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Kumari A, Franks NE, Li L, Audu G, Liskowicz S, Johnson JD, Mistretta CM, Allen BL. Distinct expression patterns of Hedgehog signaling components in mouse gustatory system during postnatal tongue development and adult homeostasis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294835. [PMID: 38848388 PMCID: PMC11161123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway regulates embryonic development of anterior tongue taste fungiform papilla (FP) and the posterior circumvallate (CVP) and foliate (FOP) taste papillae. HH signaling also mediates taste organ maintenance and regeneration in adults. However, there are knowledge gaps in HH pathway component expression during postnatal taste organ differentiation and maturation. Importantly, the HH transcriptional effectors GLI1, GLI2 and GLI3 have not been investigated in early postnatal stages; the HH receptors PTCH1, GAS1, CDON and HHIP, required to either drive HH pathway activation or antagonism, also remain unexplored. Using lacZ reporter mouse models, we mapped expression of the HH ligand SHH, HH receptors, and GLI transcription factors in FP, CVP and FOP in early and late postnatal and adult stages. In adults we also studied the soft palate, and the geniculate and trigeminal ganglia, which extend afferent fibers to the anterior tongue. Shh and Gas1 are the only components that were consistently expressed within taste buds of all three papillae and the soft palate. In the first postnatal week, we observed broad expression of HH signaling components in FP and adjacent, non-taste filiform (FILIF) papillae in epithelium or stroma and tongue muscles. Notably, we observed elimination of Gli1 in FILIF and Gas1 in muscles, and downregulation of Ptch1 in lingual epithelium and of Cdon, Gas1 and Hhip in stroma from late postnatal stages. Further, HH receptor expression patterns in CVP and FOP epithelium differed from anterior FP. Among all the components, only known positive regulators of HH signaling, SHH, Ptch1, Gli1 and Gli2, were expressed in the ganglia. Our studies emphasize differential regulation of HH signaling in distinct postnatal developmental periods and in anterior versus posterior taste organs, and lay the foundation for functional studies to understand the roles of numerous HH signaling components in postnatal tongue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole E. Franks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle Audu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan-Virtua School of Translational Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virtua Health College of Medicine and Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sarah Liskowicz
- Department of Biology, University of Scranton, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John D. Johnson
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Virtua Health College of Medicine and Life Sciences of Rowan University, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M. Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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2
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Xue X, Kim YS, Ponce-Arias AI, O'Laughlin R, Yan RZ, Kobayashi N, Tshuva RY, Tsai YH, Sun S, Zheng Y, Liu Y, Wong FCK, Surani A, Spence JR, Song H, Ming GL, Reiner O, Fu J. A patterned human neural tube model using microfluidic gradients. Nature 2024; 628:391-399. [PMID: 38408487 PMCID: PMC11006583 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The human nervous system is a highly complex but organized organ. The foundation of its complexity and organization is laid down during regional patterning of the neural tube, the embryonic precursor to the human nervous system. Historically, studies of neural tube patterning have relied on animal models to uncover underlying principles. Recently, models of neurodevelopment based on human pluripotent stem cells, including neural organoids1-5 and bioengineered neural tube development models6-10, have emerged. However, such models fail to recapitulate neural patterning along both rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axes in a three-dimensional tubular geometry, a hallmark of neural tube development. Here we report a human pluripotent stem cell-based, microfluidic neural tube-like structure, the development of which recapitulates several crucial aspects of neural patterning in brain and spinal cord regions and along rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axes. This structure was utilized for studying neuronal lineage development, which revealed pre-patterning of axial identities of neural crest progenitors and functional roles of neuromesodermal progenitors and the caudal gene CDX2 in spinal cord and trunk neural crest development. We further developed dorsal-ventral patterned microfluidic forebrain-like structures with spatially segregated dorsal and ventral regions and layered apicobasal cellular organizations that mimic development of the human forebrain pallium and subpallium, respectively. Together, these microfluidics-based neurodevelopment models provide three-dimensional lumenal tissue architectures with in vivo-like spatiotemporal cell differentiation and organization, which will facilitate the study of human neurodevelopment and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yung Su Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alfredo-Isaac Ponce-Arias
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Richard O'Laughlin
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Robin Zhexuan Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Norio Kobayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rami Yair Tshuva
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yu-Hwai Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shiyu Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frederick C K Wong
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jianping Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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3
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Hall ET, Dillard ME, Cleverdon ER, Zhang Y, Daly CA, Ansari SS, Wakefield R, Stewart DP, Pruett-Miller SM, Lavado A, Carisey AF, Johnson A, Wang YD, Selner E, Tanes M, Ryu YS, Robinson CG, Steinberg J, Ogden SK. Cytoneme signaling provides essential contributions to mammalian tissue patterning. Cell 2024; 187:276-293.e23. [PMID: 38171360 PMCID: PMC10842732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
During development, morphogens pattern tissues by instructing cell fate across long distances. Directly visualizing morphogen transport in situ has been inaccessible, so the molecular mechanisms ensuring successful morphogen delivery remain unclear. To tackle this longstanding problem, we developed a mouse model for compromised sonic hedgehog (SHH) morphogen delivery and discovered that endocytic recycling promotes SHH loading into signaling filopodia called cytonemes. We optimized methods to preserve in vivo cytonemes for advanced microscopy and show endogenous SHH localized to cytonemes in developing mouse neural tubes. Depletion of SHH from neural tube cytonemes alters neuronal cell fates and compromises neurodevelopment. Mutation of the filopodial motor myosin 10 (MYO10) reduces cytoneme length and density, which corrupts neuronal signaling activity of both SHH and WNT. Combined, these results demonstrate that cytoneme-based signal transport provides essential contributions to morphogen dispersion during mammalian tissue development and suggest MYO10 is a key regulator of cytoneme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Hall
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Miriam E Dillard
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Cleverdon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shariq S Ansari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Randall Wakefield
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel P Stewart
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alfonso Lavado
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Alex F Carisey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Emma Selner
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michael Tanes
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Young Sang Ryu
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Cellular Imaging Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeffrey Steinberg
- Center for In Vivo Imaging and Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stacey K Ogden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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4
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Abdel Fattah AR, Grebenyuk S, de Rooij LPMH, Salmon I, Ranga A. Neuroepithelial organoid patterning is mediated by a neighborhood watch mechanism. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113334. [PMID: 38511989 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
During epithelial tissue patterning, morphogens operate across multiple length scales to instruct cell identities. However, how cell fate changes are coordinated over these scales to establish spatial organization remains poorly understood. Here, we use human neural tube organoids as models of epithelial patterning and develop an in silico approach to define conditions permissive to patterning. By systematically varying morphogen position, diffusivity, and fate-inducing concentration levels, we show that cells follow a "neighborhood watch" (NW) mechanism that is deterministically dictated by initial morphogen source positions, reflecting scale-invariant in vitro phenotypes. We define how the frequency and local bias of morphogen sources stabilize pattern orientation. The model predicts enhanced patterning through floor plate inhibition, and receptor-ligand interaction analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data identifies wingless-related integration site (WNT) and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) as inhibition modulators, which we validate in vitro. These results suggest that developing neuroepithelia employ NW-based mechanisms to organize morphogen sources, define cellular identity, and establish patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergei Grebenyuk
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura P M H de Rooij
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Idris Salmon
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Ranga
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Morphogenesis, Biomechanics Section, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Pezzotta A, Briscoe J. Optimal control of gene regulatory networks for morphogen-driven tissue patterning. Cell Syst 2023; 14:940-952.e11. [PMID: 37972560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The generation of distinct cell types in developing tissues depends on establishing spatial patterns of gene expression. Often, this is directed by spatially graded chemical signals-known as morphogens. In the "French Flag model," morphogen concentration instructs cells to acquire specific fates. How this mechanism produces timely and organized cell-fate decisions, despite the presence of changing morphogen levels, molecular noise, and individual variability, is unclear. Moreover, feedback is present at various levels in developing tissues, breaking the link between morphogen concentration, signaling activity, and position. Here, we develop an alternative framework using optimal control theory to tackle the problem of morphogen-driven patterning: intracellular signaling is derived as the control strategy that guides cells to the correct fate while minimizing a combination of signaling levels and time. This approach recovers experimentally observed properties of patterning strategies and offers insight into design principles that produce timely, precise, and reproducible morphogen patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pezzotta
- Developmental Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK; Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, 25 Howland Street, W1T 4JG London, UK.
| | - James Briscoe
- Developmental Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, NW1 1AT London, UK.
