of glioma in the combined cohorts (age-adjusted HR = 1.23, 95% CI 0.99-1.54), as was longer duration of statin use (HR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.08-2.03 comparing > 8 years of use to never use, p-trend = 0.01). We also observed a significant inverse association between hyperlipidemia and glioma in multivariable models (HR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.59-0.93 in combined cohorts), which was attenuated in lagged analyses. Compared to never use, in multivariable-adjusted models, ever statin use (HR = 1.43, 95% CI 1.10-1.86) and statin use duration (HR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.21-2.45, for > 8 years of use, p-trend = 0.003) were each significantly associated with increased glioma risk. Conclusion In contrast to case-control studies reporting inverse associations, we found borderline increased risk of glioma with statin use. Results were strengthened after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors due to an unexpected inverse association between hyperlipidemia and glioma risk. Further studies of statin use, hyperlipidemia, and glioma risk are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Cote
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Computational Neurosciences Outcomes Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Bernard A Rosner
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Smith-Warner
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Egan
- Division of Population Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Membrane Dynamics in Health and Disease: Impact on Cellular Signalling. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:213-226. [PMID: 31435696 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes display a staggering complexity of lipids and proteins orchestrating cellular functions. Superior analytical tools coupled with numerous functional cellular screens have enabled us to query their role in cellular signalling, trafficking, guiding protein structure and function-all of which rely on the dynamic membrane lipid properties indispensable for proper cellular functions. Alteration of these has led to emergence of various pathological conditions, thus opening an area of lipid-centric therapeutic approaches. This perspective is a short summary of the dynamic properties of membranes essential for proper cellular functions, dictating both protein and lipid functions, and mis-regulated in diseases. Towards the end, we focus on some challenges lying ahead and potential means to tackle the same, mainly underscored by multi-disciplinary approaches.
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Bruinsmann FA, Pigana S, Aguirre T, Dadalt Souto G, Garrastazu Pereira G, Bianchera A, Tiozzo Fasiolo L, Colombo G, Marques M, Raffin Pohlmann A, Stanisçuaski Guterres S, Sonvico F. Chitosan-Coated Nanoparticles: Effect of Chitosan Molecular Weight on Nasal Transmucosal Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E86. [PMID: 30781722 PMCID: PMC6409859 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain represents a challenge, especially in the therapy of central nervous system malignancies. Simvastatin (SVT), as with other statins, has shown potential anticancer properties that are difficult to exploit in the central nervous system (CNS). In the present work the physico⁻chemical, mucoadhesive, and permeability-enhancing properties of simvastatin-loaded poly-ε-caprolactone nanocapsules coated with chitosan for nose-to-brain administration were investigated. Lipid-core nanocapsules coated with chitosan (LNCchit) of different molecular weight (MW) were prepared by a novel one-pot technique, and characterized for particle size, surface charge, particle number density, morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, interaction between surface nanocapsules with mucin, drug release, and permeability across two nasal mucosa models. Results show that all formulations presented adequate particle sizes (below 220 nm), positive surface charge, narrow droplet size distribution (PDI < 0.2), and high encapsulation efficiency. Nanocapsules presented controlled drug release and mucoadhesive properties that are dependent on the MW of the coating chitosan. The results of permeation across the RPMI 2650 human nasal cell line evidenced that LNCchit increased the permeation of SVT. In particular, the amount of SVT that permeated after 4 hr for nanocapsules coated with low-MW chitosan, high-MW chitosan, and control SVT was 13.9 ± 0.8 μg, 9.2 ± 1.2 µg, and 1.4 ± 0.2 µg, respectively. These results were confirmed by SVT ex vivo permeation across rabbit nasal mucosa. This study highlighted the suitability of LNCchit as a promising strategy for the administration of simvastatin for a nose-to-brain approach for the therapy of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciele Aline Bruinsmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Stefania Pigana
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Tanira Aguirre
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS 900500-170, Brazil.
| | - Gabriele Dadalt Souto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Garrastazu Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Laura Tiozzo Fasiolo
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gaia Colombo
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Magno Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS 96203-000, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Raffin Pohlmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Stanisçuaski Guterres
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brazil.
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43124 Parma, Italy.
