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Ramírez J, van Duijvenboden S, Young WJ, Chen Y, Usman T, Orini M, Lambiase PD, Tinker A, Bell CG, Morris AP, Munroe PB. Fine mapping of candidate effector genes for heart rate. Hum Genet 2024:10.1007/s00439-024-02684-z. [PMID: 38969939 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
An elevated resting heart rate (RHR) is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified > 350 loci. Uniquely, in this study we applied genetic fine-mapping leveraging tissue specific chromatin segmentation and colocalization analyses to identify causal variants and candidate effector genes for RHR. We used RHR GWAS summary statistics from 388,237 individuals of European ancestry from UK Biobank and performed fine mapping using publicly available genomic annotation datasets. High-confidence causal variants (accounting for > 75% posterior probability) were identified, and we collated candidate effector genes using a multi-omics approach that combined evidence from colocalisation with molecular quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and long-range chromatin interaction analyses. Finally, we performed druggability analyses to investigate drug repurposing opportunities. The fine mapping pipeline indicated 442 distinct RHR signals. For 90 signals, a single variant was identified as a high-confidence causal variant, of which 22 were annotated as missense. In trait-relevant tissues, 39 signals colocalised with cis-expression QTLs (eQTLs), 3 with cis-protein QTLs (pQTLs), and 75 had promoter interactions via Hi-C. In total, 262 candidate genes were highlighted (79% had promoter interactions, 15% had a colocalised eQTL, 8% had a missense variant and 1% had a colocalised pQTL), and, for the first time, enrichment in nervous system pathways. Druggability analyses highlighted ACHE, CALCRL, MYT1 and TDP1 as potential targets. Our genetic fine-mapping pipeline prioritised 262 candidate genes for RHR that warrant further investigation in functional studies, and we provide potential therapeutic targets to reduce RHR and cardiovascular mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ramírez
- Aragon Institute of Engineering Research, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Zaragoza, Spain.
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Stefan van Duijvenboden
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK.
| | - William J Young
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Yutang Chen
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michele Orini
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pier D Lambiase
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health and Care Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Christopher G Bell
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- National Institute of Health and Care Research, Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
- Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health and Care Research, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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2
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Piqueras-Flores J, Villacorta-Argüelles E, Galvin J, Climent-Payá V, Escobar-López LE, Amor-Salamanca A, Garcia-Hernandez S, Esmonde S, Martínez-Del Río J, Soto-Pérez M, Garcia-Pavia P, Ochoa JP. Intermediate-effect size p.Arg637Gln in FHOD3 increases risk of HCM and is associated with an aggressive phenotype in homozygous carriers. J Med Genet 2024; 61:423-427. [PMID: 38160043 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Formin homology 2 domain-containing 3 (FHOD3) gene has emerged as one of the main non-sarcomeric genes associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but no cases of biallelic variants associated with disease have been described to date. From 2014 until 2021, FHOD3 was evaluated in our center by next-generation sequencing in 22 806 consecutive unrelated probands. The p.Arg637Gln variant in FHOD3 was enriched in our HCM cohort (284 of 9668 probands; 2.94%) compared with internal controls (64 of 11 480; 0.59%) and gnomAD controls (373 of 64 409; 0.58%), with ORs of 5.40 (95% CI: 4.11 to 7.09) and 5.19 (95% CI: 4.44 to 6.07). The variant affects a highly conserved residue localised in a supercoiled alpha helix considered a clustering site for HCM variants, and in heterozygosis can act as a predisposing factor (intermediate-effect variant) for HCM, with an estimated penetrance of around 1%. Additionally, seven homozygous carriers of p.Arg637Gln in FHOD3 were identified. All but one (unaffected) showed an early presentation and a severe HCM phenotype. All this information suggest that p.Arg637Gln variant in FHOD3 is a low-penetrant variant, with an intermediate effect, that contributes to the development of HCM in simple heterozygosis, being associated with a more severe phenotype in homozygous carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Piqueras-Flores
- Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Cardiology Department, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Medicine Department, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Eduardo Villacorta-Argüelles
- Inherited Heart Disease Unit, Cardiology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Joseph Galvin
- Department of Cardiology, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, The Dublin Neurological Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vicente Climent-Payá
- Heart Failure and Inherited Heart Disease Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis Enrique Escobar-López
- Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital of Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Sean Esmonde
- Department of Cardiology, The Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, The Dublin Neurological Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jorge Martínez-Del Río
- Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Cardiology Department, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Maeve Soto-Pérez
- Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Cardiology Department, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Garcia-Pavia
- Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiology, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital of Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IDIPHISA, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Ochoa
- Health in Code, A Coruña, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Kimmich MJ, Sundaramurthy S, Geary MA, Lesanpezeshki L, Yingling CV, Vanapalli SA, Littlefield RS, Pruyne D. FHOD-1/profilin-mediated actin assembly protects sarcomeres against contraction-induced deformation in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582848. [PMID: 38559004 PMCID: PMC10979920 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Formin HOmology Domain 2-containing (FHOD) proteins are a subfamily of actin-organizing formins important for striated muscle development in many animals. We showed previously that absence of the sole FHOD protein, FHOD-1, from C. elegans results in thin body-wall muscles with misshapen dense bodies that serve as sarcomere Z-lines. We demonstrate here that actin polymerization by FHOD-1 is required for its function in muscle development, and that FHOD-1 cooperates with profilin PFN-3 for dense body morphogenesis, and profilins PFN-2 and PFN-3 to promote body-wall muscle growth. We further demonstrate dense bodies in fhod-1 and pfn-3 mutants are less stable than in wild type animals, having a higher proportion of dynamic protein, and becoming distorted by prolonged muscle contraction. We also observe accumulation of actin depolymerization factor/cofilin homolog UNC-60B in body-wall muscle of these mutants. Such accumulations may indicate targeted disassembly of thin filaments dislodged from unstable dense bodies, and may account for the abnormally slow growth and reduced strength of body-wall muscle in fhod-1 mutants. Overall, these results show the importance of FHOD protein-mediated actin assembly to forming stable sarcomere Z-lines, and identify profilin as a new contributor to FHOD activity in striated muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Kimmich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Sumana Sundaramurthy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Meaghan A. Geary
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Leila Lesanpezeshki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | - Curtis V. Yingling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
| | - Siva A. Vanapalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409
| | | | - David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210
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4
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Boussaty EC, Ninoyu Y, Andrade LR, Li Q, Takeya R, Sumimoto H, Ohyama T, Wahlin KJ, Manor U, Friedman RA. Altered Fhod3 expression involved in progressive high-frequency hearing loss via dysregulation of actin polymerization stoichiometry in the cuticular plate. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011211. [PMID: 38498576 PMCID: PMC10977885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a common sensory impairment with complex underlying mechanisms. In our previous study, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in mice and identified a novel locus on chromosome 18 associated with ARHL specifically linked to a 32 kHz tone burst stimulus. Consequently, we investigated the role of Formin Homology 2 Domain Containing 3 (Fhod3), a newly discovered candidate gene for ARHL based on the GWAS results. We observed Fhod3 expression in auditory hair cells (HCs) primarily localized at the cuticular plate (CP). To understand the functional implications of Fhod3 in the cochlea, we generated Fhod3 overexpression mice (Pax2-Cre+/-; Fhod3Tg/+) (TG) and HC-specific conditional knockout mice (Atoh1-Cre+/-; Fhod3fl/fl) (KO). Audiological assessments in TG mice demonstrated progressive high-frequency hearing loss, characterized by predominant loss of outer hair cells, and a decreased phalloidin intensities of CP. Ultrastructural analysis revealed loss of the shortest row of stereocilia in the basal turn of the cochlea, and alterations in the cuticular plate surrounding stereocilia rootlets. Importantly, the hearing and HC phenotype in TG mice phenocopied that of the KO mice. These findings suggest that balanced expression of Fhod3 is critical for proper CP and stereocilia structure and function. Further investigation of Fhod3 related hearing impairment mechanisms may lend new insight towards the myriad mechanisms underlying ARHL, which in turn could facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for ARHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ely Cheikh Boussaty
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yuzuru Ninoyu
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Leonardo R. Andrade
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Qingzhong Li
- USC-Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohyama
- USC-Tina and Rick Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Karl J. Wahlin
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Rick A. Friedman
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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5
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Boussaty EC, Ninoyu Y, Andrade L, Li Q, Takeya R, Sumimoto H, Ohyama T, Wahlin KJ, Manor U, Friedman RA. Altered Fhod3 Expression Involved in Progressive High-Frequency Hearing Loss via Dysregulation of Actin Polymerization Stoichiometry in The Cuticular Plate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.20.549974. [PMID: 37546952 PMCID: PMC10401921 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.20.549974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is a common sensory impairment with comlex underlying mechanisms. In our previous study, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in mice and identified a novel locus on chromosome 18 associated with ARHL specifically linked to a 32 kHz tone burst stimulus. Consequently, we investigated the role of Formin Homology 2 Domain Containing 3 (Fhod3), a newly discovered candidate gene for ARHL based on the GWAS results. We observed Fhod3 expression in auditory hair cells (HCs) and primarily localized at the cuticular plate (CP). To understand the functional implications of Fhod3 in the cochlea, we generated Fhod3 overexpression mice (Pax2-Cre+/-; Fhod3Tg/+) (TG) and HC-specific conditional knockout mice (Atoh1-Cre+/-; Fhod3fl/fl) (KO). Audiological assessments in TG mice demonstrated progressive high-frequency hearing loss, characterized by predominant loss of outer HCs and decrease phalloidin intensities of CP. Ultrastructural analysis revealed shortened stereocilia in the basal turn cochlea. Importantly, the hearing and HC phenotype in TG mice were replicated in KO mice. These findings indicate that Fhod3 plays a critical role in regulating actin dynamics in CP and stereocilia. Further investigation of Fhod3-related hearing impairment mechanisms may facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies for ARHL in humans.