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6
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Wang B, Zhao Y, Qu Y, Lu J, Yan H, Gu J, Jiang Q, Xu Y, Xia W. Neuroprotective effect of chitosan oligosaccharide on alcohol-induced hippocampal injury using proteomic analysis. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4718-4730. [PMID: 37799098 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Alcoholism is a serious public health problem, and the abuse of drinking seriously damages the health of people. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are small-molecule oligosaccharides with amino groups that have many unique properties. The neuroprotective effect of COS on alcohol-induced hippocampal injury in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was investigated. The discrimination ratio of the COS group in the Y-maze experiment was 59.3% higher than that of the ETOH group. Meanwhile, the discrimination index was less than 0 in the ETOH group but greater than 0 in the COS group during the object recognition test. The cells in the COS group were more tightly arranged than those in the ETOH group. Proteomics was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus. There were 27 differentially expressed proteins in the COS and ETOH group for further bioinformatic analysis. There are three enriched pathway categories, namely, primary immunodeficiency, hedgehog signaling, and sulfur relay system. Next, sonic hedgehog signaling pathway-related proteins were verified through western blotting. The protein expression level of β-arrestin-2 in the COS group was 2.85 times higher than that in the ETOH group. This work may contribute to understanding the underlying mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of COS against alcohol-induced hippocampal injury in SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuke Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yufei Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Jingyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
| | - Hua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiqing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanshun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenshui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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7
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Cabrera Pereira A, Dasgupta K, Ho TV, Pacheco-Vergara M, Kim J, Kataria N, Liang Y, Mei J, Yu J, Witek L, Chai Y, Jeong J. Lineage-specific mutation of Lmx1b provides new insights into distinct regulation of suture development in different areas of the calvaria. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1225118. [PMID: 37593235 PMCID: PMC10427921 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1225118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The calvaria (top part of the skull) is made of pieces of bone as well as multiple soft tissue joints called sutures. The latter is crucial to the growth and morphogenesis of the skull, and thus a loss of calvarial sutures can lead to severe congenital defects in humans. During embryogenesis, the calvaria develops from the cranial mesenchyme covering the brain, which contains cells originating from the neural crest and the mesoderm. While the mechanism that patterns the cranial mesenchyme into bone and sutures is not well understood, function of Lmx1b, a gene encoding a LIM-domain homeodomain transcription factor, plays a key role in this process. In the current study, we investigated a difference in the function of Lmx1b in different parts of the calvaria using neural crest-specific and mesoderm-specific Lmx1b mutants. We found that Lmx1b was obligatory for development of the interfrontal suture and the anterior fontanel along the dorsal midline of the skull, but not for the posterior fontanel over the midbrain. Also, Lmx1b mutation in the neural crest-derived mesenchyme, but not the mesoderm-derived mesenchyme, had a non-cell autonomous effect on coronal suture development. Furthermore, overexpression of Lmx1b in the neural crest lineage had different effects on the position of the coronal suture on the apical part and the basal part. Other unexpected phenotypes of Lmx1b mutants led to an additional finding that the coronal suture and the sagittal suture are of dual embryonic origin. Together, our data reveal a remarkable level of regional specificity in regulation of calvarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Cabrera Pereira
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Krishnakali Dasgupta
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thach-Vu Ho
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria Pacheco-Vergara
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Julie Kim
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Niam Kataria
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yaowei Liang
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jeslyn Mei
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinyeong Yu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, United States
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8
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Abstract
Ligands of the Hedgehog (HH) pathway are paracrine signaling molecules that coordinate tissue development in metazoans. A remarkable feature of HH signaling is the repeated use of cholesterol in steps spanning ligand biogenesis, secretion, dispersal, and reception on target cells. A cholesterol molecule covalently attached to HH ligands is used as a molecular baton by transfer proteins to guide their secretion, spread, and reception. On target cells, a signaling circuit composed of a cholesterol transporter and sensor regulates transmission of HH signals across the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. The repeated use of cholesterol in signaling supports the view that the HH pathway likely evolved by coopting ancient systems to regulate the abundance or organization of sterol-like lipids in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
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9
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Farheen S, Ahmed SP, Mariyath P M M, Kausar T, Hoda MF, Arif SH, Nayeem SM, Ali A, Chosdol K, Shahi MH. Differential role of Pax6 and its interaction with Shh-Gli1-IDH2 axis in regulation of glioma growth and chemoresistance. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23241. [PMID: 36205257 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is a major brain tumor, and the associated mortality rate is very high. Contemporary therapies provide a chance of survival for 9-12 months. Therefore, a novel approach is essential to improve the survival rate. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) cell signaling is critical for early development in various tumors. This investigation attempted to explore the potential interaction and regulation of Shh-Gli1 cell signaling in association with paired box 6 (Pax6) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2). The expression pattern of Shh, Gli1, Pax6, and IDH2 was examined by transcriptome analysis, immunohistochemistry, and confocal images. The results suggest the interaction of Shh-Gli1 cell signaling pathway with Pax6 and IDH2 and potential regulation. Thereafter, we performed protein-protein docking and molecular dynamic simulations (MDS) of Gli1 with Pax6 and IDH2. The results suggest differential dynamic interactions of Gli1-IDH2 and Gli1-Pax6. Gli1 knockdown downregulated the expression of Pax6 and upregulated the expression of IDH2. Moreover, Gli1 knockdown decreased the expression of the drug resistance gene MRP1. The knockdown of Pax6 gene in glioma cells downregulated the expression of Gli1 and IDH2 and promoted cell proliferation. Moreover, the efficacy of the treatment of glioma cells with temozolomide (TMZ) and Gli1 inhibitor GANT61 was higher than that of TMZ alone. MDS results revealed that the interactions of Gli1 with IDH2 were stronger and more stable than those with Pax6. Intriguingly, inhibition of Pax6 promoted glioma growth even in the presence of TMZ. However, the tumor-suppressive nature of Pax6 was altered when Gli1 was inhibited by GANT61, and it showed potential oncogenic character, as observed in other cancers. Therefore, we conclude that Pax6 interacted with IDH2 and Gli1 in glioma. Moreover, the Shh-Gli1-IDH2/Pax6 cell signaling axis provides a new therapeutic approach for inhibiting the progression of the disease and mitigating drug resistance in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Farheen
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swalih P Ahmed
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mubeena Mariyath P M
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tasneem Kausar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Fakhrul Hoda
- Department of Neuro Surgery, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sayeedul H Arif
- Department of Pathology, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shahid M Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asif Ali
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kunzang Chosdol
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mehdi H Shahi
- Interdisciplinary Brain Research Centre, J.N. Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Douceau S, Deutsch Guerrero T, Ferent J. Establishing Hedgehog Gradients during Neural Development. Cells 2023; 12:225. [PMID: 36672161 PMCID: PMC9856818 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A morphogen is a signaling molecule that induces specific cellular responses depending on its local concentration. The concept of morphogenic gradients has been a central paradigm of developmental biology for decades. Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) is one of the most important morphogens that displays pleiotropic functions during embryonic development, ranging from neuronal patterning to axon guidance. It is commonly accepted that Shh is distributed in a gradient in several tissues from different origins during development; however, how these gradients are formed and maintained at the cellular and molecular levels is still the center of a great deal of research. In this review, we first explored all of the different sources of Shh during the development of the nervous system. Then, we detailed how these sources can distribute Shh in the surrounding tissues via a variety of mechanisms. Finally, we addressed how disrupting Shh distribution and gradients can induce severe neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers. Although the concept of gradient has been central in the field of neurodevelopment since the fifties, we also describe how contemporary leading-edge techniques, such as organoids, can revisit this classical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Douceau
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Tanya Deutsch Guerrero
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Ferent
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, INSERM, Sorbonne Univeristy, F-75005 Paris, France
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11
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He Q, Hao X, Bao S, Wu X, Xu L, Hou Y, Huang Y, Peng L, Huang H, Ding Y, Zhao H. A392V and R945X mutations cause orofacial clefts via impairing PTCH1 function. Genomics 2022; 114:110507. [PMID: 36265746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) signaling plays key roles in embryogenesis and organogenesis, and its dysfunction causes a variety of human birth defects. Orofacial cleft (OFC) is one of the most common congenital craniofacial defects, and its etiology is closely related to mutations in multiple components in the HH pathway, including the PTCH1 receptor. A quantity of PTCH1 variants have been associated with OFC, but the pathogenicity and underlying mechanism of these variants have not been functionally validated. In our previous studies, we identified two PTCH1 variants (A392V and R945X) in two families with hereditary OFC. Here we explore the functional consequences of these two variants. In zebrafish embryos, microinjection of wild type PTCH1 mRNA causes curved body axis and craniofacial anomalies. In contrast, microinjection of A392V and R945X PTCH1 mRNAs results in much milder phenotypes, suggesting these two variants are loss-of-function mutations. In mammalian cells, A392V and R945X mutations reverse the inhibitory effect of PTCH1 on HH signaling. Biochemically, the two mutants PTCH1 show lower expression levels and shortened half-life, indicting these mutations decrease the stability of PTCH1. A392V and R945X mutations also appear to cause PTCH1 to localize away from vesicles. Taken together, our findings indicate that A392V and R945X variants are loss-of-function mutations that disrupt the function of PTCH1 and thus cause dysregulation of HH signaling, leading to the pathogenesis of OFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xingke Hao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Shanying Bao
- Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, PR China
| | - Xiantao Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yingjia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Leiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Huimei Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, PR China.