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Independent and joint associations of blood lipids and lipoproteins with lung cancer risk in Chinese males: A prospective cohort study. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2972-2984. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Mentoor I, Engelbrecht AM, Nell T. Fatty acids: Adiposity and breast cancer chemotherapy, a bad synergy? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 140:18-33. [PMID: 30553399 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Globally, breast cancer continues to be a major concern in women's health. Lifestyle related risk factors, specifically excess adipose tissue (adiposity) has reached epidemic proportions and has been identified as a major risk factor in the development of breast cancer. Dysfunctional adipose tissue has evoked research focusing on its association with metabolic-related conditions, breast cancer risk and progression. Adipose dysfunction in coordination with immune cells and inflammation, are responsible for accelerated cell growth and survival of cancer cells. Recently, evidence also implicates adiposity as a potential risk factor for chemotherapy resistance. Chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to negatively impact adipose tissue. Since adipose tissue is a major storage site for fatty acids, it is not unlikely that these negative effects may disrupt adipose tissue homeostasis. It is therefore argued that fatty acid composition may be altered due to the chemotherapeutic pharmacokinetics, which in turn could have severe health related outcomes. The underlying molecular mechanisms elucidating the effects of fatty acid composition in adiposity-linked drug resistance are still unclear and under explored. This review focuses on the potential role of adiposity in breast cancer and specifically emphasizes the role of fatty acids in cancer progression and treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Mentoor
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University Main Campus, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
| | - A-M Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University Main Campus, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa
| | - Theo Nell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Stellenbosch University Main Campus, Stellenbosch 7600, Western Cape, Republic of South Africa.
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Seliger C, Schaertl J, Gerken M, Luber C, Proescholdt M, Riemenschneider MJ, Leitzmann MF, Hau P, Klinkhammer-Schalke M. Use of statins or NSAIDs and survival of patients with high-grade glioma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207858. [PMID: 30507932 PMCID: PMC6277074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade glioma (HGG) is associated with a limited prognosis. Drug repurposing has become of increasing interest to improve standard therapy. Statins and NSAIDs inhibit glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo, but data on statin and NSAID treatment in relation to survival of patients with HGG are sparse. Methods We performed multivariable adjusted Cox-regression analyses among 1,093 patients with HGG from a regional cancer registry to obtain Hazard Ratios (HRs) with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) according to treatment with statins or NSAIDs. Data on dose and duration of treatment was mostly lacking in our analysis, therefore we were not able to perform dose-response analyses. Results Use of statins was unrelated to OS or PFS of glioma patients. Use of aspirin was associated with prolonged OS and PFS in patients with WHO grade III, but not WHO grade IV glioma. Use of other NSAIDs (diclofenac, ibuprofen) or non-NSAID analgesics (paracetamol) was mostly unrelated to survival of glioma patients. Use of selective COX-2 inhibitors and metamizol was related to inferior patient survival in parts of the analyses. Conclusions Use of statins or NSAIDS, including aspirin, was not associated with prolonged OS or PFS of patients with WHO grade IV glioma in our selected cohort. There was an indication for improved survival in patients with WHO grade III glioma using aspirin, but further studies are needed to confirm our first observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Seliger
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Julia Schaertl
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gerken
- Tumor Center, Institute for Quality Assurance and Health Services Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Luber
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Proescholdt
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus J. Riemenschneider
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael F. Leitzmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter Hau
- Department of Neurology, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
- Wilhelm Sander-NeuroOncology Unit, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Monika Klinkhammer-Schalke
- Tumor Center, Institute for Quality Assurance and Health Services Research, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Small-Molecule Modulation of Lipid-Dependent Cellular Processes against Cancer: Fats on the Gunpoint. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6437371. [PMID: 30186863 PMCID: PMC6114229 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6437371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipid cell membrane composed of various distinct lipids and proteins act as a platform to assemble various signaling complexes regulating innumerous cellular processes which are strongly downregulated or altered in cancer cells emphasizing the still-underestimated critical function of lipid biomolecules in cancer initiation and progression. In this review, we outline the current understanding of how membrane lipids act as signaling hot spots by generating distinct membrane microdomains called rafts to initiate various cellular processes and their modulation in cancer phenotypes. We elucidate tangible drug targets and pathways all amenable to small-molecule perturbation. Ranging from targeting membrane rafts organization/reorganization to rewiring lipid metabolism and lipid sorting in cancer, the work summarized here represents critical intervention points being attempted for lipid-based anticancer therapy and future directions.
