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Luderman LN, Michaels MT, Levic DS, Knapik EW. Zebrafish Erc1b mediates motor innervation and organization of craniofacial muscles in control of jaw movement. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:104-123. [PMID: 35708710 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Movement of the lower jaw, a common behavior observed among vertebrates, is required for eating and processing food. This movement is controlled by signals sent from the trigeminal motor nerve through neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) to the masticatory muscles. Dysfunctional jaw movements contribute to craniomandibular disorders, yet the pathophysiology of these disorders is not well understood, as limited studies have been conducted on the molecular mechanisms of jaw movement. RESULTS Using erc1b/kimm533 genetic loss of function mutant, we evaluated lower jaw muscle organization and innervation by the cranial motor nerves in developing zebrafish. Using time-lapse confocal imaging of the erc1b mutant in a transgenic fluorescent reporter line, we found delayed trigeminal nerve growth and disrupted nerve branching architecture during muscle innervation. By automated 3D image analysis of NMJ distribution, we identified an increased number of small, disorganized NMJ clusters in erc1b mutant larvae compared to WT siblings. Using genetic replacement experiments, we determined the Rab GTPase binding domain of Erc1b is required for cranial motor nerve branching, but not NMJ organization or muscle attachment. CONCLUSIONS We identified Erc1b/ERC1 as a novel component of a genetic pathway contributing to muscle organization, trigeminal nerve outgrowth, and NMJ spatial distribution during development that is required for jaw movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauryn N Luderman
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mackenzie T Michaels
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel S Levic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ela W Knapik
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Britto DD, He J, Misa JP, Chen W, Kakadia PM, Grimm L, Herbert CD, Crosier KE, Crosier PS, Bohlander SK, Hogan BM, Hall CJ, Torres-Vázquez J, Astin JW. Plexin D1 negatively regulates zebrafish lymphatic development. Development 2022; 149:dev200560. [PMID: 36205097 PMCID: PMC9720674 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lymphangiogenesis is a dynamic process that involves the directed migration of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to form lymphatic vessels. The molecular mechanisms that underpin lymphatic vessel patterning are not fully elucidated and, to date, no global regulator of lymphatic vessel guidance is known. In this study, we identify the transmembrane cell signalling receptor Plexin D1 (Plxnd1) as a negative regulator of both lymphatic vessel guidance and lymphangiogenesis in zebrafish. plxnd1 is expressed in developing lymphatics and is required for the guidance of both the trunk and facial lymphatic networks. Loss of plxnd1 is associated with misguided intersegmental lymphatic vessel growth and aberrant facial lymphatic branches. Lymphatic guidance in the trunk is mediated, at least in part, by the Plxnd1 ligands, Semaphorin 3AA and Semaphorin 3C. Finally, we show that Plxnd1 normally antagonises Vegfr/Erk signalling to ensure the correct number of facial LECs and that loss of plxnd1 results in facial lymphatic hyperplasia. As a global negative regulator of lymphatic vessel development, the Sema/Plxnd1 signalling pathway is a potential therapeutic target for treating diseases associated with dysregulated lymphatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver D. Britto
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jia He
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - June P. Misa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Purvi M. Kakadia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Leukaemia and Blood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Lin Grimm
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Caitlin D. Herbert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn E. Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Philip S. Crosier
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Stefan K. Bohlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
- Leukaemia and Blood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin M. Hogan
- Organogenesis and Cancer Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Hall
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jesús Torres-Vázquez
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Astin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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3
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Steele JL, Morrow MM, Sarnat HB, Alkhunaizi E, Brandt T, Chitayat DA, DeFilippo CP, Douglas GV, Dubbs HA, Elloumi HZ, Glassford MR, Hannibal MC, Héron B, Kim LE, Marco EJ, Mignot C, Monaghan KG, Myers KA, Parikh S, Quinonez SC, Rajabi F, Shankar SP, Shinawi MS, van de Kamp JJP, Veerapandiyan A, Waldman AT, Graf WD. Semaphorin-Plexin Signaling: From Axonal Guidance to a New X-Linked Intellectual Disability Syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2022; 126:65-73. [PMID: 34740135 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Semaphorins and plexins are ligands and cell surface receptors that regulate multiple neurodevelopmental processes such as axonal growth and guidance. PLXNA3 is a plexin gene located on the X chromosome that encodes the most widely expressed plexin receptor in fetal brain, plexin-A3. Plexin-A3 knockout mice demonstrate its role in semaphorin signaling in vivo. The clinical manifestations of semaphorin/plexin neurodevelopmental disorders have been less widely explored. This study describes the neurological and neurodevelopmental phenotypes of boys with maternally inherited hemizygous PLXNA3 variants. METHODS Data-sharing through GeneDx and GeneMatcher allowed identification of individuals with autism or intellectual disabilities (autism/ID) and hemizygous PLXNA3 variants in collaboration with their physicians and genetic counselors, who completed questionnaires about their patients. In silico analyses predicted pathogenicity for each PLXNA3 variant. RESULTS We assessed 14 boys (mean age, 10.7 [range 2 to 25] years) with maternally inherited hemizygous PLXNA3 variants and autism/ID ranging from mild to severe. Other findings included fine motor dyspraxia (92%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity traits, and aggressive behaviors (63%). Six patients (43%) had seizures. Thirteen boys (93%) with PLXNA3 variants showed novel or very low allele frequencies and probable damaging/disease-causing pathogenicity in one or more predictors. We found a genotype-phenotype correlation between PLXNA3 cytoplasmic domain variants (exons 22 to 32) and more severe neurodevelopmental disorder phenotypes (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We report 14 boys with maternally inherited, hemizygous PLXNA3 variants and a range of neurodevelopmental disorders suggesting a novel X-linked intellectual disability syndrome. Greater understanding of PLXNA3 variant pathogenicity in humans will require additional clinical, computational, and experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harvey B Sarnat
- Departments of Paediatrics, Pathology (Neuropathology), and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ebba Alkhunaizi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - David A Chitayat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colette P DeFilippo
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Holly A Dubbs
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Megan R Glassford
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark C Hannibal
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bénédicte Héron
- Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Linda E Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Trillium Health Partners, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elysa J Marco
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Medicine, CorticaCare, San Diego, California
| | - Cyril Mignot
- Clinical Genetic Department, Pitié Salpétrière University Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Kenneth A Myers
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sumit Parikh
- Department of Mitochondrial Medicine & Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shane C Quinonez
- Division of Pediatric Genetics, Metabolism and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Farrah Rajabi
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Suma P Shankar
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Marwan S Shinawi
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Aravindhan Veerapandiyan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Amy T Waldman
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William D Graf
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children's, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut.