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Huaxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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12
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Wang W, Shiraishi R, Kawauchi D. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Cerebellar Development and Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:864035. [PMID: 35573667 PMCID: PMC9100414 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.864035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway regulates the development of the central nervous system in vertebrates. Aberrant regulation of SHH signaling pathways often causes neurodevelopmental diseases and brain tumors. In the cerebellum, SHH secreted by Purkinje cells is a potent mitogen for granule cell progenitors, which are the most abundant cell type in the mature brain. While a reduction in SHH signaling induces cerebellar structural abnormalities, such as hypoplasia in various genetic disorders, the constitutive activation of SHH signaling often induces medulloblastoma (MB), one of the most common pediatric malignant brain tumors. Based on the existing literature on canonical and non-canonical SHH signaling pathways, emerging basic and clinical studies are exploring novel therapeutic approaches for MB by targeting SHH signaling at distinct molecular levels. In this review, we discuss the present consensus on SHH signaling mechanisms, their roles in cerebellar development and tumorigenesis, and the recent advances in clinical trials for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Shiraishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawauchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Daisuke Kawauchi,
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13
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Hedgehog signaling orchestrates cartilage-to-bone transition independently of Smoothened. Matrix Biol 2022; 110:76-90. [PMID: 35472633 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although recent lineage studies strongly support a chondrocyte-to-osteoblast differentiation continuum, the biological significance and molecular basis remain undetermined. In silico analysis at a single-cell level indicates a transient shutdown of Hedgehog-related transcriptome during simulated cartilage-to-bone transition. Prompted by this, we genetically induce gain- and loss-of function to probe the role of Hedgehog signaling in cartilage-to-bone transition. Ablating Smo in hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs) does not result in any phenotypic outcome, whereas deleting Ptch1 in HCs leads to disrupted formation of primary spongiosa and actively proliferating HCs-derived osteogenic cells that contribute to bony bulges seen in adult mutant mice. In HCs-derived osteoblasts, constitutive activation of Hedgehog signaling blocks their further differentiation to osteocytes. Moreover, ablation of both Smo and Ptch1 in HCs reverses neither persistent Hedgehog signaling nor bone overgrowths. These results establish a functional contribution of extended chondrocyte lineage to bone homeostasis and diseases, governed by an unanticipated mode of regulation for Hedgehog signaling independently of Smo.
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14
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Kremnev SV. Evolutionary and Ontogenetic Plasticity of Conserved Signaling Pathways in Animals’ Development. Russ J Dev Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360422020114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Kumari A, Li L, Ermilov AN, Franks NE, Dlugosz AA, Allen BL, Mistretta CM. Hedgehog (HH) pathway endogenous antagonist HHIP: unique lingual expression in filiform papillae during homeostasis and ectopic in fungiform papillae during HH signaling inhibition. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1175-1195. [PMID: 35048440 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hedgehog (HH) signaling is essential for homeostasis in gustatory fungiform papillae (FP) and taste buds. However, activities of HH antagonists in these tissues remain unexplored. We investigated a potential role for HH-interacting protein (HHIP), an endogenous pathway antagonist, in regulating HH signaling during taste organ homeostasis. We found a restricted pattern of Hhip-expressing cells in the anterior epithelium of each nongustatory filiform papilla (FILIF) only. To test for roles in antagonism of HH signaling, we investigated HHIP after pathway inhibition with SMO inhibition via sonidegib and Smo deletion, Gli2 deletion/suppression, or with chorda tympani/lingual nerve cut. RESULTS In all approaches, the HHIP expression pattern was retained in FILIF suggesting HH-independent regulation of HHIP. Remarkably, after pathway inhibition, HHIP expression was detected also in the conical, FILIF-like atypical FP. We found a close association of de novo expression of HHIP in atypical FP with loss of Gli1+, HH-responding cells. Further, we report that PTCH1 is another potential HH antagonist in FILIF that co-localizes with HHIP. CONCLUSIONS After HH pathway inhibition the ectopic expression of HHIP correlates with a FILIF-like morphology in atypical FP and we propose that localized expression of the HH antagonist HHIP regulates pathway inhibition to maintain FILIF during tongue homeostasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kumari
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Libo Li
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexandre N Ermilov
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole E Franks
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Andrzej A Dlugosz
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M Mistretta
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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16
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Wang X, Ma Z, Wu Y, Chen J, Peng X, Wang Y, Fan M, Du J. Expression pattern of Ptch2 in mouse embryonic maxillofacial development. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151835. [PMID: 34979374 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2021.151835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is modulated by numerous complex signaling cascades, which are essential for normal development. The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is part of these central cascades. As a homolog of Patched (Ptch)-1, Ptch2 initially did not appear to be as important as Ptch1. Recent reports have revealed that Ptch2 plays a crucial role in ligand-dependent feedback inhibition of Hh signaling in vertebrates. The role of Ptch2 in facial development remains unclear. Here, we investigated the detailed expression pattern of Ptch2 during craniofacial development in murine embryos based on in situ hybridization (ISH) studies of whole-mounts and sections, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quantitative real-time PCR. We found that both Ptch2 mRNA and protein expression increased in a dynamic pattern in the facial development at mouse embryonic days 11-14.5. Moreover, distinct expression of Ptch2 was observed in the structures of the facial region, such as the tooth germ, Meckel's cartilage, and the follicles of vibrissae. These data, combined with our work in the macrostomia family, suggest that Ptch2 may play a critical role in facial development.
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17
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Wang YF, Liu C, Xu PF. Deciphering and reconstitution of positional information in the human brain development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 10:29. [PMID: 34467458 PMCID: PMC8408296 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organoid has become a novel in vitro model to research human development and relevant disorders in recent years. With many improvements on the culture protocols, current brain organoids could self-organize into a complicated three-dimensional organization that mimics most of the features of the real human brain at the molecular, cellular, and further physiological level. However, lacking positional information, an important characteristic conveyed by gradients of signaling molecules called morphogens, leads to the deficiency of spatiotemporally regulated cell arrangements and cell–cell interactions in the brain organoid development. In this review, we will overview the role of morphogen both in the vertebrate neural development in vivo as well as the brain organoid culture in vitro, the strategies to apply morphogen concentration gradients in the organoid system and future perspectives of the brain organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Wang
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University and University of Edinburgh, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Cong Liu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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18
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Hor CHH, Lo JCW, Cham ALS, Leong WY, Goh ELK. Multifaceted Functions of Rab23 on Primary Cilium-Mediated and Hedgehog Signaling-Mediated Cerebellar Granule Cell Proliferation. J Neurosci 2021; 41:6850-6863. [PMID: 34210780 PMCID: PMC8360682 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3005-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the primary cilium drives cerebellar granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Mutations of hedgehog (Hh) pathway repressors commonly cause medulloblastoma, the most prevalent and malignant childhood brain tumor that arises from aberrant GCP proliferation. We demonstrate that Nestin Cre-driven conditional knock-out (CKO) of a Shh pathway repressor-Rab23 in the mouse brain of both genders caused mis-patterning of cerebellar folia and elevated GCP proliferation during early development, but with no prevalent occurrence of medulloblastoma at adult stage. Strikingly, Rab23-depleted GCPs exhibited upregulated basal level of Shh pathway activities despite showing an abnormal ciliogenesis of primary cilia. In line with the compromised ciliation, Rab23-depleted GCPs were desensitized against Hh pathway activity stimulations by Shh ligand and Smoothened (Smo) agonist-SAG, and exhibited attenuated stimulation of Smo-localization on the primary cilium in response to SAG. These results implicate multidimensional actions of Rab23 on Hh signaling cascade. Rab23 represses the basal level of Shh signaling, while facilitating primary cilium-dependent extrinsic Shh signaling activation. Collectively, our findings unravel instrumental roles of Rab23 in GCP proliferation and ciliogenesis. Furthermore, Rab23's potentiation of Shh signaling pathway through the primary cilium and Smo suggests a potential new therapeutic strategy for Smo/primary cilium-driven medulloblastoma.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Primary cilium and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling are known to regulate granule cell precursor (GCP) proliferation. Aberrant overactivation of Shh signaling pathway ectopically increases GCP proliferation and causes malignant childhood tumor called medulloblastoma. However, the genetic and molecular regulatory cascade of GCP tumorigenesis remains incompletely understood. Our finding uncovers Rab23 as a novel regulator of hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway activity and cell proliferation in GCP. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that Rab23 confers dual functions in regulating Shh signaling; it potentiates primary cilium and Shh/Smoothened (Smo)-dependent signaling activation, while antagonizes basal level Hh activity. Our data present a previously underappreciated aspect of Rab23 in mediating extrinsic Shh signaling upstream of Smo. This study sheds new light on the mechanistic insights underpinning Shh signaling-mediated GCP proliferation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H H Hor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
| | - J C W Lo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A L S Cham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W Y Leong
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
| | - E L K Goh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore, 169857
- Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, 308433
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232
- KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899
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19
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Hedgehog/GLI Signaling Pathway: Transduction, Regulation, and Implications for Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143410. [PMID: 34298625 PMCID: PMC8304605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Hedgehog/GLI (Hh/GLI) pathway plays a major role during development and it is commonly dysregulated in many diseases, including cancer. This highly concerted series of ligands, receptors, cytoplasmic signaling molecules, transcription factors, and co-regulators is involved in regulating the biological functions controlled by this pathway. Activation of Hh/GLI in cancer is most often through a non-canonical method of activation, independent of ligand binding. This review is intended to summarize our current understanding of the Hh/GLI signaling, non-canonical mechanisms of pathway activation, its implication in disease, and the current therapeutic strategies targeting this cascade. Abstract The Hh/GLI signaling pathway was originally discovered in Drosophila as a major regulator of segment patterning in development. This pathway consists of a series of ligands (Shh, Ihh, and Dhh), transmembrane receptors (Ptch1 and Ptch2), transcription factors (GLI1–3), and signaling regulators (SMO, HHIP, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β, etc.) that work in concert to repress (Ptch1, Ptch2, SUFU, PKA, CK1, GSK3β) or activate (Shh, Ihh, Dhh, SMO, GLI1–3) the signaling cascade. Not long after the initial discovery, dysregulation of the Hh/GLI signaling pathway was implicated in human disease. Activation of this signaling pathway is observed in many types of cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, colorectal, prostate, pancreatic, and many more. Most often, the activation of the Hh/GLI pathway in cancer occurs through a ligand-independent mechanism. However, in benign disease, this activation is mostly ligand-dependent. The upstream signaling component of the receptor complex, SMO, is bypassed, and the GLI family of transcription factors can be activated regardless of ligand binding. Additional mechanisms of pathway activation exist whereby the entirety of the downstream signaling pathway is bypassed, and PTCH1 promotes cell cycle progression and prevents caspase-mediated apoptosis. Throughout this review, we summarize each component of the signaling cascade, non-canonical modes of pathway activation, and the implications in human disease, including cancer.