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Silva J, Mendes M, Cova T, Sousa J, Pais A, Vitorino C. Unstructured Formulation Data Analysis for the Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Vehicles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2383-2394. [PMID: 29869314 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Designing nanoparticle formulations with features tailored to their therapeutic targets in demanding timelines assumes increased importance. In this context, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) offer an excellent example of a drug delivery nanosystem that has been broadly explored in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Distinct fundamental NLC quality attributes can be harnessed to fit this purpose, namely particle size, size distribution, and zeta potential. These critical aspects intrinsically depend on the formulation components, influencing drug loading capacity, drug release, and stability of the NLCs. Wide variations in their composition, including the type of lipids and other surface modifier excipients, lead to differences on these parameters. NLC target product profile involves small mean particle sizes, narrow size distributions, and absolute values of zeta potential higher than 30 mV. In this work, a wealth of data previously obtained in experiments on NLC preparation, encompassing, e.g., results of preliminary studies and those of intermediate formulations, is analyzed in order to extract information useful in further optimization studies. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) are performed to evaluate the influence of NLC composition on the respective characteristics. These methods provide a rapid and discriminatory analysis for establishing a preformulation framework, by selecting the most suitable types of lipids, surfactants, surface modifiers, and drugs, within the set of investigated variables. The results have direct implications in the optimization of formulation and processes.
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Abstract
Statins are used for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver. Statins have also noncholesterol-related effects, called pleiotropic effects, which arise from statins' anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. These effects are especially attractive for the treatment of various brain diseases ranging from stroke to neurodegenerative diseases. Still, low brain concentrations after oral drug administration hinder the clinical application of statins in these pathologies. Pharmaceutical nanotechnologies may offer a solution to this problem, as local or targeted delivery of nanoencapsulated statins may increase brain availability. This special report rapidly summarizes the potential of statins in the treatment of brain diseases and the pharmaceutical nanotechnologies that could provide a viable approach to enable these indications.
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Repurposing drugs for glioblastoma: From bench to bedside. Cancer Lett 2018; 428:173-183. [PMID: 29729291 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common, aggressive and lethal type of brain tumor. It is a stage IV cancer disease with a poor prognosis, as the current therapeutic options (surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy) are not able to eradicate tumor cells. The approach to treat glioblastoma has not suffered major changes over the last decade and temozolomide (TMZ) remains the mainstay for chemotherapy. However, resistance mechanisms to TMZ and other chemotherapeutic agents are becoming more frequent. The lack of effective options is a reality that may be counterbalanced by repositioning known and commonly used drugs for other diseases. This approach takes into consideration the available pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, toxicity and safety data, and allows a much faster and less expensive drug and product development process. In this review, an extensive literature search is conducted aiming to list drugs with repurposing usage, based on their preferential damage in glioblastoma cells through various mechanisms. Some of these drugs have already entered clinical trials, exhibiting favorable outcomes, which sparks their potential application in glioblastoma treatment.
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Do statins, ACE inhibitors or sartans improve outcome in primary glioblastoma? J Neurooncol 2018; 138:163-171. [PMID: 29423540 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas are malignant brain tumors with poor prognosis. Lately, data from clinical studies assessing the role of co-medications in different cancer types suggested reduced mortality and potential anti-tumor activity for statins, angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (sartans). Here, we analysed the association of co-treatment with statins, ACEI or sartans with outcome in a cohort of 810 patients enrolled in the phase III CENTRIC and phase II CORE trials on the role of the integrin antagonist, cilengitide, in newly diagnosed glioblastoma with or without O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed for each medication in the pooled patient group. No association was found for co-medication with either drug for PFS or OS. Median OS was 22.1 (statins) versus 22.2 (control) months (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.81-1.39, p = 0.69), 20.4 (ACEI) versus 22.6 (control) months (HR 1.25, 95% CI 0.96-1.62, p = 0.10), and 21.7 (sartans) versus 22.3 (control) months (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.61-1.21, p = 0.38). None of the comparisons showed a signal for different PFS or OS when analyses were controlled for MGMT promoter methylation or treatment group (TMZ/RT → TMZ vs. RT + CIL + TMZ → TMZ + CIL). This secondary analysis of two large glioblastoma trials thus was unable to detect evidence for an association of the use of statins, ACEI or sartans with outcome in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. These data challenge the rationale for prospective studies on the possible role of these non-tumor-specific drugs within the concept of drug repurposing.
