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Opris CE, Suciu H, Flamand S, Opris CI, Hamida AH, Gurzu S. Update on the genetic profile of mitral valve development and prolapse. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 262:155535. [PMID: 39182449 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the literature published up to February 2024 on the PubMed database regarding the development of mitral valve disease, with detailed reference to mitral valve prolapse, from embryology to a genetic profile. Out of the 3291 publications that deal with mitral valve embryology, 215 refer to mitral valve genetics and 83 were selected for further analysis. After reviewing these data, we advocate for the importance of a gene-based therapy that should be available soon, to prevent or treat non-invasively the valvular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Opris
- Department of Adult and Children Cardiovascular Recovery, Emergency Institute for Cardio-Vascular Diseases and Transplantation, Targu Mures 540139, Romania; Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures , Romania; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Emergency University Hospital, Romania
| | - Horatiu Suciu
- Department of Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures 540139, Romania; Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, Romania; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Emergency University Hospital, Romania
| | - Sanziana Flamand
- Department of Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures 540139, Romania; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Emergency University Hospital, Romania
| | - Cosmin Ioan Opris
- Department of Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures 540139, Romania; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Emergency University Hospital, Romania
| | - Al Hussein Hamida
- Department of Surgery, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures 540139, Romania
| | - Simona Gurzu
- Department of Pathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures , Romania; Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, Romania; Research Center for Oncopathology and Translational Medicine (CCOMT), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania.
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2
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da Silva AR, Gunawan F, Boezio GLM, Faure E, Théron A, Avierinos JF, Lim S, Jha SG, Ramadass R, Guenther S, Looso M, Zaffran S, Juan T, Stainier DYR. egr3 is a mechanosensitive transcription factor gene required for cardiac valve morphogenesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl0633. [PMID: 38748804 PMCID: PMC11095463 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Biomechanical forces, and their molecular transducers, including key mechanosensitive transcription factor genes, such as KLF2, are required for cardiac valve morphogenesis. However, klf2 mutants fail to completely recapitulate the valveless phenotype observed under no-flow conditions. Here, we identify the transcription factor EGR3 as a conserved biomechanical force transducer critical for cardiac valve formation. We first show that egr3 null zebrafish display a complete and highly penetrant loss of valve leaflets, leading to severe blood regurgitation. Using tissue-specific loss- and gain-of-function tools, we find that during cardiac valve formation, Egr3 functions cell-autonomously in endothelial cells, and identify one of its effectors, the nuclear receptor Nr4a2b. We further find that mechanical forces up-regulate egr3/EGR3 expression in the developing zebrafish heart and in porcine valvular endothelial cells, as well as during human aortic valve remodeling. Altogether, these findings reveal that EGR3 is necessary to transduce the biomechanical cues required for zebrafish cardiac valve morphogenesis, and potentially for pathological aortic valve remodeling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha Ribeiro da Silva
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Felix Gunawan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Giulia L. M. Boezio
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Emilie Faure
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, MMG, U1251, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alexis Théron
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, MMG, U1251, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiaque, AP-HM, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Avierinos
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, MMG, U1251, 13005 Marseille, France
- Service de Cardiologie, AP-HM, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - SoEun Lim
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Shivam Govind Jha
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Radhan Ramadass
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core Unit (BCU), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stéphane Zaffran
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, MMG, U1251, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Juan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Olejnickova V, Hamor PU, Janacek J, Bartos M, Zabrodska E, Sankova B, Kvasilova A, Kolesova H, Sedmera D. Development of ventricular trabeculae affects electrical conduction in the early endothermic heart. Dev Dyn 2024; 253:78-90. [PMID: 36400745 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ventricular trabeculae play a role, among others, in the impulse spreading in ectothermic hearts. Despite the morphological similarity with the early developing hearts of endotherms, this trabecular function in mammalian and avian embryos was poorly addressed. RESULTS We simulated impulse propagation inside the looping ventricle and revealed delayed apical activation in the heart with inhibited trabecular growth. This finding was corroborated by direct imaging of the endocardial surface showing early activation within the trabeculae implying preferential spreading of depolarization along with them. Targeting two crucial pathways of trabecular formation (Neuregulin/ErbB and Nkx2.5), we showed that trabecular development is also essential for proper conduction patterning. Persistence of the slow isotropic conduction likely contributed to the pumping failure in the trabeculae-deficient hearts. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed the essential role of trabeculae in intraventricular impulse spreading and conduction patterning in the early endothermic heart. Lack of trabeculae leads to the failure of conduction parameters differentiation resulting in primitive ventricular activation with consequent impact on the cardiac pumping function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Olejnickova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Uriel Hamor
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Janacek
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartos
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Stomatology, General University Hospital in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zabrodska
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Sankova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kvasilova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolesova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Developmental Cardiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Marelli F, Ernst A, Mercader N, Liebling M. PAAQ: Paired Alternating AcQuisitions for virtual high frame rate multichannel cardiac fluorescence microscopy. BIOLOGICAL IMAGING 2023; 3:e20. [PMID: 38510170 PMCID: PMC10951931 DOI: 10.1017/s2633903x23000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In vivo fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool to image the beating heart in its early development stages. A high acquisition frame rate is necessary to study its fast contractions, but the limited fluorescence intensity requires sensitive cameras that are often too slow. Moreover, the problem is even more complex when imaging distinct tissues in the same sample using different fluorophores. We present Paired Alternating AcQuisitions, a method to image cyclic processes in multiple channels, which requires only a single (possibly slow) camera. We generate variable temporal illumination patterns in each frame, alternating between channel-specific illuminations (fluorescence) in odd frames and a motion-encoding brightfield pattern as a common reference in even frames. Starting from the image pairs, we find the position of each reference frame in the cardiac cycle through a combination of image-based sorting and regularized curve fitting. Thanks to these estimated reference positions, we assemble multichannel videos whose frame rate is virtually increased. We characterize our method on synthetic and experimental images collected in zebrafish embryos, showing quantitative and visual improvements in the reconstructed videos over existing nongated sorting-based alternatives. Using a 15 Hz camera, we showcase a reconstructed video containing two fluorescence channels at 100 fps.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Marelli
- Computational Bioimaging, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland
- Electrical Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Liebling
- Computational Bioimaging, Idiap Research Institute, Martigny, Switzerland
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Park J, Hong T, An G, Park H, Song G, Lim W. Triadimenol promotes the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis with cardiotoxicity and developmental abnormalities in zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160761. [PMID: 36502969 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Various types of fungicides, especially triazole fungicides, are used to prevent fungal diseases on farmlands. However, the developmental toxicity of one of the triazole fungicides, triadimenol, remains unclear. Therefore, we used the zebrafish animal model, a representative toxicological model, to investigate it. Triadimenol induced morphological alterations in the eyes and body length along with yolk sac and heart edema. It also stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species and expression of inflammation-related genes and caused apoptosis in the anterior regions of zebrafish, especially in the heart. The phosphorylation levels of Akt, ERK, JNK, and p38 proteins involved in the PI3K and MAPK pathways, which are important for the development process, were also reduced by triadimenol. These changes led to malformation of the heart and vascular structures, as observed in the flk1:eGFP transgenic zebrafish models and a reduction in the heart rate. In addition, the expression of genes associated with cardiac and vascular development was also reduced. Therefore, we elucidated the mechanisms associated with triadimenol toxicity that leads to various abnormalities and developmental toxicity in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyeon Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Garam An
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Salehin N, Teranikar T, Lee J, Chuong CJ. Ventricular anisotropic deformation and contractile function of the developing heart of zebrafish in vivo. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:247-262. [PMID: 36057940 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The developing zebrafish ventricle generates higher intraventricular pressure (IVP) with increasing stroke volume and cardiac output at different developmental stages to meet the metabolic demands of the rapidly growing embryo (Salehin et al. Ann Biomed Eng, 2021;49(9): 2080-2093). To understand the changing role of the developing embryonic heart, we studied its biomechanical characteristics during in vivo cardiac cycles. By combining changes in wall strains and IVP measurements, we assessed ventricular wall stiffness during diastolic filling and the ensuing systolic IVP-generation capacity during 3-, 4-, and 5-day post fertilization (dpf). We further examined the anisotropy of wall deformation, in different regions within the ventricle, throughout a complete cardiac cycle. RESULTS We found the ventricular walls grow increasingly stiff during diastolic filling with a corresponding increase in IVP-generation capacity from 3- to 4- and 5-dpf groups. In addition, we found the corresponding increasing level of anisotropic wall deformation through cardiac cycles that favor the latitudinal direction, with the most pronounced found in the equatorial region of the ventricle. CONCLUSIONS From 3- to 4- and 5-dpf groups, the ventricular wall myocardium undergoes increasing level of anisotropic deformation. This, in combination with the increasing wall stiffness and IVP-generation capacity, allows the developing heart to effectively pump blood to meet the rapidly growing embryo's needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabid Salehin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Tanveer Teranikar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Cheng-Jen Chuong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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Zhang J, Zuo Z, Li J, Wang Y, Huang J, Xu L, Jin K, Lu H, Dai Y. In situ assessment of statins’ effect on autophagic activity in zebrafish larvae cardiomyocytes. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:921829. [DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.921829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the survival rate of cardiomyocytes is the key point to treat most of the heart diseases, and targeting autophagy is a potential advanced therapeutic approach. Monitoring autophagic activity in cardiomyocytes in situ will be useful for studying autophagy-related heart disease and screening autophagy-modulating drugs. Zebrafish, Danio rerio, has been proven as an animal model for studying heart diseases in situ. Taken the advantage of zebrafish, especially the imaging of intact animals, here we generated two stable transgenic zebrafish lines that specifically expressed EGFP-map1lc3b or mRFP-EGFP-map1lc3b in cardiomyocytes under the promoter of myosin light chain 7. We first used a few known autophagy-modulating drugs to confirm their usefulness. By quantifying the density of autophagosomes and autolysosomes, autophagy inducers and inhibitors showed their regulatory functions, which were consistent with previous studies. With the two lines, we then found a significant increase in the density of autophagosomes but not autolysosomes in zebrafish cardiomyocytes at the early developmental stages, indicating the involvement of autophagy in early heart development. To prove their applicability, we also tested five clinical statins by the two lines. And we found that statins did not change the density of autophagosomes but reduced the density of autolysosomes in cardiomyocytes, implying their regulation in autophagic flux. Our study provides novel animal models for monitoring autophagic activity in cardiomyocytes in situ, which could be used to study autophagy-related cardiomyopathy and drug screening.