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20
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Brambach M, Ernst A, Nolbrant S, Drouin-Ouellet J, Kirkeby A, Parmar M, Olariu V. Neural tube patterning: from a minimal model for rostrocaudal patterning toward an integrated 3D model. iScience 2021; 24:102559. [PMID: 34142058 PMCID: PMC8184516 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rostrocaudal patterning of the neural tube is a defining event in vertebrate brain development. This process is driven by morphogen gradients which specify the fate of neural progenitor cells, leading to the partitioning of the tube. Although this is extensively studied experimentally, an integrated view of the genetic circuitry is lacking. Here, we present a minimal gene regulatory model for rostrocaudal patterning, whose tristable topology was determined in a data-driven way. Using this model, we identified the repression of hindbrain fate as promising strategy for the improvement of current protocols for the generation of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, we combined our model with an established minimal model for dorsoventral patterning on a realistic 3D neural tube and found that key features of neural tube patterning could be recapitulated. Doing so, we demonstrate how data and models from different sources can be combined to simulate complex in vivo processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Brambach
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, 223 63, Sweden
| | - Ariane Ernst
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, 223 63, Sweden
| | - Sara Nolbrant
- Departments of Experimental Medical Science and Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Agnete Kirkeby
- Departments of Experimental Medical Science and Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Malin Parmar
- Departments of Experimental Medical Science and Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, and Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Victor Olariu
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics, Department of Astronomy and Theoretical Physics, Lund University, Lund, 223 63, Sweden
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21
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Andreu-Cervera A, Catala M, Schneider-Maunoury S. Cilia, ciliopathies and hedgehog-related forebrain developmental disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 150:105236. [PMID: 33383187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the forebrain critically depends on the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, as illustrated in humans by the frequent perturbation of this pathway in holoprosencephaly, a condition defined as a defect in the formation of midline structures of the forebrain and face. The Shh pathway requires functional primary cilia, microtubule-based organelles present on virtually every cell and acting as cellular antennae to receive and transduce diverse chemical, mechanical or light signals. The dysfunction of cilia in humans leads to inherited diseases called ciliopathies, which often affect many organs and show diverse manifestations including forebrain malformations for the most severe forms. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a framework to understand the developmental origin of the forebrain defects observed in severe ciliopathies with respect to perturbations of the Shh pathway. We propose that many of these defects can be interpreted as an imbalance in the ratio of activator to repressor forms of the Gli transcription factors, which are effectors of the Shh pathway. We also discuss the complexity of ciliopathies and their relationships with forebrain disorders such as holoprosencephaly or malformations of cortical development, and emphasize the need for a closer examination of forebrain defects in ciliopathies, not only through the lens of animal models but also taking advantage of the increasing potential of the research on human tissues and organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Andreu-Cervera
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France; Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández - CSIC, Campus de San Juan; Avda. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Martin Catala
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7622, Institut national pour la Santé et la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1156, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine - Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement (IBPS-LBD), 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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22
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Ren Q, Zhong Y, Huang X, Leung B, Xing C, Wang H, Hu G, Wang Y, Shimeld SM, Li G. Step-wise evolution of neural patterning by Hedgehog signalling in chordates. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1247-1255. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1248-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Delás MJ, Briscoe J. Repressive interactions in gene regulatory networks: When you have no other choice. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 139:239-266. [PMID: 32450962 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tightly regulated gene expression programs, orchestrated by complex interactions between transcription factors, control cell type specification during development. Repressive interactions play a critical role in these networks, facilitating decision-making between two or more alternative cell fates. Here, we use the ventral neural tube as an example to illustrate how cross repressive interactions within a network drive pattern formation and specify cell types in response to a graded patterning signal. This and other systems serve to highlight how external signals are integrated through the cis regulatory elements controlling key genes and provide insight into the molecular underpinning of the process. Even the simplest networks can lead to counterintuitive results and we argue that a combination of experimental dissection and modeling approaches will be necessary to fully understand network behavior and the underlying design principles. Studying these gene regulatory networks as a whole ultimately allows us to extract fundamental properties applicable across systems that can expand our mechanistic understanding of how organisms develop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Briscoe
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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24
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Dasgupta K, Chung JU, Asam K, Jeong J. Molecular patterning of the embryonic cranial mesenchyme revealed by genome-wide transcriptional profiling. Dev Biol 2019; 455:434-448. [PMID: 31351040 PMCID: PMC6842427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the head of an embryo, a layer of mesenchyme surrounds the brain underneath the surface ectoderm. This cranial mesenchyme gives rise to the meninges, the calvaria (top part of the skull), and the dermis of the scalp. Abnormal development of these structures, especially the meninges and the calvaria, is linked to significant congenital defects in humans. It has been known that different areas of the cranial mesenchyme have different fates. For example, the calvarial bone develops from the cranial mesenchyme on the baso-lateral side of the head just above the eye (supraorbital mesenchyme, SOM), but not from the mesenchyme apical to SOM (early migrating mesenchyme, EMM). However, the molecular basis of this difference is not fully understood. To answer this question, we compared the transcriptomes of EMM and SOM using high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq). This experiment identified a large number of genes that were differentially expressed in EMM and SOM, and gene ontology analyses found very different terms enriched in each region. We verified the expression of about 40 genes in the head by RNA in situ hybridization, and the expression patterns were annotated to make a map of molecular markers for 6 subdivisions of the cranial mesenchyme. Our data also provided insights into potential novel regulators of cranial mesenchyme development, including several axon guidance pathways, lectin complement pathway, cyclic-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway, and ZIC family transcription factors. Together, information in this paper will serve as a unique resource to guide future research on cranial mesenchyme development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakali Dasgupta
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Jong Uk Chung
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Kesava Asam
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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25
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Kaur S, Gupta S, Chaudhary M, Khursheed MA, Mitra S, Kurup AJ, Ramachandran R. let-7 MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation of Shh Signaling and the Gene Regulatory Network Is Essential for Retina Regeneration. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1409-1423. [PMID: 29719254 PMCID: PMC5946716 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon injury, Müller glia cells of the zebrafish retina reprogram themselves to progenitor cells with stem cell characteristics. This necessity for retina regeneration is often compromised in mammals. We explored the significance of developmentally inevitable Sonic hedgehog signaling and found its necessity in MG reprogramming during retina regeneration. We report on stringent translational regulation of sonic hedgehog, smoothened, and patched1 by let-7 microRNA, which is regulated by Lin28a, in Müller glia (MG)-derived progenitor cells (MGPCs). We also show Shh-signaling-mediated induction of Ascl1 in mouse and zebrafish retina. Moreover, Shh-signaling-dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase9, in turn, regulates Shha levels and genes essential for retina regeneration, such as lin28a, zic2b, and foxn4. These observations were further confirmed through whole-retina RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. This mechanistic gene expression network could lead to a better understanding of retina regeneration and, consequently, aid in designing strategies for therapeutic intervention in human retinal diseases. Shh signaling is essential for MG dedifferentiation during retina regeneration Shh signaling components are regulated by let-7 microRNA in the zebrafish retina A regulatory feedback loop between Mmp9 and Shh signaling is active in the retina Shh signaling induced a gene-regulatory network involving mmp9, ascl1a, zic2b, and foxn4
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shivangi Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mansi Chaudhary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammad Anwar Khursheed
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Soumitra Mitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Akshai Janardhana Kurup
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Ramachandran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Sector 81, Manauli PO, 140306 Mohali, Punjab, India.