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6
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Antoku S, Schwartz TU, Gundersen GG. FHODs: Nuclear tethered formins for nuclear mechanotransduction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1160219. [PMID: 37215084 PMCID: PMC10192571 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1160219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss FHOD formins with a focus on recent studies that reveal a new role for them as critical links for nuclear mechanotransduction. The FHOD family in vertebrates comprises two structurally related proteins, FHOD1 and FHOD3. Their similar biochemical properties suggest overlapping and redundant functions. FHOD1 is widely expressed, FHOD3 less so, with highest expression in skeletal (FHOD1) and cardiac (FHOD3) muscle where specific splice isoforms are expressed. Unlike other formins, FHODs have strong F-actin bundling activity and relatively weak actin polymerization activity. These activities are regulated by phosphorylation by ROCK and Src kinases; bundling is additionally regulated by ERK1/2 kinases. FHODs are unique among formins in their association with the nuclear envelope through direct, high affinity binding to the outer nuclear membrane proteins nesprin-1G and nesprin-2G. Recent crystallographic structures reveal an interaction between a conserved motif in one of the spectrin repeats (SRs) of nesprin-1G/2G and a site adjacent to the regulatory domain in the amino terminus of FHODs. Nesprins are components of the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complex that spans both nuclear membranes and mediates bidirectional transmission of mechanical forces between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton. FHODs interact near the actin-binding calponin homology (CH) domains of nesprin-1G/2G enabling a branched connection to actin filaments that presumably strengthens the interaction. At the cellular level, the tethering of FHODs to the outer nuclear membrane mechanically couples perinuclear actin arrays to the nucleus to move and position it in fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, and potentially other cells. FHODs also function in adhesion maturation during cell migration and in the generation of sarcomeres, activities distant from the nucleus but that are still influenced by it. Human genetic studies have identified multiple FHOD3 variants linked to dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, with many mutations mapping to "hot spots" in FHOD3 domains. We discuss how FHOD1/3's role in reinforcing the LINC complex and connecting to perinuclear actin contributes to functions of mechanically active tissues such as striated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Antoku
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas U. Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Actin-Binding Proteins in Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223566. [PMID: 36428995 PMCID: PMC9688942 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart reacts to a large number of pathological stimuli through cardiac hypertrophy, which finally can lead to heart failure. However, the molecular mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy remain elusive. Actin participates in the formation of highly differentiated myofibrils under the regulation of actin-binding proteins (ABPs), which provides a structural basis for the contractile function and morphological change in cardiomyocytes. Previous studies have shown that the functional abnormality of ABPs can contribute to cardiac hypertrophy. Here, we review the function of various actin-binding proteins associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy, which provides more references for the prevention and treatment of cardiomyopathy.
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8
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Minor hypertrophic cardiomyopathy genes, major insights into the genetics of cardiomyopathies. Nat Rev Cardiol 2022; 19:151-167. [PMID: 34526680 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00608-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was traditionally described as an autosomal dominant Mendelian disease but is now increasingly recognized as having a complex genetic aetiology. Although eight core genes encoding sarcomeric proteins account for >90% of the pathogenic variants in patients with HCM, variants in several additional genes (ACTN2, ALPK3, CSRP3, FHOD3, FLNC, JPH2, KLHL24, PLN and TRIM63), encoding non-sarcomeric proteins with diverse functions, have been shown to be disease-causing in a small number of patients. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous loci in cardiomyopathy case-control studies and biobank investigations of left ventricular functional traits. Genes associated with Mendelian cardiomyopathy are enriched in the putative causal gene lists at these loci. Intriguingly, many loci are associated with both HCM and dilated cardiomyopathy but with opposite directions of effect on left ventricular traits, highlighting a genetic basis underlying the contrasting pathophysiological effects observed in each condition. This overlap extends to rare Mendelian variants with distinct variant classes in several genes associated with HCM and dilated cardiomyopathy. In this Review, we appraise the complex contribution of the non-sarcomeric, HCM-associated genes to cardiomyopathies across a range of variant classes (from common non-coding variants of individually low effect size to complete gene knockouts), which provides insights into the genetic basis of cardiomyopathies, causal genes at GWAS loci and the application of clinical genetic testing.
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Abstract
Almost 25 years have passed since a mutation of a formin gene, DIAPH1, was identified as being responsible for a human inherited disorder: a form of sensorineural hearing loss. Since then, our knowledge of the links between formins and disease has deepened considerably. Mutations of DIAPH1 and six other formin genes (DAAM2, DIAPH2, DIAPH3, FMN2, INF2 and FHOD3) have been identified as the genetic cause of a variety of inherited human disorders, including intellectual disability, renal disease, peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, primary ovarian insufficiency, hearing loss and cardiomyopathy. In addition, alterations in formin genes have been associated with a variety of pathological conditions, including developmental defects affecting the heart, nervous system and kidney, aging-related diseases, and cancer. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries about the involvement of formin alterations in monogenic disorders and other human pathological conditions, especially cancer, with which they have been associated. In vitro results and experiments in modified animal models are discussed. Finally, we outline the directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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10
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Sakata K, Matsuyama S, Kurebayashi N, Hayamizu K, Murayama T, Nakamura K, Kitamura K, Morimoto S, Takeya R. Differential effects of the formin inhibitor SMIFH2 on contractility and Ca 2+ handling in frog and mouse cardiomyocytes. Genes Cells 2021; 26:583-595. [PMID: 34060165 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations in actin regulators have been emerging as a cause of cardiomyopathy, although the functional link between actin dynamics and cardiac contraction remains largely unknown. To obtain insight into this issue, we examined the effects of pharmacological inhibition of formins, a major class of actin-assembling proteins. The formin inhibitor SMIFH2 significantly enhanced the cardiac contractility of isolated frog hearts, thereby augmenting cardiac performance. SMIFH2 treatment had no significant effects on the Ca2+ sensitivity of frog muscle fibers. Instead, it unexpectedly increased Ca2+ concentrations of isolated frog cardiomyocytes, suggesting that the inotropic effect is due to enhanced Ca2+ transients. In contrast to frog hearts, the contractility of mouse cardiomyocytes was attenuated by SMIFH2 treatment with decreasing Ca2+ transients. Thus, SMIFH2 has opposing effects on the Ca2+ transient and contractility between frog and mouse cardiomyocytes. We further found that SMIFH2 suppressed Ca2+ -release via type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2); this inhibitory effect may explain the species differences, since RyR2 is critical for Ca2+ transients in mouse myocardium but absent in frog myocardium. Although the mechanisms underlying the enhancement of Ca2+ transients in frog cardiomyocytes remain unclear, SMIFH2 differentially affects the cardiac contraction of amphibian and mammalian by differentially modulating their Ca2+ handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sakata
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Sho Matsuyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nagomi Kurebayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Hayamizu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Murayama
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihide Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kitamura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Circulatory and Body Fluid Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Sachio Morimoto
- Department of Health Sciences Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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11
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Wu G, Ruan J, Liu J, Zhang C, Kang L, Wang J, Zou Y, Song L. Variant Spectrum of Formin Homology 2 Domain-Containing 3 Gene in Chinese Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e018236. [PMID: 33586461 PMCID: PMC8174292 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background The FHOD3 (formin homology 2 domain‐containing 3) gene has recently been identified as a causative gene of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, the pathogenicity of FHOD3 variants remains to be evaluated. This study analyzed the spectrum of FHOD3 variants in a large HCM and control cohort, and explored its correlation with the disease. Methods and Results The genetic analysis of FHOD3 was performed using the whole exome sequencing data from 1000 patients with HCM and 761 controls without HCM. A total of 37 FHOD3 candidate variants were identified, including 25 missense variants and 2 truncating variants. In detail, there were 27 candidate variants detected in 33 (3.3%) patients with HCM, which was significantly higher than in the 12 controls (3.3% versus 1.6%; odds ratio, 2.13; P<0.05). On the basis of familial segregation, we identified one truncating variant (c.1286+2delT) as a causal variant in 4 patients. Furthermore, the FHOD3 candidate variant experienced significantly more risk of cardiovascular death and all‐cause death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.71; 95%, 1.32–8.59; P=0.016; and adjusted HR, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.09–6.85; P=0.035, respectively). Conclusions Our study suggests that FHOD3 is a causal gene for HCM, and that the presence of FHOD3 candidate variants is an independent risk for cardiovascular death and all‐cause death in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,Cardiomyopathy Ward Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Jieyun Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,Cardiomyopathy Ward Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,Cardiomyopathy Ward Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Channa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Lianming Kang
- Cardiomyopathy Ward Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Jizheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Yubao Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,Cardiomyopathy Ward Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Disease Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China.,National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases Fuwai Hospital National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
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12
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Yingling CV, Pruyne D. FHOD formin and SRF promote post-embryonic striated muscle growth through separate pathways in C. elegans. Exp Cell Res 2021; 398:112388. [PMID: 33221314 PMCID: PMC7750259 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work with cultured cells has shown transcription of muscle genes by serum response factor (SRF) can be stimulated by actin polymerization driven by proteins of the formin family. However, it is not clear if endogenous formins similarly promote SRF-dependent transcription during muscle development in vivo. We tested whether formin activity promotes SRF-dependent transcription in striated muscle in the simple animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. Our lab has shown FHOD-1 is the only formin that directly promotes sarcomere formation in the worm's striated muscle. We show here FHOD-1 and SRF homolog UNC-120 both support muscle growth and also muscle myosin II heavy chain A expression. However, while a hypomorphic unc-120 allele blunts expression of a set of striated muscle genes, these genes are largely upregulated or unchanged by absence of FHOD-1. Instead, pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome restores myosin protein levels in worms lacking FHOD-1, suggesting elevated proteolysis accounts for their myosin deficit. Interestingly, proteasome inhibition does not restore normal muscle growth to fhod-1(Δ) mutants, suggesting formin contributes to muscle growth by some alternative mechanism. Overall, we find SRF does not depend on formin to promote muscle gene transcription in a simple in vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis V Yingling
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 107 Weiskotten Hall, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| | - David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, 107 Weiskotten Hall, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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13
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The actin polymerization factor Diaphanous and the actin severing protein Flightless I collaborate to regulate sarcomere size. Dev Biol 2021; 469:12-25. [PMID: 32980309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle, composed of repeated sets of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments. During muscle development, sarcomeres grow in size to accommodate the growth and function of muscle fibers. Failure in regulating sarcomere size results in muscle dysfunction; yet, it is unclear how the size and uniformity of sarcomeres are controlled. Here we show that the formin Diaphanous is critical for the growth and maintenance of sarcomere size: Dia sets sarcomere length and width through regulation of the number and length of the actin thin filaments in the Drosophila flight muscle. To regulate thin filament length and sarcomere size, Dia interacts with the Gelsolin superfamily member Flightless I (FliI). We suggest that these actin regulators, by controlling actin dynamics and turnover, generate uniformly sized sarcomeres tuned for the muscle contractions required for flight.
