1
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Pandey A, Roy JK. Rab11 maintains the undifferentiated state of adult midgut precursors via DPP pathway. Exp Cell Res 2024; 439:114092. [PMID: 38754617 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric stem cell divisions play instrumental roles in the maintenance, growth and differentiation of organs. Failure of asymmetric stem cell divisions may result in an array of developmental disorders, including cancer. It is well established that the gene, inscuteable, acts as the upstream component of asymmetric cell divisions. In Drosophila larval midgut, a founder adult midgut precursor (AMP) experiences an asymmetric division to instruct its first daughter to become a peripheral cell that serves as a niche where the AMP and its future daughters can remain undifferentiated. The present study demonstrates that inscuteable expressing stem cells require Rab11, a conserved small Ras-like GTPase, for proper proliferation and differentiation. As insc-GAL4 mediated Rab11RNAi in Drosophila larval and adult midguts show the disruption of the niche microenvironment of adult midgut precursors as well as elevated DPP signalling at the larval stage, which is associated with aberrant over-proliferation and early differentiation of larval AMPs and adult intestinal stem cells. The observed connections between Rab11, larval AMP proliferation, niche establishment, and DPP signalling highlight the potential for Rab11 to serve as a key regulatory factor in maintaining tissue homeostasis and balanced cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Pandey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jagat Kumar Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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2
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Li JH, Trivedi V, Diz-Muñoz A. Understanding the interplay of membrane trafficking, cell surface mechanics, and stem cell differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:123-134. [PMID: 35641408 PMCID: PMC9703995 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells can generate a diversity of cell types during development, regeneration and adult tissue homeostasis. Differentiation changes not only the cell fate in terms of gene expression but also the physical properties and functions of cells, e.g. the secretory activity, cell shape, or mechanics. Conversely, these activities and properties can also regulate differentiation itself. Membrane trafficking is known to modulate signal transduction and thus has the potential to control stem cell differentiation. On the other hand, membrane trafficking, particularly from and to the plasma membrane, depends on the mechanical properties of the cell surface such as tension within the plasma membrane or the cortex. Indeed, recent findings demonstrate that cell surface mechanics can also control cell fate. Here, we review the bidirectional relationships between these three fundamental cellular functions, i.e. membrane trafficking, cell surface mechanics, and stem cell differentiation. Furthermore, we discuss commonly used methods in each field and how combining them with new tools will enhance our understanding of their interplay. Understanding how membrane trafficking and cell surface mechanics can guide stem cell fate holds great potential as these concepts could be exploited for directed differentiation of stem cells for the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hui Li
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Vikas Trivedi
- EMBL, PRBB, Dr. Aiguader, 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain,Developmental Biology Unit, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstraße 1, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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3
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Tanasic D, Berns N, Riechmann V. Myosin V facilitates polarised E-cadherin secretion. Traffic 2022; 23:374-390. [PMID: 35575181 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin has a fundamental role in epithelial tissues by providing cell-cell adhesion. Polarised E-cadherin exocytosis to the lateral plasma membrane is central for cell polarity and epithelial homeostasis. Loss of E-cadherin secretion compromises tissue integrity and is a prerequisite for metastasis. Despite this pivotal role of E-cadherin secretion, the transport mechanism is still unknown. Here we identify Myosin V as the motor for E-cadherin secretion. Our data reveal that Myosin V and F-actin are required for the formation of a continuous apicolateral E-cadherin belt, the zonula adherens. We show by live imaging how Myosin V transports E-cadherin vesicles to the plasma membrane, and distinguish two distinct transport tracks: an apical actin network leading to the zonula adherens and parallel actin bundles leading to the basal-most region of the lateral membrane. E-cadherin secretion starts in endosomes, where Rab11 and Sec15 recruit Myosin V for transport to the zonula adherens. We also shed light on the endosomal sorting of E-cadherin by showing how Rab7 and Snx16 cooperate in moving E-cadherin into the Rab11 compartment. Thus, our data help to understand how polarised E-cadherin secretion maintains epithelial architecture and prevents metastasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Tanasic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicola Berns
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Veit Riechmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, Mannheim, Germany
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4
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Villa-Fombuena G, Lobo-Pecellín M, Marín-Menguiano M, Rojas-Ríos P, González-Reyes A. Live imaging of the Drosophila ovarian niche shows spectrosome and centrosome dynamics during asymmetric germline stem cell division. Development 2021; 148:271223. [PMID: 34370012 PMCID: PMC8489027 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila female germline stem cells (GSCs) are found inside the cellular niche at the tip of the ovary. They undergo asymmetric divisions to renew the stem cell lineage and to produce sibling cystoblasts that will in turn enter differentiation. GSCs and cystoblasts contain spectrosomes, membranous structures essential for orientation of the mitotic spindle and that, particularly in GSCs, change shape depending on the cell cycle phase. Using live imaging and a fusion protein of GFP and the spectrosome component Par-1, we follow the complete spectrosome cycle throughout GSC division and quantify the relative duration of the different spectrosome shapes. We also determine that the Par-1 kinase shuttles between the spectrosome and the cytoplasm during mitosis and observe the continuous addition of new material to the GSC and cystoblast spectrosomes. Next, we use the Fly-FUCCI tool to define, in live and fixed tissues, that GSCs have a shorter G1 compared with the G2 phase. The observation of centrosomes in dividing GSCs allowed us to determine that centrosomes separate very early in G1, before centriole duplication. Furthermore, we show that the anterior centrosome associates with the spectrosome only during mitosis and that, upon mitotic spindle assembly, it translocates to the cell cortex, where it remains anchored until centrosome separation. Finally, we demonstrate that the asymmetric division of GSCs is not an intrinsic property of these cells, as the spectrosome of GSC-like cells located outside of the niche can divide symmetrically. Thus, GSCs display unique properties during division, a behaviour influenced by the surrounding niche. Summary: Imaging of live Drosophila germline stem cells in the ovarian niche reveals their asymmetric division and centrosome behaviour, whereas tumorous stem cells divide symmetrically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Villa-Fombuena
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Lobo-Pecellín
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miriam Marín-Menguiano
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Patricia Rojas-Ríos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Acaimo González-Reyes
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide/JA, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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5