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Badana AK, Chintala M, Gavara MM, Naik S, Kumari S, Kappala VR, Iska BR, Malla RR. Lipid rafts disruption induces apoptosis by attenuating expression of LRP6 and survivin in triple negative breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:359-368. [PMID: 29091885 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer is a clinically challenging subtype due to lack of biomarker for rational targeted therapy. Lipid rafts are cholesterol enriched rigid platforms, which colocalize signalling molecules of cancer progression. This study explores the effect of lipid rafts disruption by cholesterol depleting agent, MβCD on induction of apoptosis and expression of WNT receptor LRP6, survivin and common apoptotic markers in TNBC cell lines. The in vitro effect of lipid rafts disruption on viability, single cell reproductive ability, proliferation and migration were evaluated by MTT, clonogenic, BrdU incorporation and wound scratch assays, respectively. The morphological changes were assessed by tryphan blue, Wright and Giemsa staining; nuclear changes by Hoechst staining. The induction of apoptosis was evaluated by AO/EtBr staining, DNA damage and DNA fragmentation assays. Expression of Caveolin-1, LRP6, β-Catenin, Survivin, Bcl2, BAX, Caspase-3, Ki67 and c-myc were analyzed by PCR and Western blotting techniques. The lipid raft disruption resulted in reduction of the proliferation of MDA-MB 231 and MDA-MB 468 cells by 56.3 and 42.0%; survival fraction by 54.7 and 59.4%; migration by 44.3 and 48.4%, respectively. It also induced apoptosis by causing cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation, chromatin cleavage, oligonucleotide fragmentation with an apoptotic index of 59.1 and 46.6% in MDA-MB 231 and 468 cells, respectively. Further, it downregulated the expression of caveolin-1, LRP6, β-catenin, survivin, Bcl2, ki67, c-myc and upregulated BAX, caspase-3. The cholesterol supplementation enhanced the clonogenic potential and upregulated the expression of caveolin-1 and LRP6. The results underline a potential effect of lipid rafts disruption on induction of apoptosis in TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Badana
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Madhuri Chintala
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Murali Mohan Gavara
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Shailender Naik
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Seema Kumari
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | | | | | - Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India; Department of Biochemistry, GIS, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India.
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Chang YL, Huang LC, Chen YC, Wang YW, Hueng DY, Huang SM. The synergistic effects of valproic acid and fluvastatin on apoptosis induction in glioblastoma multiforme cell lines. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:155-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lin TH, Hsu WH, Tsai PH, Huang YT, Lin CW, Chen KC, Tsai IH, Kandaswami CC, Huang CJ, Chang GD, Lee MT, Cheng CH. Dietary flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, inhibit invasion of cervical cancer by reduction of UBE2S through epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling. Food Funct 2017; 8:1558-1568. [PMID: 28277581 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00551a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the dietary flavonoids, luteolin and quercetin, might inhibit the invasiveness of cervical cancer by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling. However, the regulatory mechanism exerted by luteolin and quercetin is still unclear. This study analyzed the invasiveness activation by ubiquitin E2S ligase (UBE2S) through EMT signaling and inhibition by luteolin and quercetin. We found that UBE2S expression was significantly higher in highly invasive A431 subgroup III (A431-III) than A431-parental (A431-P) cells. UBE2S small interfering (si)RNA knockdown and overexpression experiments showed that UBE2S increased the migratory and invasive abilities of cancer cells through EMT signaling. Luteolin and quercetin significantly inhibited UBE2S expression. UBE2S showed a negative correlation with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) and a positive correlation with hypoxia-induced factor (Hif)-1α. Our findings suggest that high UBE2S in malignant cancers contributes to cell motility through EMT signaling and is reversed by luteolin and quercetin. UBE2S might contribute to Hif-1α signaling in cervical cancer. These results show the metastatic inhibition of cervical cancer by luteolin and quercetin through reducing UBE2S expression, and provide a functional role for UBE2S in the motility of cervical cancer. UBE2S could be a potential therapeutic target in cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Lin
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chubinskiy-Nadezhdin VI, Negulyaev YA, Morachevskaya EA. Simvastatin induced actin cytoskeleton disassembly in normal and transformed fibroblasts without affecting lipid raft integrity. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1020-1029. [PMID: 28656734 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Statins are the most commonly prescribed agents used to modulate cholesterol levels in course of hypercholesterolemia treatment because of their relative tolerability and LDL-C lowering effect. Recently, there are emerging interests in the perspectives of statin drugs as anticancer agents based on preclinical evidence of their antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and anti-invasive properties. Functional impact of statin application on transformed cells still remains obscure that requires systematic study on adequate cellular models to provide correct comparison with their non-transformed counterparts. Cholesterol is the major lipid component of mammalian cells and it plays a crucial role in organization, lateral heterogeneity, and dynamics of plasma membrane as well as in membrane-cytoskeleton interrelations. To date, it is uncertain whether cellular effects of statins involve lipid-dependent alteration of plasma membrane. Here, the effects of simvastatin on lipid rafts, F-actin network and cellular viability were determined in comparative experiments on transformed fibroblasts and their non-transformed counterpart. GM1 lipid raft marker staining indicated no change of lipid raft integrity after short- or long-term simvastatin treatments. In the same time, simvastatin induced cytoskeleton rearrangement including partial F-actin disruption in cholesterol- and lipid raft-independent manner. Simvastatin dose-dependently affected viability of BALB/3T3 and 3T3B-SV40 cell lines: transformed fibroblasts were noticeably more sensitive to simvastatin comparing to non-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri A Negulyaev
- Institute of Cytology RAS, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.,Department of Medical Physics, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 29, Polytechnicheskaya st., St.Petersburg, 195251, Russia
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Mevalonate Cascade Inhibition by Simvastatin Induces the Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway via Depletion of Isoprenoids in Tumor Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44841. [PMID: 28344327 PMCID: PMC5366866 DOI: 10.1038/srep44841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate (MEV) cascade is responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and the formation of the intermediate metabolites geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) and farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) used in the prenylation of proteins. Here we show that the MEV cascade inhibitor simvastatin induced significant cell death in a wide range of human tumor cell lines, including glioblastoma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and breast cancer. Simvastatin induced apoptotic cell death via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. In all cancer cell types tested, simvastatin-induced cell death was not rescued by cholesterol, but was dependent on GGPP- and FPP-depletion. We confirmed that simvastatin caused the translocation of the small Rho GTPases RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1/2/3 from cell membranes to the cytosol in U251 (glioblastoma), A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) and MDA-MB-231(breast cancer). Simvastatin-induced Rho-GTP loading significantly increased in U251 cells which were reversed with MEV, FPP, GGPP. In contrast, simvastatin did not change Rho-GTP loading in A549 and MDA-MB-231. Inhibition of geranylgeranyltransferase I by GGTi-298, but not farnesyltransferase by FTi-277, induced significant cell death in U251, A549, and MDA-MB-231. These results indicate that MEV cascade inhibition by simvastatin induced the intrinsic apoptosis pathway via inhibition of Rho family prenylation and depletion of GGPP, in a variety of different human cancer cell lines.
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Oliveira KA, Dal-Cim T, Lopes FG, Ludka FK, Nedel CB, Tasca CI. Atorvastatin Promotes Cytotoxicity and Reduces Migration and Proliferation of Human A172 Glioma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1509-1523. [PMID: 28181188 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas have resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy that enable tumor invasiveness and aggressiveness. Alternative therapies in cancer treatment, as statins, have been suggested to decrease proliferation, inhibit cell migration, and induce cell death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin (ATOR) on cell viability, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy in A172 human glioma cells. Temozolomide (TMZ), a chemotherapic used to glioma treatment, was tested as a comparison to cytotoxic effects on gliomas. Cell viability was also assessed in primary culture of cortical astrocytes. ATOR treatment (0.1 to 20 μM) did not alter astrocytic viability. However, in glioma cells, ATOR showed cytotoxic effect at 10 and 20 μM concentrations. TMZ (500 μM) reduced cell viability similarly to ATOR, and drug association did not show additive effect on cell viability. ATOR, TMZ, and their association decreased cell migration. ATOR also decreased glioma cell proliferation. ATOR increased apoptosis, and TMZ association showed a potentiation effect, enhancing it. ATOR and TMZ treatment increased acidic vesicular organelle (AVO) presence in A172 cells, an indicative of autophagy. ATOR effect of reducing A172 cell viability did not alter glutamate transport and glutamine synthetase activity, but it was partially prevented through antagonism of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Our data shows a cytotoxic effect of ATOR on glioma cells, whereas no toxicity was observed to astrocytes. ATOR showed similar cytotoxic effect as TMZ to glioma cells, and it may be a safer drug, regarding side effect induction, than chemotherapic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Tharine Dal-Cim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiana K Ludka
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Curso de Farmácia, Universidade do Contestado, Canoinhas, Brazil