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14
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Yu J, Shi W, Zhao R, Shen W, Li H. FHOD3 promotes carcinogenesis by regulating RhoA/ROCK1/LIMK1 signaling pathway in medulloblastoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22:2312-2323. [PMID: 32447646 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant brain disease in young children. The overall survival of MB patients is disappointing due to absence of effective therapeutics and this could be attributed to the lack of molecular mechanism underlying MB. FHOD3 was an important gene during cardio-genesis and was reported to promote cell migration in cancer. However, its role in MB is not clear to date. METHODS RT-qPCR and IHC analysis were used to determine expression of FHOD3. Survival curve was drawn by K-M analysis. FHOD3 was knocked down by RNAi technology. The effects of FHOD3 on medulloblastoma cells were determined by CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay and FACs analysis. RESULTS FHOD3 expression increased by 1.5 fold in tumor tissues compared to the control and IHC analysis further confirmed strong expression of FHOD3 in medulloblastoma tissues. Then higher FHOD3 expression was associated with shorter survival time in MB patients (13.0 months versus 43.8 months). In medulloblastoma cells such as Daoy and D283med, FHOD3 also displayed abundant expression. When FHOD3 was knocked down, the ability of cell proliferation and colony formation was reduced over greatly. The capability of cell migration and invasion was also inhibited significantly. However, cell apoptotic rate increased significantly reversely. Mechanistically, the phosphorylation level of RhoA, ROCK1, and LIMK1 was decreased when FHOD3 was knocked down but increased reversely when FHOD3 was over-expressed in Daoy cells. CONCLUSIONS FHOD3 was associated with overall survival time in medulloblastoma patients and was essential to cell proliferation, growth and survival in medulloblastoma and might regulates activation of RhoA/ROCK1/LIMK1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - W Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - R Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - W Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - H Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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15
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Sulistomo HW, Nemoto T, Kage Y, Fujii H, Uchida T, Takamiya K, Sumimoto H, Kataoka H, Bito H, Takeya R. Fhod3 Controls the Dendritic Spine Morphology of Specific Subpopulations of Pyramidal Neurons in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 31:2205-2219. [PMID: 33251537 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the shape and size of the dendritic spines are critical for synaptic transmission. These morphological changes depend on dynamic assembly of the actin cytoskeleton and occur differently in various types of neurons. However, how the actin dynamics are regulated in a neuronal cell type-specific manner remains largely unknown. We show that Fhod3, a member of the formin family proteins that mediate F-actin assembly, controls the dendritic spine morphogenesis of specific subpopulations of cerebrocortical pyramidal neurons. Fhod3 is expressed specifically in excitatory pyramidal neurons within layers II/III and V of restricted areas of the mouse cerebral cortex. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses revealed the accumulation of Fhod3 in postsynaptic spines. Although targeted deletion of Fhod3 in the brain did not lead to any defects in the gross or histological appearance of the brain, the dendritic spines in pyramidal neurons within presumptive Fhod3-positive areas were morphologically abnormal. In primary cultures prepared from the Fhod3-depleted cortex, defects in spine morphology were only detected in Fhod3 promoter-active cells, a small population of pyramidal neurons, and not in Fhod3 promoter-negative pyramidal neurons. Thus, Fhod3 plays a crucial role in dendritic spine morphogenesis only in a specific population of pyramidal neurons in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmawan Wahyu Sulistomo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yohko Kage
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hajime Fujii
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taku Uchida
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Kogo Takamiya
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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16
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Sundaramurthy S, Votra S, Laszlo A, Davies T, Pruyne D. FHOD-1 is the only formin in Caenorhabditis elegans that promotes striated muscle growth and Z-line organization in a cell autonomous manner. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:422-441. [PMID: 33103378 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The striated body wall muscles of Caenorhabditis elegans are a simple model for sarcomere assembly. Previously, we observed deletion mutants for two formin genes, fhod-1 and cyk-1, develop thin muscles with abnormal dense bodies (the sarcomere Z-line analogs). However, this work left in question whether these formins work in a muscle cell autonomous manner, particularly since cyk-1(∆) deletion has pleiotropic effects on development. Using a fast acting temperature-sensitive cyk-1(ts) mutant, we show here that neither postembryonic loss nor acute loss of CYK-1 during embryonic sarcomerogenesis cause lasting muscle defects. Furthermore, mosaic expression of CYK-1 in cyk-1(∆) mutants is unable to rescue muscle defects in a cell autonomous manner, suggesting muscle phenotypes caused by cyk-1(∆) are likely indirect. Conversely, mosaic expression of FHOD-1 in fhod-1(Δ) mutants promotes muscle cell growth and proper dense body organization in a muscle cell autonomous manner. As we observe no effect of loss of any other formin on muscle development, we conclude FHOD-1 is the only worm formin that directly promotes striated muscle development, and the effects on formin loss in C. elegans are surprisingly modest compared to other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Sundaramurthy
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - SarahBeth Votra
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Arianna Laszlo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Tim Davies
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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17
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Under construction: The dynamic assembly, maintenance, and degradation of the cardiac sarcomere. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 148:89-102. [PMID: 32920010 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of striated muscle and is a highly ordered protein complex with the actin and myosin filaments at its core. Assembling the sarcomere constituents into this organized structure in development, and with muscle growth as new sarcomeres are built, is a complex process coordinated by numerous factors. Once assembled, the sarcomere requires constant maintenance as its continuous contraction is accompanied by elevated mechanical, thermal, and oxidative stress, which predispose proteins to misfolding and toxic aggregation. To prevent protein misfolding and maintain sarcomere integrity, the sarcomere is monitored by an assortment of protein quality control (PQC) mechanisms. The need for effective PQC is heightened in cardiomyocytes which are terminally differentiated and must survive for many years while preserving optimal mechanical output. To prevent toxic protein aggregation, molecular chaperones stabilize denatured sarcomere proteins and promote their refolding. However, when old and misfolded proteins cannot be salvaged by chaperones, they must be recycled via degradation pathways: the calpain and ubiquitin-proteasome systems, which operate under basal conditions, and the stress-responsive autophagy-lysosome pathway. Mutations to and deficiency of the molecular chaperones and associated factors charged with sarcomere maintenance commonly lead to sarcomere structural disarray and the progression of heart disease, highlighting the necessity of effective sarcomere PQC for maintaining cardiac function. This review focuses on the dynamic regulation of assembly and turnover at the sarcomere with an emphasis on the chaperones involved in these processes and describes the alterations to chaperones - through mutations and deficient expression - implicated in disease progression to heart failure.