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26
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Abstract
A handful of core intercellular signaling pathways play pivotal roles in a broad variety of developmental processes. It has remained puzzling how so few pathways can provide the precision and specificity of cell-cell communication required for multicellular development. Solving this requires us to quantitatively understand how developmentally relevant signaling information is actively sensed, transformed and spatially distributed by signaling pathways. Recently, single cell analysis and cell-based reconstitution, among other approaches, have begun to reveal the 'communication codes' through which information is represented in the identities, concentrations, combinations and dynamics of extracellular ligands. They have also revealed how signaling pathways decipher these features and control the spatial distribution of signaling in multicellular contexts. Here, we review recent work reporting the discovery and analysis of communication codes and discuss their implications for diverse developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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27
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Hor CH, Goh EL. Small GTPases in hedgehog signalling: emerging insights into the disease mechanisms of Rab23-mediated and Arl13b-mediated ciliopathies. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 56:61-68. [PMID: 31465935 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Small GTPases are known to have pivotal roles in intracellular trafficking, and several members of the small GTPases superfamily such as Rab10 [1,2•], Rab11 [3-5], Rab34 [6•,7], Rab8 [3,8], Rab23 [9-12], RSG1 [13-15], Arl13b [16-22], and Arl6 [22,23] were recently reported to mediate primary cilia function and/or Hh signalling. Although these functions are implicated in diseases such as ciliopathies, the molecular basis underlying how these small GTPases mediate primary cilia-dependent Hh signalling and pathogenesis of ciliopathies warrants further investigations. Notably, Rab23 and Arl13b have been implicated in ciliopathy-associated human diseases and could regulate Hh signalling cascade in multifaceted manners. This review thus specifically discuss the roles of Rab23 and Arl13b in primary cilia of mammalian systems, their cilia-dependent and cilia-independent modulation of hedgehog signalling pathways and their implications in Carpenter Syndrome and Joubert Syndrome respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Hh Hor
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, Research Cluster on Health and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Eyleen Lk Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore; Department of Research, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Neuroscience and Mental Health Faculty, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore; KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore.
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28
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Dimou A, Bamias A, Gogas H, Syrigos K. Inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2019; 133:56-61. [PMID: 31200829 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the hedgehog pathway are effective in patients with basal cell carcinoma and a subgroup of patients with medulloblastoma with active hedgehog signaling. Despite preclinical work suggesting otherwise, clinical trials in solid tumors of epithelial origin have not shown added benefit with these drugs. Here, we review the preclinical and clinical data of hedgehog pathway inhibition in the most common histologic types of lung cancer. We focus on highlighting areas of uncertainty, where further research might define a niche for hedgehog pathway inhibition in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dimou
- University of Colorado, Division of Medical Oncology, 12801 E. 17th Avenue, Mail Stop 8117, Research 1 South, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - A Bamias
- Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, 80 Vasilisis Sofias Avenue, Athens, Greece.
| | - H Gogas
- Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, 1st Department of Medicine, 17 Agiou Thoma St. Athens, Greece.
| | - K Syrigos
- Sotiria Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, 3rd Department of Medicine, 152 Masogeion Avenue, Athens, Greece.
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29
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Yang C, Li S, Li X, Li H, Li Y, Zhang C, Lin J. Effect of sonic hedgehog on motor neuron positioning in the spinal cord during chicken embryonic development. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:3549-3562. [PMID: 30834718 PMCID: PMC6484327 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a vertebrate homologue of the secreted Drosophila protein hedgehog and is expressed by the notochord and floor plate in the developing spinal cord. Sonic hedgehog provides signals relevant for positional information, cell proliferation and possibly cell survival, depending on the time and location of expression. Although the role of SHH in providing positional information in the neural tube has been experimentally proven, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, in ovo electroporation was employed in the chicken spinal cord during chicken embryo development. Electroporation was conducted at stage 17 (E2.5), after electroporation the embryos were continued incubating to stage 28 (E6) for sampling, tissue fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde and frozen sectioning. Sonic hedgehog and related protein expressions were detected by in situ hybridization and fluorescence immunohistochemistry and the results were analysed after microphotography. Our results indicate that the ectopic expression of SHH leads to ventralization in the spinal cord during chicken embryonic development by inducing abnormalities in the structure of the motor column and motor neuron integration. In addition, ectopic SHH expression inhibits the expression of dorsal transcription factors and commissural axon projections. The correct location of SHH expression is vital to the formation of the motor column. Ectopic expression of SHH in the spinal cord not only affects the positioning of motor neurons, but also induces abnormalities in the structure of the motor column. It leads to ventralization in the spinal cord, resulting in the formation of more ventral neurons forming during neuronal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciqing Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuanqing Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Han Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China.,Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, University Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yunxiao Li
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juntang Lin
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Neural Development, Stem Cells & Biotherapy Engineering Research Center of Henan, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang, China.,College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Institute of Anatomy I, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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30
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Andrews MG, Kong J, Novitch BG, Butler SJ. New perspectives on the mechanisms establishing the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord. Curr Top Dev Biol 2018; 132:417-450. [PMID: 30797516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Distinct classes of neurons arise at different positions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord leading to spinal neurons being segregated along this axis according to their physiological properties and functions. Thus, the neurons associated with motor control are generally located in, or adjacent to, the ventral horn whereas the interneurons (INs) that mediate sensory activities are present within the dorsal horn. Here, we review classic and recent studies examining the developmental mechanisms that establish the dorsal-ventral axis in the embryonic spinal cord. Intriguingly, while the cellular organization of the dorsal and ventral halves of the spinal cord looks superficially similar during early development, the underlying molecular mechanisms that establish dorsal vs ventral patterning are markedly distinct. For example, the ventral spinal cord is patterned by the actions of a single growth factor, sonic hedgehog (Shh) acting as a morphogen, i.e., concentration-dependent signal. Recent studies have shed light on the mechanisms by which the spatial and temporal gradient of Shh is transduced by cells to elicit the generation of different classes of ventral INs, and motor neurons (MNs). In contrast, the dorsal spinal cord is patterned by the action of multiple factors, most notably by members of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt families. While less is known about dorsal patterning, recent studies have suggested that the BMPs do not act as morphogens to specify dorsal IN identities as previously proposed, rather each BMP has signal-specific activities. Finally, we consider the promise that elucidation of these mechanisms holds for neural repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline G Andrews
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Samantha J Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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31
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Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is fundamental for embryo development and subsequent tissue homeostasis. This communication is often mediated by a small number of signaling pathways in which a secreted ligand binds to the surface of a target cell, thereby activating signal transduction. In vertebrate neural development, these signaling mechanisms are repeatedly used to obtain different and context-dependent outcomes. Part of the versatility of these communication mechanisms depends on their finely tuned regulation that controls timing, spatial localization, and duration of the signaling. The existence of secreted antagonists, which prevent ligand–receptor interaction, is an efficient mechanism to regulate some of these pathways. The Hedgehog family of signaling proteins, however, activates a pathway that is controlled largely by the positive or negative activity of membrane-bound proteins such as Cdon, Boc, Gas1, or Megalin/LRP2. In this review, we will use the development of the vertebrate retina, from its early specification to neurogenesis, to discuss whether there is an advantage to the use of such regulators, pointing to unresolved or controversial issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gallardo
- Centro de Biología Molecular , CSIC-UAM, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular , CSIC-UAM, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, 28029, Spain
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32
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Corman TS, Bergendahl SE, Epstein DJ. Distinct temporal requirements for Sonic hedgehog signaling in development of the tuberal hypothalamus. Development 2018; 145:dev167379. [PMID: 30291164 PMCID: PMC6240319 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays well characterized roles in brain and spinal cord development, but its functions in the hypothalamus have been more difficult to elucidate owing to the complex neuroanatomy of this brain area. Here, we use fate mapping and conditional deletion models in mice to define requirements for dynamic Shh activity at distinct developmental stages in the tuberal hypothalamus, a brain region with important homeostatic functions. At early time points, Shh signaling regulates dorsoventral patterning, neurogenesis and the size of the ventral midline. Fate-mapping experiments demonstrate that Shh-expressing and -responsive progenitors contribute to distinct neuronal subtypes, accounting for some of the cellular heterogeneity in tuberal hypothalamic nuclei. Conditional deletion of the hedgehog transducer smoothened (Smo), after dorsoventral patterning has been established, reveals that Shh signaling is necessary to maintain proliferation and progenitor identity during peak periods of hypothalamic neurogenesis. We also find that mosaic disruption of Smo causes a non-cell autonomous gain in Shh signaling activity in neighboring wild-type cells, suggesting a mechanism for the pathogenesis of hypothalamic hamartomas, benign tumors that form during hypothalamic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S Corman
