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Payne S, Neal A, De Val S. Transcription factors regulating vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:28-58. [PMID: 36795082 PMCID: PMC10952167 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial role in regulating the dynamic and precise patterns of gene expression required for the initial specification of endothelial cells (ECs), and during endothelial growth and differentiation. While sharing many core features, ECs can be highly heterogeneous. Differential gene expression between ECs is essential to pattern the hierarchical vascular network into arteries, veins and capillaries, to drive angiogenic growth of new vessels, and to direct specialization in response to local signals. Unlike many other cell types, ECs have no single master regulator, instead relying on differing combinations of a necessarily limited repertoire of TFs to achieve tight spatial and temporal activation and repression of gene expression. Here, we will discuss the cohort of TFs known to be involved in directing gene expression during different stages of mammalian vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, with a primary focus on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Payne
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Alice Neal
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Sarah De Val
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and GeneticsInstitute of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
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2
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Aktar A, Heit B. Role of the pioneer transcription factor GATA2 in health and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1191-1208. [PMID: 37624387 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA2 is involved in human diseases ranging from hematopoietic disorders, to cancer, to infectious diseases. GATA2 is one of six GATA-family transcription factors that act as pioneering transcription factors which facilitate the opening of heterochromatin and the subsequent binding of other transcription factors to induce gene expression from previously inaccessible regions of the genome. Although GATA2 is essential for hematopoiesis and lymphangiogenesis, it is also expressed in other tissues such as the lung, prostate gland, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, placenta, fetal liver, and fetal heart. Gene or transcriptional abnormalities of GATA2 causes or predisposes patients to several diseases including the hematological cancers acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the primary immunodeficiency MonoMAC syndrome, and to cancers of the lung, prostate, uterus, kidney, breast, gastric tract, and ovaries. Recent data has also linked GATA2 expression and mutations to responses to infectious diseases including SARS-CoV-2 and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and to inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis. In this article we review the role of GATA2 in the etiology and progression of these various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amena Aktar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; the Western Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Centre, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada.
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3
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Tenney AP, Di Gioia SA, Webb BD, Chan WM, de Boer E, Garnai SJ, Barry BJ, Ray T, Kosicki M, Robson CD, Zhang Z, Collins TE, Gelber A, Pratt BM, Fujiwara Y, Varshney A, Lek M, Warburton PE, Van Ryzin C, Lehky TJ, Zalewski C, King KA, Brewer CC, Thurm A, Snow J, Facio FM, Narisu N, Bonnycastle LL, Swift A, Chines PS, Bell JL, Mohan S, Whitman MC, Staffieri SE, Elder JE, Demer JL, Torres A, Rachid E, Al-Haddad C, Boustany RM, Mackey DA, Brady AF, Fenollar-Cortés M, Fradin M, Kleefstra T, Padberg GW, Raskin S, Sato MT, Orkin SH, Parker SCJ, Hadlock TA, Vissers LELM, van Bokhoven H, Jabs EW, Collins FS, Pennacchio LA, Manoli I, Engle EC. Noncoding variants alter GATA2 expression in rhombomere 4 motor neurons and cause dominant hereditary congenital facial paresis. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1149-1163. [PMID: 37386251 PMCID: PMC10335940 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary congenital facial paresis type 1 (HCFP1) is an autosomal dominant disorder of absent or limited facial movement that maps to chromosome 3q21-q22 and is hypothesized to result from facial branchial motor neuron (FBMN) maldevelopment. In the present study, we report that HCFP1 results from heterozygous duplications within a neuron-specific GATA2 regulatory region that includes two enhancers and one silencer, and from noncoding single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the silencer. Some SNVs impair binding of NR2F1 to the silencer in vitro and in vivo and attenuate in vivo enhancer reporter expression in FBMNs. Gata2 and its effector Gata3 are essential for inner-ear efferent neuron (IEE) but not FBMN development. A humanized HCFP1 mouse model extends Gata2 expression, favors the formation of IEEs over FBMNs and is rescued by conditional loss of Gata3. These findings highlight the importance of temporal gene regulation in development and of noncoding variation in rare mendelian disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Tenney
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Silvio Alessandro Di Gioia
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Bryn D Webb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wai-Man Chan
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Elke de Boer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah J Garnai
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenda J Barry
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Tammy Ray
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Kosicki
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhongyang Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Collins
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alon Gelber
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brandon M Pratt
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuko Fujiwara
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arushi Varshney
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monkol Lek
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter E Warburton
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Advanced Genomics Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Van Ryzin
- Metabolic Medicine Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tanya J Lehky
- EMG Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Zalewski
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A King
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carmen C Brewer
- Audiology Unit, Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Phenotyping Service, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Snow
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Flavia M Facio
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Invitae Corporation, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lori L Bonnycastle
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy Swift
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter S Chines
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jessica L Bell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Suresh Mohan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mary C Whitman
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra E Staffieri
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James E Elder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph L Demer
- Stein Eye Institute and Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alcy Torres
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Aram V. Chobanian & Edward Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elza Rachid
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Christiane Al-Haddad
- Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rose-Mary Boustany
- Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine/Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - David A Mackey
- Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, UK
| | - María Fenollar-Cortés
- Unidad de Genética Clínica, Instituto de Medicina del Laboratorio. IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHU Rennes, Centre Labellisé Anomalies du Développement, Rennes, France
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands
| | - George W Padberg
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Salmo Raskin
- Centro de Aconselhamento e Laboratório Genetika, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mario Teruo Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology & Otorhinolaryngology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Stuart H Orkin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen C J Parker
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tessa A Hadlock
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisenka E L M Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Environmental Genomics & System Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Irini Manoli
- Metabolic Medicine Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Engle
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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4
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Parab S, Setten E, Astanina E, Bussolino F, Doronzo G. The tissue-specific transcriptional landscape underlines the involvement of endothelial cells in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 246:108418. [PMID: 37088448 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) that line vascular and lymphatic vessels are being increasingly recognized as important to organ function in health and disease. ECs participate not only in the trafficking of gases, metabolites, and cells between the bloodstream and tissues but also in the angiocrine-based induction of heterogeneous parenchymal cells, which are unique to their specific tissue functions. The molecular mechanisms regulating EC heterogeneity between and within different tissues are modeled during embryogenesis and become fully established in adults. Any changes in adult tissue homeostasis induced by aging, stress conditions, and various noxae may reshape EC heterogeneity and induce specific transcriptional features that condition a functional phenotype. Heterogeneity is sustained via specific genetic programs organized through the combinatory effects of a discrete number of transcription factors (TFs) that, at the single tissue-level, constitute dynamic networks that are post-transcriptionally and epigenetically regulated. This review is focused on outlining the TF-based networks involved in EC specialization and physiological and pathological stressors thought to modify their architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Parab
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IT, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy
| | - Elisa Setten
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IT, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy
| | - Elena Astanina
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy
| | - Federico Bussolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IT, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Doronzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, IT, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute-IRCCS-FPO, Candiolo, Torino, IT, Italy
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5