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Shan MM, Sun SC. The multiple roles of RAB GTPases in female and male meiosis. Hum Reprod Update 2021; 27:1013-1029. [PMID: 34227671 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RAB GTPases constitute the largest family of small GTPases and are found in all eukaryotes. RAB GTPases regulate components of the endomembrane system, the nucleus and the plasma membrane, and are involved in intracellular actin/tubulin-dependent vesicle movement, membrane fusion and cell growth in mitosis. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE RAB GTPases play multiple critical roles during both female and male meiosis. This review summarizes the progress made in our understanding of the role of RAB GTPases in female and male meiosis in different species. We also discuss the potential relationship between RAB GTPases and oocyte/sperm quality, which may help in understanding the mechanisms underlying oogenesis and spermatogenesis and potential genetic causes of infertility. SEARCH METHODS The PubMed database was searched for articles published between 1991 and 2020 using the following terms: 'RAB', 'RAB oocyte', 'RAB sperm' and 'RAB meiosis'. OUTCOMES An analysis of 126 relevant articles indicated that RAB GTPases are present in all eukaryotes, and ten subfamilies (almost 70 members) are expressed in human cells. The roles of 25 RAB proteins and orthologues in female meiosis and 12 in male meiosis have been reported. RAB proteins are essential for the accurate continuity of genetic material, successful fertilization and the normal growth of offspring. Distinct and crucial functions of RAB GTPases in meiosis have been reported. In oocytes, RAB GTPases are involved in spindle organization, kinetochore-microtubule attachment, chromosome alignment, actin filament-mediated spindle migration, cytokinesis, cell cycle and oocyte-embryo transition. RAB GTPases function in mitochondrial processes and Golgi-mediated vesicular transport during female meiosis, and are critical for cortical granule transport during fertilization and oocyte-embryo transition. In sperm, RAB GTPases are vital for cytoskeletal organization and successful cytokinesis, and are associated with Golgi-mediated acrosome formation, membrane trafficking and morphological changes of sperm cells, as well as the exocytosis-related acrosome reaction and zona reaction during fertilization. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Abnormal expression of RAB GTPases disrupts intracellular systems, which may induce diverse diseases. The roles of RAB proteins in female and male reproductive systems, thus, need to be considered. The mechanisms underlying the function of RAB GTPases and the binding specificity of their effectors during oogenesis, spermatogenesis and fertilization remain to be studied. This review should contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oogenesis and spermatogenesis and potential genetic causes of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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6
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Brunel A, Bégaud G, Auger C, Durand S, Battu S, Bessette B, Verdier M. Autophagy and Extracellular Vesicles, Connected to rabGTPase Family, Support Aggressiveness in Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2021; 10:1330. [PMID: 34072080 PMCID: PMC8227744 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though cancers have been widely studied and real advances in therapeutic care have been made in the last few decades, relapses are still frequently observed, often due to therapeutic resistance. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are, in part, responsible for this resistance. They are able to survive harsh conditions such as hypoxia or nutrient deprivation. Autophagy and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) secretion are cellular processes that help CSC survival. Autophagy is a recycling process and EVs secretion is essential for cell-to-cell communication. Their roles in stemness maintenance have been well described. A common pathway involved in these processes is vesicular trafficking, and subsequently, regulation by Rab GTPases. In this review, we analyze the role played by Rab GTPases in stemness status, either directly or through their regulation of autophagy and EVs secretion.
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Stark K, Crowe O, Lewellyn L. Precise levels of the Drosophila adaptor protein Dreadlocks maintain the size and stability of germline ring canals. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:238107. [PMID: 33912915 PMCID: PMC8106954 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.254730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular bridges are essential for fertility in many organisms. The developing fruit fly egg has become the premier model system to study intercellular bridges. During oogenesis, the oocyte is connected to supporting nurse cells by relatively large intercellular bridges, or ring canals. Once formed, the ring canals undergo a 20-fold increase in diameter to support the movement of materials from the nurse cells to the oocyte. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for the conserved SH2/SH3 adaptor protein Dreadlocks (Dock) in regulating ring canal size and structural stability in the germline. Dock localizes at germline ring canals throughout oogenesis. Loss of Dock leads to a significant reduction in ring canal diameter, and overexpression of Dock causes dramatic defects in ring canal structure and nurse cell multinucleation. The SH2 domain of Dock is required for ring canal localization downstream of Src64 (also known as Src64B), and the function of one or more of the SH3 domains is necessary for the strong overexpression phenotype. Genetic interaction and localization studies suggest that Dock promotes WASp-mediated Arp2/3 activation in order to determine ring canal size and regulate growth. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary:Drosophila Dock likely functions downstream of WASp and the Arp2/3 complex to regulate the size and stability of the germline ring canals in the developing egg chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Stark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Olivia Crowe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Lindsay Lewellyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
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8
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Rab11 activation by Ik2 kinase is required for dendrite pruning in Drosophila sensory neurons. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008626. [PMID: 32059017 PMCID: PMC7046344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal pruning is a commonly observed phenomenon for the developing nervous systems to ensure precise wiring of neural circuits. The function of Ik2 kinase and its downstream mediator, Spindle-F (Spn-F), are essential for dendrite pruning of Drosophila sensory neurons during development. However, little is known about how Ik2/Spn-F signaling is transduced in neurons and ultimately results in dendrite pruning. Our genetic analyses and rescue experiments demonstrated that the small GTPase Rab11, especially the active GTP-bound form, is required for dendrite pruning. We also found that Rab11 shows genetic interactions with spn-F and ik2 on pruning. Live imaging of single neurons and antibody staining reveal normal Ik2 kinase activation in Rab11 mutant neurons, suggesting that Rab11 could have a functional connection downstream of and/or parallel to the Ik2 kinase signaling. Moreover, we provide biochemical evidence that both the Ik2 kinase activity and the formation of Ik2/Spn-F/Rab11 complexes are central to promote Rab11 activation in cells. Together, our studies reveal that a critical role of Ik2/Spn-F signaling in neuronal pruning is to promote Rab11 activation, which is crucial for dendrite pruning in neurons. During metamorphosis in Drosophila, both the central and peripheral nervous systems undergo substantial neuronal remodeling, such as the cell death of most larval neurons and regeneration of adult neurons, while few larval neurons remain alive and prune their branches. Pruning is a self-destruction program, and thus requires to be tightly controlled within single neurons spatially and temporally during development. Recent studies have shown a strong correlation between pruning and human psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism. Drosophila sensory neurons that undergo dendrite pruning provide us an opportunity to study the regulatory mechanism of neuronal pruning. Previously, we identified an IKK-related kinase Ik2 that is essential and sufficient for dendrite pruning, and a coiled-coil protein Spindle-F that mediates Ik2-dependent pruning activity in neurons. However, what are the downstream targets of Ik2/Spindle-F signaling in dendrite pruning remains unclear. In this study, we found that the small GTPase Rab11, especially the active GTP-bound form, is required for dendrite pruning in neurons. We further demonstrated that both the Ik2 kinase activity and Ik2/Spindle-F complexes are essential to enhance Rab11 activation in neurons during dendrite pruning.