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4
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Distinct Transcriptomic Profiles in the Dorsal Hippocampus and Prelimbic Cortex Are Transiently Regulated following Episodic Learning. J Neurosci 2021; 41:2601-2614. [PMID: 33536202 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1557-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fundamental, evolutionarily conserved biological mechanism required for long-term memory formation is rapid induction of gene transcription upon learning in relevant brain areas. For episodic types of memories, two regions undergoing this transcription are the dorsal hippocampus (dHC) and prelimbic (PL) cortex. Whether and to what extent these regions regulate similar or distinct transcriptomic profiles upon learning remain to be understood. Here, we used RNA sequencing in the dHC and PL cortex of male rats to profile their transcriptomes in untrained conditions (baseline) and at 1 h and 6 d after inhibitory avoidance learning. We found that, of 33,713 transcripts, >14,000 were significantly expressed at baseline in both regions and ∼3000 were selectively enriched in each region. Gene Ontology biological pathway analyses indicated that commonly expressed pathways included synapse organization, regulation of membrane potential, and vesicle localization. The enriched pathways in the dHC were gliogenesis, axon development, and lipid modification, while in the PL cortex included vesicle localization and synaptic vesicle cycle. At 1 h after learning, 135 transcripts changed significantly in the dHC and 478 in the PL cortex; of these, only 34 were shared. Biological pathways most significantly regulated by learning in the dHC were protein dephosphorylation, glycogen and glucan metabolism, while in the PL cortex were axon development and axonogenesis. The transcriptome profiles returned to baseline by 6 d after training. Thus, a significant portion of dHC and PL cortex transcriptomic profiles is divergent, and their regulation upon learning is largely distinct and transient.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Long-term episodic memory formation requires gene transcription in several brain regions, including the hippocampus and PFC. The comprehensive profiles of the dynamic mRNA changes that occur in these regions following learning are not well understood. Here, we performed RNA sequencing in the dorsal hippocampus and prelimbic cortex, a PFC subregion, at baseline, 1 h, and 6 d after episodic learning in rats. We found that, at baseline, dorsal hippocampus and prelimbic cortex differentially express a significant portion of mRNAs. Moreover, learning produces a transient regulation of region-specific profiles of mRNA, indicating that unique biological programs in different brain regions underlie memory formation.
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5
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Takamiya M, Stegmaier J, Kobitski AY, Schott B, Weger BD, Margariti D, Cereceda Delgado AR, Gourain V, Scherr T, Yang L, Sorge S, Otte JC, Hartmann V, van Wezel J, Stotzka R, Reinhard T, Schlunck G, Dickmeis T, Rastegar S, Mikut R, Nienhaus GU, Strähle U. Pax6 organizes the anterior eye segment by guiding two distinct neural crest waves. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008774. [PMID: 32555736 PMCID: PMC7323998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cranial neural crest (NC) contributes to the developing vertebrate eye. By multidimensional, quantitative imaging, we traced the origin of the ocular NC cells to two distinct NC populations that differ in the maintenance of sox10 expression, Wnt signalling, origin, route, mode and destination of migration. The first NC population migrates to the proximal and the second NC cell group populates the distal (anterior) part of the eye. By analysing zebrafish pax6a/b compound mutants presenting anterior segment dysgenesis, we demonstrate that Pax6a/b guide the two NC populations to distinct proximodistal locations. We further provide evidence that the lens whose formation is pax6a/b-dependent and lens-derived TGFβ signals contribute to the building of the anterior segment. Taken together, our results reveal multiple roles of Pax6a/b in the control of NC cells during development of the anterior segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegmaier
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrei Yu Kobitski
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schott
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin D. Weger
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dimitra Margariti
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Angel R. Cereceda Delgado
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Victor Gourain
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tim Scherr
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lixin Yang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian Sorge
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jens C. Otte
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Volker Hartmann
- Institute for Data Processing and Electronics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jos van Wezel
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Rainer Stotzka
- Institute for Data Processing and Electronics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Reinhard
- Eye Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günther Schlunck
- Eye Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dickmeis
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Mikut
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Plant T, Eamsamarng S, Sanchez-Garcia MA, Reyes L, Renshaw SA, Coelho P, Mirchandani AS, Morgan JM, Ellett FE, Morrison T, Humphries D, Watts ER, Murphy F, Raffo-Iraolagoitia XL, Zhang A, Cash JL, Loynes C, Elks PM, Van Eeden F, Carlin LM, Furley AJ, Whyte MK, Walmsley SR. Semaphorin 3F signaling actively retains neutrophils at sites of inflammation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3221-3237. [PMID: 32191647 PMCID: PMC7259996 DOI: 10.1172/jci130834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic inflammation is central to disease pathogenesis, for example, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, yet the mechanisms that retain neutrophils within tissues remain poorly understood. With emerging evidence that axon guidance factors can regulate myeloid recruitment and that neutrophils can regulate expression of a class 3 semaphorin, SEMA3F, we investigated the role of SEMA3F in inflammatory cell retention within inflamed tissues. We observed that neutrophils upregulate SEMA3F in response to proinflammatory mediators and following neutrophil recruitment to the inflamed lung. In both zebrafish tail injury and murine acute lung injury models of neutrophilic inflammation, overexpression of SEMA3F delayed inflammation resolution with slower neutrophil migratory speeds and retention of neutrophils within the tissues. Conversely, constitutive loss of sema3f accelerated egress of neutrophils from the tail injury site in fish, whereas neutrophil-specific deletion of Sema3f in mice resulted in more rapid neutrophil transit through the airways, and significantly reduced time to resolution of the neutrophilic response. Study of filamentous-actin (F-actin) subsequently showed that SEMA3F-mediated retention is associated with F-actin disassembly. In conclusion, SEMA3F signaling actively regulates neutrophil retention within the injured tissues with consequences for neutrophil clearance and inflammation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracie Plant