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18
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Antoku S, Wu W, Joseph LC, Morrow JP, Worman HJ, Gundersen GG. ERK1/2 Phosphorylation of FHOD Connects Signaling and Nuclear Positioning Alternations in Cardiac Laminopathy. Dev Cell 2020; 51:602-616.e12. [PMID: 31794718 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) cause cardiomyopathy and also disrupt nuclear positioning in fibroblasts. LMNA mutations causing cardiomyopathy elevate ERK1/2 activity in the heart, and inhibition of the ERK1/2 kinase activity ameliorates pathology, but the downstream effectors remain largely unknown. We now show that cardiomyocytes from mice with an Lmna mutation and elevated cardiac ERK1/2 activity have altered nuclear positioning. In fibroblasts, ERK1/2 activation negatively regulated nuclear movement by phosphorylating S498 of FHOD1. Expression of an unphosphorylatable FHOD1 variant rescued the nuclear movement defect in fibroblasts expressing a cardiomyopathy-causing lamin A mutant. In hearts of mice with LMNA mutation-induced cardiomyopathy, ERK1/2 mediated phosphorylation of FHOD3, an isoform highly expressed in cardiac tissue. Phosphorylation of FHOD1 and FHOD3 inhibited their actin bundling activity. These results show that phosphorylation of FHOD proteins by ERK1/2 is a critical switch for nuclear positioning and may play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy caused by LMNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Antoku
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Leroy C Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregg G Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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19
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Huang S, Pu T, Wei W, Xu R, Wu Y. Exome sequencing identifies a FHOD3 p.S527del mutation in a Chinese family with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3146. [PMID: 31742804 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inheritable cardiac disease and is characterised by unexplained ventricular myocardial hypertrophy. HCM is highly heterogeneous and is primarily caused by the mutation of genes encoding sarcomere proteins. As a result of its genetic basis, we investigated the underlying cause of HCM in a Chinese family by whole-exome sequencing. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing was performed for seven clinically diagnosed HCM family members and the resulting single nucleotide variants associated with cardiac hypertrophy or heart development were analysed by a polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS A non-frameshift deletion mutation (p.S527del) of Formin Homology 2 Domain Containing 3 (FHOD3) was detected in all of the affected family members and was absent in all unaffected members, with the exception of one young member. Moreover, three single nucleotide variants associated with heart development and morphogenesis were identified in the proband but were absent in the other affected subjects. CONCLUSIONS This is the first HCM family case of FHOD3 (p.S527del) variation in Asia. Additionally, RNF207 (p.Q268P), CCM2 (p. E233K) and SGCZ (p.Q134X) may be related to the clinical heterogeneity of the family. The present study could enable the provision of genetic counseling for this family and provide a basis for future genetic and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suqiu Huang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Pu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rang Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Wu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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20
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PTPN3 suppresses lung cancer cell invasiveness by counteracting Src-mediated DAAM1 activation and actin polymerization. Oncogene 2019; 38:7002-7016. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Sanematsu F, Kanai A, Ushijima T, Shiraishi A, Abe T, Kage Y, Sumimoto H, Takeya R. Fhod1, an actin-organizing formin family protein, is dispensable for cardiac development and function in mice. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:219-229. [PMID: 31008549 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The formin family proteins have the ability to regulate actin filament assembly, thereby functioning in diverse cytoskeletal processes. Fhod3, a cardiac member of the family, plays a crucial role in development and functional maintenance of the heart. Although Fhod1, a protein closely-related to Fhod3, has been reported to be expressed in cardiomyocytes, the role of Fhod1 in the heart has still remained elusive. To know the physiological role of Fhod1 in the heart, we disrupted the Fhod1 gene in mice by replacement of exon 1 with a lacZ reporter gene. Histological lacZ staining unexpectedly revealed no detectable expression of Fhod1 in the heart, in contrast to intensive staining in the lung, a Fhod1-containing organ. Consistent with this, expression level of the Fhod1 protein in the heart was below the lower limit of detection of the present immunoblot analysis with three independent anti-Fhod1 antibodies. Homozygous Fhod1-null mice did not show any defects in gross and histological appearance of the heart or upregulate fetal cardiac genes that are induced under stress conditions. Furthermore, Fhod1 ablation did not elicit compensatory increase in expression of other formins. Thus, Fhod1 appears to be dispensable for normal development and function of the mouse heart, even if a marginal amount of Fhod1 is expressed in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyuki Sanematsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ami Kanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ushijima
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Aki Shiraishi
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yohko Kage
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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22
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Sulistomo HW, Nemoto T, Yanagita T, Takeya R. Formin homology 2 domain-containing 3 (Fhod3) controls neural plate morphogenesis in mouse cranial neurulation by regulating multidirectional apical constriction. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2924-2934. [PMID: 30573686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube closure requires apical constriction during which contraction of the apical F-actin network forces the cell into a wedged shape, facilitating the folding of the neural plate into a tube. However, how F-actin assembly at the apical surface is regulated in mammalian neurulation remains largely unknown. We report here that formin homology 2 domain-containing 3 (Fhod3), a formin protein that mediates F-actin assembly, is essential for cranial neural tube closure in mouse embryos. We found that Fhod3 is expressed in the lateral neural plate but not in the floor region of the closing neural plate at the hindbrain. Consistently, in Fhod3-null embryos, neural plate bending at the midline occurred normally, but lateral plates seemed floppy and failed to flex dorsomedially. Because the apical accumulation of F-actin and constriction were impaired specifically at the lateral plates in Fhod3-null embryos, we concluded that Fhod3-mediated actin assembly contributes to lateral plate-specific apical constriction to advance closure. Intriguingly, Fhod3 expression at the hindbrain was restricted to neuromeric segments called rhombomeres. The rhombomere-specific accumulation of apical F-actin induced by the rhombomere-restricted expression of Fhod3 was responsible for the outward bulging of rhombomeres involving apical constriction along the anteroposterior axis, as rhombomeric bulging was less prominent in Fhod3-null embryos than in the wild type. Fhod3 thus plays a crucial role in the morphological changes associated with neural tube closure at the hindbrain by mediating apical constriction not only in the mediolateral but also in the anteroposterior direction, thereby contributing to tube closure and rhombomere segmentation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikmawan Wahyu Sulistomo
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan and
| | - Takayuki Nemoto
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan and
| | - Toshihiko Yanagita
- the Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan and
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23
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Fenix AM, Neininger AC, Taneja N, Hyde K, Visetsouk MR, Garde RJ, Liu B, Nixon BR, Manalo AE, Becker JR, Crawley SW, Bader DM, Tyska MJ, Liu Q, Gutzman JH, Burnette DT. Muscle-specific stress fibers give rise to sarcomeres in cardiomyocytes. eLife 2018; 7:42144. [PMID: 30540249 PMCID: PMC6307863 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sarcomere is the contractile unit within cardiomyocytes driving heart muscle contraction. We sought to test the mechanisms regulating actin and myosin filament assembly during sarcomere formation. Therefore, we developed an assay using human cardiomyocytes to monitor sarcomere assembly. We report a population of muscle stress fibers, similar to actin arcs in non-muscle cells, which are essential sarcomere precursors. We show sarcomeric actin filaments arise directly from muscle stress fibers. This requires formins (e.g., FHOD3), non-muscle myosin IIA and non-muscle myosin IIB. Furthermore, we show short cardiac myosin II filaments grow to form ~1.5 μm long filaments that then 'stitch' together to form the stack of filaments at the core of the sarcomere (i.e., the A-band). A-band assembly is dependent on the proper organization of actin filaments and, as such, is also dependent on FHOD3 and myosin IIB. We use this experimental paradigm to present evidence for a unifying model of sarcomere assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan M Fenix
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Abigail C Neininger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Nilay Taneja
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Karren Hyde
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Mike R Visetsouk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Ryan J Garde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Benjamin R Nixon
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Annabelle E Manalo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Jason R Becker
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Scott W Crawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, United States
| | - David M Bader
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, United States
| | - Jennifer H Gutzman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Dylan T Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
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Lorenzi P, Sangalli A, Fochi S, Dal Molin A, Malerba G, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. RNA-binding proteins RBM20 and PTBP1 regulate the alternative splicing of FHOD3. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 106:74-83. [PMID: 30468920 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of alternative splicing events is an essential step required for the expression of functional cytoskeleton and sarcomere proteins in cardiomyocytes. About 3% of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy cases present mutations in the RNA binding protein RBM20, a tissue specific regulator of alternative splicing. Transcripts expressed preferentially in skeletal and cardiac muscle, including TTN, CAMK2D, LDB3, LMO7, PDLIM3, RTN4, and RYR2, are RBM20-dependent splice variants. In the present study, we investigated the RBM20 involvement in post-transcriptional regulation of splicing variants expressed by Formin homology 2 domain containing 3 (FHOD3) gene. FHOD3 is a sarcomeric protein highly expressed in the cardiac tissue and required for the assembly of the contractile apparatus. Recently, FHOD3 mutations have been found associated with heart diseases. We identified novel FHOD3 splicing variants differentially expressed in human tissues and provided evidences that FHOD3 transcripts are specific RBM20 and PTBP1 targets. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the expression of RBM20 and PTBP1 promoted the alternative shift, from inclusion to exclusion, of selected FHOD3 exons. These results indicate that RBM20 and PTBP1 play a role in the actin filament functional organization mediated by FHOD3 isoforms and suggest their possible involvement in heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lorenzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - A Sangalli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - S Fochi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - A Dal Molin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - G Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - D Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - M G Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Italy.
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25
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Formin Homology 2 Domain Containing 3 (FHOD3) Is a Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:2457-2467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Tissue-Specific Functions of fem-2/PP2c Phosphatase and fhod-1/formin During Caenorhabditis elegans Embryonic Morphogenesis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2277-2290. [PMID: 29720391 PMCID: PMC6027879 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is the basic machinery that drives many morphogenetic events. Elongation of the C. elegans embryo from a spheroid into a long, thin larva initially results from actomyosin contractility, mainly in the lateral epidermal seam cells, while the corresponding dorsal and ventral epidermal cells play a more passive role. This is followed by a later elongation phase involving muscle contraction. Early elongation is mediated by parallel genetic pathways involving LET-502/Rho kinase and MEL-11/MYPT myosin phosphatase in one pathway and FEM-2/PP2c phosphatase and PAK-1/p21 activated kinase in another. While the LET-502/MEL-11 pathway appears to act primarily in the lateral epidermis, here we show that FEM-2 can mediate early elongation when expressed in the dorsal and ventral epidermis. We also investigated the early elongation function of FHOD-1, a member of the formin family of actin nucleators and bundlers. Previous work showed that FHOD-1 acts in the LET-502/MEL-11 branch of the early elongation pathway as well as in muscle for sarcomere organization. Consistent with this, we found that lateral epidermal cell-specific expression of FHOD-1 is sufficient for elongation, and FHOD-1 effects on elongation appear to be independent of its role in muscle. Also, we found that fhod-1 encodes long and short isoforms that differ in the presence of a predicted coiled-coil domain. Based on tissue-specific expression constructions and an isoform-specific CRISPR allele, the two FHOD-1 isoforms show partially specialized epidermal or muscle function. Although fhod-1 shows only impenetrant elongation phenotypes, we were unable to detect redundancy with other C. elegans formin genes.