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9
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Hinnant TD, Merkle JA, Ables ET. Coordinating Proliferation, Polarity, and Cell Fate in the Drosophila Female Germline. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32117961 PMCID: PMC7010594 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametes are highly specialized cell types produced by a complex differentiation process. Production of viable oocytes requires a series of precise and coordinated molecular events. Early in their development, germ cells are an interconnected group of mitotically dividing cells. Key regulatory events lead to the specification of mature oocytes and initiate a switch to the meiotic cell cycle program. Though the chromosomal events of meiosis have been extensively studied, it is unclear how other aspects of oocyte specification are temporally coordinated. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has long been at the forefront as a model system for genetics and cell biology research. The adult Drosophila ovary continuously produces germ cells throughout the organism’s lifetime, and many of the cellular processes that occur to establish oocyte fate are conserved with mammalian gamete development. Here, we review recent discoveries from Drosophila that advance our understanding of how early germ cells balance mitotic exit with meiotic initiation. We discuss cell cycle control and establishment of cell polarity as major themes in oocyte specification. We also highlight a germline-specific organelle, the fusome, as integral to the coordination of cell division, cell polarity, and cell fate in ovarian germ cells. Finally, we discuss how the molecular controls of the cell cycle might be integrated with cell polarity and cell fate to maintain oocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Hinnant
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Julie A Merkle
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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10
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Drummond-Barbosa D. Local and Physiological Control of Germline Stem Cell Lineages in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2019; 213:9-26. [PMID: 31488592 PMCID: PMC6727809 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term survival of any multicellular species depends on the success of its germline in producing high-quality gametes and maximizing survival of the offspring. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have led our growing understanding of how germline stem cell (GSC) lineages maintain their function and adjust their behavior according to varying environmental and/or physiological conditions. This review compares and contrasts the local regulation of GSCs by their specialized microenvironments, or niches; discusses how diet and diet-dependent factors, mating, and microorganisms modulate GSCs and their developing progeny; and briefly describes the tie between physiology and development during the larval phase of the germline cycle. Finally, it concludes with broad comparisons with other organisms and some future directions for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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11
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Bhuin T, Roy JK. Developmental expression, co-localization and genetic interaction of exocyst component Sec15 with Rab11 during Drosophila development. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:94-104. [PMID: 31071318 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sec15, a component of an evolutionarily conserved octomeric exocyst complex, has been identified as an interactor of GTP-bound Rab11 in mammals and Drosophila which shows its role in secretion in yeast and intracellular vesicle transport. Here, we report the expression patterns of Drosophila Sec15 (DSec15) transcript and Sec15 protein during Drosophila development. At early embryonic stages, a profound level of maternally loaded DSec15 transcript and protein is found. At cellular blastoderm cells (stage 5 embryos); the expression is seen in pole cells, apical membrane and sub-apical region. The transcript is predominantly accumulated in mesoderm, tracheal pits, gut, LE cells, trachea, and ventral nerve cord as development proceeds. While, a robust expression of Sec15 is seen in amnioserosa (AS), lateral epidermis (LAE), developing trachea, gut, ventral nerve cord and epithelial cells. During larval development, the transcript is also found in all imaginal discs with a distinguished accumulation in the morphogenetic furrow of eye disc, gut, proventriculus and gastric ceacae, garland cells/nephrocytes, malpighian tubules, ovary and testis. Further, we show that Sec15 co-localizes with Rab11 during Drosophila embryonic and larval development. Finally, using a genetic approach, we demonstrate that Sec15 interacts with Rab11 in producing blister during Drosophila wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Bhuin
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India; Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, 713104, India.
| | - Jagat K Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
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12
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Krämer R, Rode S, Rumpf S. Rab11 is required for neurite pruning and developmental membrane protein degradation in Drosophila sensory neurons. Dev Biol 2019; 451:68-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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D'Agostino L, Nie Y, Goswami S, Tong K, Yu S, Bandyopadhyay S, Flores J, Zhang X, Balasubramanian I, Joseph I, Sakamori R, Farrell V, Li Q, Yang CS, Gao B, Ferraris RP, Yehia G, Bonder EM, Goldenring JR, Verzi MP, Zhang L, Ip YT, Gao N. Recycling Endosomes in Mature Epithelia Restrain Tumorigenic Signaling. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4099-4112. [PMID: 31239271 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of polarized membrane trafficking in mature epithelial tissue on cell growth and cancer progression have not been fully explored in vivo. A majority of colorectal cancers have reduced and mislocalized Rab11, a small GTPase dedicated to trafficking of recycling endosomes. Patients with low Rab11 protein expression have poor survival rates. Using genetic models across species, we show that intact recycling endosome function restrains aberrant epithelial growth elicited by APC or RAS mutations. Loss of Rab11 protein led to epithelial dysplasia in early animal development and synergized with oncogenic pathways to accelerate tumor progression initiated by carcinogen, genetic mutation, or aging. Transcriptomic analysis uncovered an immediate expansion of the intestinal stem cell pool along with cell-autonomous Yki/Yap activation following disruption of Rab11a-mediated recycling endosomes. Intestinal tumors lacking Rab11a traffic exhibited marked elevation of nuclear Yap, upd3/IL6-Stat3, and amphiregulin-MAPK signaling, whereas suppression of Yki/Yap or upd3/IL6 reduced gut epithelial dysplasia and hyperplasia. Examination of Rab11a function in enteroids or cultured cell lines suggested that this endosome unit is required for suppression of the Yap pathway by Hippo kinases. Thus, recycling endosomes in mature epithelia constitute key tumor suppressors, loss of which accelerates carcinogenesis. SIGNIFICANCE: Recycling endosome traffic in mature epithelia constitutes a novel tumor suppressing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D'Agostino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Yingchao Nie
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sayantani Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Kevin Tong
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | | | - Ivor Joseph
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Victoria Farrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Qi Li
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taixing Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ronaldo P Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Rutgers Genome Editing Core Facility, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Surgery, Cell and Developmental Biology, and Epithelial Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Michael P Verzi
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Lanjing Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Pathology, Princeton Medical Center, Plainsboro, New Jersey
| | - Y Tony Ip
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey. .,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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14
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Subcellular Specialization and Organelle Behavior in Germ Cells. Genetics 2018; 208:19-51. [PMID: 29301947 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gametes, eggs and sperm, are the highly specialized cell types on which the development of new life solely depends. Although all cells share essential organelles, such as the ER (endoplasmic reticulum), Golgi, mitochondria, and centrosomes, germ cells display unique regulation and behavior of organelles during gametogenesis. These germ cell-specific functions of organelles serve critical roles in successful gamete production. In this chapter, I will review the behaviors and roles of organelles during germ cell differentiation.
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15
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Kline A, Curry T, Lewellyn L. The Misshapen kinase regulates the size and stability of the germline ring canals in the Drosophila egg chamber. Dev Biol 2018; 440:99-112. [PMID: 29753016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular bridges are conserved structures that allow neighboring cells to exchange cytoplasmic material; defects in intercellular bridges can lead to infertility in many organisms. Here, we use the Drosophila egg chamber to study the mechanisms that regulate intercellular bridges. Within the developing egg chamber, the germ cells (15 nurse cells and 1 oocyte) are connected to each other through intercellular bridges called ring canals, which expand over the course of oogenesis to support the transfer of materials from the nurse cells to the oocyte. The ring canals are enriched in actin and actin binding proteins, and many proteins have been identified that localize to the germline ring canals and control their expansion and stability. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for the Ste20 family kinase, Misshapen (Msn), in regulation of the size of the germline ring canals. Msn localizes to ring canals throughout most of oogenesis, and depletion of Msn led to the formation of larger ring canals. Over-expression of Msn decreased ring canal diameter, and expression of a membrane tethered form of Msn caused ring canal detachment and nurse cell fusion. Altering the levels or localization of Msn also led to changes in the actin cytoskeleton and altered the localization of E-cadherin, which suggests that Msn could be indirectly limiting ring canal size by altering the structure or dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton and/or adherens junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Kline
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Travis Curry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
| | - Lindsay Lewellyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA.