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Suttida Eamsamarng
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel A. Sanchez-Garcia
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Reyes
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Renshaw
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Coelho
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ananda S. Mirchandani
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jessie-May Morgan
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Felix E. Ellett
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- BioMEMS Resource Centre, Division of Surgery, Innovation and Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Burn Care, Shriners Hospitals for Children — Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tyler Morrison
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Humphries
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R. Watts
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Murphy
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ailiang Zhang
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna L. Cash
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Loynes
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Elks
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Freek Van Eeden
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Leo M. Carlin
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J.W. Furley
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Moira K.B. Whyte
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
| | - Sarah R. Walmsley
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease and
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7
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Vivekanadhan S, Mukhopadhyay D. Divergent roles of Plexin D1 in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:103-110. [PMID: 31152824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plexin D1 belongs to a family of transmembrane proteins called plexins. It was characterized as a receptor for semaphorins and is known to be essential for axonal guidance and vascular patterning. Mutations in Plexin D1 have been implicated in pathologic conditions such as truncus arteriosus and Möbius syndrome. Emerging data show that expression of Plexin D1 is deregulated in several cancers; it can support tumor development by aiding in tumor metastasis and EMT; and conversely, it can act as a dependence receptor and stimulate cell death in the absence of its canonical ligand, semaphorin 3E. The role of Plexin D1 in tumor development and progression is thereby garnering research interest for its potential as a biomarker and as a therapeutic target. In this review, we describe its discovery, structure, mutations, role(s) in cancer, and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Vivekanadhan
- Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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8
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Chen Y, Trinh LA, Fingler J, Fraser SE. 3D in vivo imaging with extended-focus optical coherence microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1411-1420. [PMID: 28417564 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) has unique advantages of non-invasive 3D imaging without the need of exogenous labels for studying biological samples. However, the imaging depth of this technique is limited by the tradeoff between the depth of focus (DOF) and high lateral resolution in Gaussian optics. To overcome this limitation, we have developed an extended-focus OCM (xf-OCM) imaging system using quasi-Bessel beam illumination to extend the DOF to ∼100 μm, about 3-fold greater than standard OCM. High lateral resolution of 1.6 μm ensured detailed identification of structures within live animal samples. The insensitivity to spherical aberrations strengthened the capability of our xf-OCM system in 3D biological imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA
| | - Le A Trinh
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA
| | - Jeff Fingler
- Varocto Inc., 1586 N Batavia St, Orange, 92867, CA
| | - Scott E Fraser
- Translational Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, CA
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9
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Neuronal expression patterns of the PlexinA family during zebrafish development. Gene Expr Patterns 2017; 27:56-66. [PMID: 29107805 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plexins (Plxns) and Semaphorins (Semas) are key signaling molecules that regulate many aspects of development. Plxns are a family of transmembrane protein receptors that are activated upon extracellular binding by Semas. Activated Plxns trigger intracellular signaling cascades, which regulate a range of developmental processes, including axon guidance, neuronal positioning and vasculogenesis. Semas are a large family of both transmembrane and secreted signaling molecules, and show subtype specific binding to different Plxn family members. Each Plxn can play different roles in development, and so tightly regulated temporal and spatial expression of receptor subtypes is critical to ensure appropriate signaling. Here we elucidate the expression profiles of the plxnA family, plxnA1a, A1b, A2, A3 and A4 at 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h post fertilization in the developing zebrafish. We show that PlxnA family members are expressed in neuronal tissues during zebrafish development, but exhibit key differences in expression within these tissues. We also highlight that plxnA1 has two genes in zebrafish, A1a and A1b, which show divergences in expression patterns during early development.