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Riaj Mahamud M, Geng X, Chen L, Ahmed Z, Ho Y, Sathish Srinivasan R. GATA2 regulates blood/lymph separation in a platelet-dependent and lymphovenous valve-independent manner. Microcirculation 2023; 30:e12787. [PMID: 36197446 PMCID: PMC10073350 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lymphatic vessels collect interstitial fluid, immune cells, and digested lipids and return these bodily fluids to blood through two pairs of lymphovenous valves (LVVs). Like other cardiovascular valves LVVs prevent the backflow of blood into the lymphatic vessels. In addition to LVVs, platelets are necessary to prevent the entry of blood into the lymphatic vessels. Platelet thrombi are observed at LVVs suggesting that LVVs and platelets function in synergy to regulate blood/lymphatic separation. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this work is to determine whether platelets can regulate blood/lymph separation independently of LVVs. METHODS The transcription factor GATA2 is necessary for the development of both LVVs and hematopoietic stem cells. Using various endothelial- and hematopoietic cell expressed Cre-lines, we conditionally deleted Gata2. We hypothesized that this strategy would identify the tissue- and time-specific roles of GATA2 and reveal whether platelets and LVVs can independently regulate blood/lymph separation. RESULTS Lymphatic vasculature-specific deletion of Gata2 results in the absence of LVVs without compromising blood/lymph separation. In contrast, deletion of GATA2 from both lymphatic vasculature and hematopoietic cells results in the absence of LVVs, reduced number of platelets and blood-filled lymphatic vasculature. CONCLUSION GATA2 promotes blood/lymph separation through platelets. Furthermore, LVVs are the only known sites of interaction between blood and lymphatic vessels. The fact that blood is able to enter the lymphatic vessels of mice lacking LVVs and platelets indicates that under these circumstances the lymphatic and blood vessels are connected at yet to be identified sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
| | - Zoheb Ahmed
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
| | - Yenchun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
| | - R. Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73013, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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6
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Koh CP, Bahirvani AG, Wang CQ, Yokomizo T, Ng CEL, Du L, Tergaonkar V, Voon DCC, Kitamura H, Hosoi H, Sonoki T, Michelle MMH, Tan LJ, Niibori-Nambu A, Zhang Y, Perkins AS, Hossain Z, Tenen DG, Ito Y, Venkatesh B, Osato M. Highly efficient Runx1 enhancer eR1-mediated genetic engineering for fetal, child and adult hematopoietic stem cells. Gene 2023; 851:147049. [PMID: 36384171 PMCID: PMC10492510 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A cis-regulatory genetic element which targets gene expression to stem cells, termed stem cell enhancer, serves as a molecular handle for stem cell-specific genetic engineering. Here we show the generation and characterization of a tamoxifen-inducible CreERT2 transgenic (Tg) mouse employing previously identified hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) enhancer for Runx1, eR1 (+24 m). Kinetic analysis of labeled cells after tamoxifen injection and transplantation assays revealed that eR1-driven CreERT2 activity marks dormant adult HSCs which slowly but steadily contribute to unperturbed hematopoiesis. Fetal and child HSCs that are uniformly or intermediately active were also efficiently targeted. Notably, a gene ablation at distinct developmental stages, enabled by this system, resulted in different phenotypes. Similarly, an oncogenic Kras induction at distinct ages caused different spectrums of malignant diseases. These results demonstrate that the eR1-CreERT2 Tg mouse serves as a powerful resource for the analyses of both normal and malignant HSCs at all developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Ping Koh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University, Perak 30250, Malaysia
| | - Avinash Govind Bahirvani
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Chelsia Qiuxia Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Tomomasa Yokomizo
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Cherry Ee Lin Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Linsen Du
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kitamura
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Hiroki Hosoi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Sonoki
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mok Meng Huang Michelle
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Lii Jye Tan
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Ipoh, Perak Daruk Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Akiko Niibori-Nambu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; Department of Tumor Genetics and Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Archibald S Perkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Zakir Hossain
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Byrappa Venkatesh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Motomi Osato
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
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7
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Yvernogeau L, Dainese G, Jaffredo T. Dorsal aorta polarization and haematopoietic stem cell emergence. Development 2023; 150:286251. [PMID: 36602140 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have highlighted the crucial role of the aorta microenvironment in the generation of the first haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from specialized haemogenic endothelial cells (HECs). Despite more than two decades of investigations, we require a better understanding of the cellular and molecular events driving aorta formation and polarization, which will be pivotal to establish the mechanisms that operate during HEC specification and HSC competency. Here, we outline the early mechanisms involved in vertebrate aorta formation by comparing four different species: zebrafish, chicken, mouse and human. We highlight how this process, which is tightly controlled in time and space, requires a coordinated specification of several cell types, in particular endothelial cells originating from distinct mesodermal tissues. We also discuss how molecular signals originating from the aorta environment result in its polarization, creating a unique entity for HSC generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Yvernogeau
- Sorbonne Université, IBPS, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Giovanna Dainese
- Sorbonne Université, IBPS, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thierry Jaffredo
- Sorbonne Université, IBPS, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm U1156, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, 75005 Paris, France
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8
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Kotmayer L, Romero‐Moya D, Marin‐Bejar O, Kozyra E, Català A, Bigas A, Wlodarski MW, Bödör C, Giorgetti A. GATA2 deficiency and MDS/AML: Experimental strategies for disease modelling and future therapeutic prospects. Br J Haematol 2022; 199:482-495. [PMID: 35753998 PMCID: PMC9796058 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The importance of predisposition to leukaemia in clinical practice is being increasingly recognized. This is emphasized by the establishment of a novel WHO disease category in 2016 called "myeloid neoplasms with germline predisposition". A major syndrome within this group is GATA2 deficiency, a heterogeneous immunodeficiency syndrome with a very high lifetime risk to develop myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). GATA2 deficiency has been identified as the most common hereditary cause of MDS in adolescents with monosomy 7. Allogenic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only curative option; however, chances of survival decrease with progression of immunodeficiency and MDS evolution. Penetrance and expressivity within families carrying GATA2 mutations is often variable, suggesting that co-operating extrinsic events are required to trigger the disease. Predictive tools are lacking, and intrafamilial heterogeneity is poorly understood; hence there is a clear unmet medical need. On behalf of the ERAPerMed GATA2 HuMo consortium, in this review we describe the genetic, clinical, and biological aspects of familial GATA2-related MDS, highlighting the importance of developing robust disease preclinical models to improve early detection and clinical decision-making of GATA2 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Kotmayer
- HCEMM‐SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer ResearchSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Damia Romero‐Moya
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramInstitut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Oskar Marin‐Bejar
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramInstitut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Emilia Kozyra
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Albert Català
- Department of Hematology and OncologyInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuHospital Sant Joan de DeuBarcelonaSpain,Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare DiseasesInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Anna Bigas
- Cancer Research ProgramInstitut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, CIBERONC, Hospital del MarBarcelonaSpain,Josep Carreras Research Institute (IJC), BadalonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcin W. Wlodarski
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburgGermany,Department of HematologySt. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Csaba Bödör
- HCEMM‐SE Molecular Oncohematology Research Group, 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer ResearchSemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Alessandra Giorgetti
- Regenerative Medicine ProgramInstitut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL)BarcelonaSpain,Fondazione Pisana Per la Scienza ONLUS (FPS)San Giuliano TermeItaly,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesBarcelona UniversityBarcelonaSpain
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9
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Heterozygous variants in GATA2 contribute to DCML deficiency in mice by disrupting tandem protein binding. Commun Biol 2022; 5:376. [PMID: 35440757 PMCID: PMC9018821 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating lines of clinical evidence support the emerging hypothesis that loss-of-function mutations of GATA2 cause inherited hematopoietic diseases, including Emberger syndrome; dendritic cell, monocyte B and NK lymphoid (DCML) deficiency; and MonoMAC syndrome. Here, we show that mice heterozygous for an arginine-to-tryptophan substitution mutation in GATA2 (G2R398W/+), which was found in a patient with DCML deficiency, substantially phenocopy human DCML deficiency. Mice heterozygous for the GATA2-null mutation (G2-/+) do not show such phenotypes. The G2R398W protein possesses a decreased DNA-binding affinity but obstructs the function of coexpressed wild-type GATA2 through specific cis-regulatory regions, which contain two GATA motifs in direct-repeat arrangements. In contrast, G2R398W is innocuous in mice containing single GATA motifs. We conclude that the dominant-negative effect of mutant GATA2 on wild-type GATA2 through specific enhancer/silencer of GATA2 target genes perturbs the GATA2 transcriptional network, leading to the development of the DCML-like phenotype. The present mouse model provides an avenue for the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of GATA2-related hematopoietic diseases.