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16
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Choubey PK, Roy JK. Rab11 is required for tubulogenesis of Malpighian tubules in Drosophila melanogaster. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28653473 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular vesicular trafficking is one of the important tools in maintaining polarity, adhesion, and shape of epithelial cells. Rab11, a subfamily of the Ypt/Rab gene family of ubiquitously expressed GTPases and a molecular marker of recycling endosomes, transports different components of plasma membrane. Here, we report that Rab11 affects tubulogenesis of Malpighian tubules (MTs). MTs are simple polarized epithelial tubular structures, considered as functional analogue of human kidney. Rab11 has pleiotropic effects on MTs development as down-regulation of Rab11 in principal cells (PCs) of MTs from embryonic stages of development results in reduced endoreplication, clustering of cells, disorganized cytoskeleton, and disruption of polarity leading to shortening of MTs in third instar larvae. Rab11 is also required for proper localization of different transporters in PCs, essential for physiological activity of MTs. Collectively, our data suggest that Rab11 plays a key role in the process of tubulogenesis of MTs in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praween Kumar Choubey
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jagat Kumar Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Brüser L, Bogdan S. Adherens Junctions on the Move-Membrane Trafficking of E-Cadherin. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a029140. [PMID: 28096264 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-based adherens junctions are conserved structures that mediate epithelial cell-cell adhesion in invertebrates and vertebrates. Despite their pivotal function in epithelial integrity, adherens junctions show a remarkable plasticity that is a prerequisite for tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) is continuously turned over and undergoes cycles of endocytosis, sorting and recycling back to the plasma membrane. Mammalian cell culture and genetically tractable model systems such as Drosophila have revealed conserved, but also distinct, mechanisms in the regulation of E-cadherin membrane trafficking. Here, we discuss our current knowledge about molecules and mechanisms controlling endocytosis, sorting and recycling of E-cadherin during junctional remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Brüser
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institut für Neurobiologie, Universität Münster, Badestraße 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Institut für Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abteilung Molekulare Zellphysiologie, Phillips-Universität Marburg, Emil-Mannkopff-Straße 2, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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18
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West JJ, Harris TJC. Cadherin Trafficking for Tissue Morphogenesis: Control and Consequences. Traffic 2016; 17:1233-1243. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junior J. West
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Tony J. C. Harris
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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19
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Zobel T, Brinkmann K, Koch N, Schneider K, Seemann E, Fleige A, Qualmann B, Kessels MM, Bogdan S. Cooperative functions of the two F-BAR proteins Cip4 and Nostrin in the regulation of E-cadherin in epithelial morphogenesis. J Cell Sci 2016; 128:499-515. [PMID: 25413347 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.155929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
F-BAR proteins are prime candidates to regulate membrane curvature and dynamics during different developmental processes. Here, we analyzed nostrin, a so-far-unknown Drosophila melanogaster F-BAR protein related to Cip4. Genetic analyses revealed a strong synergism between nostrin and cip4 functions.Whereas single mutant flies are viable and fertile, combined loss of nostrin and cip4 results in reduced viability and fertility. Double mutant escaper flies show enhanced wing polarization defects and females exhibit strong egg chamber encapsulation defects. Live imaging analysis suggests that the observed phenotypes are caused by an impaired turnover of E-cadherin at the membrane. Simultaneous knockdown of Cip4 and Nostrin strongly increases the formation of tubular E-cadherin vesicles at adherens junctions. Cip4 and Nostrin localize at distinct membrane subdomains. Both proteins prefer similar membrane curvatures but seem to form distinct membrane coats and do not heterooligomerize. Our data suggest an important synergistic function of both F-BAR proteins in membrane dynamics. We propose a cooperative recruitment model, in which Cip4 initially promotes membrane invagination and early-actin-based endosomal motility, and Nostrin makes contacts with microtubules through the kinesin Khc-73 for trafficking of recycling endosomes.
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20
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Woichansky I, Beretta CA, Berns N, Riechmann V. Three mechanisms control E-cadherin localization to the zonula adherens. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10834. [PMID: 26960923 PMCID: PMC4792928 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin localization to the zonula adherens is fundamental for epithelial differentiation but the mechanisms controlling localization are unclear. Using the Drosophila follicular epithelium we genetically dissect E-cadherin transport in an in vivo model. We distinguish three mechanisms mediating E-cadherin accumulation at the zonula adherens. Two membrane trafficking pathways deliver newly synthesized E-cadherin to the plasma membrane. One is Rab11 dependent and targets E-cadherin directly to the zonula adherens, while the other transports E-cadherin to the lateral membrane. Lateral E-cadherin reaches the zonula adherens by endocytosis and targeted recycling. We show that this pathway is dependent on RabX1, which provides a functional link between early and recycling endosomes. Moreover, we show that lateral E-cadherin is transported to the zonula adherens by an apically directed flow within the plasma membrane. Differential activation of these pathways could facilitate cell shape changes during morphogenesis, while their misregulation compromises cell adhesion and tissue architecture in differentiated epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innokenty Woichansky
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carlo Antonio Beretta
- Heidelberg University, COS and Nikon Imaging Center at the University of Heidelberg, Bioquant, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Excellenzcluster CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicola Berns
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Veit Riechmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Division of Signaling and Functional Genomics at the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Strasse 13-17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
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21
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Loyer N, Kolotuev I, Pinot M, Le Borgne R. Drosophila E-cadherin is required for the maintenance of ring canals anchoring to mechanically withstand tissue growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12717-22. [PMID: 26424451 PMCID: PMC4611665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504455112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular bridges called "ring canals" (RCs) resulting from incomplete cytokinesis play an essential role in intercellular communication in somatic and germinal tissues. During Drosophila oogenesis, RCs connect the maturing oocyte to nurse cells supporting its growth. Despite numerous genetic screens aimed at identifying genes involved in RC biogenesis and maturation, how RCs anchor to the plasma membrane (PM) throughout development remains unexplained. In this study, we report that the clathrin adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) complex, although dispensable for the biogenesis of RCs, is required for the maintenance of the anchorage of RCs to the PM to withstand the increased membrane tension associated with the exponential tissue growth at the onset of vitellogenesis. Here we unravel the mechanisms by which AP-1 enables the maintenance of RCs' anchoring to the PM during size expansion. We show that AP-1 regulates the localization of the intercellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin and that loss of AP-1 causes the disappearance of the E-cadherin-containing adhesive clusters surrounding the RCs. E-cadherin itself is shown to be required for the maintenance of the RCs' anchorage, a function previously unrecognized because of functional compensation by N-cadherin. Scanning block-face EM combined with transmission EM analyses reveals the presence of interdigitated, actin- and Moesin-positive, microvilli-like structures wrapping the RCs. Thus, by modulating E-cadherin trafficking, we show that the sustained E-cadherin-dependent adhesion organizes the microvilli meshwork and ensures the proper attachment of RCs to the PM, thereby counteracting the increasing membrane tension induced by exponential tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Loyer
- CNRS, UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Irina Kolotuev
- CNRS, UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France; CNRS, Structure Fédérative de Recherche BIOSIT, Microscopy Rennes Imaging Center-Electron Microscopy Facility, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Pinot
- CNRS, UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Roland Le Borgne
- CNRS, UMR 6290, F-35000 Rennes, France; Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Université Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France; Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, F-35000 Rennes, France;
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22
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Yu S, Yehia G, Wang J, Stypulkowski E, Sakamori R, Jiang P, Hernandez-Enriquez B, Tran TS, Bonder EM, Guo W, Gao N. Global ablation of the mouse Rab11a gene impairs early embryogenesis and matrix metalloproteinase secretion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32030-32043. [PMID: 25271168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab11a has been conceived as a prominent regulatory component of the recycling endosome, which acts as a nexus in the endo- and exocytotic networks. The precise in vivo role of Rab11a in mouse embryonic development is unknown. We globally ablated Rab11a and examined the phenotypic and molecular outcomes in Rab11a(null) blastocysts and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Using multiple trafficking assays and complementation analyses, we determined, among multiple important membrane-associated and soluble cargos, the critical contribution of Rab11a vesicular traffic to the secretion of multiple soluble MMPs. Rab11a(null) embryos were able to properly form normal blastocysts but died at peri-implantation stages. Our data suggest that Rab11a critically controls mouse blastocyst development and soluble matrix metalloproteinase secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Transgenic Core Facility, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Juanfei Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Ewa Stypulkowski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Ryotaro Sakamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Ping Jiang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724
| | | | - Tracy S Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Edward M Bonder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102,.