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Halabi R, Cechmanek PB, Hehr CL, McFarlane S. Semaphorin3f as a cardiomyocyte derived regulator of heart chamber development. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:126. [PMID: 35986301 PMCID: PMC9389736 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During development a pool of precursors form a heart with atrial and ventricular chambers that exhibit distinct transcriptional and electrophysiological properties. Normal development of these chambers is essential for full term survival of the fetus, and deviations result in congenital heart defects. The large number of genes that may cause congenital heart defects when mutated, and the genetic variability and penetrance of the ensuing phenotypes, reveals a need to understand the molecular mechanisms that allow for the formation of chamber-specific cardiomyocyte differentiation. Methods We used in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and functional analyses to identify the consequences of the loss of the secreted semaphorin, Sema3fb, in the development of the zebrafish heart by using two sema3fb CRISPR mutant alleles. Results We find that in the developing zebrafish heart sema3fb mRNA is expressed by all cardiomyocytes, whereas mRNA for a known receptor Plexina3 (Plxna3) is expressed preferentially by ventricular cardiomyocytes. In sema3fb CRISPR zebrafish mutants, heart chamber development is impaired; the atria and ventricles of mutants are smaller in size than their wild type siblings, apparently because of differences in cell size and not cell numbers. Analysis of chamber differentiation indicates defects in chamber specific gene expression at the border between the ventricular and atrial chambers, with spillage of ventricular chamber genes into the atrium, and vice versa, and a failure to restrict specialized cardiomyocyte markers to the atrioventricular canal (AVC). The hypoplastic heart chambers are associated with decreased cardiac output and heart edema. Conclusions Based on our data we propose a model whereby cardiomyocytes secrete a Sema cue that, because of spatially restricted expression of the receptor, signals in a ventricular chamber-specific manner to establish a distinct border between atrial and ventricular chambers that is important to produce a fully functional heart. Video abstract
Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00874-8.
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Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, most heart pathologies have limited treatments, and often the only curative approach is heart transplantation. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches for treating cardiac diseases. Animal models that reproduce the human pathophysiology are essential to uncovering the biology of diseases and discovering therapies. Traditionally, mammals have been used as models of cardiac disease, but the cost of generating and maintaining new models is exorbitant, and the studies have very low throughput. In the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as a tractable model for cardiac diseases, owing to several characteristics that made this animal popular among developmental biologists. Zebrafish fertilization and development are external; embryos can be obtained in high numbers, are cheap and easy to maintain, and can be manipulated to create new genetic models. Moreover, zebrafish exhibit an exceptional ability to regenerate their heart after injury. This review summarizes 25 years of research using the zebrafish to study the heart, from the classical forward screenings to the contemporary methods to model mutations found in patients with cardiac disease. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this model organism and introduce the experimental approaches exploited in zebrafish, including forward and reverse genetics and chemical screenings. Last, we review the models used to induce cardiac injury and essential ideas derived from studying natural regeneration. Studies using zebrafish have the potential to accelerate the discovery of new strategies to treat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel González-Rosa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
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10
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Hoareau M, El Kholti N, Debret R, Lambert E. Zebrafish as a Model to Study Vascular Elastic Fibers and Associated Pathologies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2102. [PMID: 35216218 PMCID: PMC8875079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many extensible tissues such as skin, lungs, and blood vessels require elasticity to function properly. The recoil of elastic energy stored during a stretching phase is provided by elastic fibers, which are mostly composed of elastin and fibrillin-rich microfibrils. In arteries, the lack of elastic fibers leads to a weakening of the vessel wall with an increased risk to develop cardiovascular defects such as stenosis, aneurysms, and dissections. The development of new therapeutic molecules involves preliminary tests in animal models that recapitulate the disease and whose response to drugs should be as close as possible to that of humans. Due to its superior in vivo imaging possibilities and the broad tool kit for forward and reverse genetics, the zebrafish has become an important model organism to study human pathologies. Moreover, it is particularly adapted to large scale studies, making it an attractive model in particular for the first steps of investigations. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the zebrafish model for the study of elastic fiber-related vascular pathologies. We evidence zebrafish as a compelling alternative to conventional mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hoareau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7, Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, F-69367 Lyon, France; (N.E.K.); (R.D.)
| | | | | | - Elise Lambert
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Université Lyon 1, 7, Passage du Vercors, CEDEX 07, F-69367 Lyon, France; (N.E.K.); (R.D.)
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11
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Cardiac forces regulate zebrafish heart valve delamination by modulating Nfat signaling. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001505. [PMID: 35030171 PMCID: PMC8794269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinic, most cases of congenital heart valve defects are thought to arise through errors that occur after the endothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) stage of valve development. Although mechanical forces caused by heartbeat are essential modulators of cardiovascular development, their role in these later developmental events is poorly understood. To address this question, we used the zebrafish superior atrioventricular valve (AV) as a model. We found that cellularized cushions of the superior atrioventricular canal (AVC) morph into valve leaflets via mesenchymal–endothelial transition (MEndoT) and tissue sheet delamination. Defects in delamination result in thickened, hyperplastic valves, and reduced heart function. Mechanical, chemical, and genetic perturbation of cardiac forces showed that mechanical stimuli are important regulators of valve delamination. Mechanistically, we show that forces modulate Nfatc activity to control delamination. Together, our results establish the cellular and molecular signature of cardiac valve delamination in vivo and demonstrate the continuous regulatory role of mechanical forces and blood flow during valve formation. Why do developing zebrafish atrioventricular heart valves become hyperplastic under certain hemodynamic conditions? This study suggests that part of the answer lies in how the mechanosensitive Nfat pathway regulates the valve mesenchymal-to-endothelial transition.
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12
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Myocardial Afterload Is a Key Biomechanical Regulator of Atrioventricular Myocyte Differentiation in Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9010022. [PMID: 35050232 PMCID: PMC8779957 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valve development is governed by both genetic and biomechanical inputs. Prior work has demonstrated that oscillating shear stress associated with blood flow is required for normal atrioventricular (AV) valve development. Cardiac afterload is defined as the pressure the ventricle must overcome in order to pump blood throughout the circulatory system. In human patients, conditions of high afterload can cause valve pathology. Whether high afterload adversely affects embryonic valve development remains poorly understood. Here we describe a zebrafish model exhibiting increased myocardial afterload, caused by vasopressin, a vasoconstrictive drug. We show that the application of vasopressin reliably produces an increase in afterload without directly acting on cardiac tissue in zebrafish embryos. We have found that increased afterload alters the rate of growth of the cardiac chambers and causes remodeling of cardiomyocytes. Consistent with pathology seen in patients with clinically high afterload, we see defects in both the form and the function of the valve leaflets. Our results suggest that valve defects are due to changes in atrioventricular myocyte signaling, rather than pressure directly acting on the endothelial valve leaflet cells. Cardiac afterload should therefore be considered a biomechanical factor that particularly impacts embryonic valve development.