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10
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You X, Zhou Y, Chang YI, Kong G, Ranheim EA, Johnson KD, Soukup AA, Bresnick EH, Zhang J. Gata2 +9.5 enhancer regulates adult hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and T-cell development. Blood Adv 2022; 6:1095-1099. [PMID: 34516632 PMCID: PMC8864660 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian GATA2 gene encodes a dual zinc finger transcription factor, which is essential for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) generation in the aorta, gonad, mesonephros (AGM) region, HSC self-renewal, and specification of progenitor cell fates. Previously, we demonstrated that Gata2 expression in AGM is controlled by its intronic +9.5 enhancer. Gata2 +9.5 deficiency removes the E-box motif and the GATA site and depletes fetal liver HSCs. However, whether this enhancer has an essential role in regulating adult hematopoiesis has not been established. Here, we evaluate Gata2 +9.5 enhancer function in adult hematopoiesis. +9.5+/- bone marrow cells displayed reduced T cell reconstitution in a competitive transplant assay. Donor-derived analysis demonstrated a previously unrecognized function of the +9.5 enhancer in T cell development at the lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitor stage. Moreover, +9.5+/- adult HSCs displayed increased apoptosis and reduced long-term self-renewal capability in comparison with wild-type (WT) HSCs. These phenotypes were more moderate than those of Gata2+/- HSCs. Consistent with the phenotypic characterization, Gata2 expression in +9.5+/- LSKs was moderately higher than that in Gata2+/- LSKs, but lower than that in WT LSKs. Our data suggest that +9.5 deficiency compromises, without completely abrogating, Gata2 expression in adult HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona You
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, and
| | - Yun Zhou
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, and
| | | | | | - Erik A. Ranheim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI; and
| | - Kirby D. Johnson
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, and
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Alexandra A. Soukup
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, and
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, and
- Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Jing Zhang
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, and
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11
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Soukup AA, Matson DR, Liu P, Johnson KD, Bresnick EH. Conditionally pathogenic genetic variants of a hematopoietic disease-suppressing enhancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk3521. [PMID: 34890222 PMCID: PMC8664263 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human genetic variants are classified on the basis of potential pathogenicity to guide clinical decisions. However, mechanistic uncertainties often preclude definitive categorization. Germline coding and enhancer variants within the hematopoietic regulator GATA2 create a bone marrow failure and leukemia predisposition. The conserved murine enhancer promotes hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) genesis, and a single-nucleotide human variant in an Ets motif attenuates chemotherapy-induced hematopoietic regeneration. We describe “conditionally pathogenic” (CP) enhancer motif variants that differentially affect hematopoietic development and regeneration. The Ets motif variant functioned autonomously in hematopoietic cells to disrupt hematopoiesis. Because an epigenetically silenced normal allele can exacerbate phenotypes of a pathogenic heterozygous variant, we engineered a bone marrow failure model harboring the Ets motif variant and a severe enhancer mutation on the second allele. Despite normal developmental hematopoiesis, regeneration in response to chemotherapy, inflammation, and a therapeutic HSC mobilizer was compromised. The CP paradigm informs mechanisms underlying phenotypic plasticity and clinical genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A. Soukup
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel R. Matson
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kirby D. Johnson
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emery H. Bresnick
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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12
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Borsari B, Villegas-Mirón P, Pérez-Lluch S, Turpin I, Laayouni H, Segarra-Casas A, Bertranpetit J, Guigó R, Acosta S. Enhancers with tissue-specific activity are enriched in intronic regions. Genome Res 2021; 31:1325-1336. [PMID: 34290042 PMCID: PMC8327915 DOI: 10.1101/gr.270371.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue function and homeostasis reflect the gene expression signature by which the combination of ubiquitous and tissue-specific genes contribute to the tissue maintenance and stimuli-responsive function. Enhancers are central to control this tissue-specific gene expression pattern. Here, we explore the correlation between the genomic location of enhancers and their role in tissue-specific gene expression. We find that enhancers showing tissue-specific activity are highly enriched in intronic regions and regulate the expression of genes involved in tissue-specific functions, whereas housekeeping genes are more often controlled by intergenic enhancers, common to many tissues. Notably, an intergenic-to-intronic active enhancers continuum is observed in the transition from developmental to adult stages: the most differentiated tissues present higher rates of intronic enhancers, whereas the lowest rates are observed in embryonic stem cells. Altogether, our results suggest that the genomic location of active enhancers is key for the tissue-specific control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Borsari
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Villegas-Mirón
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Pérez-Lluch
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isabel Turpin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hafid Laayouni
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Bioinformatic Studies, ESCI-UPF, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Segarra-Casas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
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13
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Human GATA2 mutations and hematologic disease: how many paths to pathogenesis? Blood Adv 2021; 4:4584-4592. [PMID: 32960960 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The surge of human genetic information, enabled by increasingly facile and economically feasible genomic technologies, has accelerated discoveries on the relationship of germline genetic variation to hematologic diseases. For example, germline variation in GATA2, encoding a vital transcriptional regulator of multilineage hematopoiesis, creates a predisposition to bone marrow failure and acute myeloid leukemia termed GATA2 deficiency syndrome. More than 300 GATA2 variants representing missense, truncating, and noncoding enhancer mutations have been documented. Although these variants can diminish GATA2 expression and/or function, the functional ramifications of many variants are unknown. Studies using genetic rescue and knockin mouse systems have established that GATA2 mutations differentially affect molecular processes in distinct target genes and within a single target cell. Considering that target genes for a transcription factor can differ in sensitivity to altered levels of the factor, and transcriptional mechanisms are often cell type specific, the context-dependent consequences of GATA2 mutations in experimental systems portend the complex phenotypes and interindividual variation of GATA2 deficiency syndrome. This review documents GATA2 human genetics and the state of efforts to traverse from physiological insights to pathogenic mechanisms.
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14
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Blood disease-causing and -suppressing transcriptional enhancers: general principles and GATA2 mechanisms. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2045-2056. [PMID: 31289032 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive scrutiny of human genomes has unveiled considerable genetic variation in coding and noncoding regions. In cancers, including those of the hematopoietic system, genomic instability amplifies the complexity and functional consequences of variation. Although elucidating how variation impacts the protein-coding sequence is highly tractable, deciphering the functional consequences of variation in noncoding regions (genome reading), including potential transcriptional-regulatory sequences, remains challenging. A crux of this problem is the sheer abundance of gene-regulatory sequence motifs (cis elements) mediating protein-DNA interactions that are intermixed in the genome with thousands of look-alike sequences lacking the capacity to mediate functional interactions with proteins in vivo. Furthermore, transcriptional enhancers harbor clustered cis elements, and how altering a single cis element within a cluster impacts enhancer function is unpredictable. Strategies to discover functional enhancers have been innovated, and human genetics can provide vital clues to achieve this goal. Germline or acquired mutations in functionally critical (essential) enhancers, for example at the GATA2 locus encoding a master regulator of hematopoiesis, have been linked to human pathologies. Given the human interindividual genetic variation and complex genetic landscapes of hematologic malignancies, enhancer corruption, creation, and expropriation by new genes may not be exceedingly rare mechanisms underlying disease predisposition and etiology. Paradigms arising from dissecting essential enhancer mechanisms can guide genome-reading strategies to advance fundamental knowledge and precision medicine applications. In this review, we provide our perspective of general principles governing the function of blood disease-linked enhancers and GATA2-centric mechanisms.
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15
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Oh M, Kim SY, Gil JE, Byun JS, Cha DW, Ku B, Lee W, Kim WK, Oh KJ, Lee EW, Bae KH, Lee SC, Han BS. Nurr1 performs its anti-inflammatory function by regulating RasGRP1 expression in neuro-inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10755. [PMID: 32612143 PMCID: PMC7329810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1, a transcription factor belonging to the orphan nuclear receptor, has an essential role in the generation and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons and is important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’ disease (PD). In addition, Nurr1 has a non-neuronal function, and it is especially well known that Nurr1 has an anti-inflammatory function in the Parkinson’s disease model. However, the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 have not been elucidated. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism of Nurr1 function. To provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 in the inflammatory response, we performed Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) on LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 cells and finally identified the RasGRP1 gene as a novel target of Nurr1. Here, we show that Nurr1 directly binds to the RasGRP1 intron to regulate its expression. Moreover, we also identified that RasGRP1 regulates the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade in LPS-induced inflammation signaling. Finally, we conclude that RasGRP1 is a novel regulator of Nurr1’s mediated inflammation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Oh
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Gil
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Byun
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Cha
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won-Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Soukup AA, Bresnick EH. GATA2 +9.5 enhancer: from principles of hematopoiesis to genetic diagnosis in precision medicine. Curr Opin Hematol 2020; 27:163-171. [PMID: 32205587 PMCID: PMC7331797 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By establishing mechanisms that deliver oxygen to sustain cells and tissues, fight life-threatening pathogens and harness the immune system to eradicate cancer cells, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are vital in health and disease. The cell biological framework for HSPC generation has been rigorously developed, yet recent single-cell transcriptomic analyses have unveiled permutations of the hematopoietic hierarchy that differ considerably from the traditional roadmap. Deploying mutants that disrupt specific steps in hematopoiesis constitutes a powerful strategy for deconvoluting the complex cell biology. It is striking that a single transcription factor, GATA2, is so crucial for HSPC generation and function, and therefore it is instructive to consider mechanisms governing GATA2 expression and activity. The present review focuses on an essential GATA2 enhancer (+9.5) and how +9.5 mutants inform basic and clinical/translational science. RECENT FINDINGS +9.5 is essential for HSPC generation and function during development and hematopoietic regeneration. Human +9.5 mutations cause immunodeficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia. Qualitatively and quantitatively distinct contributions of +9.5 cis-regulatory elements confer context-dependent enhancer activity. The discovery of +9.5 and its mutant alleles spawned fundamental insights into hematopoiesis, and given its role to suppress blood disease emergence, clinical centers test for mutations in this sequence to diagnose the cause of enigmatic cytopenias. SUMMARY Multidisciplinary approaches to discover and understand cis-regulatory elements governing expression of key regulators of hematopoiesis unveil biological and mechanistic insights that provide the logic for innovating clinical applications.