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
| | - Solsire E Bergendahl
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
| | - Douglas J Epstein
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
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33
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Cesario JM, Landin Malt A, Chung JU, Khairallah MP, Dasgupta K, Asam K, Deacon LJ, Choi V, Almaidhan AA, Darwiche NA, Kim J, Johnson RL, Jeong J. Anti-osteogenic function of a LIM-homeodomain transcription factor LMX1B is essential to early patterning of the calvaria. Dev Biol 2018; 443:103-116. [PMID: 29852132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The calvaria (upper part of the skull) is made of plates of bone and fibrous joints (sutures and fontanelles), and the proper balance and organization of these components are crucial to normal development of the calvaria. In a mouse embryo, the calvaria develops from a layer of head mesenchyme that surrounds the brain from shortly after mid-gestation. The mesenchyme just above the eye (supra-orbital mesenchyme, SOM) generates ossification centers for the bones, which then grow toward the apex gradually. In contrast, the mesenchyme apical to SOM (early migrating mesenchyme, EMM), including the area at the vertex, does not generate an ossification center. As a result, the dorsal midline of the head is occupied by sutures and fontanelles at birth. To date, the molecular basis for this regional difference in developmental programs is unknown. The current study provides vital insights into the genetic regulation of calvarial patterning. First, we showed that osteogenic signals were active in both EMM and SOM during normal development, which suggested the presence of an anti-osteogenic factor in EMM to counter the effect of these signals. Subsequently, we identified Lmx1b as an anti-osteogenic gene that was expressed in EMM but not in SOM. Furthermore, head mesenchyme-specific deletion of Lmx1b resulted in heterotopic ossification from EMM at the vertex, and craniosynostosis affecting multiple sutures. Conversely, forced expression of Lmx1b in SOM was sufficient to inhibit osteogenic specification. Therefore, we conclude that Lmx1b plays a key role as an anti-osteogenic factor in patterning the head mesenchyme into areas with different osteogenic competence. In turn, this patterning event is crucial to generating the proper organization of the bones and soft tissue joints of the calvaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry M Cesario
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - André Landin Malt
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jong Uk Chung
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael P Khairallah
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Krishnakali Dasgupta
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kesava Asam
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Lindsay J Deacon
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Veronica Choi
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Asma A Almaidhan
- Department of Orthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nadine A Darwiche
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jimin Kim
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Juhee Jeong
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States.
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34
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Hor CH, Tang BL, Goh EL. Rab23 and developmental disorders. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:849-860. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Rab23 is a conserved member of the Rab family of small GTPases that regulates membrane trafficking in eukaryotes. It is unique amongst the Rabs in terms of its implicated role in mammalian development, as originally illustrated by the embryonic lethality and open neural tube phenotype of a spontaneous mouse mutant that carries homozygous mutation of open brain, a gene encoding Rab23. Rab23 was initially identified to act as an antagonist of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and has since been implicated in a number of physiological and pathological roles, including oncogenesis. Interestingly, RAB23 null allele homozygosity in humans is not lethal, but instead causes the developmental disorder Carpenter’s syndrome (CS), which is characterized by craniofacial malformations, polysyndactyly, obesity and intellectual disability. CS bears some phenotypic resemblance to a spectrum of hereditary defects associated with the primary cilium, or the ciliopathies. Recent findings have in fact implicated Rab23 in protein traffic to the primary cilium, thus linking it with the primary cellular locale of Shh signaling. Rab23 also has Shh and cilia-independent functions. It is known to mediate the expression of Nodal at the mouse left lateral plate mesoderm and Kupffer’s vesicle, the zebrafish equivalent of the mouse node. It is thus important for the left-right patterning of vertebrate embryos. In this review, we discuss the developmental disorders associated with Rab23 and attempt to relate its cellular activities to its roles in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H.H. Hor
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
- Department of Research , National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433 , Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering , National University of Singapore, Medical Drive , Singapore 117456 , Singapore
| | - Eyleen L.K. Goh
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School , 8 College Road , Singapore 169857 , Singapore
- Department of Research , National Neuroscience Institute , Singapore 308433 , Singapore
- Department of Physiology , Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , 8 Medical Drive , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
- KK Research Center, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital , Singapore 229899 , Singapore
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35
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Li P, Markson JS, Wang S, Chen S, Vachharajani V, Elowitz MB. Morphogen gradient reconstitution reveals Hedgehog pathway design principles. Science 2018; 360:543-548. [PMID: 29622726 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In developing tissues, cells estimate their spatial position by sensing graded concentrations of diffusible signaling proteins called morphogens. Morphogen-sensing pathways exhibit diverse molecular architectures, whose roles in controlling patterning dynamics and precision have been unclear. In this work, combining cell-based in vitro gradient reconstitution, genetic rewiring, and mathematical modeling, we systematically analyzed the distinctive architectural features of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway. We found that the combination of double-negative regulatory logic and negative feedback through the PTCH receptor accelerates gradient formation and improves robustness to variation in the morphogen production rate compared with alternative designs. The ability to isolate morphogen patterning from concurrent developmental processes and to compare the patterning behaviors of alternative, rewired pathway architectures offers a powerful way to understand and engineer multicellular patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulin Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Joseph S Markson
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sheng Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Siheng Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Vipul Vachharajani
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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36
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Gigante ED, Long AB, Ben-Ami J, Caspary T. Hypomorphic Smo mutant with inefficient ciliary enrichment disrupts the highest level of vertebrate Hedgehog response. Dev Biol 2018; 437:152-162. [PMID: 29571613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Smoothened (Smo) is the essential transducer of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, which regulates cell fate and proliferation during embryogenesis. We identified a novel mouse mutant, cabbie (cbb), and found that its cause is a missense mutation in Smo. We showed the Smocbb mutation is insensitive to the Shh agonist SAG, perhaps due to the disruption of SAG binding. We characterized Smocbb for defects in craniofacial and skeletal development, as well as neural tube patterning, and revealed Smocbb affected processes that require the highest levels of Shh activity. Smo is normally enriched in cilia upon Shh stimulation; however, we detected inefficient enrichment of Smo in Smocbb mutants whether we stimulated with Shh or SAG. Taken together, our data suggest that the highest levels of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling activity require efficient Smo ciliary enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo D Gigante
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | - Johanna Ben-Ami
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Farreny MA, Agius E, Bel-Vialar S, Escalas N, Khouri-Farah N, Soukkarieh C, Danesin C, Pituello F, Cochard P, Soula C. FGF signaling controls Shh-dependent oligodendroglial fate specification in the ventral spinal cord. Neural Dev 2018. [PMID: 29519242 PMCID: PMC5842613 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most oligodendrocytes of the spinal cord originate from ventral progenitor cells of the pMN domain, characterized by expression of the transcription factor Olig2. A minority of oligodendrocytes is also recognized to emerge from dorsal progenitors during fetal development. The prevailing view is that generation of ventral oligodendrocytes depends on Sonic hedgehog (Shh) while dorsal oligodendrocytes develop under the influence of Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). Results Using the well-established model of the chicken embryo, we show that ventral spinal progenitor cells activate FGF signaling at the onset of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) generation. Inhibition of FGF receptors at that time appears sufficient to prevent generation of ventral OPCs, highlighting that, in addition to Shh, FGF signaling is required also for generation of ventral OPCs. We further reveal an unsuspected interplay between Shh and FGF signaling by showing that FGFs serve dual essential functions in ventral OPC specification. FGFs are responsible for timely induction of a secondary Shh signaling center, the lateral floor plate, a crucial step to create the burst of Shh required for OPC specification. At the same time, FGFs prevent down-regulation of Olig2 in pMN progenitor cells as these cells receive higher threshold of the Shh signal. Finally, we bring arguments favoring a key role of newly differentiated neurons acting as providers of the FGF signal required to trigger OPC generation in the ventral spinal cord. Conclusion Altogether our data reveal that the FGF signaling pathway is activated and required for OPC commitment in the ventral spinal cord. More generally, our data may prove important in defining strategies to produce large populations of determined oligodendrocyte precursor cells from undetermined neural progenitors, including stem cells. In the long run, these new data could be useful in attempts to stimulate the oligodendrocyte fate in residing neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Farreny
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Eric Agius
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bel-Vialar
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Escalas
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Nagham Khouri-Farah
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Danesin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Pituello
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Cochard
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, F-31062, Toulouse, France.