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Gauvrit S, Bossaer J, Lee J, Collins MM. Modeling Human Cardiac Arrhythmias: Insights from Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9010013. [PMID: 35050223 PMCID: PMC8779270 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heart rhythm, is associated with morbidity and mortality and is described as one of the most important future public health challenges. Therefore, developing new models of cardiac arrhythmia is critical for understanding disease mechanisms, determining genetic underpinnings, and developing new therapeutic strategies. In the last few decades, the zebrafish has emerged as an attractive model to reproduce in vivo human cardiac pathologies, including arrhythmias. Here, we highlight the contribution of zebrafish to the field and discuss the available cardiac arrhythmia models. Further, we outline techniques to assess potential heart rhythm defects in larval and adult zebrafish. As genetic tools in zebrafish continue to bloom, this model will be crucial for functional genomics studies and to develop personalized anti-arrhythmic therapies.
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14
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Gunawan F, Priya R, Stainier DYR. Sculpting the heart: Cellular mechanisms shaping valves and trabeculae. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 73:26-34. [PMID: 34147705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transformation of the heart from a simple tube to a complex organ requires the orchestration of several morphogenetic processes. Two structures critical for cardiac function, the cardiac valves and the trabecular network, are formed through extensive tissue morphogenesis-endocardial cell migration, deadhesion and differentiation into fibroblast-like cells during valve formation, and cardiomyocyte delamination and apico-basal depolarization during trabeculation. Here, we review current knowledge of how these specialized structures acquire their shape by focusing on the underlying cellular behaviors and molecular mechanisms, highlighting findings from in vivo models and briefly discussing the recent advances in cardiac cell culture and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gunawan
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Frankfurt, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Rashmi Priya
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim, Germany; Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Bad Nauheim, Frankfurt, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Park H, Yun BH, Lim W, Song G. Dinitramine induces cardiotoxicity and morphological alterations on zebrafish embryo development. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105982. [PMID: 34598048 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dinitramine (DN), an herbicide in the dinitroaniline family, is used in agricultural areas to prevent unwanted plant growth. Dinitroaniline herbicides inhibit cell division by preventing microtubulin synthesis. They are strongly absorbed by the soil and can contaminate groundwater; however, the mode of action of these herbicides in non-target organisms remains unclear. In this study, we examined the developmental toxicity of DN in zebrafish embryos exposed to 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 mg/L DN, compared to embryos exposed to DMSO (control) for 96 h. Visual assessments using transgenic zebrafish (fli1:eGFP) indicated abnormal cardiac development with enlarged ventricles and atria, decreased heartbeats, and impaired cardiac function. Along with cardiac development, vessel formation and angiogenesis were suppressed through activation of the inflammatory response. In addition, exposure to 6.4 mg/L DN for 96 h induced cell death, with upregulation of genes related to apoptosis. Our results showed that DN induced morphological changes and triggered an inflammatory response and apoptotic cell death that can impair embryonic growth and survival, providing an important mechanism of DN in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hahyun Park
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Yun
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Whasun Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Chakraborty S, Allmon E, Sepúlveda MS, Vlachos PP. Haemodynamic dependence of mechano-genetic evolution of the cardiovascular system in Japanese medaka. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210752. [PMID: 34699728 PMCID: PMC8548083 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of cardiac gene expression-wall shear stress (WSS) interplay is critical to identifying developmental defects during cardiovascular morphogenesis. However, mechano-genetics from the embryonic to larval stages are poorly understood in vertebrates. We quantified peak WSS in the heart and tail vessels of Japanese medaka from 3 days post fertilization (dpf) to 14 dpf using in vivo micro-particle image velocimetry flow measurements, and in parallel analysed the expression of five cardiac genes (fgf8, hoxb6b, bmp4, nkx2.5, smyd1). Here, we report that WSS in the atrioventricular canal (AVC), ventricular outflow tract (OFT), and the caudal vessels in medaka peak with inflection points at 6 dpf and 10-11 dpf instead of a monotonic trend. Retrograde flows are captured at the AVC and OFT of the medaka heart for the first time. In addition, all genes were upregulated at 3 dpf and 7 dpf, indicating a possible correlation between the two, with the cardiac gene upregulation preceding WSS increase in order to facilitate cardiac wall remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyashi Chakraborty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Allmon
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maria S. Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pavlos P. Vlachos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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17
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Wang Z, Ding Y, Satta S, Roustaei M, Fei P, Hsiai TK. A hybrid of light-field and light-sheet imaging to study myocardial function and intracardiac blood flow during zebrafish development. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009175. [PMID: 34228702 PMCID: PMC8284633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical forces intimately contribute to cardiac morphogenesis. However, volumetric imaging to investigate the cardiac mechanics with high temporal and spatial resolution remains an imaging challenge. We hereby integrated light-field microscopy (LFM) with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), coupled with a retrospective gating method, to simultaneously access myocardial contraction and intracardiac blood flow at 200 volumes per second. While LSFM allows for the reconstruction of the myocardial function, LFM enables instantaneous acquisition of the intracardiac blood cells traversing across the valves. We further adopted deformable image registration to quantify the ventricular wall displacement and particle tracking velocimetry to monitor intracardiac blood flow. The integration of LFM and LSFM enabled the time-dependent tracking of the individual blood cells and the differential rates of segmental wall displacement during a cardiac cycle. Taken together, we demonstrated a hybrid system, coupled with our image analysis pipeline, to simultaneously capture the myocardial wall motion with intracardiac blood flow during cardiac development. During the conception of the heart, cardiac muscular contraction and blood flow generate biomechanical forces to influence the functional and structural development. To elucidate the underlying biomechanical mechanisms, we have embraced the zebrafish system for the ease of genetic and pharmacological manipulations and its rapidity for organ development. However, acquiring the dynamic processes (space + time domain) in the small beating zebrafish heart remains a challenge. In the presence of a rapid heartbeat, microscopy is confined by temporal resolution to image the cardiac contraction and blood flow. In this context, we demonstrated an integrated light-sheet and light-field imaging system to visualize cardiac contraction along with the flowing blood cells inside the cardiac chambers. Assuming the periodicity of the cardiac cycle, we synchronized the image data in post-processing for 3-D reconstruction. We further quantified the velocity of the various regions of cardiac muscular contraction, and tracked the individual blood cells during the cardiac cycles. The time-dependent velocity maps allow for uncovering differential segments of cardiac contraction and relaxation, and for revealing the patterns of blood flow. Thus, our integrated light-sheet and light-field imaging system provides an experimental basis to further investigate cardiac function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yichen Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sandro Satta
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mehrdad Roustaei
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Peng Fei
- School of Optical and Electronic Information-Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (PF); (TKH)
| | - Tzung K. Hsiai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PF); (TKH)
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18
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Hallab JC, Nim HT, Stolper J, Chahal G, Waylen L, Bolk F, Elliott DA, Porrello E, Ramialison M. Towards spatio-temporally resolved developmental cardiac gene regulatory networks in zebrafish. Brief Funct Genomics 2021:elab030. [PMID: 34170300 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart formation in the zebrafish involves a rapid, complex series of morphogenetic events in three-dimensional space that spans cardiac lineage specification through to chamber formation and maturation. This process is tightly orchestrated by a cardiac gene regulatory network (GRN), which ensures the precise spatio-temporal deployment of genes critical for heart formation. Alterations of the timing or spatial localisation of gene expression can have a significant impact in cardiac ontogeny and may lead to heart malformations. Hence, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of congenital heart disease relies on understanding the behaviour of cardiac GRNs with precise spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we review the recent technical advances that have expanded our capacity to interrogate the cardiac GRN in zebrafish. In particular, we focus on studies utilising high-throughput technologies to systematically dissect gene expression patterns, both temporally and spatially during heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute and Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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19
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Kemmler CL, Riemslagh FW, Moran HR, Mosimann C. From Stripes to a Beating Heart: Early Cardiac Development in Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:17. [PMID: 33578943 PMCID: PMC7916704 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is the first functional organ to form during vertebrate development. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of human birth defect, many originating as anomalies in early heart development. The zebrafish model provides an accessible vertebrate system to study early heart morphogenesis and to gain new insights into the mechanisms of congenital disease. Although composed of only two chambers compared with the four-chambered mammalian heart, the zebrafish heart integrates the core processes and cellular lineages central to cardiac development across vertebrates. The rapid, translucent development of zebrafish is amenable to in vivo imaging and genetic lineage tracing techniques, providing versatile tools to study heart field migration and myocardial progenitor addition and differentiation. Combining transgenic reporters with rapid genome engineering via CRISPR-Cas9 allows for functional testing of candidate genes associated with congenital heart defects and the discovery of molecular causes leading to observed phenotypes. Here, we summarize key insights gained through zebrafish studies into the early patterning of uncommitted lateral plate mesoderm into cardiac progenitors and their regulation. We review the central genetic mechanisms, available tools, and approaches for modeling congenital heart anomalies in the zebrafish as a representative vertebrate model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Christian Mosimann
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (C.L.K.); (F.W.R.); (H.R.M.)