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Gong J, Wang X, Zhu C, Dong X, Zhang Q, Wang X, Duan X, Qian F, Shi Y, Gao Y, Zhao Q, Chai R, Liu D. Insm1a Regulates Motor Neuron Development in Zebrafish. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:274. [PMID: 28894416 PMCID: PMC5581358 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulinoma-associated1a (insm1a) is a zinc-finger transcription factor playing a series of functions in cell formation and differentiation of vertebrate central and peripheral nervous systems and neuroendocrine system. However, its roles on the development of motor neuron have still remained uncovered. Here, we provided evidences that insm1a was a vital regulator of motor neuron development, and provided a mechanistic understanding of how it contributes to this process. Firstly, we showed the localization of insm1a in spinal cord, and primary motor neurons (PMNs) of zebrafish embryos by in situ hybridization, and imaging analysis of transgenic reporter line Tg(insm1a: mCherry)ntu805. Then we demonstrated that the deficiency of insm1a in zebrafish larvae lead to the defects of PMNs development, including the reduction of caudal primary motor neurons (CaP), and middle primary motor neurons (MiP), the excessive branching of motor axons, and the disorganized distance between adjacent CaPs. Additionally, knockout of insm1 impaired motor neuron differentiation in the spinal cord. Locomotion analysis showed that swimming activity was significantly reduced in the insm1a-null zebrafish. Furthermore, we showed that the insm1a loss of function significantly decreased the transcript levels of both olig2 and nkx6.1. Microinjection of olig2 and nkx6.1 mRNA rescued the motor neuron defects in insm1a deficient embryos. Taken together, these data indicated that insm1a regulated the motor neuron development, at least in part, through modulation of the expressions of olig2 and nkx6.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gong
- School of Life Science, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Chenwen Zhu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Xiaohua Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qinxin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Xuchu Duan
- School of Life Science, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Fuping Qian
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yunwei Shi
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Qingshun Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China.,Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
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11
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Babin PJ, Goizet C, Raldúa D. Zebrafish models of human motor neuron diseases: advantages and limitations. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 118:36-58. [PMID: 24705136 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Motor neuron diseases (MNDs) are an etiologically heterogeneous group of disorders of neurodegenerative origin, which result in degeneration of lower (LMNs) and/or upper motor neurons (UMNs). Neurodegenerative MNDs include pure hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), which involves specific degeneration of UMNs, leading to progressive spasticity of the lower limbs. In contrast, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) involves the specific degeneration of LMNs, with symmetrical muscle weakness and atrophy. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult-onset MND, is characterized by the degeneration of both UMNs and LMNs, leading to progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity. A review of the comparative neuroanatomy of the human and zebrafish motor systems showed that, while the zebrafish was a homologous model for LMN disorders, such as SMA, it was only partially relevant in the case of UMN disorders, due to the absence of corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts in its central nervous system. Even considering the limitation of this model to fully reproduce the human UMN disorders, zebrafish offer an excellent alternative vertebrate model for the molecular and genetic dissection of MND mechanisms. Its advantages include the conservation of genome and physiological processes and applicable in vivo tools, including easy imaging, loss or gain of function methods, behavioral tests to examine changes in motor activity, and the ease of simultaneous chemical/drug testing on large numbers of animals. This facilitates the assessment of the environmental origin of MNDs, alone or in combination with genetic traits and putative modifier genes. Positive hits obtained by phenotype-based small-molecule screening using zebrafish may potentially be effective drugs for treatment of human MNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Babin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576, Talence, France.
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Univ. Bordeaux, Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), EA 4576, Talence, France; CHU Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, Service de Génétique Médicale, Bordeaux, France
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Morimura R, Nozawa K, Tanaka H, Ohshima T. Phosphorylation of Dpsyl2 (CRMP2) and Dpsyl3 (CRMP4) is required for positioning of caudal primary motor neurons in the zebrafish spinal cord. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:911-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rii Morimura
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University; 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Keisuke Nozawa
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University; 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
| | - Hideomi Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University; 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation; RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI); 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience; Waseda University; 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 162-8480 Japan
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Iida M, Kim EY, Murakami Y, Shima Y, Iwata H. Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the peripheral nervous system of developing red seabream (Pagrus major). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 128-129:193-202. [PMID: 23314332 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced effects on the morphology of peripheral nervous system (PNS) in the developing red seabream (Pagrus major) embryos. The embryos at 10h post-fertilization (hpf) were treated with 0, 0.1, 0.4 or 1.7 μg/L of TCDD in seawater for 80 min. The morphology of PNS was microscopically observed with florescence staining using an anti-acetylated tubulin antibody at 48, 78, 120 and 136 hpf. Axon length of facial nerve (VII) was found to be shortened by TCDD exposure. Axon guidance in the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and vagus nerve (X) was altered at 120 and 136 hpf in a TCDD dose-dependent manner. Lowest observable effect level of TCDD (0.1 μg/L) that induced the morphological alteration of PNS was lower than those of other endpoints on morphological deformities so far reported. Given that the growth cone at the tip of growing nerve axons advances under the influence of its surrounding tissues, we hypothesized that TCDD exposure would affect (1) the nerve cell proliferation/differentiation, (2) the structure of muscle as an axon target and (3) the nerve guidance factor in the embryos. By the immunostaining of embryos with an antibody against the neuronal specific RNA-binding protein, HuD, and an antibody against the sarcomeric myosin, no morphological effects were observed on the neural proliferation/differentiation and the structure of facial muscles of TCDD-treated embryos. In contrast, whole mount in situ hybridization of semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), a secretory axon repulsion factor, revealed the altered expression pattern of its transcripts in TCDD-treated embryos. Our findings suggest that TCDD treatment affects the projection of PNS in the developing red seabream embryos through the effects on the axonal growth cone guidance molecule such as Sema3A, but not on the neuronal differentiation/proliferation and axon target. The PNS in developing embryos may be one of the most sensitive biomarkers to the exposure of dioxin-like compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Iida