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17
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Dobrzycki T, Mahony CB, Krecsmarik M, Koyunlar C, Rispoli R, Peulen-Zink J, Gussinklo K, Fedlaoui B, de Pater E, Patient R, Monteiro R. Deletion of a conserved Gata2 enhancer impairs haemogenic endothelium programming and adult Zebrafish haematopoiesis. Commun Biol 2020; 3:71. [PMID: 32054973 PMCID: PMC7018942 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0798-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gata2 is a key transcription factor required to generate Haematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells (HSPCs) from haemogenic endothelium (HE); misexpression of Gata2 leads to haematopoietic disorders. Here we deleted a conserved enhancer (i4 enhancer) driving pan-endothelial expression of the zebrafish gata2a and showed that Gata2a is required for HE programming by regulating expression of runx1 and of the second Gata2 orthologue, gata2b. By 5 days, homozygous gata2aΔi4/Δi4 larvae showed normal numbers of HSPCs, a recovery mediated by Notch signalling driving gata2b and runx1 expression in HE. However, gata2aΔi4/Δi4 adults showed oedema, susceptibility to infections and marrow hypo-cellularity, consistent with bone marrow failure found in GATA2 deficiency syndromes. Thus, gata2a expression driven by the i4 enhancer is required for correct HE programming in embryos and maintenance of steady-state haematopoietic stem cell output in the adult. These enhancer mutants will be useful in exploring further the pathophysiology of GATA2-related deficiencies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dobrzycki
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christopher B Mahony
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Monika Krecsmarik
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK
| | - Cansu Koyunlar
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rossella Rispoli
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joke Peulen-Zink
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bakhta Fedlaoui
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Emma de Pater
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roger Patient
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK
| | - Rui Monteiro
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK.
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18
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Dobrzycki T, Lalwani M, Telfer C, Monteiro R, Patient R. The roles and controls of GATA factors in blood and cardiac development. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:39-44. [PMID: 31778014 PMCID: PMC6973044 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
GATA factors play central roles in the programming of blood and cardiac cells during embryonic development. Using the experimentally accessible Xenopus and zebrafish models, we report observations regarding the roles of GATA‐2 in the development of blood stem cells and GATA‐4, ‐5, and ‐6 in cardiac development. We show that blood stem cells develop from the dorsal lateral plate mesoderm and GATA‐2 is required at multiple stages. Firstly, GATA‐2 is required to make the cells responsive to VEGF‐A signalling by driving the synthesis of its receptor, FLK‐1/KDR. This leads to differentiation into the endothelial cells that form the dorsal aorta. GATA‐2 is again required for the endothelial‐to‐haematopoietic transition that takes place later in the floor of the dorsal aorta. GATA‐2 expression is dependent on BMP signalling for each of these inputs into blood stem cell programming. GATA‐4, ‐5, and ‐6 work together to ensure the specification of cardiac cells during development. We have demonstrated redundancy within the family and also some evolution of the functions of the different family members. Interestingly, one of the features that varies in evolution is the timing of expression relative to other key regulators such as Nkx2.5 and BMP. We show that the GATA factors, Nkx2.5 and BMP regulate each other and it would appear that what is critical is the mutually supportive network of expression rather than the order of expression of each of the component genes. In Xenopus and zebrafish, the cardiac mesoderm is adjacent to an anterior population of cells giving rise to blood and endothelium. This population is not present in mammals and we have shown that, like the cardiac population, the blood and endothelial precursors require GATA‐4, ‐5, and ‐6 for their development. Later, blood‐specific or cardiac‐specific regulators determine the ultimate fate of the cells, and we show that these regulators act cross‐antagonistically. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling drives the cardiac fate, and we propose that the anterior extension of the FGF signalling field during evolution led to the recruitment of the blood and endothelial precursors into the heart field ultimately resulting in a larger four chambered heart. Zebrafish are able to successfully regenerate their hearts after injury. To understand the pathways involved, with a view to determining why humans cannot do this, we profiled gene expression in the cardiomyocytes before and after injury, and compared those proximal to the injury with those more distal. We were able to identify an enhancement of the expression of regulators of the canonical Wnt pathway proximal to the injury, suggesting that changes in Wnt signalling are responsible for the repair response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dobrzycki
- Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mukesh Lalwani
- Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Telfer
- Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rui Monteiro
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, IBR West University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Roger Patient
- Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford, UK
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19
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Mahamud MR, Geng X, Ho YC, Cha B, Kim Y, Ma J, Chen L, Myers G, Camper S, Mustacich D, Witte M, Choi D, Hong YK, Chen H, Varshney G, Engel JD, Wang S, Kim TH, Lim KC, Srinivasan RS. GATA2 controls lymphatic endothelial cell junctional integrity and lymphovenous valve morphogenesis through miR-126. Development 2019; 146:dev184218. [PMID: 31582413 PMCID: PMC6857586 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the transcription factor GATA2 cause lymphedema. GATA2 is necessary for the development of lymphatic valves and lymphovenous valves, and for the patterning of lymphatic vessels. Here, we report that GATA2 is not necessary for valvular endothelial cell (VEC) differentiation. Instead, GATA2 is required for VEC maintenance and morphogenesis. GATA2 is also necessary for the expression of the cell junction molecules VE-cadherin and claudin 5 in lymphatic vessels. We identified miR-126 as a target of GATA2, and miR-126-/- embryos recapitulate the phenotypes of mice lacking GATA2. Primary human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs) lacking GATA2 (HLECΔGATA2) have altered expression of claudin 5 and VE-cadherin, and blocking miR-126 activity in HLECs phenocopies these changes in expression. Importantly, overexpression of miR-126 in HLECΔGATA2 significantly rescues the cell junction defects. Thus, our work defines a new mechanism of GATA2 activity and uncovers miR-126 as a novel regulator of mammalian lymphatic vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yen-Chun Ho
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yuenhee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Greggory Myers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sally Camper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Debbie Mustacich
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Marlys Witte
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaurav Varshney
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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20
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Shimizu R, Yamamoto M. Quantitative and qualitative impairments in GATA2 and myeloid neoplasms. IUBMB Life 2019; 72:142-150. [PMID: 31675473 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
GATA2 is a key transcription factor critical for hematopoietic cell development. During the past decade, it became clear that heterozygous germline mutations in the GATA2 gene cause bone marrow failure and primary immunodeficiency syndrome, conditions that lead to a predisposition toward myeloid neoplasms, such as myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Somatic mutations of the GATA2 gene are also involved in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies. Cases with GATA2 gene mutations are divided into two groups, resulting in either a quantitative deficiency or a qualitative defect in the GATA2 protein depending on the mutation position and type. In the former case, GATA2 mRNA expression from the mutant allele is markedly reduced or completely abrogated, and reduced GATA2 protein expression is involved in the pathogenesis. In the latter case, almost equal amounts of structurally abnormal and wildtype GATA2 proteins are predicted to be present and contribute to the pathogenesis. The development of mouse models of these human GATA2-related diseases has been undertaken, which naturally develop myeloid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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21
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Shin M, Nozaki T, Idrizi F, Isogai S, Ogasawara K, Ishida K, Yuge S, Roscoe B, Wolfe SA, Fukuhara S, Mochizuki N, Deguchi T, Lawson ND. Valves Are a Conserved Feature of the Zebrafish Lymphatic System. Dev Cell 2019; 51:374-386.e5. [PMID: 31564611 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system comprises blind-ended tubes that collect interstitial fluid and return it to the circulatory system. In mammals, unidirectional lymphatic flow is driven by muscle contraction working in conjunction with valves. Accordingly, defective lymphatic valve morphogenesis results in backflow leading to edema. In fish species, studies dating to the 18th century failed to identify lymphatic valves, a precedent that currently persists, raising the question of whether the zebrafish could be used to study the development of these structures. Here, we provide functional and morphological evidence of valves in the zebrafish lymphatic system. Electron microscopy revealed valve ultrastructure similar to mammals, while live imaging using transgenic lines identified the developmental origins of lymphatic valve progenitors. Zebrafish embryos bearing mutations in genes required for mammalian valve morphogenesis show defective lymphatic valve formation and edema. Together, our observations provide a foundation from which to further investigate lymphatic valve formation in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Shin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Takayuki Nozaki
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Feston Idrizi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Sumio Isogai
- Department of Medical Education, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Ogasawara
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Kinji Ishida
- Technical Support Center for Life Science Research, Iwate Medical University, Shiwa, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Shinya Yuge
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-machi, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan
| | - Benjamin Roscoe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Scot A Wolfe
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, 1-396 Kosugi-machi, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8533, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology and AMED-CREST, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Tomonori Deguchi
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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22
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Hoshino T, Terunuma T, Takai J, Uemura S, Nakamura Y, Hamada M, Takahashi S, Yamamoto M, Engel JD, Moriguchi T. Spiral ganglion cell degeneration-induced deafness as a consequence of reduced GATA factor activity. Genes Cells 2019; 24:534-545. [PMID: 31141264 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zinc-finger transcription factors GATA2 and GATA3 are both expressed in the developing inner ear, although their overlapping versus distinct activities in adult definitive inner ear are not well understood. We show here that GATA2 and GATA3 are co-expressed in cochlear spiral ganglion cells and redundantly function in the maintenance of spiral ganglion cells and auditory neural circuitry. Notably, Gata2 and Gata3 compound heterozygous mutant mice had a diminished number of spiral ganglion cells due to enhanced apoptosis, which resulted in progressive hearing loss. The decrease in spiral ganglion cellularity was associated with lowered expression of neurotrophin receptor TrkC that is an essential factor for spiral ganglion cell survival. We further show that Gata2 null mutants that additionally bear a Gata2 YAC (yeast artificial chromosome) that counteracts the lethal hematopoietic deficiency due to complete Gata2 loss nonetheless failed to complement the deficiency in neonatal spiral ganglion neurons. Furthermore, cochlea-specific Gata2 deletion mice also had fewer spiral ganglion cells and resultant hearing impairment. These results show that GATA2 and GATA3 redundantly function to maintain spiral ganglion cells and hearing. We propose possible mechanisms underlying hearing loss in human GATA2- or GATA3-related genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Hoshino
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsumoru Terunuma
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun Takai
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uemura
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michito Hamada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Moriguchi