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20
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Salehin N, Villarreal C, Teranikar T, Dubansky B, Lee J, Chuong CJ. Assessing Pressure-Volume Relationship in Developing Heart of Zebrafish In-Vivo. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:2080-2093. [PMID: 33532949 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, the developing heart transforms from a linear peristaltic tube into a multi-chambered pulsatile pump with blood flow-regulating valves. In this work, we report how hemodynamic parameters evolve during the heart's development, leading to its rhythmic pumping and blood flow regulation as a functioning organ. We measured the time course of intra-ventricular pressure from zebrafish embryos at 3, 4, and 5 days post fertilization (dpf) using the servo null method. We also measured the ventricular volume and monitored the opening/closing activity of the AV and VB valves using 4D selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM). Our results revealed significant increases in peak systolic pressure, stroke volume and work, cardiac output, and power generation, and a total peripheral resistance decrease from zebrafish at 4, 5 dpf versus 3 dpf. These data illustrate that the early-stage zebrafish heart's increasing efficiency is synchronous with the expected changes in valve development, chamber morphology and increasing vascular network complexity. Such physiological measurements in tractable laboratory model organisms are critical for understanding how gene variants may affect phenotype. As the zebrafish emerges as a leading biomedical model organism, the ability to effectively measure its physiology is critical to its translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabid Salehin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Cameron Villarreal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Tanveer Teranikar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Benjamin Dubansky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76201, USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Cheng-Jen Chuong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA.
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21
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Lane S, More LA, Asnani A. Zebrafish Models of Cancer Therapy-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8020008. [PMID: 33499052 PMCID: PMC7911266 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review: Both traditional and novel cancer therapies can cause cardiovascular toxicity in patients. In vivo models integrating both cardiovascular and cancer phenotypes allow for the study of on- and off-target mechanisms of toxicity arising from these agents. The zebrafish is the optimal whole organism model to screen for cardiotoxicity in a high throughput manner, while simultaneously assessing the role of cardiotoxicity pathways on the cancer therapy’s antitumor effect. Here we highlight established zebrafish models of human cardiovascular disease and cancer, the unique advantages of zebrafish to study mechanisms of cancer therapy-associated cardiovascular toxicity, and finally, important limitations to consider when using the zebrafish to study toxicity. Recent findings: Cancer therapy-associated cardiovascular toxicities range from cardiomyopathy with traditional agents to arrhythmias and thrombotic complications associated with newer targeted therapies. The zebrafish can be used to identify novel therapeutic strategies that selectively protect the heart from cancer therapy without affecting antitumor activity. Advances in genome editing technology have enabled the creation of several transgenic zebrafish lines valuable to the study of cardiovascular and cancer pathophysiology. Summary: The high degree of genetic conservation between zebrafish and humans, as well as the ability to recapitulate cardiotoxic phenotypes observed in patients with cancer, make the zebrafish an effective model to study cancer therapy-associated cardiovascular toxicity. Though this model provides several key benefits over existing in vitro and in vivo models, limitations of the zebrafish model include the early developmental stage required for most high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lane
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.L.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Luis Alberto More
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.L.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Aarti Asnani
- CardioVascular Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (S.L.); (L.A.M.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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22
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van de Venter M, Didloff J, Reddy S, Swanepoel B, Govender S, Dambuza NS, Williams S, Koekemoer TC, Venables L. Wild-Type Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Larvae as a Vertebrate Model for Diabetes and Comorbidities: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:E54. [PMID: 33396883 PMCID: PMC7824285 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have become a popular alternative to higher animals in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. The development of stable mutant lines to model target specific aspects of many diseases, including diabetes, is well reported. However, these mutant lines are much more costly and challenging to maintain than wild-type zebrafish and are simply not an option for many research facilities. As an alternative to address the disadvantages of advanced mutant lines, wild-type larvae may represent a suitable option. In this review, we evaluate organ development in zebrafish larvae and discuss established methods that use wild-type zebrafish larvae up to seven days post fertilization to test for potential drug candidates for diabetes and its commonly associated conditions of oxidative stress and inflammation. This provides an up to date overview of the relevance of wild-type zebrafish larvae as a vertebrate antidiabetic model and confidence as an alternative tool for preclinical studies. We highlight the advantages and disadvantages of established methods and suggest recommendations for future developments to promote the use of zebrafish, specifically larvae, rather than higher animals in the early phase of antidiabetic drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna van de Venter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Jenske Didloff
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Shanika Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Bresler Swanepoel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Sharlene Govender
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Ntokozo Shirley Dambuza
- Department of Pharmacy, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa;
| | - Saralene Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Trevor Craig Koekemoer
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
| | - Luanne Venables
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, PO Box 77000, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa; (J.D.); (S.R.); (B.S.); (S.G.); (S.W.); (T.C.K.); (L.V.)
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23
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Azman N, Zainudin NAIM, Ibrahim WNW. Fumonisin B 1 Production by Fusarium Species and Mycotoxigenic Effect on Larval Zebrafish. Trop Life Sci Res 2020; 31:91-107. [PMID: 33214858 PMCID: PMC7652242 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2020.31.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a common mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species particularly F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides. The toxin produced can cause adverse effects on humans and animals. The objectives of this study were to detect the production of FB1 based on the amplification of FUM1 gene, to quantify FB1 produced by the isolates using Ultra-fast Liquid Chromatography (UFLC) analysis, to examine the embryotoxicity effect of FB1 and to determine EC50 toward the larvae of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fifty isolates of Fusarium species were isolated from different hosts throughout Malaysia. Successful amplification of the FUM1 gene showed the presence of this gene (800 bp) in the genome of 48 out of 50 isolates. The highest level of FB1 produced by F. proliferatum isolate B2433 was 6677.32 ppm meanwhile F. verticillioides isolate J1363 was 954.01 ppm. From the assessment of embryotoxicity test of FB1 on larvae of zebrafish, five concentrations of FB1 (0.43 ppm, 0.58 ppm, 0.72 ppm, 0.87 ppm and 1.00 ppm) were tested. Morphological changes of the FB1 exposed-larvae were observed at 24 to 168 hpf. The mortality rate and abnormality of zebrafish larvae were significantly increased at 144 hpf exposure. Meanwhile, the spontaneous tail coiling showed a significant difference. There were no significant differences in the heartbeat rate. As a conclusion, the presence of FUM1 in every isolate can be detected by FUM1 gene analysis and both of the species produced different concentrations of FB1. This is the first report of FB1 produced by Fusarium species gave a significant effect on zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najihah Azman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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24
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Lu PN, Moreland T, Christian CJ, Lund TC, Steet RA, Flanagan-Steet H. Inappropriate cathepsin K secretion promotes its enzymatic activation driving heart and valve malformation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133019. [PMID: 33055423 PMCID: PMC7605527 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent the most common birth defect, a comprehensive understanding of disease etiology remains unknown. This is further complicated since CHDs can occur in isolation or as a feature of another disorder. Analyzing disorders with associated CHDs provides a powerful platform to identify primary pathogenic mechanisms driving disease. Aberrant localization and expression of cathepsin proteases can perpetuate later-stage heart diseases, but their contribution toward CHDs is unclear. To investigate the contribution of cathepsins during cardiovascular development and congenital disease, we analyzed the pathogenesis of cardiac defects in zebrafish models of the lysosomal storage disorder mucolipidosis II (MLII). MLII is caused by mutations in the GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase enzyme (Gnptab) that disrupt carbohydrate-dependent sorting of lysosomal enzymes. Without Gnptab, lysosomal hydrolases, including cathepsin proteases, are inappropriately secreted. Analyses of heart development in gnptab-deficient zebrafish show cathepsin K secretion increases its activity, disrupts TGF-β–related signaling, and alters myocardial and valvular formation. Importantly, cathepsin K inhibition restored normal heart and valve development in MLII embryos. Collectively, these data identify mislocalized cathepsin K as an initiator of cardiac disease in this lysosomal disorder and establish cathepsin inhibition as a viable therapeutic strategy. Mislocalized cathepsin K promotes cardiac disease in a zebrafish model of the lysosomal disorder mucolipidosis II and can be targeted by cathespin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Nien Lu
- Greenwood Genetic Center, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Trevor Moreland
- Greenwood Genetic Center, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | - Courtney J Christian
- Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Emory University Laney Graduate School, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Troy C Lund
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Richard A Steet
- Greenwood Genetic Center, J.C. Self Research Institute, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
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25
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Tsata V, Beis D. In Full Force. Mechanotransduction and Morphogenesis during Homeostasis and Tissue Regeneration. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7040040. [PMID: 33019569 PMCID: PMC7711708 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of form and function have been the focus of numerous studies in the context of development and more recently regeneration. Our understanding on how cells, tissues and organs sense and interpret external cues, such as mechanical forces, is becoming deeper as novel techniques in imaging are applied and the relevant signaling pathways emerge. These cellular responses can be found from bacteria to all multicellular organisms such as plants and animals. In this review, we focus on hemodynamic flow and endothelial shear stress during cardiovascular development and regeneration, where the interactions of morphogenesis and proper function are more prominent. In addition, we address the recent literature on the role of extracellular matrix and fibrotic response during tissue repair and regeneration. Finally, we refer to examples where the integration of multi-disciplinary approaches to understand the biomechanics of cellular responses could be utilized in novel medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Tsata
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (D.B.); Tel.: +3021-0659-7439 (V.T. & D.B.)
