1
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Liu X, Sun Y, Wang S, Zhang S, Tian Q. Actin restricts cell proliferation and promotes differentiation during planarian regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 640:150-156. [PMID: 36508928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Actin is an integral component of the cytoskeleton, which plays an important role in various fundamental cellular processes, such as affecting the polarity of embryonic cells during embryonic development in various model organisms. Meanwhile, previous studies have demonstrated that the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton can affect cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Actin polymerization state regulated osteogenic differentiation and affected cell proliferation. However, the function of actin in regenerative biology has not been thoroughly elucidated. The planarian flatworm, which contains a large number of adult somatic stem cells (neoblasts), is an ideal model organism to study regenerative biology. Here, we identified a homolog of actin in planarian Dugesia japonica and found that RNAi targeting actin during planarian regeneration results in the formation of protrusions on the dorsal side, where the division of phospho-H3 mitotic cells is increased. In addition, a decrease in differentiation is observed in regenerating tissues after Djactin RNAi. These results indicate that Djactin functions in proliferation and differentiation control in planarian regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomai Liu
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yujia Sun
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shaocong Wang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shoutao Zhang
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Qingnan Tian
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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2
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del Olmo I, Verdes A, Álvarez‐Campos P. Distinct patterns of gene expression during regeneration and asexual reproduction in the annelid Pristina leidyi. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 338:405-420. [PMID: 35604322 PMCID: PMC9790225 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration, the ability to replace lost body parts, is a widespread phenomenon in the animal kingdom often connected to asexual reproduction or fission, since the only difference between the two appears to be the stimulus that triggers them. Both developmental processes have largely been characterized; however, the molecular toolkit and genetic mechanisms underlying these events remain poorly unexplored. Annelids, in particular the oligochaete Pristina leidyi, provide a good model system to investigate these processes as they show diverse ways to regenerate, and can reproduce asexually through fission under laboratory conditions. Here, we used a comparative transcriptomics approach based on RNA-sequencing and differential gene expression analyses to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in anterior regeneration and asexual reproduction. We found 291 genes upregulated during anterior regeneration, including several regeneration-related genes previously reported in other annelids such as frizzled, paics, and vdra. On the other hand, during asexual reproduction, 130 genes were found upregulated, and unexpectedly, many of them were related to germline development during sexual reproduction. We also found important differences between anterior regeneration and asexual reproduction, with the latter showing a gene expression profile more similar to that of control individuals. Nevertheless, we identified 35 genes that were upregulated in both conditions, many of them related to cell pluripotency, stem cells, and cell proliferation. Overall, our results shed light on the molecular mechanisms that control anterior regeneration and asexual reproduction in annelids and reveal similarities with other animals, suggesting that the genetic machinery controlling these processes is conserved across metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene del Olmo
- Department of Biology (Zoology)Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Aida Verdes
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary BiologyMuseo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de MadridMadridSpain
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3
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Domínguez MF, Costábile A, Koziol U, Preza M, Brehm K, Tort JF, Castillo E. Cell repertoire and proliferation of germinative cells of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti. Parasitology 2022; 149:1505-1514. [PMID: 35787303 PMCID: PMC11010542 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Platyhelminthes shares a unique population of undifferentiated cells responsible for the proliferation capacity needed for cell renewal, growth, tissue repair and regeneration. These cells have been extensively studied in free-living flatworms, whereas in cestodes the presence of a set of undifferentiated cells, known as germinative cells, has been demonstrated in classical morphology studies, but poorly characterized with molecular biology approaches. Furthermore, several genes have been identified as neoblast markers in free-living flatworms that deserve study in cestode models. Here, different cell types of the model cestode Mesocestoides corti were characterized, identifying differentiated and germinative cells. Muscle cells, tegumental cells, calcareous corpuscle precursor cells and excretory system cells were identified, all of which are non-proliferative, differentiated cell types. Besides those, germinative cells were identified as a population of small cells with proliferative capacity in vivo. Primary cell culture experiments in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), Echinococcus hydatid fluid and hepatocyte conditioned media in non-reductive or reductive conditions confirmed that the germinative cells were the only ones with proliferative capacity. Since several genes have been identified as markers of undifferentiated neoblast cells in free-living flatworms, the expression of pumilio and pL10 genes was analysed by qPCR and in situ hybridization, showing that the expression of these genes was stronger in germinative cells but not restricted to this cell type. This study provides the first tools to analyse and further characterise undifferentiated cells in a model cestode.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Domínguez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alicia Costábile