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Zuidscherwoude M, Green HLH, Thomas SG. Formin proteins in megakaryocytes and platelets: regulation of actin and microtubule dynamics. Platelets 2018; 30:23-30. [PMID: 29913076 PMCID: PMC6406210 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1481937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The platelet and megakaryocyte cytoskeletons are essential for formation and function of these cells. A dynamic, properly organised tubulin and actin cytoskeleton is critical for the development of the megakaryocyte and the extension of proplatelets. Tubulin in particular plays a pivotal role in the extension of these proplatelets and the release of platelets from them. Tubulin is further required for the maintenance of platelet size, and actin is the driving force for shape change, spreading and platelet contraction during platelet activation. Whilst several key proteins which regulate these cytoskeletons have been described in detail, the formin family of proteins has received less attention. Formins are intriguing as, although they were initially believed to simply be a nucleator of actin polymerisation, increasing evidence shows they are important regulators of the crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. In this review, we will introduce the formin proteins and consider the recent evidence that they play an important role in platelets and megakaryocytes in mediating both the actin and tubulin cytoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malou Zuidscherwoude
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE) , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , Midlands , UK
| | - Hannah L H Green
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Steven G Thomas
- a Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE) , University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham , Midlands , UK
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28
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Ehler E. Actin-associated proteins and cardiomyopathy-the 'unknown' beyond troponin and tropomyosin. Biophys Rev 2018; 10:1121-1128. [PMID: 29869751 PMCID: PMC6082317 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-018-0428-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been known for several decades that mutations in genes that encode for proteins involved in the control of actomyosin interactions such as the troponin complex, tropomyosin and MYBP-C and thus regulate contraction can lead to hereditary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In recent years, it has become apparent that actin-binding proteins not directly involved in the regulation of contraction also can exhibit changed expression levels, show altered subcellular localisation or bear mutations that might lead to hereditary cardiomyopathies. The aim of this review is to look beyond the troponin/tropomyosin mechanism and to give an overview of the different types of actin-associated proteins and their potential roles in cardiomyocytes. It will then discuss recent findings relevant to their involvement in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics (School of Basic and Medical Biosciences), London, UK. .,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, British Heart Foundation Research Excellence Centre, King's College London, Room 3.26A, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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29
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Interaction between cardiac myosin-binding protein C and formin Fhod3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4386-E4395. [PMID: 29686099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716498115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyBP-C) are a major cause of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although cMyBP-C has been considered to regulate the cardiac function via cross-bridge arrangement at the C-zone of the myosin-containing A-band, the mechanism by which cMyBP-C functions remains unclear. We identified formin Fhod3, an actin organizer essential for the formation and maintenance of cardiac sarcomeres, as a cMyBP-C-binding protein. The cardiac-specific N-terminal Ig-like domain of cMyBP-C directly interacts with the cardiac-specific N-terminal region of Fhod3. The interaction seems to direct the localization of Fhod3 to the C-zone, since a noncardiac Fhod3 variant lacking the cMyBP-C-binding region failed to localize to the C-zone. Conversely, the cardiac variant of Fhod3 failed to localize to the C-zone in the cMyBP-C-null mice, which display a phenotype of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The cardiomyopathic phenotype of cMyBP-C-null mice was further exacerbated by Fhod3 overexpression with a defect of sarcomere integrity, whereas that was partially ameliorated by a reduction in the Fhod3 protein levels, suggesting that Fhod3 has a deleterious effect on cardiac function under cMyBP-C-null conditions where Fhod3 is aberrantly mislocalized. Together, these findings suggest the possibility that Fhod3 contributes to the pathogenesis of cMyBP-C-related cardiomyopathy and that Fhod3 is critically involved in cMyBP-C-mediated regulation of cardiac function via direct interaction.
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30
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Taylor DL, Knowles DA, Scott LJ, Ramirez AH, Casale FP, Wolford BN, Guan L, Varshney A, Albanus RD, Parker SCJ, Narisu N, Chines PS, Erdos MR, Welch RP, Kinnunen L, Saramies J, Sundvall J, Lakka TA, Laakso M, Tuomilehto J, Koistinen HA, Stegle O, Boehnke M, Birney E, Collins FS. Interactions between genetic variation and cellular environment in skeletal muscle gene expression. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195788. [PMID: 29659628 PMCID: PMC5901994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
From whole organisms to individual cells, responses to environmental conditions are influenced by genetic makeup, where the effect of genetic variation on a trait depends on the environmental context. RNA-sequencing quantifies gene expression as a molecular trait, and is capable of capturing both genetic and environmental effects. In this study, we explore opportunities of using allele-specific expression (ASE) to discover cis-acting genotype-environment interactions (GxE)—genetic effects on gene expression that depend on an environmental condition. Treating 17 common, clinical traits as approximations of the cellular environment of 267 skeletal muscle biopsies, we identify 10 candidate environmental response expression quantitative trait loci (reQTLs) across 6 traits (12 unique gene-environment trait pairs; 10% FDR per trait) including sex, systolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although using ASE is in principle a promising approach to detect GxE effects, replication of such signals can be challenging as validation requires harmonization of environmental traits across cohorts and a sufficient sampling of heterozygotes for a transcribed SNP. Comprehensive discovery and replication will require large human transcriptome datasets, or the integration of multiple transcribed SNPs, coupled with standardized clinical phenotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Leland Taylor
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Knowles
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrea H. Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Francesco Paolo Casale
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Brooke N. Wolford
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Li Guan
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Arushi Varshney
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ricardo D’Oliveira Albanus
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. J. Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Peter S. Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Erdos
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
| | - Ryan P. Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Leena Kinnunen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Saramies
- South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Jouko Sundvall
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo A. Lakka
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Heikki A. Koistinen
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine and Abdominal Center: Endocrinology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ewan Birney
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EB); (FSC)
| | - Francis S. Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EB); (FSC)
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31
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Ushijima T, Fujimoto N, Matsuyama S, Kan-O M, Kiyonari H, Shioi G, Kage Y, Yamasaki S, Takeya R, Sumimoto H. The actin-organizing formin protein Fhod3 is required for postnatal development and functional maintenance of the adult heart in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:148-162. [PMID: 29158260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac development and function require actin-myosin interactions in the sarcomere, a highly organized contractile structure. Sarcomere assembly mediated by formin homology 2 domain-containing 3 (Fhod3), a member of formins that directs formation of straight actin filaments, is essential for embryonic cardiogenesis. However, the role of Fhod3 in the neonatal and adult stages has remained unknown. Here, we generated floxed Fhod3 mice to bypass the embryonic lethality of an Fhod3 knockout (KO). Perinatal KO of Fhod3 in the heart caused juvenile lethality at around day 10 after birth with enlarged hearts composed of severely impaired myofibrils, indicating that Fhod3 is crucial for postnatal heart development. Tamoxifen-induced conditional KO of Fhod3 in the adult heart neither led to lethal effects nor did it affect sarcomere structure and localization of sarcomere components. However, adult Fhod3-deleted mice exhibited a slight cardiomegaly and mild impairment of cardiac function, conditions that were sustained over 1 year without compensation during aging. In addition to these age-related changes, systemic stimulation with the α1-adrenergic receptor agonist phenylephrine, which induces sustained hypertension and hypertrophy development, induced expression of fetal cardiac genes that was more pronounced in adult Fhod3-deleted mice than in the control mice, suggesting that Fhod3 modulates hypertrophic changes in the adult heart. We conclude that Fhod3 plays a crucial role in both postnatal cardiac development and functional maintenance of the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Ushijima
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582
| | - Noriko Fujimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582
| | - Sho Matsuyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692
| | - Meikun Kan-O
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit, Kobe 650-0047; Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047
| | - Go Shioi
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047
| | - Yohko Kage
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692.
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka 812-8582.
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32
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Abstract
Cardiac and skeletal striated muscles are intricately designed machines responsible for muscle contraction. Coordination of the basic contractile unit, the sarcomere, and the complex cytoskeletal networks are critical for contractile activity. The sarcomere is comprised of precisely organized individual filament systems that include thin (actin), thick (myosin), titin, and nebulin. Connecting the sarcomere to other organelles (e.g., mitochondria and nucleus) and serving as the scaffold to maintain cellular integrity are the intermediate filaments. The costamere, on the other hand, tethers the sarcomere to the cell membrane. Unique structures like the intercalated disc in cardiac muscle and the myotendinous junction in skeletal muscle help synchronize and transmit force. Intense investigation has been done on many of the proteins that make up these cytoskeletal assemblies. Yet the details of their function and how they interconnect have just started to be elucidated. A vast number of human myopathies are contributed to mutations in muscle proteins; thus understanding their basic function provides a mechanistic understanding of muscle disorders. In this review, we highlight the components of striated muscle with respect to their interactions, signaling pathways, functions, and connections to disease. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:891-944, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Henderson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher G Gomez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stefanie M Novak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lei Mi-Mi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Carol C Gregorio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Sarver Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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33
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Zhou Q, Wei SS, Wang H, Wang Q, Li W, Li G, Hou JW, Chen XM, Chen J, Xu WP, Li YG, Wang YP. Crucial Role of ROCK2-Mediated Phosphorylation and Upregulation of FHOD3 in the Pathogenesis of Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Hypertension 2017; 69:1070-1083. [PMID: 28438902 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is characterized by increased myofibrillogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is an essential mediator of the pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in part through RhoA/ROCK (small GTPase/Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase) pathway. FHOD3 (formin homology 2 domain containing 3), a cardiac-restricted member of diaphanous-related formins, is crucial in regulating myofibrillogenesis in cardiomyocytes. FHOD3 maintains inactive through autoinhibition by an intramolecular interaction between its C- and N-terminal domains. Phosphorylation of the 3 highly conserved residues (1406S, 1412S, and 1416T) within the C terminus (CT) of FHOD3 by ROCK1 is sufficient for its activation. However, it is unclear whether ROCK-mediated FHOD3 activation plays a role in the pathogenesis of Ang-II-induced cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we detected increases in FHOD3 expression and phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes from Ang-II-induced rat cardiac hypertrophy models. Valsartan attenuated such increases. In cultured neonate rat cardiomyocytes, overexpression of phosphor-mimetic mutant FHOD3-DDD, but not wild-type FHOD3, resulted in myofibrillogenesis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Expression of a phosphor-resistant mutant FHOD3-AAA completely abolished myofibrillogenesis and attenuated Ang-II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Pretreatment of neonate rat cardiomyocytes with ROCK inhibitor Y27632 reduced Ang-II-induced FHOD3 activation and upregulation, suggesting the involvement of ROCK activities. Silencing of ROCK2, but not ROCK1, in neonate rat cardiomyocytes, significantly lessened Ang-II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. ROCK2 can directly phosphorylate FHOD3 at both 1412S and 1416T in vitro and is more potent than ROCK1. Both kinases failed to phosphorylate 1406S. Coexpression of FHOD3 with constitutively active ROCK2 induced more stress fiber formation than that with constitutively active ROCK1. Collectively, our results demonstrated the importance of ROCK2 regulated FHOD3 expression and activation in Ang-II-induced myofibrillogenesis, thus provided a novel mechanism for the pathogenesis of Ang-II-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Si-Si Wei
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Hong Wang
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Qian Wang
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Wei Li
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Gang Li
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Jian-Wen Hou
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Chen
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Jie Chen
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Wei-Ping Xu
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China
| | - Yi-Gang Li
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China.
| | - Yue-Peng Wang
- From the Molecular Cardiology Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiology (Q.Z., H.W., Q.W., W.L., G.L., J.-W.H., X.-M.C., J.C., W.-P.X., Y.-G.L., Y.-P.W.) and Department of Pediatrics (S.-S.W.), Affiliated Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, China.