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku Medical Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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23
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Janardhan HP, Trivedi CM. Establishment and maintenance of blood-lymph separation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1865-1876. [PMID: 30758642 PMCID: PMC6482084 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of Greek medical literature, described the functional anatomy of the lymphatic system in the fifth century B.C. Subsequent studies in cadavers and surgical patients firmly established that lymphatic vessels drain extravasated interstitial fluid, also known as lymph, into the venous system at the bilateral lymphovenous junctions. Recent advances revealed that lymphovenous valves and platelet-mediated hemostasis at the lymphovenous junctions maintain life-long separation of the blood and lymphatic vascular systems. Here, we review murine models that exhibit failure of blood-lymph separation to highlight the novel mechanisms and molecular targets for the modulation of lymphatic disorders. Specifically, we focus on the transcription factors, cofactors, and signaling pathways that regulate lymphovenous valve development and platelet-mediated lymphovenous hemostasis, which cooperate to maintain blood-lymph separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish P Janardhan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, The Albert Sherman Center, AS7-1047, 368 Plantation St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Chinmay M Trivedi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, The Albert Sherman Center, AS7-1047, 368 Plantation St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
- The Li-Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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24
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Ishijima Y, Ohmori S, Uneme A, Aoki Y, Kobori M, Ohida T, Arai M, Hosaka M, Ohneda K. The Gata2 repression during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation is dependent on a rapid decrease in histone acetylation in response to glucocorticoid receptor activation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 483:39-49. [PMID: 30615908 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA2 is an anti-adipogenic factor whose expression is downregulated during adipocyte differentiation. The present study attempted to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the GATA2 repression and found that the repression is dependent on the activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. Although several recognition sequences for GR were found in both the proximal and distal regions of the Gata2 locus, the promoter activity was not affected by the GR activation in the reporter assays, and the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of the two distal regions of the Gata2 locus was not involved in the GR-mediated Gata2 repression. Notably, the level of histone acetylation was markedly reduced at the Gata2 locus during 3T3-L1 differentiation, and the GR-mediated Gata2 repression was significantly relieved by histone deacetylase inhibition. These results suggest that GR regulates the Gata2 gene by reducing histone acetylation in the early phase of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ishijima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Shin'ya Ohmori
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Ai Uneme
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Aoki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Miki Kobori
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Terutoshi Ohida
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Momoko Arai
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Misa Hosaka
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Kinuko Ohneda
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki, Japan.
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25
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Harada N, Hasegawa A, Hirano I, Yamamoto M, Shimizu R. GATA2 hypomorphism induces chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in mice. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:1183-1193. [PMID: 30710465 PMCID: PMC6447832 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor GATA2 regulates normal hematopoiesis, particularly in‐ stem cell maintenance and myeloid differentiation. Various heteroallelic GATA2 gene mutations are associated with a variety of hematological neoplasms, including myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemias. Here, we report that impaired GATA2 expression induces myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasm development in elderly animals, and this neoplasm resembles chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in humans. GATA2 hypomorphic mutant (G2fGN/fGN) mice that were generated by the germline insertion of a neocassette into the Gata2 gene locus avoided the early embryonic lethality observed in Gata2‐null mice. However, adult G2fGN/fGN mice suffered from exacerbated leukocytosis concomitant with progressive anemia and thrombocytopenia and eventually developed massive granulomonocytosis accompanied by trilineage dysplasia. The reconstitution activity of G2fGN/fGN mouse stem cells was impaired. Furthermore, G2fGN/fGN progenitors showed myeloid lineage‐biased proliferation and differentiation. Myeloid progenitor accumulation started at a younger age in G2fGN/fGN mice and appeared to worsen with age. G2fGN/fGN mice showed increased expression of transcripts encoding cytokine receptors, such as macrophage colony‐stimulating factor receptor and interleukin‐6 receptor, in granulocyte‐monocyte progenitors. This increased expression could be correlated with the hypersensitive granulomonocytic proliferation reaction when the mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide. Taken together, these observations indicate that GATA2 hypomorphism leads to a hyperreactive defense response to infections, and this reaction is attributed to a unique intrinsic cell defect in the regulation of myeloid expansion that increases the risk of hematological neoplasm transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Harada
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hasegawa
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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26
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Srinivasan RS. Intraluminal valves: development, function and disease. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:1273-1287. [PMID: 29125824 PMCID: PMC5719258 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, which function in parallel to provide nutrients and remove waste from the body. Vascular function depends on valves, which regulate unidirectional fluid flow against gravitational and pressure gradients. Severe valve disorders can cause mortality and some are associated with severe morbidity. Although cardiac valve defects can be treated by valve replacement surgery, no treatment is currently available for valve disorders of the veins and lymphatics. Thus, a better understanding of valves, their development and the progression of valve disease is warranted. In the past decade, molecules that are important for vascular function in humans have been identified, with mouse studies also providing new insights into valve formation and function. Intriguing similarities have recently emerged between the different types of valves concerning their molecular identity, architecture and development. Shear stress generated by fluid flow has also been shown to regulate endothelial cell identity in valves. Here, we review our current understanding of valve development with an emphasis on its mechanobiology and significance to human health, and highlight unanswered questions and translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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27
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Eich C, Arlt J, Vink CS, Solaimani Kartalaei P, Kaimakis P, Mariani SA, van der Linden R, van Cappellen WA, Dzierzak E. In vivo single cell analysis reveals Gata2 dynamics in cells transitioning to hematopoietic fate. J Exp Med 2017; 215:233-248. [PMID: 29217535 PMCID: PMC5748852 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eich et al. reveal the dynamic expression of the Gata2 transcription factor in single aortic cells transitioning to hematopoietic fate by vital imaging of Gata2Venus mouse embryos. Pulsatile expression level changes highlight an unstable genetic state during hematopoietic cell generation. Cell fate is established through coordinated gene expression programs in individual cells. Regulatory networks that include the Gata2 transcription factor play central roles in hematopoietic fate establishment. Although Gata2 is essential to the embryonic development and function of hematopoietic stem cells that form the adult hierarchy, little is known about the in vivo expression dynamics of Gata2 in single cells. Here, we examine Gata2 expression in single aortic cells as they establish hematopoietic fate in Gata2Venus mouse embryos. Time-lapse imaging reveals rapid pulsatile level changes in Gata2 reporter expression in cells undergoing endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. Moreover, Gata2 reporter pulsatile expression is dramatically altered in Gata2+/− aortic cells, which undergo fewer transitions and are reduced in hematopoietic potential. Our novel finding of dynamic pulsatile expression of Gata2 suggests a highly unstable genetic state in single cells concomitant with their transition to hematopoietic fate. This reinforces the notion that threshold levels of Gata2 influence fate establishment and has implications for transcription factor–related hematologic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Eich
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jochen Arlt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Chris S Vink
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Polynikis Kaimakis
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samanta A Mariani
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Reinier van der Linden
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wiggert A van Cappellen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Optical Imaging Centre, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elaine Dzierzak
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Stem Cell Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands .,Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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28
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Janardhan HP, Milstone ZJ, Shin M, Lawson ND, Keaney JF, Trivedi CM. Hdac3 regulates lymphovenous and lymphatic valve formation. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:4193-4206. [PMID: 29035278 PMCID: PMC5663362 DOI: 10.1172/jci92852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphedema, the most common lymphatic anomaly, involves defective lymphatic valve development; yet the epigenetic modifiers underlying lymphatic valve morphogenesis remain elusive. Here, we showed that during mouse development, the histone-modifying enzyme histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) regulates the formation of both lymphovenous valves, which maintain the separation of the blood and lymphatic vascular systems, and the lymphatic valves. Endothelium-specific ablation of Hdac3 in mice led to blood-filled lymphatic vessels, edema, defective lymphovenous valve morphogenesis, improper lymphatic drainage, defective lymphatic valve maturation, and complete lethality. Hdac3-deficient lymphovenous valves and lymphatic vessels exhibited reduced expression of the transcription factor Gata2 and its target genes. In response to oscillatory shear stress, the transcription factors Tal1, Gata2, and Ets1/2 physically interacted with and recruited Hdac3 to the evolutionarily conserved E-box–GATA–ETS composite element of a Gata2 intragenic enhancer. In turn, Hdac3 recruited histone acetyltransferase Ep300 to form an enhanceosome complex that promoted Gata2 expression. Together, these results identify Hdac3 as a key epigenetic modifier that maintains blood-lymph separation and integrates both extrinsic forces and intrinsic cues to regulate lymphatic valve development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masahiro Shin
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan D Lawson
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John F Keaney
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine.,Department of Medicine, and
| | - Chinmay M Trivedi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine.,Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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29
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Abstract
The discovery of the GATA binding protein (GATA factor) transcription factor family revolutionized hematology. Studies of GATA proteins have yielded vital contributions to our understanding of how hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells develop from precursors, how progenitors generate red blood cells, how hemoglobin synthesis is regulated, and the molecular underpinnings of nonmalignant and malignant hematologic disorders. This thrilling journey began with mechanistic studies on a β-globin enhancer- and promoter-binding factor, GATA-1, the founding member of the GATA family. This work ushered in the cloning of related proteins, GATA-2-6, with distinct and/or overlapping expression patterns. Herein, we discuss how the hematopoietic GATA factors (GATA-1-3) function via a battery of mechanistic permutations, which can be GATA factor subtype, cell type, and locus specific. Understanding this intriguing protein family requires consideration of how the mechanistic permutations are amalgamated into circuits to orchestrate processes of interest to the hematologist and more broadly.