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Correspondence: (V.T.); (D.B.); Tel.: +3021-0659-7439 (V.T. & D.B.)
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26
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Abstract
The valves of the heart are crucial for ensuring that blood flows in one direction from the heart, through the lungs and back to the rest of the body. Heart valve development is regulated by complex interactions between different cardiac cell types and is subject to blood flow-driven forces. Recent work has begun to elucidate the important roles of developmental pathways, valve cell heterogeneity and hemodynamics in determining the structure and function of developing valves. Furthermore, this work has revealed that many key genetic pathways involved in cardiac valve development are also implicated in diseased valves. Here, we review recent discoveries that have furthered our understanding of the molecular, cellular and mechanosensitive mechanisms of valve development, and highlight new insights into congenital and acquired valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O'Donnell
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- The Heart Institute, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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27
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Biomechanical Cues Direct Valvulogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2020; 7:jcdd7020018. [PMID: 32438610 PMCID: PMC7345189 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate embryonic heart initially forms with two chambers, a ventricle and an atrium, separated by the atrioventricular junction. Localized genetic and biomechanical information guides the development of valves, which function to ensure unidirectional blood flow. If the valve development process goes awry, pathology associated with congenital valve defects can ensue. Congenital valve defects (CVD) are estimated to affect 1–2% of the population and can often require a lifetime of treatment. Despite significant clinical interest, molecular genetic mechanisms that direct valve development remain incompletely elucidated. Cells in the developing valve must contend with a dynamic hemodynamic environment. A growing body of research supports the idea that cells in the valve are highly sensitive to biomechanical forces, which cue changes in gene expression required for normal development or for maintenance of the adult valve. This review will focus on mechanotransductive pathways involved in valve development across model species. We highlight current knowledge regarding how cells sense physical forces associated with blood flow and pressure in the forming heart, and summarize how these changes are transduced into genetic and developmental responses. Lastly, we provide perspectives on how altered biomechanical cues may lead to CVD pathogenesis.
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28
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Wen L, Fan Z, Mikulski Z, Ley K. Imaging of the immune system - towards a subcellular and molecular understanding. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/5/jcs234922. [PMID: 32139598 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.234922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses involve many types of leukocytes that traffic to the site of injury, recognize the insult and respond appropriately. Imaging of the immune system involves a set of methods and analytical tools that are used to visualize immune responses at the cellular and molecular level as they occur in real time. We will review recent and emerging technological advances in optical imaging, and their application to understanding the molecular and cellular responses of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes. Optical live-cell imaging provides deep mechanistic insights at the molecular, cellular, tissue and organism levels. Live-cell imaging can capture quantitative information in real time at subcellular resolution with minimal phototoxicity and repeatedly in the same living cells or in accessible tissues of the living organism. Advanced FRET probes allow tracking signaling events in live cells. Light-sheet microscopy allows for deeper tissue penetration in optically clear samples, enriching our understanding of the higher-level organization of the immune response. Super-resolution microscopy offers insights into compartmentalized signaling at a resolution beyond the diffraction limit, approaching single-molecule resolution. This Review provides a current perspective on live-cell imaging in vitro and in vivo with a focus on the assessment of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wen
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Klaus Ley
- Laboratory of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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29
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Advanced blood flow assessment in Zebrafish via experimental digital particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics modeling. Micron 2020; 130:102801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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30
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Gunawan F, Gentile A, Gauvrit S, Stainier DYR, Bensimon-Brito A. Nfatc1 Promotes Interstitial Cell Formation During Cardiac Valve Development in Zebrafish. Circ Res 2020; 126:968-984. [PMID: 32070236 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The transcription factor NFATC1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cell 1) has been implicated in cardiac valve formation in humans and mice, but we know little about the underlying mechanisms. To gain mechanistic understanding of cardiac valve formation at single-cell resolution and insights into the role of NFATC1 in this process, we used the zebrafish model as it offers unique attributes for live imaging and facile genetics. OBJECTIVE To understand the role of Nfatc1 in cardiac valve formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the zebrafish atrioventricular valve, we focus on the valve interstitial cells (VICs), which confer biomechanical strength to the cardiac valve leaflets. We find that initially atrioventricular endocardial cells migrate collectively into the cardiac jelly to form a bilayered structure; subsequently, the cells that led this migration invade the ECM (extracellular matrix) between the 2 endocardial cell monolayers, undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition as marked by loss of intercellular adhesion, and differentiate into VICs. These cells proliferate and are joined by a few neural crest-derived cells. VIC expansion and a switch from a promigratory to an elastic ECM drive valve leaflet elongation. Functional analysis of Nfatc1 reveals its requirement during VIC development. Zebrafish nfatc1 mutants form significantly fewer VICs due to reduced proliferation and impaired recruitment of endocardial and neural crest cells during the early stages of VIC development. With high-speed microscopy and echocardiography, we show that reduced VIC formation correlates with valvular dysfunction and severe retrograde blood flow that persist into adulthood. Analysis of downstream effectors reveals that Nfatc1 promotes the expression of twist1b-a well-known regulator of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS Our study sheds light on the function of Nfatc1 in zebrafish cardiac valve development and reveals its role in VIC formation. It also further establishes the zebrafish as a powerful model to carry out longitudinal studies of valve formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gunawan
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Sébastien Gauvrit
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
| | - Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (F.G., A.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.).,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Bad Nauheim (F.G., S.G., D.Y.R.S., A.B.-B.)
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31
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Garoffolo G, Pesce M. Mechanotransduction in the Cardiovascular System: From Developmental Origins to Homeostasis and Pathology. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121607. [PMID: 31835742 PMCID: PMC6953076 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the term ‘mechanotransduction’, it is intended the ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical forces by activating intracellular signal transduction pathways and the relative phenotypic adaptation. While a known role of mechanical stimuli has been acknowledged for developmental biology processes and morphogenesis in various organs, the response of cells to mechanical cues is now also emerging as a major pathophysiology determinant. Cells of the cardiovascular system are typically exposed to a variety of mechanical stimuli ranging from compression to strain and flow (shear) stress. In addition, these cells can also translate subtle changes in biophysical characteristics of the surrounding matrix, such as the stiffness, into intracellular activation cascades with consequent evolution toward pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic phenotypes. Since cellular mechanotransduction has a potential readout on long-lasting modifications of the chromatin, exposure of the cells to mechanically altered environments may have similar persisting consequences to those of metabolic dysfunctions or chronic inflammation. In the present review, we highlight the roles of mechanical forces on the control of cardiovascular formation during embryogenesis, and in the development and pathogenesis of the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Garoffolo
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, I-20138 Milan, Italy;
- PhD Program in Translational and Molecular Medicine DIMET, Università di Milano - Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Via Parea, 4, I-20138 Milan, Italy;
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32
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Bensimon-Brito A, Ramkumar S, Boezio GLM, Guenther S, Kuenne C, Helker CSM, Sánchez-Iranzo H, Iloska D, Piesker J, Pullamsetti S, Mercader N, Beis D, Stainier DYR. TGF-β Signaling Promotes Tissue Formation during Cardiac Valve Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish. Dev Cell 2019; 52:9-20.e7. [PMID: 31786069 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac valve disease can lead to severe cardiac dysfunction and is thus a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. Its main treatment is valve replacement, which is currently greatly limited by the poor recellularization and tissue formation potential of the implanted valves. As we still lack suitable animal models to identify modulators of these processes, here we used adult zebrafish and found that, upon valve decellularization, they initiate a rapid regenerative program that leads to the formation of new functional valves. After injury, endothelial and kidney marrow-derived cells undergo cell cycle re-entry and differentiate into new extracellular matrix-secreting valve cells. The TGF-β signaling pathway promotes the regenerative process by enhancing progenitor cell proliferation as well as valve cell differentiation. These findings reveal a key role for TGF-β signaling in cardiac valve regeneration and establish the zebrafish as a model to identify and test factors promoting cardiac valve recellularization and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.
| | - Srinath Ramkumar
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Giulia L M Boezio
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Christian S M Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Research Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Dijana Iloska
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Scientific Service Group Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Soni Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.