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, Japan
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Liu C, Ma W, Su W, Zhang J. Prdm14 acts upstream of islet2 transcription to regulate axon growth of primary motoneurons in zebrafish. Development 2012; 139:4591-600. [PMID: 23136389 DOI: 10.1242/dev.083055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The precise formation of three-dimensional motor circuits is essential for movement control. Within these circuits, motoneurons (MNs) are specified from spinal progenitors by dorsoventral signals and distinct transcriptional programs. Different MN subpopulations have stereotypic cell body positions and show specific spatial axon trajectories. Our knowledge of MN axon outgrowth remains incomplete. Here, we report a zebrafish gene-trap mutant, short lightning (slg), in which prdm14 expression is disrupted. slg mutant embryos show shortened axons in caudal primary (CaP) MNs resulting in defective embryonic movement. Both the CaP neuronal defects and behavior abnormality of the mutants can be phenocopied by injection of a prdm14 morpholino into wild-type embryos. By removing a copy of the inserted transposon from homozygous mutants, prdm14 expression and normal embryonic movement were restored, confirming that loss of prdm14 expression accounts for the observed defects. Mechanistically, Prdm14 protein binds to the promoter region of islet2, a known transcription factor required for CaP development. Notably, disruption of islet2 function caused similar CaP axon outgrowth defects as observed in slg mutant embryos. Furthermore, overexpression of islet2 in slg mutant embryos rescued the shortened CaP axon phenotypes. Together, these data reveal that prdm14 regulates CaP axon outgrowth through activation of islet2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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15
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Becker TS, Rinkwitz S. Zebrafish as a genomics model for human neurological and polygenic disorders. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:415-28. [PMID: 21465670 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing and, to a lesser extent, genome-wide association studies, have provided unprecedented advances in identifying genes and candidate genomic regions involved in the development of human disease. Further progress will come from sequencing the entire genome of multiple patients and normal controls to evaluate overall mutational burden and disease risk. A major challenge will be the interpretation of the resulting data and distinguishing true pathogenic mutations from rare benign variants.While in model organisms such as the zebrafish,mutants are sought that disrupt the function of individual genes, human mutations that cause, or are associated with, the development of disease, are often not acting in a Mendelian fashion, are frequently of small effect size, are late onset, and may reside in noncoding parts of the genome. The zebrafish model is uniquely poised for understanding human coding- and noncoding variants because of its sequenced genome, a large body of knowledge on gene expression and function, rapid generation time, and easy access to embryos. A critical advantage is the ease of zebrafish transgenesis, both for the testing of human regulatory DNA driving expression of fluorescent reporter proteins, and the expression of mutated disease-associated human proteins in specific neurons to rapidly model aspects of neurological disorders. The zebrafish affords progress both through its model genome and it is rapidly developing transparent model vertebrate embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Becker
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia.
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16
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Tanaka H, Morimura R, Ohshima T. Dpysl2 (CRMP2) and Dpysl3 (CRMP4) phosphorylation by Cdk5 and DYRK2 is required for proper positioning of Rohon-Beard neurons and neural crest cells during neurulation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2012; 370:223-36. [PMID: 22898304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dpysl2 (CRMP2) and Dpysl3 (CRMP4) are involved in neuronal polarity and axon elongation in cultured neurons. These proteins are expressed in various regions of the developing nervous system, but their roles in vivo are largely unknown. In dpysl2 and dpysl3 double morphants, Rohon-Beard (RB) primary sensory neurons that were originally located bilaterally along the midline shifted their position to a more medial location in the dorsal-most part of spinal cord. A similar phenotype was observed in the cdk5 and dyrk2 double morphants. Dpysl2 and Dpysl3 phosphorylation mimics recovered this phenotype. Cell transplantation analysis demonstrated that this ectopic RB cell positioning was non-cell autonomous and correlated with the abnormal position of neural crest cells (NCCs), which also occupied the dorsal-most part of the spinal cord during the neural rod formation stage. The cell position of other interneuron and motor neurons within the central nervous system was normal in these morphants. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of Dpysl2 and Dpysl3 by Cdk5 and DYRK2 is required for the proper positioning of RB neurons and NCCs during neurulation in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideomi Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bio-Science, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162 8480, Japan
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17
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Terriente J, Gerety SS, Watanabe-Asaka T, Gonzalez-Quevedo R, Wilkinson DG. Signalling from hindbrain boundaries regulates neuronal clustering that patterns neurogenesis. Development 2012; 139:2978-87. [PMID: 22764046 DOI: 10.1242/dev.080135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During central nervous system development, neural progenitors are patterned to form discrete neurogenic and non-neurogenic zones. In the zebrafish hindbrain, neurogenesis is organised by Fgf20a emanating from neurons located at each segment centre that inhibits neuronal differentiation in adjacent progenitors. Here, we have identified a molecular mechanism that clusters fgf20a-expressing neurons in segment centres and uncovered a requirement for this positioning in the regulation of neurogenesis. Disruption of hindbrain boundary cell formation alters the organisation of fgf20a-expressing neurons, consistent with a role of chemorepulsion from boundaries. The semaphorins Sema3fb and Sema3gb, which are expressed by boundary cells, and their receptor Nrp2a are required for clustering of fgf20a-expressing neurons at segment centres. The dispersal of fgf20a-expressing neurons that occurs following the disruption of boundaries or of Sema3fb/Sema3gb signalling leads to reduced FGF target gene expression in progenitors and an increased number of differentiating neurons. Sema3 signalling from boundaries thus links hindbrain segmentation to the positioning of fgf20a-expressing neurons that regulates neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Terriente