| | - Cláudia B Nedel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040900, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Clementino A, Batger M, Garrastazu G, Pozzoli M, Del Favero E, Rondelli V, Gutfilen B, Barboza T, Sukkar MB, Souza SAL, Cantù L, Sonvico F. The nasal delivery of nanoencapsulated statins - an approach for brain delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:6575-6590. [PMID: 27994459 PMCID: PMC5153258 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s119033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Along with their cholesterol-lowering effect, statins have shown a wide range of pleiotropic effects potentially beneficial to neurodegenerative diseases. However, such effects are extremely elusive via the conventional oral administration. The purpose of the present study was to prepare and characterize the physicochemical properties and the in vivo biodistribution of simvastatin-loaded lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles (SVT-LCNs) suitable for nasal administration in view of an improved delivery of the statins to the brain. Materials and methods Chitosan, lecithin, and different oil excipients were used to prepare nanocapsules loaded with simvastatin. Particle size distribution, surface charge, structure, simvastatin loading and release, and interaction with mucus of nanoparticles were determined. The nanoparticle nasal toxicity was evaluated in vitro using RPMI 2651 nasal cell lines. Finally, in vivo biodistribution was assessed by gamma scintigraphy via Tc99m labeling of the particles. Results Among the different types of nanoparticles produced, the SVT-LCN_MaiLab showed the most ideal physicochemical characteristics, with small diameter (200 nm), positive surface charge (+48 mV) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE; 98%). Size distribution was further confirmed by nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy. The particles showed a relatively fast release of simvastatin in vitro (35.6%±4.2% in 6 hours) in simulated nasal fluid. Blank nanoparticles did not show cytotoxicity, evidencing that the formulation is safe for nasal administration, while cytotoxicity of simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles (IC50) was found to be three times lower than the drug solution (9.92 vs 3.50 μM). In rats, a significantly higher radioactivity was evidenced in the brain after nasal delivery of simvastatin-loaded nanoparticles in comparison to the administration of a similar dose of simvastatin suspension. Conclusion The SVT-LCNs developed presented some of the most desirable characteristics for mucosal delivery, that is, small particle size, positive surface charge, long-term stability, high EE, and mucoadhesion. In addition, they displayed two exciting features: First was their biodegradability by enzymes present in the mucus layer, such as lysozyme. This indicates a new Trojan-horse strategy which may enhance drug release in the proximity of the nasal mucosa. Second was their ability to enhance the nose-to-brain transport as evidenced by preliminary gamma scintigraphy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adryana Clementino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Mellissa Batger
- Graduate School of Health - Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Gabriela Garrastazu
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq, Brasilia, Brazil; Graduate School of Health - Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Michele Pozzoli
- Graduate School of Health - Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, LITA, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Valeria Rondelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, LITA, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Bianca Gutfilen
- Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barboza
- Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria B Sukkar
- Graduate School of Health - Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Sergio A L Souza
- Laboratório de Marcação de Células e Moléculas, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laura Cantù
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, LITA, University of Milan, Segrate, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Graduate School of Health - Pharmacy, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Bayat N, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Norouzi-Javidan A, Saberi H, Tajerian R, Ardakan MMM, Shirian S, Ai A, Ai J. Apoptotic effect of atorvastatin in glioblastoma spheroids tumor cultured in fibrin gel. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:1959-1966. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Chen BK, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Statins are Associated With a Reduced Risk of Brain Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3392. [PMID: 27124024 PMCID: PMC4998687 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether statin utilization is associated with brain cancer risk.A population-based case-control study was conducted using nationally representative claims data from the National Health Insurance Bureau in Taiwan. Cases included all patients 50 years and older who received an index diagnosis of brain cancer between 2004 and 2011. Our controls were matched by age, sex, and index date. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multiple logistic regression.We examined 213 brain cancer cases and 852 controls. The unadjusted ORs for any statin prescription was 0.77 (95% CI = 0.50-1.18) and the adjusted OR was 0.59 (95% CI = 0.37-0.96). Compared with no use of statins, the adjusted ORs were 0.68 (95% CI = 0.38-1.24) for the group having been prescribed with statins with cumulative defined daily dose (DDD) below 144.67 DDDs and 0.50 (95% CI = 0.28-0.97) for the group with the cumulative statin use of 144.67 DDDs or more.The results of this study suggest that statins may reduce the risk of brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Chen
- From the Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (BKC); Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine (H-FC); Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung (C-YY); and Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Miaoli (C-YY), Taiwan