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Skoda AM, Simovic D, Karin V, Kardum V, Vranic S, Serman L. The role of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in cancer: A comprehensive review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2018; 18:8-20. [PMID: 29274272 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway was first identified in the common fruit fly. It is a highly conserved evolutionary pathway of signal transmission from the cell membrane to the nucleus. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in the embryonic development. It exerts its biological effects through a signaling cascade that culminates in a change of balance between activator and repressor forms of glioma-associated oncogene (Gli) transcription factors. The components of the Hh signaling pathway involved in the signaling transfer to the Gli transcription factors include Hedgehog ligands (Sonic Hh [SHh], Indian Hh [IHh], and Desert Hh [DHh]), Patched receptor (Ptch1, Ptch2), Smoothened receptor (Smo), Suppressor of fused homolog (Sufu), kinesin protein Kif7, protein kinase A (PKA), and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The activator form of Gli travels to the nucleus and stimulates the transcription of the target genes by binding to their promoters. The main target genes of the Hh signaling pathway are PTCH1, PTCH2, and GLI1. Deregulation of the Hh signaling pathway is associated with developmental anomalies and cancer, including Gorlin syndrome, and sporadic cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, pancreatic, breast, colon, ovarian, and small-cell lung carcinomas. The aberrant activation of the Hh signaling pathway is caused by mutations in the related genes (ligand-independent signaling) or by the excessive expression of the Hh signaling molecules (ligand-dependent signaling - autocrine or paracrine). Several Hh signaling pathway inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, have been developed for cancer treatment. These drugs are regarded as promising cancer therapies, especially for patients with refractory/advanced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marija Skoda
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
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39
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Sagner A, Gaber ZB, Delile J, Kong JH, Rousso DL, Pearson CA, Weicksel SE, Melchionda M, Mousavy Gharavy SN, Briscoe J, Novitch BG. Olig2 and Hes regulatory dynamics during motor neuron differentiation revealed by single cell transcriptomics. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003127. [PMID: 29389974 PMCID: PMC5811045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During tissue development, multipotent progenitors differentiate into specific cell types in characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. We addressed the mechanism linking progenitor identity and differentiation rate in the neural tube, where motor neuron (MN) progenitors differentiate more rapidly than other progenitors. Using single cell transcriptomics, we defined the transcriptional changes associated with the transition of neural progenitors into MNs. Reconstruction of gene expression dynamics from these data indicate a pivotal role for the MN determinant Olig2 just prior to MN differentiation. Olig2 represses expression of the Notch signaling pathway effectors Hes1 and Hes5. Olig2 repression of Hes5 appears to be direct, via a conserved regulatory element within the Hes5 locus that restricts expression from MN progenitors. These findings reveal a tight coupling between the regulatory networks that control patterning and neuronal differentiation and demonstrate how Olig2 acts as the developmental pacemaker coordinating the spatial and temporal pattern of MN generation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary B. Gaber
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Jennifer H. Kong
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David L. Rousso
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Caroline A. Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Weicksel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Bennett G. Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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40
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Hitzenberger M, Schuster D, Hofer TS. The Binding Mode of the Sonic Hedgehog Inhibitor Robotnikinin, a Combined Docking and QM/MM MD Study. Front Chem 2017; 5:76. [PMID: 29109946 PMCID: PMC5660280 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Erroneous activation of the Hedgehog pathway has been linked to a great amount of cancerous diseases and therefore a large number of studies aiming at its inhibition have been carried out. One leverage point for novel therapeutic strategies targeting the proteins involved, is the prevention of complex formation between the extracellular signaling protein Sonic Hedgehog and the transmembrane protein Patched 1. In 2009 robotnikinin, a small molecule capable of binding to and inhibiting the activity of Sonic Hedgehog has been identified, however in the absence of X-ray structures of the Sonic Hedgehog-robotnikinin complex, the binding mode of this inhibitor remains unknown. In order to aid with the identification of novel Sonic Hedgehog inhibitors, the presented investigation elucidates the binding mode of robotnikinin by performing an extensive docking study, including subsequent molecular mechanical as well as quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics simulations. The attained configurations enabled the identification of a number of key protein-ligand interactions, aiding complex formation and providing stabilizing contributions to the binding of the ligand. The predicted structure of the Sonic Hedgehog-robotnikinin complex is provided via a PDB file as Supplementary Material and can be used for further reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hitzenberger
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Department of Physics, Theoretical Biophysics (T38), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas S Hofer
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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41
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Cela P, Hampl M, Shylo NA, Christopher KJ, Kavkova M, Landova M, Zikmund T, Weatherbee SD, Kaiser J, Buchtova M. Ciliopathy Protein Tmem107 Plays Multiple Roles in Craniofacial Development. J Dent Res 2017; 97:108-117. [PMID: 28954202 DOI: 10.1177/0022034517732538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A broad spectrum of human diseases called ciliopathies is caused by defective primary cilia morphology or signal transduction. The primary cilium is a solitary organelle that responds to mechanical and chemical stimuli from extracellular and intracellular environments. Transmembrane protein 107 (TMEM107) is localized in the primary cilium and is enriched at the transition zone where it acts to regulate protein content of the cilium. Mutations in TMEM107 were previously connected with oral-facial-digital syndrome, Meckel-Gruber syndrome, and Joubert syndrome exhibiting a range of ciliopathic defects. Here, we analyze a role of Tmem107 in craniofacial development with special focus on palate formation, using mouse embryos with a complete knockout of Tmem107. Tmem107-/- mice were affected by a broad spectrum of craniofacial defects, including shorter snout, expansion of the facial midline, cleft lip, extensive exencephaly, and microphthalmia or anophthalmia. External abnormalities were accompanied by defects in skeletal structures, including ossification delay in several membranous bones and enlargement of the nasal septum or defects in vomeronasal cartilage. Alteration in palatal shelves growth resulted in clefting of the secondary palate. Palatal defects were caused by increased mesenchymal proliferation leading to early overgrowth of palatal shelves followed by defects in their horizontalization. Moreover, the expression of epithelial stemness marker SOX2 was altered in the palatal shelves of Tmem107-/- animals, and differences in mesenchymal SOX9 expression demonstrated the enhancement of neural crest migration. Detailed analysis of primary cilia revealed region-specific changes in ciliary morphology accompanied by alteration of acetylated tubulin and IFT88 expression. Moreover, Shh and Gli1 expression was increased in Tmem107-/- animals as shown by in situ hybridization. Thus, TMEM107 is essential for proper head development, and defective TMEM107 function leads to ciliary morphology disruptions in a region-specific manner, which may explain the complex mutant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cela
- 1 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,2 Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Hampl
- 1 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,3 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - N A Shylo
- 4 Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - K J Christopher
- 4 Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - M Kavkova
- 5 CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Landova
- 1 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,3 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - T Zikmund
- 5 CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - S D Weatherbee
- 4 Department of Genetics, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J Kaiser
- 5 CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M Buchtova
- 1 Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,3 Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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42
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Monkkonen T, Lewis MT. New paradigms for the Hedgehog signaling network in mammary gland development and breast Cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:315-332. [PMID: 28624497 PMCID: PMC5567999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog signaling network regulates organogenesis, cell fate, proliferation, survival, and stem cell self-renewal in many mammalian tissues. Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog signaling network is present in ~25% of all cancers, including breast. Altered expression of Hedgehog network genes in the mammary gland can elicit phenotypes at many stages of development. However, synthesizing a cohesive mechanistic model of signaling at different stages of development has been difficult. Emerging data suggest that this difficulty is due, in part, to non-canonical and tissue compartment-specific (i.e., epithelial, versus stromal, versus systemic) functions of Hedgehog network components. With respect to systemic functions, Hedgehog network genes regulate development of endocrine organs that impinge on mammary gland development extrinsically. These new observations offer insight into previously conflicting data, and have bearing on the potential for anti-Hedgehog therapeutics in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Monkkonen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; University of California, San Francisco, Dept. of Pathology, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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43
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Pinskey JM, Franks NE, McMellen AN, Giger RJ, Allen BL. Neuropilin-1 promotes Hedgehog signaling through a novel cytoplasmic motif. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:15192-15204. [PMID: 28667171 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling critically regulates embryonic and postnatal development as well as adult tissue homeostasis, and its perturbation can lead to developmental disorders, birth defects, and cancers. Neuropilins (NRPs), which have well-defined roles in Semaphorin and VEGF signaling, positively regulate HH pathway function, although their mechanism of action in HH signaling remains unclear. Here, using luciferase-based reporter assays, we provide evidence that NRP1 regulates HH signaling specifically at the level of GLI transcriptional activator function. Moreover, we show that NRP1 localization to the primary cilium, a key platform for HH signal transduction, does not correlate with HH signal promotion. Rather, a structure-function analysis suggests that the NRP1 cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains are necessary and sufficient to regulate HH pathway activity. Furthermore, we identify a previously uncharacterized, 12-amino acid region within the NRP1 cytoplasmic domain that mediates HH signal promotion. Overall, our results provide mechanistic insight into NRP1 function within and potentially beyond the HH signaling pathway. These insights have implications for the development of novel modulators of HH-driven developmental disorders and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Pinskey
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Nicole E Franks
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alexandra N McMellen
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Roman J Giger
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- From the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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44
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Danesin C, Soula C. Moving the Shh Source over Time: What Impact on Neural Cell Diversification in the Developing Spinal Cord? J Dev Biol 2017; 5:jdb5020004. [PMID: 29615562 PMCID: PMC5831764 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of data has highlighted the crucial influence of Shh signalling on the generation of diverse classes of neurons and glial cells throughout the developing central nervous system. A critical step leading to this diversity is the establishment of distinct neural progenitor cell domains during the process of pattern formation. The forming spinal cord, in particular, has served as an excellent model to unravel how progenitor cells respond to Shh to produce the appropriate pattern. In recent years, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of important parameters that control the temporal and spatial interpretation of the morphogen signal at the level of Shh-receiving progenitor cells. Although less studied, the identity and position of Shh source cells also undergo significant changes over time, raising the question of how moving the Shh source contributes to cell diversification in response to the morphogen. Here, we focus on the dynamics of Shh-producing cells and discuss specific roles for these time-variant Shh sources with regard to the temporal events occurring in the receiving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Danesin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31520 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31520 Toulouse, France.