- Division of Developmental Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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18
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Higashijima SI, Okamoto H. Yoshiki Hotta and the dawn of zebrafish molecular neurogenetics in Japan. J Neurogenet 2012; 26:28-33. [PMID: 22413917 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2012.663426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: After coming back to Japan to work in the Department of Physics at the University of Tokyo, Yoshiki Hotta spent a year or so on searching for behavioral mutants of goldfish. Although this endeavor did not succeed, he remained an adamant supporter of the development of zebrafish research in Japan. Here we review how his support helped zebrafish neurogenetics in Japan gain a unique position in the world research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Higashijima
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Banerjee S, Gordon L, Donn TM, Berti C, Moens CB, Burden SJ, Granato M. A novel role for MuSK and non-canonical Wnt signaling during segmental neural crest cell migration. Development 2011; 138:3287-96. [PMID: 21750038 DOI: 10.1242/dev.067306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trunk neural crest cells delaminate from the dorsal neural tube as an uninterrupted sheet; however, they convert into segmentally organized streams before migrating through the somitic territory. These neural crest cell streams join the segmental trajectories of pathfinding spinal motor axons, suggesting that interactions between these two cell types might be important for neural crest cell migration. Here, we show that in the zebrafish embryo migration of both neural crest cells and motor axons is temporally synchronized and spatially restricted to the center of the somite, but that motor axons are dispensable for segmental neural crest cell migration. Instead, we find that muscle-specific receptor kinase (MuSK) and its putative ligand Wnt11r are crucial for restricting neural crest cell migration to the center of each somite. Moreover, we find that blocking planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling in somitic muscle cells also results in non-segmental neural crest cell migration. Using an F-actin biosensor we show that in the absence of MuSK neural crest cells fail to retract non-productive leading edges, resulting in non-segmental migration. Finally, we show that MuSK knockout mice display similar neural crest cell migration defects, suggesting a novel, evolutionarily conserved role for MuSK in neural crest migration. We propose that a Wnt11r-MuSK dependent, PCP-like pathway restricts neural crest cells to their segmental path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Banerjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
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20
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Ohata S, Aoki R, Kinoshita S, Yamaguchi M, Tsuruoka-Kinoshita S, Tanaka H, Wada H, Watabe S, Tsuboi T, Masai I, Okamoto H. Dual Roles of Notch in Regulation of Apically Restricted Mitosis and Apicobasal Polarity of Neuroepithelial Cells. Neuron 2011; 69:215-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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21
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Gay CM, Zygmunt T, Torres-Vázquez J. Diverse functions for the semaphorin receptor PlexinD1 in development and disease. Dev Biol 2011; 349:1-19. [PMID: 20880496 PMCID: PMC2993764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Plexins are a family of single-pass transmembrane proteins that serve as cell surface receptors for Semaphorins during the embryonic development of animals. Semaphorin-Plexin signaling is critical for many cellular aspects of organogenesis, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. Until recently, little was known about the function of PlexinD1, the sole member of the vertebrate-specific PlexinD (PlxnD1) subfamily. Here we review novel findings about PlxnD1's roles in the development of the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems and salivary gland branching morphogenesis and discuss new insights concerning the molecular mechanisms of PlxnD1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl M Gay
- Helen L. and Martin S. Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, 4th floor, lab 14, New York, NY 10016, USA
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22
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Tanaka H, Nojima Y, Shoji W, Sato M, Nakayama R, Ohshima T, Okamoto H. Islet1 selectively promotes peripheral axon outgrowth in Rohon-Beard primary sensory neurons. Dev Dyn 2010; 240:9-22. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Taniguchi M, Masuda T, Mikami Y, Kimura M, Yoshida T, Mishina M, Shimizu T. Identification and characterization of a novel zebrafish semaphorin. Neurosci Lett 2010; 488:215-20. [PMID: 21094219 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The semaphorin gene family contains numerous secreted and transmembrane proteins. Some of them function as the repulsive and attractive axon guidance molecules during development. Herein, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel member of zebrafish semaphorin gene, semaphorin 6E (sema6E). Sema6E is expressed predominantly in the nervous system during embryogenesis. Results also show that Sema6E binds Plexin-A1, but not other Plexins. Sema6E chemorepels not only dorsal root ganglion axons but also sympathetic axons. Therefore, Sema6E might utilize Plexin-A1 as a receptor to repel axons of the specific types during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1 W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556, Japan.
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Ikeda D, Nihei Y, Ono Y, Watabe S. Three embryonic myosin heavy chain genes encoding different motor domain structures from common carp show distinct expression patterns in cranial muscles. Mar Genomics 2010; 3:1-9. [PMID: 21798191 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Three embryonic myosin heavy chain (MYH) genes >> (MYHs) including MYH(emb1), MYH(emb2) and MYH(emb3) and encoding a C-terminal part of MYH were previously cloned and demonstrated to be expressed transiently in this order during development of common carp Cyprinus carpio embryos. The present study determined the full-length cDNA nucleotide sequences encoding the motor domain of the three MYHs, suggesting the implication of loop 1 and loop 2 sequences for the differences in the motor functions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length amino acid sequences showed that MYH(emb1) and MYH(emb2) both belong to the fast types, though clearly differ from fast-type MYHs expressed in adult fast muscle previously reported. In contrast, MYH(emb3) was in a clade containing slow/cardiac type. Whole-mount immunostaining and in situ hybridization showed that the transcripts of the three embryonic MYHs are localized in the same or different cranial muscles of common carp larvae, suggesting that the three MYHs function cooperatively or individually in various cranial muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ikeda
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Japan
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25