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33
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Taylor JM, Nelson CJ, Bruton FA, Kaveh A, Buckley C, Tucker CS, Rossi AG, Mullins JJ, Denvir MA. Adaptive prospective optical gating enables day-long 3D time-lapse imaging of the beating embryonic zebrafish heart. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5173. [PMID: 31729395 PMCID: PMC6858381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13112-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional fluorescence time-lapse imaging of the beating heart is extremely challenging, due to the heart's constant motion and a need to avoid pharmacological or phototoxic damage. Although real-time triggered imaging can computationally "freeze" the heart for 3D imaging, no previous algorithm has been able to maintain phase-lock across developmental timescales. We report a new algorithm capable of maintaining day-long phase-lock, permitting routine acquisition of synchronised 3D + time video time-lapse datasets of the beating zebrafish heart. This approach has enabled us for the first time to directly observe detailed developmental and cellular processes in the beating heart, revealing the dynamics of the immune response to injury and witnessing intriguing proliferative events that challenge the established literature on cardiac trabeculation. Our approach opens up exciting new opportunities for direct time-lapse imaging studies over a 24-hour time course, to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying cardiac development, repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Taylor
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Carl J Nelson
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Finnius A Bruton
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aryan Kaveh
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carl S Tucker
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin A Denvir
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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34
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Kefalos P, Agalou A, Kawakami K, Beis D. Reactivation of Notch signaling is required for cardiac valve regeneration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16059. [PMID: 31690782 PMCID: PMC6831700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac Valve Disease is one of the most common heart disorders with an emerging epidemic of cardiac valve degeneration due to aging. Zebrafish can regenerate most of their organs, including their heart. We aimed to explore the regenerative potential of cardiac valves and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. We used an inducible, tissue-specific system of chemogenetic ablation and showed that zebrafish can also regenerate their cardiac valves. Upon valvular damage at larval stages, the intracardiac flow pattern becomes reminiscent of the early embryonic stages, exhibiting an increase in the retrograde flow fraction through the atrioventricular canal. As a result of the altered hemodynamics, notch1b and klf2a expression are ectopically upregulated, adopting the expression pattern of earlier developmental stages. We find that Notch signaling is re-activated upon valvular damage both at larval and adult stages and that it is required during the initial regeneration phase of cardiac valves. Our results introduce an animal model of cardiac valve specific ablation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kefalos
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Center for Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, GR11527, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, GR26504, Greece
| | - Adamantia Agalou
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Center for Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, GR11527, Greece
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Zebrafish Disease Model lab, Center for Experimental Surgery, Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, GR11527, Greece.
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35
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Mu X, Liu J, Yuan L, Yang K, Huang Y, Wang C, Yang W, Shen G, Li Y. The mechanisms underlying the developmental effects of bisphenol F on zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:877-884. [PMID: 31412491 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing use of bisphenol F (BPF) as BPA alternative, BPF are widely distributed in multiple environment media. Our previous study demonstrated that BPF possess equivalent toxicity towards zebrafish as BPA, while its toxic mechanism remains largely unknown. To investigate the mechanisms mediating the developmental effects of BPF, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.0005, 0.5, and 5.0 mg/L BPF. Morphological examination indicated that BPF exposure led to depigmentation, decreased heart rate, inhibited spontaneous movement, hatch inhibition, and spinal deformation. Motor neuron-green fluorescence zebrafish assay indicated that exposure to 0.5 or 5.0 mg/L BPF affected embryonic motor neuron development, which is consistent with the spinal defect and spontaneous movement inhibition. Transcriptomic analysis showed that genes associated with the observed symptoms, including neuron development (ngln2a, socs3a, fosb), cardiac development (klf2a), and spinal deformation (ngs, col8a1a, egr2a), were down-regulated after exposure to either 0.0005 (environmental relevant concentration) or 0.5 mg/L BPF. This partially explained the mechanisms underlying the effects of BPF. In conclusion, BPF had the potential to affect zebrafish development even at environmental level through down-regulating associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Mu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lilai Yuan
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengju Wang
- College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongming Shen
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingren Li
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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36
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Duchemin AL, Vignes H, Vermot J. Mechanically activated piezo channels modulate outflow tract valve development through the Yap1 and Klf2-Notch signaling axis. eLife 2019; 8:44706. [PMID: 31524599 PMCID: PMC6779468 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are well known for modulating heart valve developmental programs. Yet, it is still unclear how genetic programs and mechanosensation interact during heart valve development. Here, we assessed the mechanosensitive pathways involved during zebrafish outflow tract (OFT) valve development in vivo. Our results show that the hippo effector Yap1, Klf2, and the Notch signaling pathway are all essential for OFT valve morphogenesis in response to mechanical forces, albeit active in different cell layers. Furthermore, we show that Piezo and TRP mechanosensitive channels are important factors modulating these pathways. In addition, live reporters reveal that Piezo controls Klf2 and Notch activity in the endothelium and Yap1 localization in the smooth muscle progenitors to coordinate OFT valve morphogenesis. Together, this work identifies a unique morphogenetic program during OFT valve formation and places Piezo as a central modulator of the cell response to forces in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Duchemin
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Hélène Vignes
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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37
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Foo YY, Pant S, Tay HS, Imangali N, Chen N, Winkler C, Yap CH. 4D modelling of fluid mechanics in the zebrafish embryonic heart. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:221-232. [PMID: 31446522 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal blood flow mechanics can result in pathological heart malformation, underlining the importance of understanding embryonic cardiac fluid mechanics. In the current study, we performed image-based computational fluid dynamics simulation of the zebrafish embryonic heart ventricles and characterized flow mechanics, organ dynamics, and energy dynamics in detail. 4D scans of 5 days post-fertilization embryonic hearts with GFP-labelled myocardium were acquired using line-scan focal modulation microscopy. This revealed that the zebrafish hearts exhibited a wave-like contractile/relaxation motion from the inlet to the outlet during both systole and diastole, which we showed to be an energy efficient configuration. No impedance pumping effects of pressure and velocity waves were observed. Due to its tube-like configuration, inflow velocities were higher near the inlet and smaller at the outlet and vice versa for outflow velocities. This resulted in an interesting spatial wall shear stress (WSS) pattern where WSS waveforms near the inlet and those near the outlet were out of phase. There was large spatial variability in WSS magnitudes. Peak WSS was in the range of 47.5-130 dyne/cm2 at the inflow and outflow tracts, but were much smaller, in the range of 4-11 dyne/cm2, in the mid-ventricular segment. Due to very low Reynolds number and the highly viscous environment, intraventricular pressure gradients were high, suggesting substantial energy losses of flow through the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Yin Foo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shilpa Pant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huiping Shermaine Tay
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurgul Imangali
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nanguang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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38
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Gunawan F, Gentile A, Fukuda R, Tsedeke AT, Jiménez-Amilburu V, Ramadass R, Iida A, Sehara-Fujisawa A, Stainier DYR. Focal adhesions are essential to drive zebrafish heart valve morphogenesis. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1039-1054. [PMID: 30635353 PMCID: PMC6400548 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201807175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gunawan et al. analyze at single-cell resolution collective endocardial cell migration into the extracellular matrix and the cellular rearrangements forming leaflets during zebrafish heart valve formation. They show that focal adhesion activity driven by Integrin α5β1 and Talin1 are essential to drive cardiac valve morphogenesis in zebrafish. Elucidating the morphogenetic events that shape vertebrate heart valves, complex structures that prevent retrograde blood flow, is critical to understanding valvular development and aberrations. Here, we used the zebrafish atrioventricular (AV) valve to investigate these events in real time and at single-cell resolution. We report the initial events of collective migration of AV endocardial cells (ECs) into the extracellular matrix (ECM), and their subsequent rearrangements to form the leaflets. We functionally characterize integrin-based focal adhesions (FAs), critical mediators of cell–ECM interactions, during valve morphogenesis. Using transgenes to block FA signaling specifically in AV ECs as well as loss-of-function approaches, we show that FA signaling mediated by Integrin α5β1 and Talin1 promotes AV EC migration and overall shaping of the valve leaflets. Altogether, our investigation reveals the critical processes driving cardiac valve morphogenesis in vivo and establishes the zebrafish AV valve as a vertebrate model to study FA-regulated tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Gunawan
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Fukuda
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ayele Taddese Tsedeke
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Vanesa Jiménez-Amilburu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Radhan Ramadass
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Atsuo Iida
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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39
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Battista NA, Lane AN, Liu J, Miller LA. Fluid dynamics in heart development: effects of hematocrit and trabeculation. MATHEMATICAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE IMA 2018; 35:493-516. [PMID: 29161412 PMCID: PMC7970531 DOI: 10.1093/imammb/dqx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent in vivo experiments have illustrated the importance of understanding the haemodynamics of heart morphogenesis. In particular, ventricular trabeculation is governed by a delicate interaction between haemodynamic forces, myocardial activity, and morphogen gradients, all of which are coupled to genetic regulatory networks. The underlying haemodynamics at the stage of development in which the trabeculae form is particularly complex, given the balance between inertial and viscous forces. Small perturbations in the geometry, scale, and steadiness of the flow can lead to changes in the overall flow structures and chemical morphogen gradients, including the local direction of flow, the transport of morphogens, and the formation of vortices. The immersed boundary method was used to solve the two-dimensional fluid-structure interaction problem of fluid flow moving through a two chambered heart of a zebrafish (Danio rerio), with a trabeculated ventricle, at 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Trabeculae heights and hematocrit were varied, and simulations were conducted for two orders of magnitude of Womersley number, extending beyond the biologically relevant range (0.2-12.0). Both intracardial and intertrabecular vortices formed in the ventricle for biologically relevant parameter values. The bifurcation from smooth streaming flow to vortical flow depends upon the trabeculae geometry, hematocrit, and Womersley number, $Wo$. This work shows the importance of hematocrit and geometry in determining the bulk flow patterns in the heart at this stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Battista