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30
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Unnikrishnan A, Guan YF, Huang Y, Beck D, Thoms JAI, Peirs S, Knezevic K, Ma S, de Walle IV, de Jong I, Ali Z, Zhong L, Raftery MJ, Taghon T, Larsson J, MacKenzie KL, Van Vlierberghe P, Wong JWH, Pimanda JE. A quantitative proteomics approach identifies ETV6 and IKZF1 as new regulators of an ERG-driven transcriptional network. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:10644-10661. [PMID: 27604872 PMCID: PMC5159545 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant stem cell-like gene regulatory networks are a feature of leukaemogenesis. The ETS-related gene (ERG), an important regulator of normal haematopoiesis, is also highly expressed in T-ALL and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). However, the transcriptional regulation of ERG in leukaemic cells remains poorly understood. In order to discover transcriptional regulators of ERG, we employed a quantitative mass spectrometry-based method to identify factors binding the 321 bp ERG +85 stem cell enhancer region in MOLT-4 T-ALL and KG-1 AML cells. Using this approach, we identified a number of known binders of the +85 enhancer in leukaemic cells along with previously unknown binders, including ETV6 and IKZF1. We confirmed that ETV6 and IKZF1 were also bound at the +85 enhancer in both leukaemic cells and in healthy human CD34+ haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Knockdown experiments confirmed that ETV6 and IKZF1 are transcriptional regulators not just of ERG, but also of a number of genes regulated by a densely interconnected network of seven transcription factors. At last, we show that ETV6 and IKZF1 expression levels are positively correlated with expression of a number of heptad genes in AML and high expression of all nine genes confers poorer overall prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Consensus Sequence
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Ikaros Transcription Factor/physiology
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Protein Binding
- Proteome
- Proteomics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Regulator ERG/physiology
- ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Unnikrishnan
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Yi F Guan
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Yizhou Huang
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Dominik Beck
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie A I Thoms
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Sofie Peirs
- Centre for Health Technologies and the School of Software, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Kathy Knezevic
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Shiyong Ma
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Inge V de Walle
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ineke de Jong
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zara Ali
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052 Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mark J Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Tom Taghon
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052 Australia
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Centre for Health Technologies and the School of Software, University of Technology, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Jason W H Wong
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - John E Pimanda
- Adult Cancer Program, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, 2031, Australia
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Becker PW, Sacilotto N, Nornes S, Neal A, Thomas MO, Liu K, Preece C, Ratnayaka I, Davies B, Bou-Gharios G, De Val S. An Intronic Flk1 Enhancer Directs Arterial-Specific Expression via RBPJ-Mediated Venous Repression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1209-19. [PMID: 27079877 PMCID: PMC4894770 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor Flk1 is essential for vascular development, but the signaling and transcriptional pathways by which its expression is regulated in endothelial cells remain unclear. Although previous studies have identified 2 Flk1 regulatory enhancers, these are dispensable for Flk1 expression, indicating that additional enhancers contribute to Flk1 regulation in endothelial cells. In the present study, we sought to identify Flk1 enhancers contributing to expression in endothelial cells. Approach and Results— A region of the 10th intron of the Flk1 gene (Flk1in10) was identified as a putative enhancer and tested in mouse and zebrafish transgenic models. This region robustly directed reporter gene expression in arterial endothelial cells. Using a combination of targeted mutagenesis of transcription factor–binding sites and gene silencing of transcription factors, we found that Gata and Ets factors are required for Flk1in10 enhancer activity in all endothelial cells. Furthermore, we showed that activity of the Flk1in10 enhancer is restricted to arteries through repression of gene expression in venous endothelial cells by the Notch pathway transcriptional regulator Rbpj. Conclusions— This study demonstrates a novel mechanism of arterial–venous identity acquisition, indicates a direct link between the Notch and VEGF signaling pathways, and illustrates how cis-regulatory diversity permits differential expression outcomes from a limited repertoire of transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp W Becker
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Natalia Sacilotto
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Svanhild Nornes
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Alice Neal
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Max O Thomas
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Ke Liu
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Chris Preece
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Indrika Ratnayaka
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Benjamin Davies
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.)
| | - Sarah De Val
- From the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine (P.W.B., N.S., S.N., A.N., M.O.T., I.R., S.D.V.) and The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics (C.P., B.D.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom (K.L., G.B.-G.).
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Functional and molecular characterization of mouse Gata2-independent hematopoietic progenitors. Blood 2016; 127:1426-37. [PMID: 26834239 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-673749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gata2 transcription factor is a pivotal regulator of hematopoietic cell development and maintenance, highlighted by the fact that Gata2 haploinsufficiency has been identified as the cause of some familial cases of acute myelogenous leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome and in MonoMac syndrome. Genetic deletion in mice has shown that Gata2 is pivotal to the embryonic generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). It functions in the embryo during endothelial cell to hematopoietic cell transition to affect hematopoietic cluster, HPC, and HSC formation. Gata2 conditional deletion and overexpression studies show the importance of Gata2 levels in hematopoiesis, during all developmental stages. Although previous studies of cell populations phenotypically enriched in HPCs and HSCs show expression of Gata2, there has been no direct study of Gata2 expressing cells during normal hematopoiesis. In this study, we generate a Gata2Venus reporter mouse model with unperturbed Gata2 expression to examine the hematopoietic function and transcriptome of Gata2 expressing and nonexpressing cells. We show that all the HSCs are Gata2 expressing. However, not all HPCs in the aorta, vitelline and umbilical arteries, and fetal liver require or express Gata2. These Gata2-independent HPCs exhibit a different functional output and genetic program, including Ras and cyclic AMP response element-binding protein pathways and other Gata factors, compared with Gata2-dependent HPCs. Our results, indicating that Gata2 is of major importance in programming toward HSC fate but not in all cells with HPC fate, have implications for current reprogramming strategies.