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Hirata H, Carta E, Yamanaka I, Harvey RJ, Kuwada JY. Defective glycinergic synaptic transmission in zebrafish motility mutants. Front Mol Neurosci 2010; 2:26. [PMID: 20161699 PMCID: PMC2813725 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.02.026.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem. Recently, in vivo analysis of glycinergic synaptic transmission has been pursued in zebrafish using molecular genetics. An ENU mutagenesis screen identified two behavioral mutants that are defective in glycinergic synaptic transmission. Zebrafish bandoneon (beo) mutants have a defect in glrbb, one of the duplicated glycine receptor (GlyR) beta subunit genes. These mutants exhibit a loss of glycinergic synaptic transmission due to a lack of synaptic aggregation of GlyRs. Due to the consequent loss of reciprocal inhibition of motor circuits between the two sides of the spinal cord, motor neurons activate simultaneously on both sides resulting in bilateral contraction of axial muscles of beo mutants, eliciting the so-called 'accordion' phenotype. Similar defects in GlyR subunit genes have been observed in several mammals and are the basis for human hyperekplexia/startle disease. By contrast, zebrafish shocked (sho) mutants have a defect in slc6a9, encoding GlyT1, a glycine transporter that is expressed by astroglial cells surrounding the glycinergic synapse in the hindbrain and spinal cord. GlyT1 mediates rapid uptake of glycine from the synaptic cleft, terminating synaptic transmission. In zebrafish sho mutants, there appears to be elevated extracellular glycine resulting in persistent inhibition of postsynaptic neurons and subsequent reduced motility, causing the 'twitch-once' phenotype. We review current knowledge regarding zebrafish 'accordion' and 'twitch-once' mutants, including beo and sho, and report the identification of a new alpha2 subunit that revises the phylogeny of zebrafish GlyRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Hirata
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan
| | - Eloisa Carta
- Department of Pharmacology, The School of PharmacyLondon, UK
| | - Iori Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya UniversityNagoya, Japan
| | | | - John Y. Kuwada
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, USA
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26
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OKAMOTO H, ISHIOKA A. Zebrafish Research in Japan and the National BioResource Project. Exp Anim 2010; 59:9-12. [DOI: 10.1538/expanim.59.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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27
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Kucenas S, Wang WD, Knapik EW, Appel B. A selective glial barrier at motor axon exit points prevents oligodendrocyte migration from the spinal cord. J Neurosci 2009; 29:15187-94. [PMID: 19955371 PMCID: PMC2837368 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4193-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve roots have specialized transition zones that permit axon extension but limit cell movement between the CNS and PNS. Boundary cap cells prevent motor neuron soma from following their axons into the periphery, thereby contributing to a selective barrier. Transition zones also restrict movement of glial cells. Consequently, axons that cross the CNS-PNS interface are insulated by central and peripheral myelin. The mechanisms that prevent the migratory progenitors of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, the myelinating cells of the CNS and PNS, respectively, from crossing transition zones are not known. Here, we show that interactions between myelinating glial cells prevent their movements across the interface. Using in vivo time-lapse imaging in zebrafish we found that, in the absence of Schwann cells, oligodendrocyte progenitors cross ventral root transition zones and myelinate motor axons. These studies reveal that distinct mechanisms regulate the movement of axons, neurons, and glial cells across the CNS-PNS interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Vanderbilt Program in Developmental Biology, and
| | - Wen-Der Wang
- Vanderbilt Program in Developmental Biology, and
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, and
| | - Ela W. Knapik
- Vanderbilt Program in Developmental Biology, and
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, and
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver–Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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28
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Schmidt ER, Pasterkamp RJ, van den Berg LH. Axon guidance proteins: Novel therapeutic targets for ALS? Prog Neurobiol 2009; 88:286-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Ohata S, Kinoshita S, Aoki R, Tanaka H, Wada H, Tsuruoka-Kinoshita S, Tsuboi T, Watabe S, Okamoto H. Neuroepithelial cells require fucosylated glycans to guide the migration of vagus motor neuron progenitors in the developing zebrafish hindbrain. Development 2009; 136:1653-63. [PMID: 19369395 DOI: 10.1242/dev.033290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which neurons migrate and accumulate to form the neural layers and nuclei remain unclear. The formation of vagus motor nuclei in zebrafish embryos is an ideal model system in which to address this issue because of the transparency of the embryos and the availability of established genetic and molecular biological techniques. To determine the genes required for the formation of the vagus motor nuclei, we performed N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-based mutant screening using a zebrafish line that expresses green fluorescent protein in the motor neurons. In wild-type embryos, the vagus motor neuron progenitors are born in the ventral ventricular zone, then migrate tangentially in the dorsolateral direction, forming the nuclei. However, in towhead (twd(rw685)) mutant embryos, the vagus motor neuron progenitors stray medially away from the normal migratory pathway and fail to stop in the right location. The twd(rw685) mutant has a defect in the GDP-mannose 4,6 dehydratase (gmds) gene, which encodes a key enzyme in the fucosylation pathway. Levels of fucosylated glycans were markedly and specifically reduced in twd(rw685) mutant embryos. Cell transplantation analysis revealed that GMDS is not essential in the vagus motor neuron progenitors for correct formation of the vagus motor nuclei, but is required in the neuroepithelial cells that surround the progenitors. Together, these findings suggest that fucosylated glycans expressed in neuroepithelial cells are required to guide the migration of vagus motor neuron progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohata
- Laboratory for Developmental Gene Regulation, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
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30
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Kiecker C, Lumsden A. Recent advances in neural development. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2009; 1:1. [PMID: 20948677 PMCID: PMC3100780 DOI: 10.3410/b1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A surprisingly small number of signalling pathways are used reiteratively during neural development, eliciting very different responses depending on the cellular context. Thus, the way a neural cell responds to a given signal is as important as the signal itself and this responsiveness, also called competence, changes with time. Here we describe recent advances in elucidating the signalling pathways that operate in brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
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31