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45
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Sagner A, Briscoe J. Morphogen interpretation: concentration, time, competence, and signaling dynamics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28319331 PMCID: PMC5516147 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue patterning during animal development is orchestrated by a handful of inductive signals. Most of these developmental cues act as morphogens, meaning they are locally produced secreted molecules that act at a distance to govern tissue patterning. The iterative use of the same signaling molecules in different developmental contexts demands that signal interpretation occurs in a highly context‐dependent manner. Hence the interpretation of signal depends on the specific competence of the receiving cells. Moreover, it has become clear that the differential interpretation of morphogens depends not only on the level of signaling but also the signaling dynamics, particularly the duration of signaling. In this review, we outline molecular mechanisms proposed in recent studies that explain how the response to morphogens is determined by differential competence, pathway intrinsic feedback, and the interpretation of signaling dynamics by gene regulatory networks. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e271. doi: 10.1002/wdev.271 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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46
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Saxena A, Towers M, Cooper KL. The origins, scaling and loss of tetrapod digits. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0482. [PMID: 27994123 PMCID: PMC5182414 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the great morphologists of the nineteenth century marvelled at similarities between the limbs of diverse species, and Charles Darwin noted these homologies as significant supporting evidence for descent with modification from a common ancestor. Sir Richard Owen also took great care to highlight each of the elements of the forelimb and hindlimb in a multitude of species with focused attention on the homology between the hoof of the horse and the middle digit of man. The ensuing decades brought about a convergence of palaeontology, experimental embryology and molecular biology to lend further support to the homologies of tetrapod limbs and their developmental origins. However, for all that we now understand about the conserved mechanisms of limb development and the development of gross morphological disturbances, little of what is presented in the experimental or medical literature reflects the remarkable diversity resulting from the 450 million year experiment of natural selection. An understanding of conserved and divergent limb morphologies in this new age of genomics and genome engineering promises to reveal more of the developmental potential residing in all limbs and to unravel the mechanisms of evolutionary variation in limb size and shape. In this review, we present the current state of our rapidly advancing understanding of the evolutionary origin of hands and feet and highlight what is known about the mechanisms that shape diverse limbs.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evo-devo in the genomics era, and the origins of morphological diversity'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Saxena
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matthew Towers
- Bateson Centre, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kimberly L. Cooper
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA,e-mail:
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47
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Patel SS, Tomar S, Sharma D, Mahindroo N, Udayabanu M. Targeting sonic hedgehog signaling in neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:76-97. [PMID: 28088536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling influences neurogenesis and neural patterning during the development of central nervous system. Dysregulation of Shh signaling in brain leads to neurological disorders like autism spectrum disorder, depression, dementia, stroke, Parkinson's diseases, Huntington's disease, locomotor deficit, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, neuropathies as well as brain tumors. The synthesis, processing and transport of Shh ligand as well as the localization of its receptors and signal transduction in the central nervous system has been carefully reviewed. Further, we summarize the regulation of small molecule modulators of Shh pathway with potential in neurological disorders. In conclusion, further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential of positive and negative regulators of the Shh pathway in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Sharan Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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48
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Kiecker C, Graham A, Logan M. Differential Cellular Responses to Hedgehog Signalling in Vertebrates-What is the Role of Competence? J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4040036. [PMID: 29615599 PMCID: PMC5831800 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A surprisingly small number of signalling pathways generate a plethora of cellular responses ranging from the acquisition of multiple cell fates to proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis and cell death. These diverse responses may be due to the dose-dependent activities of signalling factors, or to intrinsic differences in the response of cells to a given signal—a phenomenon called differential cellular competence. In this review, we focus on temporal and spatial differences in competence for Hedgehog (HH) signalling, a signalling pathway that is reiteratively employed in embryos and adult organisms. We discuss the upstream signals and mechanisms that may establish differential competence for HHs in a range of different tissues. We argue that the changing competence for HH signalling provides a four-dimensional framework for the interpretation of the signal that is essential for the emergence of functional anatomy. A number of diseases—including several types of cancer—are caused by malfunctions of the HH pathway. A better understanding of what provides differential competence for this signal may reveal HH-related disease mechanisms and equip us with more specific tools to manipulate HH signalling in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Anthony Graham
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Malcolm Logan
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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49
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Fang Q, George AS, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Gergics P, Cheung LYM, Daly AZ, Ajmal A, Pérez Millán MI, Ozel AB, Kitzman JO, Mills RE, Li JZ, Camper SA. Genetics of Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency: Roadmap into the Genome Era. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:636-675. [PMID: 27828722 PMCID: PMC5155665 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetic basis for combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD) is complex, involving 30 genes in a variety of syndromic and nonsyndromic presentations. Molecular diagnosis of this disorder is valuable for predicting disease progression, avoiding unnecessary surgery, and family planning. We expect that the application of high throughput sequencing will uncover additional contributing genes and eventually become a valuable tool for molecular diagnosis. For example, in the last 3 years, six new genes have been implicated in CPHD using whole-exome sequencing. In this review, we present a historical perspective on gene discovery for CPHD and predict approaches that may facilitate future gene identification projects conducted by clinicians and basic scientists. Guidelines for systematic reporting of genetic variants and assigning causality are emerging. We apply these guidelines retrospectively to reports of the genetic basis of CPHD and summarize modes of inheritance and penetrance for each of the known genes. In recent years, there have been great improvements in databases of genetic information for diverse populations. Some issues remain that make molecular diagnosis challenging in some cases. These include the inherent genetic complexity of this disorder, technical challenges like uneven coverage, differing results from variant calling and interpretation pipelines, the number of tolerated genetic alterations, and imperfect methods for predicting pathogenicity. We discuss approaches for future research in the genetics of CPHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Fang
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Akima S George
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michelle L Brinkmeier
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Amanda H Mortensen
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Peter Gergics
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Leonard Y M Cheung
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Alexandre Z Daly
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Adnan Ajmal
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - María Ines Pérez Millán
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - A Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ryan E Mills
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Jun Z Li
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Sally A Camper
- Department of Human Genetics (Q.F., A.S.G., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., L.Y.M.C., A.Z.D., M.I.P.M., A.B.O., J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L., S.A.C.), Graduate Program in Bioinformatics (A.S.G.), Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine (A.A.), and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics (J.O.K., R.E.M., J.Z.L.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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50
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Adolphe C, Junker JP, Lyubimova A, van Oudenaarden A, Wainwright B. Patched Receptors Sense, Interpret, and Establish an Epidermal Hedgehog Signaling Gradient. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:179-186. [PMID: 27498049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
By using the sensitivity of single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization, we have precisely quantified the levels and defined the temporal and spatial distribution of Hedgehog signaling activity during embryonic skin development and discovered that there is a Hedgehog signaling gradient along the proximal-distal axis of developing hair follicles. To explore the contribution of Hedgehog receptors Ptch1 and Ptch2 in establishing the epidermal signaling gradient, we quantitated the level of pathway activity generated in Ptch1- and Ptch1;Ptch2-deficient skin and defined the contribution of each receptor to regulation of the levels of Hedgehog signaling identified in wild-type skin. Moreover, we show that both the cellular phenotype and level of pathway activity featured in Ptch1;Ptch2-deficient cells faithfully recapitulates the Peak level of endogenous Hedgehog signaling detected at the base of developing follicles, where the concentration of endogenous Shh is predicted to be highest. Taken together, these data show that both Ptch1 and Ptch2 play a crucial role in sensing the concentration of Hedgehog ligand and regulating the appropriate dose-dependent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Adolphe
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jan Philipp Junker
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Anna Lyubimova
- Hubrecht Institute, KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Brandon Wainwright
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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