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Uriel Koziol
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Preza
- Sección Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - José F. Tort
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Estela Castillo
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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4
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A Krüppel-like factor is required for development and regeneration of germline and yolk cells from somatic stem cells in planarians. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001472. [PMID: 35839223 PMCID: PMC9286257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually reproducing animals segregate their germline from their soma. In addition to gamete-producing gonads, planarian and parasitic flatworm reproduction relies on yolk cell–generating accessory reproductive organs (vitellaria) supporting development of yolkless oocytes. Despite the importance of vitellaria for flatworm reproduction (and parasite transmission), little is known about this unique evolutionary innovation. Here, we examine reproductive system development in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, in which pluripotent stem cells generate both somatic and germ cell lineages. We show that a homolog of the pluripotency factor Klf4 is expressed in primordial germ cells (PGCs), presumptive germline stem cells (GSCs), and yolk cell progenitors. Knockdown of this klf4-like (klf4l) gene results in animals that fail to specify or maintain germ cells; surprisingly, they also fail to maintain yolk cells. We find that yolk cells display germ cell–like attributes and that vitellaria are structurally analogous to gonads. In addition to identifying a new proliferative cell population in planarians (yolk cell progenitors) and defining its niche, our work provides evidence supporting the hypothesis that flatworm germ cells and yolk cells share a common evolutionary origin.
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5
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Khan UW, Newmark PA. Somatic regulation of female germ cell regeneration and development in planarians. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110525. [PMID: 35294875 PMCID: PMC8994625 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Female germ cells develop into oocytes, with the capacity for totipotency. In most animals, these remarkable cells are specified during development and cannot be regenerated. By contrast, planarians, known for their regenerative prowess, can regenerate germ cells. To uncover mechanisms required for female germ cell development and regeneration, we generated gonad-specific transcriptomes and identified genes whose expression defines progressive stages of female germ cell development. Strikingly, early female germ cells share molecular signatures with the pluripotent stem cells driving planarian regeneration. We observe spatial heterogeneity within somatic ovarian cells and find that a regionally enriched foxL homolog is required for oocyte differentiation, but not specification, suggestive of functionally distinct somatic compartments. Unexpectedly, a neurotransmitter-biosynthetic enzyme, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), is also expressed in somatic gonadal cells, and plays opposing roles in female and male germ cell development. Thus, somatic gonadal cells deploy conserved factors to regulate germ cell development and regeneration in planarians. Unlike most animals, planarians can regenerate germ cells. Here, Khan and Newmark characterize gene expression in the planarian ovary, identifying genes expressed at progressive stages of female germ cell development and in somatic ovarian cells. Functional characterization revealed somatically expressed genes required for specification or differentiation of female germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair W Khan
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Phillip A Newmark
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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6
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The great small organisms of developmental genetics: Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 2022; 485:93-122. [PMID: 35247454 PMCID: PMC9092520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental embryologists working at the turn of the 19th century suggested fundamental mechanisms of development, such as localized cytoplasmic determinants and tissue induction. However, the molecular basis underlying these processes proved intractable for a long time, despite concerted efforts in many developmental systems to isolate factors with a biological role. That road block was overcome by combining developmental biology with genetics. This powerful approach used unbiased genome-wide screens to isolate mutants with developmental defects and to thereby identify genes encoding key determinants and regulatory pathways that govern development. Two small invertebrates were the pioneers: the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Their modes of development differ in many ways, but the two together led the way to unraveling the molecular mechanisms of many fundamental developmental processes. The discovery of the grand homologies between key players in development throughout the animal kingdom underscored the usefulness of studying these small invertebrate models for animal development and even human disease. We describe developmental genetics in Drosophila and C. elegans up to the rise of genomics at the beginning of the 21st Century. Finally, we discuss themes that emerge from the histories of such distinct organisms and prospects of this approach for the future.