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA, Department of Mathematics, CB 3250, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and Department of Biology, 3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Andrea N. Lane
- Department of Mathematics, CB 3250, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- McAllister Heart Institute, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura A. Miller
- Department of Mathematics, CB 3250, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and Department of Biology, 3280, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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40
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Paolini A, Abdelilah-Seyfried S. The mechanobiology of zebrafish cardiac valve leaflet formation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 55:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Peterson JC, Chughtai M, Wisse LJ, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Feng Q, Goumans MJTH, VanMunsteren JC, Jongbloed MRM, DeRuiter MC. Bicuspid aortic valve formation: Nos3 mutation leads to abnormal lineage patterning of neural crest cells and the second heart field. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.034637. [PMID: 30242109 PMCID: PMC6215433 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), a valve with two instead of three aortic leaflets, belongs to the most prevalent congenital heart diseases in the world, occurring in 0.5-2% of the general population. We aimed to understand how changes in early cellular contributions result in BAV formation and impact cardiovascular outflow tract development. Detailed 3D reconstructions, immunohistochemistry and morphometrics determined that, during valvulogenesis, the non-coronary leaflet separates from the parietal outflow tract cushion instead of originating from an intercalated cushion. Nos3-/- mice develop a BAV without a raphe as a result of incomplete separation of the parietal outflow tract cushion into the right and non-coronary leaflet. Genetic lineage tracing of endothelial, second heart field and neural crest cells revealed altered deposition of neural crest cells and second heart field cells within the parietal outflow tract cushion of Nos3-/- embryos. The abnormal cell lineage distributions also affected the positioning of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the orifice level. The results demonstrate that the development of the right and non-coronary leaflets are closely related. A small deviation in the distribution of neural crest and second heart field populations affects normal valve formation and results in the predominant right-non-type BAV in Nos3-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Peterson
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Chughtai
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus J Wisse
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Qingping Feng
- Dept. Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Marie-José T H Goumans
- Dept. Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Conny VanMunsteren
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique R M Jongbloed
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Dept. Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marco C DeRuiter
- Dept. Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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42
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Ding Y, Ma J, Langenbacher AD, Baek KI, Lee J, Chang CC, Hsu JJ, Kulkarni RP, Belperio J, Shi W, Ranjbarvaziri S, Ardehali R, Tintut Y, Demer LL, Chen JN, Fei P, Packard RRS, Hsiai TK. Multiscale light-sheet for rapid imaging of cardiopulmonary system. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121396. [PMID: 30135307 PMCID: PMC6141183 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to image tissue morphogenesis in real-time and in 3-dimensions (3-D) remains an optical challenge. The advent of light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) has advanced developmental biology and tissue regeneration research. In this review, we introduce a LSFM system in which the illumination lens reshapes a thin light-sheet to rapidly scan across a sample of interest while the detection lens orthogonally collects the imaging data. This multiscale strategy provides deep-tissue penetration, high-spatiotemporal resolution, and minimal photobleaching and phototoxicity, allowing in vivo visualization of a variety of tissues and processes, ranging from developing hearts in live zebrafish embryos to ex vivo interrogation of the microarchitecture of optically cleared neonatal hearts. Here, we highlight multiple applications of LSFM and discuss several studies that have allowed better characterization of developmental and pathological processes in multiple models and tissues. These findings demonstrate the capacity of multiscale light-sheet imaging to uncover cardiovascular developmental and regenerative phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Ding
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jianguo Ma
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
- School of Instrumentation Science and Opto-electronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Adam D. Langenbacher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Hsu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
| | - Rajan P. Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
| | - John Belperio
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
| | - Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Reza Ardehali
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
| | - Linda L. Demer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
| | - Jau-Nian Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peng Fei
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Tzung K. Hsiai
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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43
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Segert J, Schneider I, Berger IM, Rottbauer W, Just S. Mediator complex subunit Med12 regulates cardiac jelly development and AV valve formation in zebrafish. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 138:20-31. [PMID: 30036562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism essential for the formation of heart valves involves complex interactions of signaling molecules and transcription factors. The Mediator Complex (MC) functions as multi-subunit machinery to orchestrate gene transcription, especially for tissue-specific fine-tuning of transcriptional processes during development, also in the heart. Here, we analyzed the role of the MC subunit Med12 during atrioventricular canal (AVC) development and endocardial cushion formation, using the Med12-deficient zebrafish mutant trapped (tpd). Whereas primary heart formation was only slightly affected in tpd, we identified defects in AVC development and cardiac jelly formation. We found that although misexpression of bmp4 and versican in tpd hearts can be restored by overexpression of a modified version of the Sox9b transcription factor (harboring VP16 transactivation domain) that functions independent of its co-activator Med12, endocardial cushion development in tpd was not reconstituted. Interestingly, expression of tbx2b and its target hyaluronan synthase 2 (has2) - the synthase of hyaluronan (HA) in the heart - was absent in both uninjected and Sox9b-VP16 overexpressing tpd hearts. HA is a major ECM component of the cardiac jelly and required for endocardial cushion formation. Furthermore, we found secreted phosphoprotein 1 (spp1), an endocardial marker of activated AV endocardial cells, completely absent in tpd hearts, suggesting that crucial steps of the transformation of AV endocardial cells into endocardial cushions is blocked. We demonstrate that Med12 controls cardiac jelly formation Sox9-independently by regulating tbx2b and has2 expression and therefore the production of the glycosaminoglycan HA at the AVC to guarantee proper endocardial cushion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Segert
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Isabelle Schneider
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ina M Berger
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Just
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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44
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Kithcart AP, MacRae CA. Zebrafish assay development for cardiovascular disease mechanism and drug discovery. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 138:126-131. [PMID: 30518489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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45
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Moreman J, Takesono A, Trznadel M, Winter MJ, Perry A, Wood ME, Rogers NJ, Kudoh T, Tyler CR. Estrogenic Mechanisms and Cardiac Responses Following Early Life Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) and Its Metabolite 4-Methyl-2,4-bis( p-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (MBP) in Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6656-6665. [PMID: 29738667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) has been associated with a range of adverse health effects, including on the cardiovascular system in humans. Lack of agreement on its mechanism(s) of action likely stem from comparisons between in vivo and in vitro test systems and potential multiple effects pathways. In rodents, in vivo, metabolic activation of BPA produces 4-methyl-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pent-1-ene (MBP), which is reported to be up to 1000 times more potent as an estrogen than BPA. We investigated the estrogenic effects and estrogen receptor signaling pathway(s) of BPA and MBP following early life exposure using a transgenic, estrogen responsive (ERE-TG) zebrafish and a targeted morpholino approach to knockdown the three fish estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes. The functional consequences of BPA exposure on the cardiovascular system of zebrafish larvae were also examined. The heart atrioventricular valves and the bulbus arteriosus were primary target tissues for both BPA and MBP in the ERE-TG zebrafish, and MBP was approximately 1000-fold more potent than BPA as an estrogen in these tissues. Estrogen receptor knockdown with morpholinos indicated that the estrogenic responses in the heart for both BPA and MBP were mediated via an estrogen receptor 1 (esr1) dependent pathway. At the highest BPA concentration tested (2500 μg/L), alterations in the atrial:ventricular beat ratio indicated a functional impact on the heart of 5 days post fertilization (dpf) larvae, and there was also a significantly reduced heart rate in these larvae at 14 dpf. Our findings indicate that some of the reported adverse effects on heart function associated with BPA exposure (in mammals) may act through an estrogenic mechanism, but that fish are unlikely to be susceptible to adverse effects on heart development for environmentally relevant exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Moreman
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Aya Takesono
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Trznadel
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Winter
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Alexis Perry
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Wood
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Rogers
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Tetsuhiro Kudoh
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Stocker Road , Exeter EX4 4QD , United Kingdom
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46
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Ding Y, Lee J, Hsu JJ, Chang CC, Baek KI, Ranjbarvaziri S, Ardehali R, Packard RRS, Hsiai TK. Light-Sheet Imaging to Elucidate Cardiovascular Injury and Repair. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:35. [PMID: 29574550 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-0979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Real-time 3-dimensional (3-D) imaging of cardiovascular injury and regeneration remains challenging. We introduced a multi-scale imaging strategy that uses light-sheet illumination to enable applications of cardiovascular injury and repair in models ranging from zebrafish to rodent hearts. RECENT FINDINGS Light-sheet imaging enables rapid data acquisition with high spatiotemporal resolution and with minimal photo-bleaching or photo-toxicity. We demonstrated the capacity of this novel light-sheet approach for scanning a region of interest with specific fluorescence contrast, thereby providing axial and temporal resolution at the cellular level without stitching image columns or pivoting illumination beams during one-time imaging. This cutting-edge imaging technique allows for elucidating the differentiation of stem cells in cardiac regeneration, providing an entry point to discover novel micro-circulation phenomenon with clinical significance for injury and repair. These findings demonstrate the multi-scale applications of this novel light-sheet imaging strategy to advance research in cardiovascular development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Ding
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Juhyun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Hsu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Chih-Chiang Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sara Ranjbarvaziri
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - René R Sevag Packard
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91106, USA.