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Chen X, Luo J, Meng L, Pan T, Zhao B, Tang ZG, Dai Y. Dracorhodin perchlorate induces the apoptosis of glioma cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:2364-72. [PMID: 26846469 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dracorhodin perchlorate (Dp), a synthetic analogue of the antimicrobial anthocyanin red pigment, has recently been shown to induce apoptotic cell death in various types of cancer cells. Yet, the inhibitory effect of Dp on human glioma cells remains uninvestigated. Therefore, in the present study, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry were used to detect cell viability and cell cycle progression in glioma U87MG and T98G cells, respectively. Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide double staining and JC-1 staining were separately applied to determine cellular apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential damage in the cells. The expression levels of associated proteins involved in cell cycle progression and apoptosis were measured by western blotting. The activities of caspase‑9/-3 were determined by Caspase-Glo-9/3 assay. The results indicated that Dp treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and blocked cell cycle progression at the G1/S phase in the U87MG and T98G cells via the upregulation of p53 and p21 protein expression, and simultaneous downregulation of Cdc25A, Cdc2 and P-Cdc2 protein expression. Additionally, Dp treatment led to the loss of cellular mitochondrial membrane potential, and the release of cytochrome c, and strongly induced the occurence of apoptosis. Increased expression levels of Bim and Bax protein and the downregulated expression of Bcl-2 protein were observed. Caspase-9/-3 were activated and their activities were elevated after Dp treatment. These findings indicate that Dp inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioma cells, and is a possible candidate for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Junjie Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Linghu Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Taifeng Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Binjie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Gang Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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RPS12 increases the invasiveness in cervical cancer activated by c-Myc and inhibited by the dietary flavonoids luteolin and quercetin. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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45
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Rundle-Thiele D, Head R, Cosgrove L, Martin JH. Repurposing some older drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier and have potential anticancer activity to provide new treatment options for glioblastoma. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 81:199-209. [PMID: 26374633 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a brain neoplasm with limited 5-year survival rates. Developments of new treatment regimens that improve patient survival in patients with glioblastoma are needed. It is likely that a number of existing drugs used in other conditions have potential anticancer effects that offer significant survival benefit to glioblastoma patients. Identification of such drugs could provide a novel treatment paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Head
- Future Industries Institute, Research and Innovation Portfolio, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leah Cosgrove
- CSIRO, Human and Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Martin
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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46
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Yao X, Tian Z. Dyslipidemia and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control 2014; 26:257-268. [PMID: 25488827 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-014-0507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The findings from epidemiologic studies of dyslipidemia and colorectal cancer risk have been conflicting. We performed a dose-response meta-analysis of published prospective studies to assess the aforementioned association. METHODS Relevant studies that reported the association between the components of dyslipidemia (serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and high-/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and colorectal cancer risk were identified by searching PubMed until the end of May 2014. We pooled the relative risks (RRs) from individual studies using a random- and fixed-effects models and performed dose-response, heterogeneity, and publication bias analyses. RESULTS Seventeen prospective studies, including 1,987,753 individuals with 10,876 colorectal cancer events, were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled RR for high versus low concentrations for triglyceride (n = 9 studies) was 1.18 (95 % CI 1.04-1.34; I (2) = 47.8 %), for total cholesterol (n = 10 studies) was 1.11 (95 % CI 1.01-1.21; I (2) = 46.7 %), for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (n = 6 studies) was 0.84 (95 % CI 0.69-1.02; I (2) = 42.5 %), and for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (n = 3 studies) was 1.04 (95 % CI 0.60-1.81; I (2) = 82.7 %). In the dose-response analysis, the overall pooled RR was 1.01 (95 % CI 1.00-1.03; I (2) = 0 %) per 50 mg/dL of triglyceride and 1.01 (95 % CI 0.97-1.05; I (2) = 64.3 %) per 100 mg/dL of total cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of prospective studies suggests that dyslipidemia, especially high levels of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol, is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol might associate with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer. Further studies are warranted to determine whether altering the concentrations of these metabolic variables may reduce colorectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Tian
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36, San Hao Street, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110004, People's Republic of China.