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7
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Lee H, Hikasa K, Umesono Y, Hayashi T, Agata K, Shibata N. Loss of plac8 expression rapidly leads pluripotent stem cells to enter active state during planarian regeneration. Development 2022; 149:274215. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.199449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The regenerative ability of planarians relies on their adult pluripotent stem cell population. Although all stem cells express a piwi homolog, recently it has become possible to classify the piwi+ stem cell population into specialized subpopulations according to the expression of genes related to differentiation. However, piwi+ stem cells behave practically as a homogeneous population after amputation, during which stem cells show accelerated proliferation, named ‘induced hyperproliferation’. Here, we show that plac8-A was expressed in almost all of the stem cells, and that a decrease of the plac8-A expression level led to induced hyperproliferation uniformly in a broad stem cell subpopulation after amputation. This reduction of plac8-A expression was caused by activated JNK signaling after amputation. Pharmacological inhibition of JNK signaling caused failure to induce hyperproliferation and resulted in regenerative defects. Such defects were abrogated by simultaneous knockdown of plac8-A expression. Thus, JNK-dependent suppression of plac8-A expression is indispensable for stem cell dynamics involved in regeneration. These findings suggest that plac8-A acts as a molecular switch of piwi+ stem cells for entry into the regenerative state after amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayoung Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kanon Hikasa
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology, Tsuyama College 624-1, Numa, Tsuyama-City, Okayama 708-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Umesono
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Laboratory of Regeneration Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigoaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585 Aichi, Japan
| | - Norito Shibata
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology, Tsuyama College 624-1, Numa, Tsuyama-City, Okayama 708-8509, Japan
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8
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Salvetti A, Degl'Innocenti A, Gambino G, van Loon JJ, Ippolito C, Ghelardoni S, Ghigo E, Leoncino L, Prato M, Rossi L, Ciofani G. Artificially altered gravity elicits cell homeostasis imbalance in planarian worms, and cerium oxide nanoparticles counteract this effect. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2322-2333. [PMID: 33960131 PMCID: PMC8518838 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gravity alterations elicit complex and mostly detrimental effects on biological systems. Among these, a prominent role is occupied by oxidative stress, with consequences for tissue homeostasis and development. Studies in altered gravity are relevant for both Earth and space biomedicine, but their implementation using whole organisms is often troublesome. Here we utilize planarians, simple worm model for stem cell and regeneration biology, to characterize the pathogenic mechanisms brought by artificial gravity alterations. In particular, we provide a comprehensive evaluation of molecular responses in intact and regenerating specimens, and demonstrate a protective action from the space-apt for nanotechnological antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Salvetti
- Università di Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineBiology and Genetics unitPisaItaly
| | - Andrea Degl'Innocenti
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Materials Interfaces, Smart Bio‐InterfacesPisaItaly
| | - Gaetana Gambino
- Università di Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineBiology and Genetics unitPisaItaly
| | - Jack J.W.A. van Loon
- Dutch Experiment Support Center (DESC), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral PathologyAmsterdam UMC location VU University Medical Center & Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- TEC‐MMG LIS labEuropean Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Center (ESTEC)NoordwijkThe Netherlands
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Biology and Genetics UnitUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Sandra Ghelardoni
- Department of Pathology, Biochemistry UnitUniversità di PisaPisaItaly
| | - Eric Ghigo
- Institut Hospitalo‐Universitaire Méditerranée InfectionMarseilleFrance
- Techno JouvenceMarseilleFrance
| | - Luca Leoncino
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaElectron Microscopy FacilityGenoaItaly
| | - Mirko Prato
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaMaterials Characterization FacilityGenoaItaly
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Università di Pisa, Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineBiology and Genetics unitPisaItaly
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaCenter for Materials Interfaces, Smart Bio‐InterfacesPisaItaly
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9