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23
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Tan J, Oh K, Burgess J, Hipfner DR, Brill JA. PI4KIIIα is required for cortical integrity and cell polarity during Drosophila oogenesis. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:954-66. [PMID: 24413170 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.129031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides regulate myriad cellular processes, acting as potent signaling molecules in conserved signaling pathways and as organelle gatekeepers that recruit effector proteins to membranes. Phosphoinositide-generating enzymes have been studied extensively in yeast and cultured cells, yet their roles in animal development are not well understood. Here, we analyze Drosophila melanogaster phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIα (PI4KIIIα) during oogenesis. We demonstrate that PI4KIIIα is required for production of plasma membrane PtdIns4P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 and is crucial for actin organization, membrane trafficking and cell polarity. Female germ cells mutant for PI4KIIIα exhibit defects in cortical integrity associated with failure to recruit the cytoskeletal-membrane crosslinker Moesin and the exocyst subunit Sec5. These effects reflect a unique requirement for PI4KIIIα, as egg chambers from flies mutant for either of the other Drosophila PI4Ks, fwd or PI4KII, show Golgi but not plasma membrane phenotypes. Thus, PI4KIIIα is a vital regulator of a functionally distinct pool of PtdIns4P that is essential for PtdIns(4,5)P2-dependent processes in Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Tan
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, PGCRL, 686 Bay Street, Room 15.9716, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
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24
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Jorgensen JS. Defining the neighborhoods that escort the oocyte through its early life events and into a functional follicle. Mol Reprod Dev 2013; 80:960-76. [PMID: 24105719 PMCID: PMC3980676 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The ovary functions to chaperone the most precious cargo for female individuals, the oocyte, thereby allowing the passage of genetic material to subsequent generations. Within the ovary, single oocytes are surrounded by a legion of granulosa cells inside each follicle. These two cell types depend upon one another to support follicle formation and oocyte survival. The infrastructure and events that work together to ultimately form these functional follicles within the ovary are unprecedented, given that the oocyte originates as a cell like all other neighboring cells within the embryo prior to gastrulation. This review discusses the journey of the germ cell in the context of the developing female mouse embryo, with a focus on specific signaling events and cell-cell interactions that escort the primordial germ cell as it is specified into the germ cell fate, migrates through the hindgut into the gonad, differentiates into an oocyte, and culminates upon formation of the primordial and then primary follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan S Jorgensen
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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25
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Chen JE, Li JY, You ZY, Liu LL, Liang JS, Ma YY, Chen M, Zhang HR, Jiang ZD, Zhong BX. Proteome Analysis of Silkworm, Bombyx mori, Larval Gonads: Characterization of Proteins Involved in Sexual Dimorphism and Gametogenesis. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2422-38. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300920z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-e Chen
- College of
Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310058, PR China
- Institute
of Sericultural Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou
310021, PR China
| | - Jian-ying Li
- College of
Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310058, PR China
- Institute
of Developmental and
Regenerative Biology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, PR China
| | - Zheng-ying You
- College of
Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310058, PR China
| | - Li-li Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Jian-she Liang
- College of Environmental and
Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ying-ying Ma
- Zhejiang California International
NanoSystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Ming Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Hua-rong Zhang
- Zhejiang California International
NanoSystems Institute (ZCNI), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Zhen-dong Jiang
- College of
Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310058, PR China
| | - Bo-xiong Zhong
- College of
Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310058, PR China
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26
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Adler PN, Sobala LF, Thom D, Nagaraj R. dusky-like is required to maintain the integrity and planar cell polarity of hairs during the development of the Drosophila wing. Dev Biol 2013; 379:76-91. [PMID: 23623898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cuticular hairs and sensory bristles that decorate the adult Drosophila epidermis and the denticles found on the embryo have been used in studies on planar cell polarity and as models for the cytoskeletal mediated morphogenesis of cellular extensions. ZP domain proteins have recently been found to be important for the morphogenesis of both denticles and bristles. Here we show that the ZP domain protein Dusky-like is a key player in hair morphogenesis. As is the case in bristles, in hairs dyl mutants display a dramatic phenotype that is the consequence of a failure to maintain the integrity of the extension after outgrowth. Hairs lacking dyl function are split, thinned, multipled and often very short. dyl is required for normal chitin deposition in hairs, but chitin is not required for the normal accumulation of Dyl, hence dyl acts upstream of chitin. A lack of chitin however, does not mimic the dyl hair phenotype, thus Dyl must have other targets in hair morphogenesis. One of these appears to be the actin cytoskeleton. Interestingly, dyl mutants also display a unique planar cell polarity phenotype that is distinct from that seen with mutations in the frizzled/starry night or dachsous/fat pathway genes. Rab11 was previously found to be essential for Dyl plasma membrane localization in bristles. Here we found that the expression of a dominant negative Rab11 can mimic the dyl hair morphology phenotype consistent with Rab11 also being required for Dyl function in hairs. We carried out a small directed screen to identify genes that might function with dyl and identified Chitinase 6 (Cht6) as a strong candidate, as knocking down Cht6 function led to weak versions of all of the dyl hair phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Adler
- Biology Department, Institute for Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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27
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Miyauchi C, Kitazawa D, Ando I, Hayashi D, Inoue YH. Orbit/CLASP is required for germline cyst formation through its developmental control of fusomes and ring canals in Drosophila males. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58220. [PMID: 23520495 PMCID: PMC3592921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orbit, a Drosophila ortholog of microtubule plus-end enriched protein CLASP, plays an important role in many developmental processes involved in microtubule dynamics. Previous studies have shown that Orbit is required for asymmetric stem cell division and cystocyte divisions in germline cysts and for the development of microtubule networks that interconnect oocyte and nurse cells during oogenesis. Here, we examined the cellular localization of Orbit and its role in cyst formation during spermatogenesis. In male germline stem cells, distinct localization of Orbit was first observed on the spectrosome, which is a spherical precursor of the germline-specific cytoskeleton known as the fusome. In dividing stem cells and spermatogonia, Orbit was localized around centrosomes and on kinetochores and spindle microtubules. After cytokinesis, Orbit remained localized on ring canals, which are cytoplasmic bridges between the cells. Thereafter, it was found along fusomes, extending through the ring canal toward all spermatogonia in a cyst. Fusome localization of Orbit was not affected by microtubule depolymerization. Instead, our fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments suggested that Orbit is closely associated with F-actin, which is abundantly found in fusomes. Surprisingly, F-actin depolymerization influenced neither fusome organization nor Orbit localization on the germline-specific cytoskeleton. We revealed that two conserved regions of Orbit are required for fusome localization. Using orbit hypomorphic mutants, we showed that the protein is required for ring canal formation and for fusome elongation mediated by the interaction of newly generated fusome plugs with the pre-existing fusome. The orbit mutation also disrupted ring canal clustering, which is essential for folding of the spermatogonia after cytokinesis. Orbit accumulates around centrosomes at the onset of spermatogonial mitosis and is required for the capture of one of the duplicated centrosomes onto the fusome. Moreover, Orbit is involved in the proper orientation of spindles towards fusomes during synchronous mitosis of spermatogonial cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Miyauchi