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Miller MR, Miller EW, Blystone SD. Non-canonical activity of the podosomal formin FMNL1γ supports immune cell migration. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1730-1739. [PMID: 28348104 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Having previously located the formin FMNL1 in macrophage podosomes, we developed an in vivo model to assess the role of FMNL1 in the migration activities of primary macrophages. Deletion of FMNL1 in mice was genetically lethal; however, targeted deletion in macrophages was achieved by employing macrophage-specific Cre. Unchallenged FMNL1-deficient mice exhibited an unexpected reduction in tissue-resident macrophages despite normal blood monocyte numbers. Upon immune stimulus, the absence of FMNL1 resulted in reduced macrophage recruitment in vivo, decreased migration in two-dimensional in vitro culture and a decrease in the number of macrophages exhibiting podosomes. Of the three described isoforms of FMNL1 - α, β and γ - only FMNL1γ rescued macrophage migration when expressed exogenously in depleted macrophages. Surprisingly, mutation of residues in the FH2 domain of FMNL1γ that disrupt barbed-end actin binding did not limit rescue of macrophage migration and podosome numbers. These observations suggest that FMNL1 contributes to macrophage migration activity by stabilizing the lifespan of podosomes without interaction of fast-growing actin termini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Eric W Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Scott D Blystone
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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35
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Esslinger U, Garnier S, Korniat A, Proust C, Kararigas G, Müller-Nurasyid M, Empana JP, Morley MP, Perret C, Stark K, Bick AG, Prasad SK, Kriebel J, Li J, Tiret L, Strauch K, O'Regan DP, Marguiles KB, Seidman JG, Boutouyrie P, Lacolley P, Jouven X, Hengstenberg C, Komajda M, Hakonarson H, Isnard R, Arbustini E, Grallert H, Cook SA, Seidman CE, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Cappola TP, Charron P, Cambien F, Villard E. Exome-wide association study reveals novel susceptibility genes to sporadic dilated cardiomyopathy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172995. [PMID: 28296976 PMCID: PMC5351854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an important cause of heart failure with a strong familial component. We performed an exome-wide array-based association study (EWAS) to assess the contribution of missense variants to sporadic DCM. Methods and results 116,855 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were analyzed in 2796 DCM patients and 6877 control subjects from 6 populations of European ancestry. We confirmed two previously identified associations with SNVs in BAG3 and ZBTB17 and discovered six novel DCM-associated loci (Q-value<0.01). The lead-SNVs at novel loci are common and located in TTN, SLC39A8, MLIP, FLNC, ALPK3 and FHOD3. In silico fine mapping identified HSPB7 as the most likely candidate at the ZBTB17 locus. Rare variant analysis (MAF<0.01) demonstrated significant association for TTN variants only (P = 0.0085). All candidate genes but one (SLC39A8) exhibit preferential expression in striated muscle tissues and mutations in TTN, BAG3, FLNC and FHOD3 are known to cause familial cardiomyopathy. We also investigated a panel of 48 known cardiomyopathy genes. Collectively, rare (n = 228, P = 0.0033) or common (n = 36, P = 0.019) variants with elevated in silico severity scores were associated with DCM, indicating that the spectrum of genes contributing to sporadic DCM extends beyond those identified here. Conclusion We identified eight loci independently associated with sporadic DCM. The functions of the best candidate genes at these loci suggest that proteostasis regulation might play a role in DCM pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Esslinger
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Garnier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Korniat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Carole Proust
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Georgios Kararigas
- Institute of Gender in Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite University Hospital, and DZHK, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Empana
- INSERM, UMR-S970, Department of Epidemiology, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Michael P. Morley
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Claire Perret
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Klaus Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander G. Bick
- Department of Medecine and Genetics Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer Kriebel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jin Li
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Laurence Tiret
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Declan P. O'Regan
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth B. Marguiles
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan G. Seidman
- Department of Medecine and Genetics Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States of America
| | - Pierre Boutouyrie
- INSERM, UMR-S970, Department of Epidemiology, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Pharmacology Department, Paris, France
| | | | - Xavier Jouven
- INSERM, UMR-S970, Department of Epidemiology, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Cardiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Christian Hengstenberg
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partnersite Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michel Komajda
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Cardiology Department, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Richard Isnard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Cardiology Department, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France
| | | | - Harald Grallert
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stuart A. Cook
- National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Duke-NUS, Singapore
| | - Christine E. Seidman
- Department of Medecine and Genetics Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States of America
| | - Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
- Institute of Gender in Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charite University Hospital, and DZHK, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas P. Cappola
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Philippe Charron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Cardiology Department, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Centre de Référence des Maladies Cardiaques Héréditaires, Paris, France
- Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin, AP-HP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - François Cambien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EV); (FC)
| | - Eric Villard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMR-S1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Paris, France
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Cardiology Department, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (EV); (FC)
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Ben-Avraham D, Karasik D, Verghese J, Lunetta KL, Smith JA, Eicher JD, Vered R, Deelen J, Arnold AM, Buchman AS, Tanaka T, Faul JD, Nethander M, Fornage M, Adams HH, Matteini AM, Callisaya ML, Smith AV, Yu L, De Jager PL, Evans DA, Gudnason V, Hofman A, Pattie A, Corley J, Launer LJ, Knopman DS, Parimi N, Turner ST, Bandinelli S, Beekman M, Gutman D, Sharvit L, Mooijaart SP, Liewald DC, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Ohlsson C, Moed M, Verlinden VJ, Mellström D, van der Geest JN, Karlsson M, Hernandez D, McWhirter R, Liu Y, Thomson R, Tranah GJ, Uitterlinden AG, Weir DR, Zhao W, Starr JM, Johnson AD, Ikram MA, Bennett DA, Cummings SR, Deary IJ, Harris TB, Kardia SLR, Mosley TH, Srikanth VK, Windham BG, Newman AB, Walston JD, Davies G, Evans DS, Slagboom EP, Ferrucci L, Kiel DP, Murabito JM, Atzmon G. The complex genetics of gait speed: genome-wide meta-analysis approach. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:209-246. [PMID: 28077804 PMCID: PMC5310665 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that the basis for variation in late-life mobility is attributable, in part, to genetic factors, which may become increasingly important with age. Our objective was to systematically assess the contribution of genetic variation to gait speed in older individuals. We conducted a meta-analysis of gait speed GWASs in 31,478 older adults from 17 cohorts of the CHARGE consortium, and validated our results in 2,588 older adults from 4 independent studies. We followed our initial discoveries with network and eQTL analysis of candidate signals in tissues. The meta-analysis resulted in a list of 536 suggestive genome wide significant SNPs in or near 69 genes. Further interrogation with Pathway Analysis placed gait speed as a polygenic complex trait in five major networks. Subsequent eQTL analysis revealed several SNPs significantly associated with the expression of PRSS16, WDSUB1 and PTPRT, which in addition to the meta-analysis and pathway suggested that genetic effects on gait speed may occur through synaptic function and neuronal development pathways. No genome-wide significant signals for gait speed were identified from this moderately large sample of older adults, suggesting that more refined physical function phenotypes will be needed to identify the genetic basis of gait speed in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ben-Avraham
- Department of Medicine and Genetics Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Joe Verghese
- Integrated Divisions of Cognitive & Motor Aging (Neurology) and Geriatrics (Medicine), Montefiore-Einstein Center for the Aging Brain, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Lunetta
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John D. Eicher
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - Rotem Vered
- Psychology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joris Deelen
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Köln, Germany
| | - Alice M. Arnold
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98115, USA
| | - Aron S. Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
| | - Jessica D. Faul
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Maria Nethander
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Myriam Fornage
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hieab H. Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Amy M. Matteini
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michele L. Callisaya
- Medicine, Peninsula Health, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Frankston, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Denis A. Evans
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging and Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alison Pattie
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Janie Corley
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Neeta Parimi
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Stephen T. Turner
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Marian Beekman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Gutman
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lital Sharvit
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Simon P. Mooijaart
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherland
| | - David C. Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeanine J. Houwing-Duistermaat
- Genetical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherland. Department of Statistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthijs Moed
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Dan Mellström
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska, Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Magnus Karlsson
- Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rebekah McWhirter
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Russell Thomson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Tranah
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, and Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David R. Weir
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John M. Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew D. Johnson
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Steven R. Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Velandai K. Srikanth
- Medicine, Peninsula Health, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Frankston, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Ann B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jeremy D. Walston
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gail Davies
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel S. Evans
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Eline P. Slagboom
- Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore MD 21224, USA
| | - Douglas P. Kiel
- Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02131, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA 02131, USA
| | - Joanne M. Murabito
- The National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Gil Atzmon
- Department of Medicine and Genetics Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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Sanger JW, Wang J, Fan Y, White J, Mi-Mi L, Dube DK, Sanger JM, Pruyne D. Assembly and Maintenance of Myofibrils in Striated Muscle. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 235:39-75. [PMID: 27832381 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present the current knowledge on de novo assembly, growth, and dynamics of striated myofibrils, the functional architectural elements developed in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The data were obtained in studies of myofibrils formed in cultures of mouse skeletal and quail myotubes, in the somites of living zebrafish embryos, and in mouse neonatal and quail embryonic cardiac cells. The comparative view obtained revealed that the assembly of striated myofibrils is a three-step process progressing from premyofibrils to nascent myofibrils to mature myofibrils. This process is specified by the addition of new structural proteins, the arrangement of myofibrillar components like actin and myosin filaments with their companions into so-called sarcomeres, and in their precise alignment. Accompanying the formation of mature myofibrils is a decrease in the dynamic behavior of the assembling proteins. Proteins are most dynamic in the premyofibrils during the early phase and least dynamic in mature myofibrils in the final stage of myofibrillogenesis. This is probably due to increased interactions between proteins during the maturation process. The dynamic properties of myofibrillar proteins provide a mechanism for the exchange of older proteins or a change in isoforms to take place without disassembling the structural integrity needed for myofibril function. An important aspect of myofibril assembly is the role of actin-nucleating proteins in the formation, maintenance, and sarcomeric arrangement of the myofibrillar actin filaments. This is a very active field of research. We also report on several actin mutations that result in human muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Sanger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13224, USA.
| | - Jushuo Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13224, USA
| | - Yingli Fan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13224, USA
| | - Jennifer White
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13224, USA
| | - Lei Mi-Mi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13224, USA
| | - Dipak K Dube
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13224, USA
| | - Jean M Sanger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13224, USA
| | - David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY, 13224, USA.