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34
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Tanimura N, Miller E, Igarashi K, Yang D, Burstyn JN, Dewey CN, Bresnick EH. Mechanism governing heme synthesis reveals a GATA factor/heme circuit that controls differentiation. EMBO Rep 2015; 17:249-65. [PMID: 26698166 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal ion-containing macromolecules have fundamental roles in essentially all biological processes throughout the evolutionary tree. For example, iron-containing heme is a cofactor in enzyme catalysis and electron transfer and an essential hemoglobin constituent. To meet the intense demand for hemoglobin assembly in red blood cells, the cell type-specific factor GATA-1 activates transcription of Alas2, encoding the rate-limiting enzyme in heme biosynthesis, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase-2 (ALAS-2). Using genetic editing to unravel mechanisms governing heme biosynthesis, we discovered a GATA factor- and heme-dependent circuit that establishes the erythroid cell transcriptome. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of two Alas2 intronic cis elements strongly reduces GATA-1-induced Alas2 transcription, heme biosynthesis, and surprisingly, GATA-1 regulation of other vital constituents of the erythroid cell transcriptome. Bypassing ALAS-2 function in Alas2 cis element-mutant cells by providing its catalytic product 5-aminolevulinic acid rescues heme biosynthesis and the GATA-1-dependent genetic network. Heme amplifies GATA-1 function by downregulating the heme-sensing transcriptional repressor Bach1 and via a Bach1-insensitive mechanism. Through this dual mechanism, heme and a master regulator collaborate to orchestrate a cell type-specific transcriptional program that promotes cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Eli Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - David Yang
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Judith N Burstyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Colin N Dewey
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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35
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Geng X, Cha B, Mahamud MR, Lim KC, Silasi-Mansat R, Uddin MKM, Miura N, Xia L, Simon AM, Engel JD, Chen H, Lupu F, Srinivasan RS. Multiple mouse models of primary lymphedema exhibit distinct defects in lymphovenous valve development. Dev Biol 2015; 409:218-233. [PMID: 26542011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lymph is returned to the blood circulation exclusively via four lymphovenous valves (LVVs). Despite their vital importance, the architecture and development of LVVs is poorly understood. We analyzed the formation of LVVs at the molecular and ultrastructural levels during mouse embryogenesis and identified three critical steps. First, LVV-forming endothelial cells (LVV-ECs) differentiate from PROX1(+) progenitors and delaminate from the luminal side of the veins. Second, LVV-ECs aggregate, align perpendicular to the direction of lymph flow and establish lympho-venous connections. Finally, LVVs mature with the recruitment of mural cells. LVV morphogenesis is disrupted in four different mouse models of primary lymphedema and the severity of LVV defects correlate with that of lymphedema. In summary, we have provided the first and the most comprehensive analysis of LVV development. Furthermore, our work suggests that aberrant LVVs contribute to lymphedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Boksik Cha
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Md Riaj Mahamud
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Kim-Chew Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert Silasi-Mansat
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Mohammad K M Uddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Lijun Xia
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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36
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Saito Y, Fujiwara T, Ohashi K, Okitsu Y, Fukuhara N, Onishi Y, Ishizawa K, Harigae H. High-Throughput siRNA Screening to Reveal GATA-2 Upstream Transcriptional Mechanisms in Hematopoietic Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137079. [PMID: 26325290 PMCID: PMC4556642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells can self-renew and differentiate into all blood cell types. The transcription factor GATA-2 is expressed in both hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and is essential for cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Recently, evidence from studies of aplastic anemia, MonoMAC syndrome, and lung cancer has demonstrated a mechanistic link between GATA-2 and human pathophysiology. GATA-2-dependent disease processes have been extensively analyzed; however, the transcriptional mechanisms upstream of GATA-2 remain less understood. Here, we conducted high-throughput small-interfering-RNA (siRNA) library screening and showed that YN-1, a human erythroleukemia cell line, expressed high levels of GATA-2 following the activation of the hematopoietic-specific 1S promoter. As transient luciferase reporter assay in YN-1 cells revealed the highest promoter activity in the 1S promoter fused with GATA-2 intronic enhancer (+9.9 kb/1S); therefore, we established a cell line capable of stably expressing +9.9 kb/1S-Luciferase. Subsequently, we screened 995 transcription factor genes and revealed that CITED2 acts as a GATA-2 activator in human hematopoietic cells. These results provide novel insights into and further identify the regulatory mechanism of GATA-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Saito
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tohru Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Molecular Hematology/Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohashi
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoko Okitsu
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriko Fukuhara
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasushi Onishi
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hideo Harigae
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Molecular Hematology/Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kazenwadel J, Betterman KL, Chong CE, Stokes PH, Lee YK, Secker GA, Agalarov Y, Demir CS, Lawrence DM, Sutton DL, Tabruyn SP, Miura N, Salminen M, Petrova TV, Matthews JM, Hahn CN, Scott HS, Harvey NL. GATA2 is required for lymphatic vessel valve development and maintenance. J Clin Invest 2015. [PMID: 26214525 DOI: 10.1172/jci78888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in the zinc finger transcription factor GATA2 have recently been shown to underlie a range of clinical phenotypes, including Emberger syndrome, a disorder characterized by lymphedema and predisposition to myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia (MDS/AML). Despite well-defined roles in hematopoiesis, the functions of GATA2 in the lymphatic vasculature and the mechanisms by which GATA2 mutations result in lymphedema have not been characterized. Here, we have provided a molecular explanation for lymphedema predisposition in a subset of patients with germline GATA2 mutations. Specifically, we demonstrated that Emberger-associated GATA2 missense mutations result in complete loss of GATA2 function, with respect to the capacity to regulate the transcription of genes that are important for lymphatic vessel valve development. We identified a putative enhancer element upstream of the key lymphatic transcriptional regulator PROX1 that is bound by GATA2, and the transcription factors FOXC2 and NFATC1. Emberger GATA2 missense mutants had a profoundly reduced capacity to bind this element. Conditional Gata2 deletion in mice revealed that GATA2 is required for both development and maintenance of lymphovenous and lymphatic vessel valves. Together, our data unveil essential roles for GATA2 in the lymphatic vasculature and explain why a select catalogue of human GATA2 mutations results in lymphedema.
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Abstract
Heterozygous familial or sporadic GATA2 mutations cause a multifaceted disorder, encompassing susceptibility to infection, pulmonary dysfunction, autoimmunity, lymphoedema and malignancy. Although often healthy in childhood, carriers of defective GATA2 alleles develop progressive loss of mononuclear cells (dendritic cells, monocytes, B and Natural Killer lymphocytes), elevated FLT3 ligand, and a 90% risk of clinical complications, including progression to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) by 60 years of age. Premature death may occur from childhood due to infection, pulmonary dysfunction, solid malignancy and MDS/acute myeloid leukaemia. GATA2 mutations include frameshifts, amino acid substitutions, insertions and deletions scattered throughout the gene but concentrated in the region encoding the two zinc finger domains. Mutations appear to cause haplo-insufficiency, which is known to impair haematopoietic stem cell survival in animal models. Management includes genetic counselling, prevention of infection, cancer surveillance, haematopoietic monitoring and, ultimately, stem cell transplantation upon the development of MDS or another life-threatening complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collin
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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39
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Oikkonen J, Huang Y, Onkamo P, Ukkola-Vuoti L, Raijas P, Karma K, Vieland VJ, Järvelä I. A genome-wide linkage and association study of musical aptitude identifies loci containing genes related to inner ear development and neurocognitive functions. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:275-82. [PMID: 24614497 PMCID: PMC4259854 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans have developed the perception, production and processing of sounds into the art of music. A genetic contribution to these skills of musical aptitude has long been suggested. We performed a genome-wide scan in 76 pedigrees (767 individuals) characterized for the ability to discriminate pitch (SP), duration (ST) and sound patterns (KMT), which are primary capacities for music perception. Using the Bayesian linkage and association approach implemented in program package KELVIN, especially designed for complex pedigrees, several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near genes affecting the functions of the auditory pathway and neurocognitive processes were identified. The strongest association was found at 3q21.3 (rs9854612) with combined SP, ST and KMT test scores (COMB). This region is located a few dozen kilobases upstream of the GATA binding protein 2 (GATA2) gene. GATA2 regulates the development of cochlear hair cells and the inferior colliculus (IC), which are important in tonotopic mapping. The highest probability of linkage was obtained for phenotype SP at 4p14, located next to the region harboring the protocadherin 7 gene, PCDH7. Two SNPs rs13146789 and rs13109270 of PCDH7 showed strong association. PCDH7 has been suggested to play a role in cochlear and amygdaloid complexes. Functional class analysis showed that inner ear and schizophrenia-related genes were enriched inside the linked regions. This study is the first to show the importance of auditory pathway genes in musical aptitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Oikkonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki
| | - Y. Huang
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital & The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43215, USA
| | - P. Onkamo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki
| | - L. Ukkola-Vuoti
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - P. Raijas
- DocMus Department, University of the Arts Helsinki, P.O. Box 86, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - K. Karma
- DocMus Department, University of the Arts Helsinki, P.O. Box 86, 00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - V. J. Vieland
- The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital & The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43215, USA
| | - I. Järvelä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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An updated view on the differentiation of stem cells into endothelial cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:763-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4712-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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41
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Trichostatin A Enhances Vascular Repair by Injected Human Endothelial Progenitors through Increasing the Expression of TAL1-Dependent Genes. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:644-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Yamazaki H, Suzuki M, Otsuki A, Shimizu R, Bresnick EH, Engel JD, Yamamoto M. A remote GATA2 hematopoietic enhancer drives leukemogenesis in inv(3)(q21;q26) by activating EVI1 expression. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:415-27. [PMID: 24703906 PMCID: PMC4012341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal inversion between 3q21 and 3q26 results in high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this study, we identified a mechanism whereby a GATA2 distal hematopoietic enhancer (G2DHE or -77-kb enhancer) is brought into close proximity to the EVI1 gene in inv(3)(q21;q26) inversions, leading to leukemogenesis. We examined the contribution of G2DHE to leukemogenesis by creating a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic model that recapitulates the inv(3)(q21;q26) allele. Transgenic mice harboring a linked BAC developed leukemia accompanied by EVI1 overexpression-neoplasia that was not detected in mice bearing the same transgene but that was missing the GATA2 enhancer. These results establish the mechanistic basis underlying the pathogenesis of a severe form of leukemia through aberrant expression of the EVI1 proto-oncogene.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- GATA2 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA2 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- MDS1 and EVI1 Complex Locus Protein
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogenes/genetics
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transfection
- Transgenes
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mikiko Suzuki
- Center for Radioisotope Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akihito Otsuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - James Douglas Engel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan.