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47
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Donat S, Lourenço M, Paolini A, Otten C, Renz M, Abdelilah-Seyfried S. Heg1 and Ccm1/2 proteins control endocardial mechanosensitivity during zebrafish valvulogenesis. eLife 2018; 7:28939. [PMID: 29364115 PMCID: PMC5794256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells respond to different levels of fluid shear stress through adaptations of their mechanosensitivity. Currently, we lack a good understanding of how this contributes to sculpting of the cardiovascular system. Cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) is an inherited vascular disease that occurs when a second somatic mutation causes a loss of CCM1/KRIT1, CCM2, or CCM3 proteins. Here, we demonstrate that zebrafish Krit1 regulates the formation of cardiac valves. Expression of heg1, which encodes a binding partner of Krit1, is positively regulated by blood-flow. In turn, Heg1 stabilizes levels of Krit1 protein, and both Heg1 and Krit1 dampen expression levels of klf2a, a major mechanosensitive gene. Conversely, loss of Krit1 results in increased expression of klf2a and notch1b throughout the endocardium and prevents cardiac valve leaflet formation. Hence, the correct balance of blood-flow-dependent induction and Krit1 protein-mediated repression of klf2a and notch1b ultimately shapes cardiac valve leaflet morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Donat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marta Lourenço
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alessio Paolini
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Cécile Otten
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marc Renz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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48
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Weber M, Scherf N, Meyer AM, Panáková D, Kohl P, Huisken J. Cell-accurate optical mapping across the entire developing heart. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 29286002 PMCID: PMC5747520 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organogenesis depends on orchestrated interactions between individual cells and morphogenetically relevant cues at the tissue level. This is true for the heart, whose function critically relies on well-ordered communication between neighboring cells, which is established and fine-tuned during embryonic development. For an integrated understanding of the development of structure and function, we need to move from isolated snap-shot observations of either microscopic or macroscopic parameters to simultaneous and, ideally continuous, cell-to-organ scale imaging. We introduce cell-accurate three-dimensional Ca2+-mapping of all cells in the entire electro-mechanically uncoupled heart during the looping stage of live embryonic zebrafish, using high-speed light sheet microscopy and tailored image processing and analysis. We show how myocardial region-specific heterogeneity in cell function emerges during early development and how structural patterning goes hand-in-hand with functional maturation of the entire heart. Our method opens the way to systematic, scale-bridging, in vivo studies of vertebrate organogenesis by cell-accurate structure-function mapping across entire organs. The heart has a built-in pacemaker that sets the rhythm of the heartbeat. Pacemaker cells produce electrical signals that spread across the heart in a coordinated wave. As each cell receives its signal, ion channels open in its membrane. Calcium ions rush in from the spaces around the cells, triggering the release of more calcium ions from internal stores. The rise in calcium ion levels causes the heart muscle to contract. Standard techniques for studying how the activation process spreads across the heart typically involve removing the organ from the animal. One reason for this is that no microscopy technique had been able to provide the detail needed to observe the activity of individual cells across the whole heart during its activation cycle. Zebrafish embryos have a simple heart with two chambers that can be visually explored because the embryos are transparent. Their hearts are activated in a pattern that has been maintained throughout evolution with principal similarities in many different species. These properties make fish embryos well suited for the non-invasive examination of the heart. Weber, Scherf et al. have studied genetically engineered zebrafish embryos whose heart muscle cells contained a calcium-sensitive fluorophore, using a technique called light sheet microscopy. This method illuminates the heart with a thin sheet of laser light, which causes the fluorescent dye to glow in a way that indicates changes in the concentration of calcium ions in the cells. A fast and sensitive camera detects these signals and stacks of movies are recorded and synchronized, allowing cardiac activation to be mapped in three dimensions as it spreads across the heart. Applying this new technique revealed that different parts of the heart conduct activation signals at different speeds. These speeds finely match the anatomical features of the heart, yielding planar progression of the activation signal over the increasingly complex shape of the developing heart. Weber, Scherf et al. also showed that the heart only requires a handful of pacemaker cells to reliably set the heart’s rhythm. Future modifications to the technique of Weber, Scherf et al. could help us investigate how the heart works in even finer detail. For example, it might reveal how electrical activity, calcium handling, and contraction influence one another, and how they individually and collectively respond to drug treatments. This will help us understand how the normal heart rhythm develops, how it can be modified, and how the heart adapts to changes in its environment, including damage during cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weber
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Nico Scherf
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander M Meyer
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Panáková
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Centre Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan Huisken
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, United States
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49
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Boselli F, Steed E, Freund JB, Vermot J. Anisotropic shear stress patterns predict the orientation of convergent tissue movements in the embryonic heart. Development 2017; 144:4322-4327. [PMID: 29183943 PMCID: PMC5769631 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial contractility and blood flow provide essential mechanical cues for the morphogenesis of the heart. In general, endothelial cells change their migratory behavior in response to shear stress patterns, according to flow directionality. Here, we assessed the impact of shear stress patterns and flow directionality on the behavior of endocardial cells, the specialized endothelial cells of the heart. At the early stages of zebrafish heart valve formation, we show that endocardial cells are converging to the valve-forming area and that this behavior depends upon mechanical forces. Quantitative live imaging and mathematical modeling allow us to correlate this tissue convergence with the underlying flow forces. We predict that tissue convergence is associated with the direction of the mean wall shear stress and of the gradient of harmonic phase-averaged shear stresses, which surprisingly do not match the overall direction of the flow. This contrasts with the usual role of flow directionality in vascular development and suggests that the full spatial and temporal complexity of the wall shear stress should be taken into account when studying endothelial cell responses to flow in vivo. Summary: Blood flow modeling shows that dynamic shear stress patterns, rather than mean flow direction, predict the stereotypical behavior of endocardial cells during the early steps of heart valve formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boselli
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Emily Steed
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Jonathan B Freund
- Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Julien Vermot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 67404 Illkirch, France .,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 67404 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 67404 Illkirch, France
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50
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Pestel J, Ramadass R, Gauvrit S, Helker C, Herzog W, Stainier DYR. Real-time 3D visualization of cellular rearrangements during cardiac valve formation. Development 2017; 143:2217-27. [PMID: 27302398 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During cardiac valve development, the single-layered endocardial sheet at the atrioventricular canal (AVC) is remodeled into multilayered immature valve leaflets. Most of our knowledge about this process comes from examining fixed samples that do not allow a real-time appreciation of the intricacies of valve formation. Here, we exploit non-invasive in vivo imaging techniques to identify the dynamic cell behaviors that lead to the formation of the immature valve leaflets. We find that in zebrafish, the valve leaflets consist of two sets of endocardial cells at the luminal and abluminal side, which we refer to as luminal cells (LCs) and abluminal cells (ALCs), respectively. By analyzing cellular rearrangements during valve formation, we observed that the LCs and ALCs originate from the atrium and ventricle, respectively. Furthermore, we utilized Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling reporter lines to distinguish between the LCs and ALCs, and also found that cardiac contractility and/or blood flow is necessary for the endocardial expression of these signaling reporters. Thus, our 3D analyses of cardiac valve formation in zebrafish provide fundamental insights into the cellular rearrangements underlying this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Pestel
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Radhan Ramadass
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Sebastien Gauvrit
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Christian Helker
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Wiebke Herzog
- University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Muenster, Muenster 48149, Germany
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Developmental Genetics, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
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