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38
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Shwartz A, Dhanyasi N, Schejter ED, Shilo BZ. The Drosophila formin Fhos is a primary mediator of sarcomeric thin-filament array assembly. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27731794 PMCID: PMC5061545 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin-based thin filament arrays constitute a fundamental core component of muscle sarcomeres. We have used formation of the Drosophila indirect flight musculature for studying the assembly and maturation of thin-filament arrays in a skeletal muscle model system. Employing GFP-tagged actin monomer incorporation, we identify several distinct phases in the dynamic construction of thin-filament arrays. This sequence includes assembly of nascent arrays after an initial period of intensive microfilament synthesis, followed by array elongation, primarily from filament pointed-ends, radial growth of the arrays via recruitment of peripheral filaments and continuous barbed-end turnover. Using genetic approaches we have identified Fhos, the single Drosophila homolog of the FHOD sub-family of formins, as a primary and versatile mediator of IFM thin-filament organization. Localization of Fhos to the barbed-ends of the arrays, achieved via a novel N-terminal domain, appears to be a critical aspect of its sarcomeric roles. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16540.001 Muscles owe their ability to contract to structural units called sarcomeres, and a single muscle fiber can contain many thousands of these structures, aligned one next to the other. Each mature sarcomere is made up of precisely arranged and intertwined thin filaments of actin and thicker bundles of motor proteins, surrounded by other proteins. Sliding the motors along the filaments provides the force needed to contract the muscle. However, it was far from clear how sarcomeres, especially the arrays of thin-filaments, are assembled from scratch in developing muscles. When the fruit fly Drosophila transforms from a larva into an adult, it needs to build muscles to move its newly forming wings. While smaller in size, these flight muscles closely resemble the skeletal muscles of animals with backbones, and therefore serve as a good model for muscle formation in general. New muscles require new sarcomeres too, and now Shwartz et al. have observed and monitored sarcomeres assembling in developing flight muscles of fruit flies, a process that takes about three days. The analysis made use of genetically engineered flies in which the gene for a fluorescently labeled version of actin, the building block of the thin filaments, could be switched on at specific points in time. Looking at how these green-glowing proteins become incorporated into the growing sarcomere revealed that the assembly process involves four different phases. First, a large store of unorganized and newly-made thin filaments is generated for future use. These filaments are then assembled into rudimentary structures in which the filaments are roughly aligned. Once these core structures are formed, the existing filaments are elongated, while additional filaments are brought in to expand the structure further. Finally, actin proteins are continuously added and removed at the part of the sarcomere where the thin filaments are anchored. Shwartz et al. went on to identify a protein termed Fhos as the chief player in the process. Fhos is a member of a family of proteins that are known to elongate and organize actin filaments in many different settings. Without Fhos, the thin-filament arrays cannot properly begin to assemble, and the subsequent steps of growth and expansion are blocked as well. The next challenges will be to understand what guides the initial stages in the assembly of the thin-filament array, and how the coordination between assembly of actin filament arrays and motor proteins is executed. It will also be important to determine how sarcomeres are maintained throughout the life of the organism when defective actin filaments are replaced, and which proteins are responsible for carrying out this process. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.16540.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadi Shwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nagaraju Dhanyasi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal D Schejter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Shilo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Fujimoto N, Kan-o M, Ushijima T, Kage Y, Tominaga R, Sumimoto H, Takeya R. Transgenic Expression of the Formin Protein Fhod3 Selectively in the Embryonic Heart: Role of Actin-Binding Activity of Fhod3 and Its Sarcomeric Localization during Myofibrillogenesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148472. [PMID: 26848968 PMCID: PMC4744011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fhod3 is a cardiac member of the formin family proteins that play pivotal roles in actin filament assembly in various cellular contexts. The targeted deletion of mouse Fhod3 gene leads to defects in cardiogenesis, particularly during myofibrillogenesis, followed by lethality at embryonic day (E) 11.5. However, it remains largely unknown how Fhod3 functions during myofibrillogenesis. In this study, to assess the mechanism whereby Fhod3 regulates myofibrillogenesis during embryonic cardiogenesis, we generated transgenic mice expressing Fhod3 selectively in embryonic cardiomyocytes under the control of the β-myosin heavy chain (MHC) promoter. Mice expressing wild-type Fhod3 in embryonic cardiomyocytes survive to adulthood and are fertile, whereas those expressing Fhod3 (I1127A) defective in binding to actin die by E11.5 with cardiac defects. This cardiac phenotype of the Fhod3 mutant embryos is almost identical to that observed in Fhod3 null embryos, suggesting that the actin-binding activity of Fhod3 is crucial for embryonic cardiogenesis. On the other hand, the β-MHC promoter-driven expression of wild-type Fhod3 sufficiently rescues cardiac defects of Fhod3-null embryos, indicating that the Fhod3 protein expressed in a transgenic manner can function properly to achieve myofibril maturation in embryonic cardiomyocytes. Using the transgenic mice, we further examined detailed localization of Fhod3 during myofibrillogenesis in situ and found that Fhod3 localizes to the specific central region of nascent sarcomeres prior to massive rearrangement of actin filaments and remains there throughout myofibrillogenesis. Taken together, the present findings suggest that, during embryonic cardiogenesis, Fhod3 functions as the essential reorganizer of actin filaments at the central region of maturating sarcomeres via the actin-binding activity of the FH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Fujimoto
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889–1692, Japan
| | - Meikun Kan-o
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ushijima
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889–1692, Japan
| | - Yohko Kage
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889–1692, Japan
| | - Ryuji Tominaga
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
| | - Hideki Sumimoto
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
| | - Ryu Takeya
- Departments of Biochemistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8582, Japan
- Departments of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889–1692, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Hamzić E, Buitenhuis B, Hérault F, Hawken R, Abrahamsen MS, Servin B, Elsen JM, Pinard-van der Laan MH, Bed'Hom B. Genome-wide association study and biological pathway analysis of the Eimeria maxima response in broilers. Genet Sel Evol 2015; 47:91. [PMID: 26607727 PMCID: PMC4659166 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-015-0170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coccidiosis is the most common and costly disease in the poultry industry and is caused by protozoans of the Eimeria genus. The current control of coccidiosis, based on the use of anticoccidial drugs and vaccination, faces serious obstacles such as drug resistance and the high costs for the development of efficient vaccines, respectively. Therefore, the current control programs must be expanded with complementary approaches such as the use of genetics to improve the host response to Eimeria infections. Recently, we have performed a large-scale challenge study on Cobb500 broilers using E. maxima for which we investigated variability among animals in response to the challenge. As a follow-up to this challenge study, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genomic regions underlying variability of the measured traits in the response to Eimeria maxima in broilers. Furthermore, we conducted a post-GWAS functional analysis to increase our biological understanding of the underlying response to Eimeria maxima challenge. Results In total, we identified 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with q value <0.1 distributed across five chromosomes. The highly significant SNPs were associated with body weight gain (three SNPs on GGA5, one SNP on GGA1 and one SNP on GGA3), plasma coloration measured as optical density at wavelengths in the range 465–510 nm (10 SNPs and all on GGA10) and the percentage of β2-globulin in blood plasma (15 SNPs on GGA1 and one SNP on GGA2). Biological pathways related to metabolic processes, cell proliferation, and primary innate immune processes were among the most frequent significantly enriched biological pathways. Furthermore, the network-based analysis produced two networks of high confidence, with one centered on large tumor suppressor kinase 1 (LATS1) and 2 (LATS2) and the second involving the myosin heavy chain 6 (MYH6). Conclusions We identified several strong candidate genes and genomic regions associated with traits measured in response to Eimeria maxima in broilers. Furthermore, the post-GWAS functional analysis indicates that biological pathways and networks involved in tissue proliferation and repair along with the primary innate immune response may play the most important role during the early stage of Eimeria maxima infection in broilers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12711-015-0170-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edin Hamzić
- UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France. .,UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France. .,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Bart Buitenhuis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, P.O. Box 50, 8830, Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Frédéric Hérault
- UMR1348 Physiology, Environment and Genetics for the Animal and Livestock Systems Unit, INRA, Domaine de la Prise, 35590, Saint Gilles, France.
| | | | | | - Bertrand Servin
- UMR1388 Genetics, Physiology and Breeding Systems, INRA, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Elsen
- UMR1388 Genetics, Physiology and Breeding Systems, INRA, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Pinard-van der Laan
- UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France. .,UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Bertrand Bed'Hom
- UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, AgroParisTech, 16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005, Paris, France. .,UMR1313 Animal Genetics and Integrative Biology Unit, INRA, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Ehler E. Cardiac cytoarchitecture - why the "hardware" is important for heart function! BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1857-63. [PMID: 26577135 PMCID: PMC5104690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cells that constitute fully differentiated tissues are characterised by an architecture that makes them perfectly suited for the job they have to do. This is especially obvious for cardiomyocytes, which have an extremely regular shape and display a paracrystalline arrangement of their cytoplasmic components. This article will focus on the two major cytoskeletal multiprotein complexes that are found in cardiomyocytes, the myofibrils, which are responsible for contraction and the intercalated disc, which mediates mechanical and electrochemical contact between individual cardiomyocytes. Recent studies have revealed that these two sites are also crucial in sensing excessive mechanical strain. Signalling processes will be triggered that## lead to changes in gene expression and eventually lead to an altered cardiac cytoarchitecture in the diseased heart, which results in a compromised function. Thus, understanding these changes and the signals that lead to them is crucial to design treatment strategies that can attenuate these processes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Ehler
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence at King's College London, Cardiovascular Division and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London, UK.
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells have evolved a variety of actin-binding proteins to regulate the architecture and the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton in time and space. The Diaphanous-related formins (DRF) represent a diverse group of Rho-GTPase-regulated actin regulators that control a range of actin structures composed of tightly-bundled, unbranched actin filaments as found in stress fibers and in filopodia. Under resting conditions, DRFs are auto-inhibited by an intra-molecular interaction between the C-terminal and the N-terminal domains. The auto-inhibition is thought to be released by binding of an activated RhoGTPase to the N-terminal GTPase-binding domain (GBD). However, there is growing evidence for more sophisticated variations from this simplified linear activation model. In this review we focus on the formin homology domain-containing proteins (FHOD), an unconventional group of DRFs. Recent findings on the molecular control and cellular functions of FHOD proteins in vivo are discussed in the light of the phylogeny of FHOD proteins.