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Yasuoka A, Abe K. Gustation in fish: search for prototype of taste perception. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 47:239-55. [PMID: 19145412 DOI: 10.1007/400_2008_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Fish perceive water-soluble chemicals at the taste buds that are distributed on oropharyngeal and trunk epithelia. Recent progress in molecular analyses has revealed that teleosts and mammals share pivotal signaling components to transduce taste stimuli. The fish orthologs of taste receptors, fT1R and fT2R, show mutually exclusive expression in taste buds, and both are coexpressed with phospholipase C-beta2 and the transient receptor potential M5 channel as common downstream components of taste receptor signals. Interestingly, fT1R heteromers are activated by various L-amino acids but not by sugars. This may reflects that in fish the energy metabolism depends primarily on gluconeogenesis from amino acids. fT2Rs are activated by denatonium benzoate, which is a bitter substance for mammals. It is thus likely that the preferable and aversive tastes for vertebrates, though their taste modalities somewhat vary, are transduced by the sensory conserved pathways. The comparative molecular biology of the fish taste system would lead to understanding a general logic of encoding taste modalities in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yasuoka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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Hilario JD, Rodino-Klapac LR, Wang C, Beattie CE. Semaphorin 5A is a bifunctional axon guidance cue for axial motoneurons in vivo. Dev Biol 2008; 326:190-200. [PMID: 19059233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins are a large class of proteins that function throughout the nervous system to guide axons. It had previously been shown that Semaphorin 5A (Sema5A) was a bifunctional axon guidance cue for mammalian midbrain neurons. We found that zebrafish sema5A was expressed in myotomes during the period of motor axon outgrowth. To determine whether Sema5A functioned in motor axon guidance, we knocked down Sema5A, which resulted in two phenotypes: a delay in motor axon extension into the ventral myotome and aberrant branching of these motor axons. Both phenotypes were rescued by injection of full-length rat Sema5A mRNA. However, adding back RNA encoding the sema domain alone significantly rescued the branching phenotype in sema5A morphants. Conversely, adding back RNA encoding the thrombospondin repeat (TSR) domain alone into sema5A morphants exclusively rescued delay in ventral motor axon extension. Together, these data show that Sema5A is a bifunctional axon guidance cue for vertebrate motor axons in vivo. The TSR domain promotes growth of developing motor axons into the ventral myotome whereas the sema domain mediates repulsion and keeps these motor axons from branching into surrounding myotome regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jona D Hilario
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology and Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 190 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Schwarz Q, Waimey KE, Golding M, Takamatsu H, Kumanogoh A, Fujisawa H, Cheng HJ, Ruhrberg C. Plexin A3 and plexin A4 convey semaphorin signals during facial nerve development. Dev Biol 2008; 324:1-9. [PMID: 18804103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2008] [Revised: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3) control axon behaviour by binding to neuronal cell surface receptors composed of a ligand binding subunit termed neuropilin (NRP) and a signal transduction subunit of the A-type plexin family (PLXNA). We have determined the requirement for SEMA3/NRP/PLXN signalling in the development of the facial nerve, which contains axons from two motor neuron populations, branchiomotor and visceromotor neurons. Loss of either SEMA3A/NRP1 or SEMA3F/NRP2 caused defasciculation and ectopic projection of facial branchiomotor axons. In contrast, facial visceromotor axons selectively required SEMA3A/NRP1. Thus, the greater superficial petrosal nerve was defasciculated, formed ectopic projections and failed to branch in its target area when either SEMA3A or NRP1 were lost. To examine which A-type plexin conveyed SEMA3/neuropilin signals during facial nerve development, we combined an expression analysis with loss of function studies. Even though all four A-type plexins were expressed in embryonic motor neurons, PLXNA1 and PLXNA2 were not essential for facial nerve development. In contrast, loss of PLXNA4 phenocopied the defects of SEMA3A and NRP1 mutants, and loss of PLXNA3 phenocopied the defects of SEMA3F and NRP2 mutants. The combined loss of PLXNA3 and PLXNA4 impaired facial branchiomotor axon guidance more severely than loss of either plexin alone, suggesting that SEMA3A and SEMA3F signals, even though both essential, are partially redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quenten Schwarz
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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Skromne I, Prince VE. Current perspectives in zebrafish reverse genetics: moving forward. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:861-82. [PMID: 18330930 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of the zebrafish as a model of vertebrate development and disease has expanded dramatically over the past decade. While many articles have discussed the strengths of zebrafish forward genetics (the phenotype-driven approach), there has been less emphasis on equally important and frequently used reverse genetics (the candidate gene-driven approach). Here we review both current and prospective reverse genetic techniques that are applicable to the zebrafish model. We include discussion of pharmacological approaches, popular gain-of-function and knockdown approaches, and gene targeting strategies. We consider the need for temporal and spatial control over gain/loss of gene function, and discuss available and developing techniques to achieve this end. Our goal is both to reveal the current technical advantages of the zebrafish and to highlight those areas where work is still required to allow this system to be exploited to full advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Skromne
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, USA.
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35
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Higashijima SI. Transgenic zebrafish expressing fluorescent proteins in central nervous system neurons. Dev Growth Differ 2008; 50:407-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2008.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Palaisa KA, Granato M. Analysis of zebrafish sidetracked mutants reveals a novel role for Plexin A3 in intraspinal motor axon guidance. Development 2007; 134:3251-7. [PMID: 17699603 DOI: 10.1242/dev.007112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest guidance decisions for spinal cord motoneurons occurs when pools of motoneurons orient their growth cones towards a common, segmental exit point. In contrast to later events, remarkably little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying intraspinal motor axon guidance. In zebrafish sidetracked (set) mutants, motor axons exit from the spinal cord at ectopic positions. By single-cell labeling and time-lapse analysis we show that motoneurons with cell bodies adjacent to the segmental exit point properly exit from the spinal cord, whereas those farther away display pathfinding errors. Misguided growth cones either orient away from the endogenous exit point, extend towards the endogenous exit point but bypass it or exit at non-segmental, ectopic locations. Furthermore, we show that sidetracked acts cell autonomously in motoneurons. Positional cloning reveals that sidetracked encodes Plexin A3, a semaphorin guidance receptor for repulsive guidance. Finally, we show that sidetracked (plexin A3) plays an additional role in motor axonal morphogenesis. Together, our data genetically identify the first guidance receptor required for intraspinal migration of pioneering motor axons and implicate the well-described semaphorin/plexin signaling pathway in this poorly understood process. We propose that axonal repulsion via Plexin A3 is a major driving force for intraspinal motor growth cone guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Palaisa
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, USA
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