- Insect Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daishi Kitazawa
- Insect Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Itaru Ando
- Insect Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hayashi
- Insect Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro H. Inoue
- Insect Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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28
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Chen S, Lewallen M, Xie T. Adhesion in the stem cell niche: biological roles and regulation. Development 2013; 140:255-65. [PMID: 23250203 DOI: 10.1242/dev.083139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell self-renewal is tightly controlled by the concerted action of stem cell-intrinsic factors and signals within the niche. Niche signals often function within a short range, allowing cells in the niche to self-renew while their daughters outside the niche differentiate. Thus, in order for stem cells to continuously self-renew, they are often anchored in the niche via adhesion molecules. In addition to niche anchoring, however, recent studies have revealed other important roles for adhesion molecules in the regulation of stem cell function, and it is clear that stem cell-niche adhesion is crucial for stem cell self-renewal and is dynamically regulated. Here, we highlight recent progress in understanding adhesion between stem cells and their niche and how this adhesion is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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29
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Cho B, Fischer JA. Ral inhibits ligand-independent Notch signaling in Drosophila. Small GTPases 2012; 3:186-91. [PMID: 22750761 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.19802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We discovered recently that the Drosophila Ral GTPase regulates Notch signaling and thereby affects cell patterning in the eye. Although Ral functions in the ligand signaling cells, Ral does not stimulate ligand signaling directly. Rather, in cells that express both Notch receptor and ligand, Ral activity promotes a cell to become the signaler by inhibiting Notch receptor activation in that cell. Moreover, Ral inhibits a particular pathway of Notch activation-receptor activation that occurs independent of ligand binding. In this Commentary, we discuss the phenomenon of ligand-independent Notch receptor activation and how this event might be regulated by Ral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomsoo Cho
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Xie T. Control of germline stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in the Drosophila ovary: concerted actions of niche signals and intrinsic factors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2012; 2:261-73. [PMID: 24009036 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the Drosophila ovary, germline stem cells (GSCs) physically interact with their niche composed of terminal filament cells, cap cells, and possibly GSC-contacting escort cells (ECs). A GSC divides to generate a self-renewing stem cell that remains in the niche and a differentiating daughter that moves away from the niche. The GSC niche provides a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal that maintains GSC self-renewal by preventing stem cell differentiation via repression of the differentiation-promoting gene bag of marbles (bam). In addition, it expresses E-cadherin, which mediates cell adhesion for anchoring GSCs in the niche, enabling continuous self-renewal. GSCs themselves also express different classes of intrinsic factors, including signal transducers, transcription factors, chromatin remodeling factors, translation regulators, and miRNAs, which control self-renewal by strengthening interactions with the niche and repressing various differentiation pathways. Differentiated GSC daughters, known as cystoblasts (CBs), also express distinct classes of intrinsic factors to inhibit self-renewal and promote germ cell differentiation. Surprisingly, GSC progeny are also dependent on their surrounding ECs for proper differentiation at least partly by preventing BMP from diffusing to the differentiated germ cell zone and by repressing ectopic BMP expression. Therefore, both GSC self-renewal and CB differentiation are controlled by collaborative actions of extrinsic signals and intrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Nagaraj R, Adler PN. Dusky-like functions as a Rab11 effector for the deposition of cuticle during Drosophila bristle development. Development 2012; 139:906-16. [PMID: 22278919 DOI: 10.1242/dev.074252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenesis of Drosophila sensory bristles is dependent on the function of their actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are important for bristle shape and elongation, while microtubules are thought to mediate protein and membrane trafficking to promote growth. We have identified an essential role for the bristle cuticle in the maintenance of bristle structure and shape at late stages of bristle development. We show that the small GTPase Rab11 mediates the organized deposition of chitin, a major cuticle component in bristles, and disrupting Rab11 function leads to phenotypes that result from bristle collapse rather than a failure to elongate. We further establish that Rab11 is required for the plasma membrane localization of the ZP domain-containing Dusky-like (Dyl) protein and that Dyl is also required for cuticle formation in bristles. Our data argue that Dyl functions as a Rab11 effector for mediating the attachment of the bristle cell membrane to chitin to establish a stable cuticle. Our studies also implicate the exocyst as a Rab11 effector in this process and that Rab11 trafficking along the bristle shaft is mediated by microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganayaki Nagaraj
- Biology Department, Cell Biology Department, Institute for Morphogenesis and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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32
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Abstract
The specification, maintenance, division and differentiation of stem cells are integral to the development and homeostasis of many tissues. These stem cells often live in specialized anatomical areas, called niches. While niches can be complex, most involve cell-cell interactions that are mediated by adherens junctions. A diverse array of functions have been attributed to adherens junctions in stem cell biology. These include physical anchoring to the niche, control of proliferation and division orientation, regulation of signaling cascades and of differentiation. In this review, a number of model stem cell systems that highlight various functions of adherens junctions are discussed. In addition, a summary of the current understanding of adherens junction function in mammalian tissues and embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells is provided. This analysis demonstrates that the roles of adherens junctions are surprisingly varied and integrated with both the anatomy and the physiology of the tissue.
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Michel M, Raabe I, Kupinski AP, Pérez-Palencia R, Bökel C. Local BMP receptor activation at adherens junctions in the Drosophila germline stem cell niche. Nat Commun 2011; 2:415. [PMID: 21811244 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the stem cell niche synapse hypothesis postulated for the mammalian haematopoietic system, spatial specificity of niche signals is maximized by subcellularly restricting signalling to cadherin-based adherens junctions between individual niche and stem cells. However, such a synapse has never been observed directly, in part, because tools to detect active growth factor receptors with subcellular resolution were not available. Here we describe a novel fluorescence-based reporter that directly visualizes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor activation and show that in the Drosophila testis a BMP niche signal is transmitted preferentially at adherens junctions between hub and germline stem cells, resembling the proposed synapse organization. Ligand secretion involves the exocyst complex and the Rap activator Gef26, both of which are also required for Cadherin trafficking towards adherens junctions. We, therefore, propose that local generation of the BMP signal is achieved through shared use of the Cadherin transport machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Michel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Tatzberg, Germany
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34
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Kaczmarczyk AN, Kopp A. Germline stem cell maintenance as a proximate mechanism of life-history trade-offs? Drosophila selected for prolonged fecundity have a slower rate of germline stem cell loss. Bioessays 2011; 33:5-12. [PMID: 21120852 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We suggest that the commonly observed trade-offs between early- and late-life reproduction may be mediated by genetic variation in germline stem cell maintenance. Stem cell biology provides a natural framework and experimental methods for understanding the mechanistic basis of life-history evolution. At the same time, natural variation in life-history strategies can serve as a powerful tool for identifying the genes and molecular pathways involved in the maintenance of stem cells in aging adults. We illustrate the connections between life-history and stem cells with examples drawn primarily from Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans, and suggest a number of testable hypotheses and avenues for future investigation that can be addressed with existing models and tools.