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Afshordel S, Kern B, Clasohm J, König H, Priester M, Weissenberger J, Kögel D, Eckert GP. Lovastatin and perillyl alcohol inhibit glioma cell invasion, migration, and proliferation--impact of Ras-/Rho-prenylation. Pharmacol Res 2014; 91:69-77. [PMID: 25497898 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in small GTPase mediated signal transduction pathways have emerged as a central step in the molecular pathogenesis of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) are derived from mevalonate, whose production is catalyzed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. Prenylation by FPP and GGPP is required for membrane insertion and oncogenic function of Ras- and Rho-proteins, within the stimulation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway. A straightforward prediction from HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor studies is that statins decrease FPP and GGPP levels and diminish ERK signaling ensuring less proliferation and migration of cancer cells. Perillyl alcohol (POH), a naturally occurring monoterpene inhibits prenyltransferases and is able to inhibit cancer cell growth, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. We here report that lovastatin (LOV) and POH impair the regulation of the mevalonate- and the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathway in U87 and U343 glioblastoma cells. Both compounds affected the post-translational modification of H-Ras and Rac1. While LOV diminished the substrates of the transferase reaction that catalyze prenylation, POH inhibited the enzymes itself. Our data highlight the impact of isoprenoids for post-translational modification of small GTPases promoting proliferation, migration and invasion capabilities in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Afshordel
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Beatrice Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jasmin Clasohm
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hildegard König
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, University Clinics of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maike Priester
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, University Clinics of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jakob Weissenberger
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, University Clinics of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Division of Experimental Neurosurgery, University Clinics of Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gunter P Eckert
- Department of Pharmacology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Thymineless death in F10-treated AML cells occurs via lipid raft depletion and Fas/FasL co-localization in the plasma membrane with activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Leuk Res 2014; 39:229-35. [PMID: 25510486 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The polymeric fluoropyrimidine F10 displays excellent anti-leukemia activity in pre-clinical models of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) through dual targeting of thymidylate synthase and DNA topoisomerase 1. Here we report that F10 activates the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in AML cells by enhancing localization of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) at the plasma membrane and while reducing overall lipid raft levels promotes Fas/FasL co-localization in remaining lipid rafts. The HMG-CoA synthase inhibitor simvastatin was synergistic with F10 and induced cell death via similar apoptotic processes. Our results are consistent with diverse processes activating a common apoptotic pathway characterized by reduced overall levels of lipid rafts and Fas/FasL co-localization in the plasma membrane, including in remaining lipid rafts which may play a role in both cell-survival and cell death signaling.
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Rennó AL, Alves-Júnior MJ, Rocha RM, De Souza PC, de Souza VB, Jampietro J, Vassallo J, Hyslop S, Anhê GF, de Moraes Schenka NG, Soares FA, Schenka AA. Decreased Expression of Stem Cell Markers by Simvastatin in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)–induced Breast Cancer. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:400-10. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314544707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase widely used in the treatment and prevention of hyperlipidemia-related diseases, has recently been associated to in vitro anticancer stem cell (CSC) actions. However, these effects have not been confirmed in vivo. To assess in vivo anti-CSC effects of simvastatin, female Sprague-Dawley rats with 7,12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA)–induced mammary cancer and control animals were treated for 14 days with either simvastatin (20 or 40 mg/kg/day) or soybean oil ( N = 60). Tumors and normal breast tissues were removed for pathologic examination and immunodetection of CSC markers. At 40 mg/kg/day, simvastatin significantly reduced tumor growth and the expression of most CSC markers. The reduction in tumor growth (80%) could not be explained solely by the decrease in CSCs, since the latter accounted for less than 10% of the neoplasia (differentiated cancer cells were also affected). Stem cells in normal, nonneoplastic breast tissues were not affected by simvastatin. Simvastatin was also associated with a significant decrease in proliferative activity but no increase in cell death. In conclusion, this is the first study to confirm simvastatin anti-CSC actions in vivo, further demonstrating that this effect is specific for neoplastic cells, but not restricted to CSCs, and most likely due to inhibition of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Lisboa Rennó
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos José Alves-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Malagoli Rocha
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philipi Coutinho De Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valéria Barbosa de Souza
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano Jampietro
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Vassallo
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (Ciped), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephen Hyslop
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Forato Anhê
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Augusto Soares
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Almeida Schenka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Investigative Pathology, Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital AC Camargo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Investigative and Molecular Pathology, Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (Ciped), São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Routray S. Caveolin-1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment: an overview. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:9487-95. [PMID: 25123270 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of oncogenic cell transformation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Increased expression of caveolin-1 in an array of tumors has confirmed its value in prognosis. It has been established that oxidative stress is the main cause for loss of stromal caveolin-1 via autophagy in the tumor microenvironment. In this overview, we attempt to abridge the relationship between caveolin-1 and oral squamous cell carcinoma, taking all the established theories into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samapika Routray
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, SOA University, Ghatikia, Sector 8, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India,
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