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Key Words
- AML-1B, acute myeloid leukemia transcription factor
- DAD, diaphanous auto-regulatory domain
- DID, diaphanous inhibitory domain
- DRF, Diaphanous-related formins
- Dia, Diaphanous related formin
- FH1, formin homology 1
- FH2, formin homology 2
- FH3, formin homology 3
- FHOD
- FHOD, FH1/FH2 domain-containing protein
- GBD, GTPase-binding domain
- RhoGTPases
- SRE, serum response element
- actin
- cell migration
- formins
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Bechtold
- a Institut für Neurobiologie ; Universität Münster ; Münster , Germany
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Ono S. Regulation of structure and function of sarcomeric actin filaments in striated muscle of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1548-59. [PMID: 25125169 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used as a valuable system to study structure and function of striated muscle. The body wall muscle of C. elegans is obliquely striated muscle with highly organized sarcomeric assembly of actin, myosin, and other accessory proteins. Genetic and molecular biological studies in C. elegans have identified a number of genes encoding structural and regulatory components for the muscle contractile apparatuses, and many of them have counterparts in mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscles or striated muscles in other invertebrates. Applicability of genetics, cell biology, and biochemistry has made C. elegans an excellent system to study mechanisms of muscle contractility and assembly and maintenance of myofibrils. This review focuses on the regulatory mechanisms of structure and function of actin filaments in the C. elegans body wall muscle. Sarcomeric actin filaments in C. elegans muscle are associated with the troponin-tropomyosin system that regulates the actin-myosin interaction. Proteins that bind to the side and ends of actin filaments support ordered assembly of thin filaments. Furthermore, regulators of actin dynamics play important roles in initial assembly, growth, and maintenance of sarcomeres. The knowledge acquired in C. elegans can serve as bases to understand the basic mechanisms of muscle structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichiro Ono
- Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Mi-Mi L, Pruyne D. Loss of Sarcomere-associated Formins Disrupts Z-line Organization, but does not Prevent Thin Filament Assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans Muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26161293 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7099.1000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Members of the formin family of actin filament nucleation factors have been implicated in sarcomere formation, but precisely how these proteins affect sarcomere structure remains poorly understood. Of six formins in the simple nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, only FHOD-1 and CYK-1 contribute to sarcomere assembly in the worm's obliquely striated body-wall muscles. We analyze here the ultrastructure of body-wall muscle sarcomeres in worms with putative null fhod-1 and cyk-1 gene mutations. Contrary to a simple model that formins nucleate actin for thin filament assembly, formin mutant sarcomeres contain thin filaments. Rather, formin mutant sarcomeres are narrower and have deformed thin filament-anchoring Z-line structures. Thus, formins affect multiple aspects of sarcomere structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Mi-Mi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - David Pruyne
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Al Haj A, Mazur AJ, Radaszkiewicz K, Radaszkiewicz T, Makowiecka A, Stopschinski BE, Schönichen A, Geyer M, Mannherz HG. Distribution of formins in cardiac muscle: FHOD1 is a component of intercalated discs and costameres. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 94:101-13. [PMID: 25555464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The formin homology domain-containing protein1 (FHOD1) suppresses actin polymerization by inhibiting nucleation, but bundles actin filaments and caps filament barbed ends. Two polyclonal antibodies against FHOD1 were generated against (i) its N-terminal sequence (residues 1-339) and (ii) a peptide corresponding the sequence from position 358-371, which is unique for FHOD1 and does not occur in its close relative FHOD3. After affinity purification both antibodies specifically stain purified full length FHOD1 and a band of similar molecular mass in homogenates of cardiac muscle. The antibody against the N-terminus of FHOD1 was used for immunostaining cells of established lines, primary neonatal (NRC) and adult (ARC) rat cardiomyocytes and demonstrated the presence of FHOD1 in HeLa and fibroblastic cells along stress fibers and within presumed lamellipodia and actin arcs. In NRCs and ARCs we observed a prominent staining of presumed intercalated discs (ICD). Immunostaining of sections of hearts with both anti-FHOD1 antibodies confirmed the presence of FHOD1 in ICDs and double immunostaining demonstrated its colocalisation with cadherin, plakoglobin and a probably slightly shifted localization to connexin43. Similarly, immunostaining of isolated mouse or pig ICDs corroborated the presence of FHOD1 and its colocalisation with the mentioned cell junctional components. Anti-FHOD1 immunoblots of isolated ICDs demonstrated the presence of an immunoreactive band comigrating with purified FHOD1. Conversely, an anti-peptide antibody specific for FHOD3 with no cross-reactivity against FHOD1 immunostained on sections of cardiac muscle and ARCs the myofibrils in a cross-striated pattern but not the ICDs. In addition, the anti-peptide-FHOD1 antibody stained the lateral sarcolemma of ARCs in a banded pattern. Double immunostaining with anti-cadherin and -integrin-ß1 indicated the additional localization of FHOD1 in costameres. Immunostaining of cardiac muscle sections or ARCs with antibodies against mDia3-FH2-domain showed colocalisation with cadherin along the lateral border of cardiomyocytes suggesting also its presence in costameres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulatif Al Haj
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Antonina J Mazur
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Radaszkiewicz
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Radaszkiewicz
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Makowiecka
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara E Stopschinski
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany; Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - André Schönichen
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany; Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (CAESAR), Bonn, Germany
| | - Hans Georg Mannherz
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
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White PS, Xie HM, Werner P, Glessner J, Latney B, Hakonarson H, Goldmuntz E. Analysis of chromosomal structural variation in patients with congenital left-sided cardiac lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:951-64. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. White
- The Center for Biomedical Informatics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Hongbo M. Xie
- The Center for Biomedical Informatics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Petra Werner
- The Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Glessner
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Department of Pediatrics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Brande Latney
- The Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- The Center for Applied Genomics, Department of Pediatrics; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- The Division of Cardiology; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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Arimura T, Takeya R, Ishikawa T, Yamano T, Matsuo A, Tatsumi T, Nomura T, Sumimoto H, Kimura A. Dilated cardiomyopathy-associated FHOD3 variant impairs the ability to induce activation of transcription factor serum response factor. Circ J 2014; 77:2990-6. [PMID: 24088304 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by a dilated left ventricular cavity with systolic dysfunction manifested by heart failure. It has been revealed that mutations in genes for cytoskeleton or sarcomere proteins cause DCM. However, the disease-causing mutations can be found only in far less than half of patients with a family history, indicating that there should be other disease genes for DCM. Formin homology 2 domain containing 3 (FHOD3) is a sarcomeric protein expressed in the heart that plays an essential role in sarcomere organization during myofibrillogenesis. The purpose of this study was to explore a possible novel disease gene for DCM. METHODS AND RESULTS We analyzed 48 Japanese familial DCM patients for mutations in FHOD3, and a missense variant, Tyr1249Asn, which was predicted to modify the 3D structure and damage protein function, was found in a case with adult-onset DCM. Functional studies revealed that the DCM-associated mutation significantly reduced the ability to induce actin dynamics-dependent activation of serum response factor, although no remarkable change in the cellular localization was induced in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes transfected with a mutant construct of FHOD3. CONCLUSIONS The DCM-associated FHOD3 variant may cause DCM by interfering with actin filament assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Arimura
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Abstract
Formin proteins were recognized as effectors of Rho GTPases some 15 years ago. They contribute to different cellular actin cytoskeleton structures by their ability to polymerize straight actin filaments at the barbed end. While not all formins necessarily interact with Rho GTPases, a subgroup of mammalian formins, termed Diaphanous-related formins or DRFs, were shown to be activated by small GTPases of the Rho superfamily. DRFs are autoinhibited in the resting state by an N- to C-terminal interaction that renders the central actin polymerization domain inactive. Upon the interaction with a GTP-bound Rho, Rac, or Cdc42 GTPase, the C-terminal autoregulation domain is displaced from its N-terminal recognition site and the formin becomes active to polymerize actin filaments. In this review we discuss the current knowledge on the structure, activation, and function of formin-GTPase interactions for the mammalian formin families Dia, Daam, FMNL, and FHOD. We describe both direct and indirect interactions of formins with GTPases, which lead to formin activation and cytoskeletal rearrangements. The multifaceted function of formins as effector proteins of Rho GTPases thus reflects the diversity of the actin cytoskeleton in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Kühn
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar); Group Physical Biochemistry; Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Geyer
- Center of Advanced European Studies and Research (caesar); Group Physical Biochemistry; Bonn, Germany
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Abstract
The importance of the cytoskeleton in mounting a successful immune response is evident from the wide range of defects that occur in actin-related primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs). Studies of these PIDs have revealed a pivotal role for the actin cytoskeleton in almost all stages of immune system function, from hematopoiesis and immune cell development, through to recruitment, migration, intercellular and intracellular signaling, and activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The major focus of this review is the immune defects that result from mutations in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome gene (WAS), which have a broad impact on many different processes and give rise to clinically heterogeneous immunodeficiencies. We also discuss other related genetic defects and the possibility of identifying new genetic causes of cytoskeletal immunodeficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A Moulding
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Center for Immunodeficiency, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Randall TS, Ehler E. A formin-g role during development and disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2014; 93:205-11. [PMID: 24342720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several different protein families were shown to be involved in the regulation of actin filament formation and have been studied extensively in processes such as cell migration. Among them are members of the formin family, which tend to promote the formation of linear actin filaments. Studies in recent years, often using loss of function animal models, have indicated that formin family members play roles beyond cell motility in vitro and are involved in processes ranging from tissue morphogenesis and cell differentiation to diseases such as cancer and cardiomyopathy. Therefore the aim of this review is to discuss these findings and to start putting them into a subcellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Randall
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Ehler
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
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