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Rab11 is required for epithelial cell viability, terminal differentiation, and suppression of tumor-like growth in the Drosophila egg chamber. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20180. [PMID: 21629779 PMCID: PMC3100332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Drosophila egg chamber provides an excellent system in which to study the specification and differentiation of epithelial cell fates because all of the steps, starting with the division of the corresponding stem cells, called follicle stem cells, have been well described and occur many times over in a single ovary. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we investigate the role of the small Rab11 GTPase in follicle stem cells (FSCs) and in their differentiating daughters, which include main body epithelial cells, stalk cells and polar cells. We show that rab11-null FSCs maintain their ability to self renew, even though previous studies have shown that FSC self renewal is dependent on maintenance of E-cadherin-based intercellular junctions, which in many cell types, including Drosophila germline stem cells, requires Rab11. We also show that rab11-null FSCs give rise to normal numbers of cells that enter polar, stalk, and epithelial cell differentiation pathways, but that none of the cells complete their differentiation programs and that the epithelial cells undergo premature programmed cell death. Finally we show, through the induction of rab11-null clones at later points in the differentiation program, that Rab11 suppresses tumor-like growth of epithelial cells. Thus, rab11-null epithelial cells arrest differentiation early, assume an aberrant cell morphology, delaminate from the epithelium, and invade the neighboring germline cyst. These phenotypes are associated with defects in E-cadherin localization and a general loss of cell polarity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE While previous studies have revealed tumor suppressor or tumor suppressor-like activity for regulators of endocytosis, our study is the first to identify such activity for regulators of endocytic recycling. Our studies also support the recently emerging view that distinct mechanisms regulate junction stability and plasticity in different tissues.
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Banks SML, Cho B, Eun SH, Lee JH, Windler SL, Xie X, Bilder D, Fischer JA. The functions of auxilin and Rab11 in Drosophila suggest that the fundamental role of ligand endocytosis in notch signaling cells is not recycling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18259. [PMID: 21448287 PMCID: PMC3063240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling requires ligand internalization by the signal sending cells. Two endocytic proteins, epsin and auxilin, are essential for ligand internalization and signaling. Epsin promotes clathrin-coated vesicle formation, and auxilin uncoats clathrin from newly internalized vesicles. Two hypotheses have been advanced to explain the requirement for ligand endocytosis. One idea is that after ligand/receptor binding, ligand endocytosis leads to receptor activation by pulling on the receptor, which either exposes a cleavage site on the extracellular domain, or dissociates two receptor subunits. Alternatively, ligand internalization prior to receptor binding, followed by trafficking through an endosomal pathway and recycling to the plasma membrane may enable ligand activation. Activation could mean ligand modification or ligand transcytosis to a membrane environment conducive to signaling. A key piece of evidence supporting the recycling model is the requirement in signaling cells for Rab11, which encodes a GTPase critical for endosomal recycling. Here, we use Drosophila Rab11 and auxilin mutants to test the ligand recycling hypothesis. First, we find that Rab11 is dispensable for several Notch signaling events in the eye disc. Second, we find that Drosophila female germline cells, the one cell type known to signal without clathrin, also do not require auxilin to signal. Third, we find that much of the requirement for auxilin in Notch signaling was bypassed by overexpression of both clathrin heavy chain and epsin. Thus, the main role of auxilin in Notch signaling is not to produce uncoated ligand-containing vesicles, but to maintain the pool of free clathrin. Taken together, these results argue strongly that at least in some cell types, the primary function of Notch ligand endocytosis is not for ligand recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. L. Banks
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bomsoo Cho
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suk Ho Eun
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Windler
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Xuanhua Xie
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Janice A. Fischer
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lechowska A, Bilinski S, Choi Y, Shin Y, Kloc M, Rajkovic A. Premature ovarian failure in nobox-deficient mice is caused by defects in somatic cell invasion and germ cell cyst breakdown. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 28:583-9. [PMID: 21369782 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the mechanism of premature ovarian failure (POF). METHODS The ultrastructural (electron microscopy) analysis of primordial ovarian follicles in Nobox deficient mice. RESULTS We studied, for the first time, the fate of oogonia in embryonic (prenatal) mouse ovaries and showed that the abolishment of the transition from germ cell cysts to primordial follicles in the ovaries of Nobox deficient mice is caused by defects in germ cell cyst breakdown, leading to the formation of syncytial follicles instead of primordial follicles. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that POF syndrome in Nobox deficient mice results from the faulty signaling between somatic and germ line components during embryonic development. In addition, the extremely unusual and abnormal presence of adherens junctions between unseparated oocytes within syncytial follicles indicates that faulty communication between somatic and germ cells is involved in, or leads to, abnormalities in the cell adhesion program.