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43
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Moriguchi T, Yamamoto M. A regulatory network governing Gata1 and Gata2 gene transcription orchestrates erythroid lineage differentiation. Int J Hematol 2014; 100:417-24. [PMID: 24638828 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
GATA transcription factor family members GATA1 and GATA2 play crucial roles in the regulation of lineage-restricted genes during erythroid differentiation. GATA1 is indispensable for survival and terminal differentiation of erythroid, megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitors, whereas GATA2 regulates proliferation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Expression levels of GATA1 and GATA2 are primarily regulated at the transcriptional level through auto- and reciprocal regulatory networks formed by these GATA factors. The dynamic and strictly controlled change of expression from GATA2 to GATA1 during erythropoiesis has been referred to as GATA factor switching, which plays a crucial role in erythropoiesis. The regulatory network comprising GATA1 and GATA2 gives rise to the stage-specific changes in Gata1 and Gata2 gene expression during erythroid differentiation, which ensures specific expression of early and late erythroid genes at each stage. Recent studies have also shed light on the genome-wide binding profiles of GATA1 and GATA2, and the significance of epigenetic modification of Gata1 gene during erythroid differentiation. This review summarizes the current understanding of network regulation underlying stage-dependent Gata1 and Gata2 gene expressions and the functional contribution of these GATA factors in erythroid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Moriguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
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44
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Transcriptional control of lymphatic endothelial cell type specification. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2014; 214:5-22. [PMID: 24276883 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1646-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is the "sewer system" of our body as it plays an important role in transporting tissue fluids and extravasated plasma proteins back to the blood circulation and absorbs lipids from the intestinal tract. Malfunction of the lymphatic vasculature can result in lymphedema and obesity. The lymphatic system is also important for the immune response and is one of the main routes for the spreading of metastatic tumor cells. The development of the mammalian lymphatic vasculature is a stepwise process that requires the specification of lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) progenitors in the embryonic veins, and the subsequent budding of those LEC progenitors from the embryonic veins to give rise to the primitive lymph sacs from which the entire lymphatic vasculature will eventually be derived. This process was first proposed by Florence Sabin over a century ago and was recently confirmed by several studies using lineage tracing and gene manipulation. Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in understanding the transcriptional control of lymphatic endothelial cell type differentiation. Here we summarize our current knowledge about the key transcription factors that are necessary to regulate several aspects of lymphatic endothelial specification and differentiation.
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45
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Bigas A, Guiu J, Gama-Norton L. Notch and Wnt signaling in the emergence of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:264-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Genome-wide analysis of transcriptional regulators in human HSPCs reveals a densely interconnected network of coding and noncoding genes. Blood 2013; 122:e12-22. [PMID: 23974199 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-490425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide combinatorial binding patterns for key transcription factors (TFs) have not been reported for primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), and have constrained analysis of the global architecture of molecular circuits controlling these cells. Here we provide high-resolution genome-wide binding maps for a heptad of key TFs (FLI1, ERG, GATA2, RUNX1, SCL, LYL1, and LMO2) in human CD34(+) HSPCs, together with quantitative RNA and microRNA expression profiles. We catalog binding of TFs at coding genes and microRNA promoters, and report that combinatorial binding of all 7 TFs is favored and associated with differential expression of genes and microRNA in HSPCs. We also uncover a previously unrecognized association between FLI1 and RUNX1 pairing in HSPCs, we establish a correlation between the density of histone modifications that mark active enhancers and the number of overlapping TFs at a peak, we demonstrate bivalent histone marks at promoters of heptad target genes in CD34(+) cells that are poised for later expression, and we identify complex relationships between specific microRNAs and coding genes regulated by the heptad. Taken together, these data reveal the power of integrating multifactor sequencing of chromatin immunoprecipitates with coding and noncoding gene expression to identify regulatory circuits controlling cell identity.
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47
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Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of the vascular system is critical for embryonic development and postnatal life. Defects in endothelial cell development and vessel formation and function lead to embryonic lethality and are important in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Here, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms of endothelial cell differentiation, plasticity, and the development of the vasculature. This review focuses on the interplay among transcription factors and signaling molecules that specify the differentiation of vascular endothelial cells. We also discuss recent progress on reprogramming of somatic cells toward distinct endothelial cell lineages and its promise in regenerative vascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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48
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Connell FC, Gordon K, Brice G, Keeley V, Jeffery S, Mortimer PS, Mansour S, Ostergaard P. The classification and diagnostic algorithm for primary lymphatic dysplasia: an update from 2010 to include molecular findings. Clin Genet 2013; 84:303-14. [PMID: 23621851 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Historically, primary lymphoedema was classified into just three categories depending on the age of onset of swelling; congenital, praecox and tarda. Developments in clinical phenotyping and identification of the genetic cause of some of these conditions have demonstrated that primary lymphoedema is highly heterogenous. In 2010, we introduced a new classification and diagnostic pathway as a clinical and research tool. This algorithm has been used to delineate specific primary lymphoedema phenotypes, facilitating the discovery of new causative genes. This article reviews the latest molecular findings and provides an updated version of the classification and diagnostic pathway based on this new knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Connell
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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49
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Tondeleir D, Drogat B, Slowicka K, Bakkali K, Bartunkova S, Goossens S, Haigh JJ, Ampe C. Beta-Actin Is Involved in Modulating Erythropoiesis during Development by Fine-Tuning Gata2 Expression Levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67855. [PMID: 23840778 PMCID: PMC3694046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of actin family members during development are poorly understood. To investigate the role of beta-actin in mammalian development, a beta-actin knockout mouse model was used. Homozygous beta-actin knockout mice are lethal at embryonic day (E)10.5. At E10.25 beta-actin knockout embryos are growth retarded and display a pale yolk sac and embryo proper that is suggestive of altered erythropoiesis. Here we report that lack of beta-actin resulted in a block of primitive and definitive hematopoietic development. Reduced levels of Gata2, were associated to this phenotype. Consistently, ChIP analysis revealed multiple binding sites for beta-actin in the Gata2 promoter. Gata2 mRNA levels were almost completely rescued by expression of an erythroid lineage restricted ROSA26-promotor based GATA2 transgene. As a result, erythroid differentiation was restored and the knockout embryos showed significant improvement in yolk sac and embryo vascularization. These results provide new molecular insights for a novel function of beta-actin in erythropoiesis by modulating the expression levels of Gata2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina Tondeleir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Drogat
- Vascular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karolina Slowicka
- Vascular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karima Bakkali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sonia Bartunkova
- Vascular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Goossens
- Vascular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jody J. Haigh
- Vascular Cell Biology Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail: * (CA); (JJH)
| | - Christophe Ampe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail: * (CA); (JJH)
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50
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Role of RNA splicing in mediating lineage-specific expression of the von Willebrand factor gene in the endothelium. Blood 2013; 121:4404-12. [PMID: 23529929 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-12-473785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that the first intron of the human von Willebrand factor (vWF) is required for gene expression in the endothelium of transgenic mice. Based on this finding, we hypothesized that RNA splicing plays a role in mediating vWF expression in the vasculature. To address this question, we used transient transfection assays in human endothelial cells and megakaryocytes with intron-containing and intronless human vWF promoter-luciferase constructs. Next, we generated knockin mice in which LacZ was targeted to the endogenous mouse vWF locus in the absence or presence of the native first intron or heterologous introns from the human β-globin, mouse Down syndrome critical region 1, or hagfish coagulation factor X genes. In both the in vitro assays and the knockin mice, the loss of the first intron of vWF resulted in a significant reduction of reporter gene expression in endothelial cells but not megakaryocytes. This effect was rescued to varying degrees by the introduction of a heterologous intron. Intron-mediated enhancement of expression was mediated at a posttranscriptional level. Together, these findings implicate a role for intronic splicing in mediating lineage-specific expression of vWF in the endothelium.
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