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38
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Uno T, Hata K, Hiragaki S, Isoyama Y, Trang LTD, Uno Y, Kanamaru K, Yamagata H, Nakamura M, Takagi M, Takeda M. Small GTPases of the Rab family in the brain of Bombyx mori. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 134:615-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Uno
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
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Ong S, Foote C, Tan C. Mutations of DMYPT cause over constriction of contractile rings and ring canals during Drosophila germline cyst formation. Dev Biol 2010; 346:161-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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40
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Ratheesh A, Yap AS. Doing cell biology in embryos: regulated membrane traffic and its implications for cadherin biology. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2. [PMID: 20948802 PMCID: PMC2948373 DOI: 10.3410/b2-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulated trafficking of cadherin adhesion molecules is often invoked as a mechanism to generate dynamic adhesive cell-cell contacts for tissue modeling and morphogenesis. The past 2-3 years have seen several important papers that tackle the cell biology of cadherin trafficking in organismal systems to provide new insights into both mechanism and morphogenetic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Ratheesh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Molecular Cell Biology, The University of Queensland St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia
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41
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Cullinane AR, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Zaucker A, Wakabayashi Y, Bruce CK, Luo G, Rahman F, Gürakan F, Utine E, Ozkan TB, Denecke J, Vukovic J, Di Rocco M, Mandel H, Cangul H, Matthews RP, Thomas SG, Rappoport JZ, Arias IM, Wolburg H, Knisely AS, Kelly DA, Müller F, Maher ER, Gissen P. Mutations in VIPAR cause an arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome phenotype with defects in epithelial polarization. Nat Genet 2010; 42:303-12. [PMID: 20190753 PMCID: PMC5308204 DOI: 10.1038/ng.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis syndrome (ARC) is a multisystem disorder associated with abnormalities in polarized liver and kidney cells. Mutations in VPS33B account for most cases of ARC. We identified mutations in VIPAR (also called C14ORF133) in individuals with ARC without VPS33B defects. We show that VIPAR forms a functional complex with VPS33B that interacts with RAB11A. Knockdown of vipar in zebrafish resulted in biliary excretion and E-cadherin defects similar to those in individuals with ARC. Vipar- and Vps33b-deficient mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMDC-3) cells expressed membrane proteins abnormally and had structural and functional tight junction defects. Abnormal Ceacam5 expression was due to mis-sorting toward lysosomal degradation, but reduced E-cadherin levels were associated with transcriptional downregulation. The VPS33B-VIPAR complex thus has diverse functions in the pathways regulating apical-basolateral polarity in the liver and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Cullinane
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Roeth JF, Sawyer JK, Wilner DA, Peifer M. Rab11 helps maintain apical crumbs and adherens junctions in the Drosophila embryonic ectoderm. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7634. [PMID: 19862327 PMCID: PMC2763285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue morphogenesis and organogenesis require that cells retain stable cell-cell adhesion while changing shape and moving. One mechanism to accommodate this plasticity in cell adhesion involves regulated trafficking of junctional proteins. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we explored trafficking of junctional proteins in two well-characterized model epithelia, the Drosophila embryonic ectoderm and amnioserosa. We find that DE-cadherin, the transmembrane protein of adherens junctions, is actively trafficked through putative vesicles, and appears to travel through both Rab5-positive and Rab11-positive structures. We manipulated the functions of Rab11 and Rab5 to examine the effects on junctional stability and morphogenesis. Reducing Rab11 function, either using a dominant negative construct or loss of function alleles, disrupts integrity of the ectoderm and leads to loss of adherens junctions. Strikingly, the apical junctional regulator Crumbs is lost before AJs are destabilized, while the basolateral protein Dlg remains cortical. Altering Rab5 function had less dramatic effects, not disrupting adherens junction integrity but affecting dorsal closure. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We contrast our results with what others saw when disrupting other trafficking regulators, and when disrupting Rab function in other tissues; together these data suggest distinct mechanisms regulate junctional stability and plasticity in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah F. Roeth
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jessica K. Sawyer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Wilner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Peifer
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Adult stem cells generally reside in supporting local micro environments or niches, and intimate stem cell and niche association is critical for their long-term maintenance and function. Recent studies in model organisms especially Drosophila have started to unveil the underlying mechanisms of stem anchorage in the niche at the molecular and cellular level. Two types of cell adhesion molecules are emerging as essential players: cadherin-mediated cell adhesion for keeping stem cells within stromal niches, whereas integrin-mediated cell adhesion for keeping stem cells within epidermal niches. Further understanding stem cell anchorage and release in coupling with environmental changes should provide further insights into homeostasis control in tissues that harbor stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongwen Xi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
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45
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Vaccari T, Rusten TE, Menut L, Nezis IP, Brech A, Stenmark H, Bilder D. Comparative analysis of ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II and ESCRT-III function in Drosophila by efficient isolation of ESCRT mutants. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2413-23. [PMID: 19571114 PMCID: PMC2704878 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.046391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ESCRT proteins were initially isolated in yeast as a single functional set of conserved components controlling endosomal cargo sorting and multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis. Recent work has suggested that metazoan ESCRT proteins might have more functionally diverse roles, but the limited availability of ESCRT mutants in species other than yeast has hampered a thorough analysis. Here, we used a genetic screening strategy based on both cell-autonomous and non-autonomous growth-promotion phenotypes to isolate null mutations in nearly half of the ESCRT-encoding genes of Drosophila, including components of ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II and ESCRT-III complexes. All ESCRT components are required for trafficking of ubiquitylated proteins and are required to prevent excess Notch and EGFR signaling. However, cells lacking certain ESCRT-III components accumulate fewer ubiquitylated molecules in endosomes and display reduced degrees of cell proliferation compared with those lacking components of ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II. Moreover, although we find by ultrastructural analysis that MVB formation is impaired in ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II mutant cells, MVB biogenesis still occurs to some degree in ESCRT-III mutant cells. This work highlights the multiple cell biological and developmental roles of ESCRT proteins in Drosophila, suggests that the metazoan ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II and ESCRT-III complexes do not serve identical functions, and provides the basis for an extensive analysis of metazoan ESCRT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vaccari
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94702, USA.
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46
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Tiwari AK, Roy JK. Mutation in Rab11 results in abnormal organization of ommatidial cells and activation of JNK signaling in the Drosophila eye. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:445-60. [PMID: 19473727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.02.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2008] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab11(mo), a P insertion line of Rab11 showed degenerated ommatidia and excess cell death in larval/pupal eyes. Here, we demonstrate that Rab11 is essential for normal organization of ommatidial cells and their survival in Drosophila, and a mutation in this gene results in cytoskeleton disruption and activation of JNK signaling in the eye. The spatial organization of various cell types in compound eye, viz., cone, photoreceptor, pigment and bristle cells, were disrupted in Rab11 mutants as revealed by immunostaining of F-actin and adherens and septate junction proteins. Genetic interaction studies indicated that mutation in Rab11 upregulates Drosophila apoptotic genes, rpr, hid and grim. In order to study the pathway that causes excessive cell death in Rab11 mutants, the JNK pathway was chosen and genetic interaction analyses were carried out between Rab11 and candidates of the JNK signaling pathway. A downregulation of JNK signaling rescued the phenotype in Rab11 mutant eyes significantly while overexpression of JNK in the eyes using UAS-eiger, UAS-dtak1 or EP(2)0578, resulted in enhancement of the eye phenotype indicating a link between Rab11 and the JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Tiwari
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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47
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Bhuin T, Roy JK. Rab11 is required for myoblast fusion in Drosophila. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:489-99. [PMID: 19370361 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-009-0782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rab11, an evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitously expressed subfamily of small monomeric Rab GTPases, has been implicated in regulating vesicular trafficking through the recycling of endosomal compartment. In order to gain an insight into the role of this gene in myogenesis during embryonic development, we have studied the expression pattern of Rab11 in mesoderm during muscle differentiation in Drosophila embryo. When dominant-negative or constitutively active Drosophila Rab11 proteins are expressed or Rab11 is reduced via double-stranded RNA in muscle precursors, they cause partial failure of myoblast fusion and show anomalies in the shape of the muscle fibres. Our results suggest that Rab11 plays no role in cell fate specification in muscle precursors but is required late in the process of myoblast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Bhuin
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
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48
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Sasikumar S, Roy JK. Developmental expression of Rab11, a small GTP-binding protein inDrosophilaepithelia. Genesis 2009; 47:32-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Duncan MC, Peifer M. Regulating polarity by directing traffic: Cdc42 prevents adherens junctions from crumblin' aPart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 183:971-4. [PMID: 19064672 PMCID: PMC2600754 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200811057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The GTPase Cdc42 was among the original genes identified with roles in cell polarity, and interest in its cellular roles from yeast to humans remains high. Cdc42 is a well-known regulator of the actin cytoskeleton, but also plays important roles in vesicular trafficking. In this issue, Harris and Tepass (Harris, K.P, and U. Tepass. 2008. J. Cell. Biol. 183:1129–1143) provide new insights into how Cdc42 and Par proteins work together to modulate cell adhesion and polarity during embryonic morphogenesis by regulating the traffic of key cell junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara C Duncan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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50
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Bhuin T, Roy JK. Rab11 is required for embryonic nervous system development in Drosophila. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:349-56. [PMID: 19015884 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Bhuin
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
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