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Rinkevich B, Ballarin L, Martinez P, Somorjai I, Ben-Hamo O, Borisenko I, Berezikov E, Ereskovsky A, Gazave E, Khnykin D, Manni L, Petukhova O, Rosner A, Röttinger E, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Tiozzo S, Hobmayer B. A pan-metazoan concept for adult stem cells: the wobbling Penrose landscape. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:299-325. [PMID: 34617397 PMCID: PMC9292022 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells (ASCs) in vertebrates and model invertebrates (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster) are typically long‐lived, lineage‐restricted, clonogenic and quiescent cells with somatic descendants and tissue/organ‐restricted activities. Such ASCs are mostly rare, morphologically undifferentiated, and undergo asymmetric cell division. Characterized by ‘stemness’ gene expression, they can regulate tissue/organ homeostasis, repair and regeneration. By contrast, analysis of other animal phyla shows that ASCs emerge at different life stages, present both differentiated and undifferentiated phenotypes, and may possess amoeboid movement. Usually pluri/totipotent, they may express germ‐cell markers, but often lack germ‐line sequestering, and typically do not reside in discrete niches. ASCs may constitute up to 40% of animal cells, and participate in a range of biological phenomena, from whole‐body regeneration, dormancy, and agametic asexual reproduction, to indeterminate growth. They are considered legitimate units of selection. Conceptualizing this divergence, we present an alternative stemness metaphor to the Waddington landscape: the ‘wobbling Penrose’ landscape. Here, totipotent ASCs adopt ascending/descending courses of an ‘Escherian stairwell’, in a lifelong totipotency pathway. ASCs may also travel along lower stemness echelons to reach fully differentiated states. However, from any starting state, cells can change their stemness status, underscoring their dynamic cellular potencies. Thus, vertebrate ASCs may reflect just one metazoan ASC archetype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Pedro Martinez
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Ildiko Somorjai
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, Scotland, UK
| | - Oshrat Ben-Hamo
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Ilya Borisenko
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Ereskovsky
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, University Embankment, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia.,Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Avignon University, Jardin du Pharo, 58 Boulevard Charles Livon, Marseille, 13007, France.,Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulitsa Vavilova, 26, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Eve Gazave
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - Denis Khnykin
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Bygg 19, Gaustad Sykehus, Sognsvannsveien 21, Oslo, 0188, Norway
| | - Lucia Manni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, Padova, 35121, Italy
| | - Olga Petukhova
- Collection of Vertebrate Cell Cultures, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, POB 9753, Tel Shikmona, Haifa, 3109701, Israel
| | - Eric Röttinger
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), Nice, 06107, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Federative Research Institute - Marine Resources (IFR MARRES), 28 Avenue de Valrose, Nice, 06103, France
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, Naples, 80121, Italy
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy (ESP), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), 06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer, Villefranche sur Mer, Cedex, France
| | - Bert Hobmayer
- Institute of Zoology and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr, Innsbruck, 256020, Austria
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10
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Salvetti A, Gambino G, Rossi L, De Pasquale D, Pucci C, Linsalata S, Degl'Innocenti A, Nitti S, Prato M, Ippolito C, Ciofani G. Stem cell and tissue regeneration analysis in low-dose irradiated planarians treated with cerium oxide nanoparticles. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 115:111113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Kim IV, Riedelbauch S, Kuhn CD. The piRNA pathway in planarian flatworms: new model, new insights. Biol Chem 2020; 401:1123-1141. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2019-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that associate with members of the PIWI clade of the Argonaute superfamily of proteins. piRNAs are predominantly found in animal gonads. There they silence transposable elements (TEs), regulate gene expression and participate in DNA methylation, thus orchestrating proper germline development. Furthermore, PIWI proteins are also indispensable for the maintenance and differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells in free-living invertebrate species with regenerative potential. Thus, PIWI proteins and piRNAs seem to constitute an essential molecular feature of somatic pluripotent stem cells and the germline. In keeping with this hypothesis, both PIWI proteins and piRNAs are enriched in neoblasts, the adult stem cells of planarian flatworms, and their presence is a prerequisite for the proper regeneration and perpetual tissue homeostasis of these animals. The piRNA pathway is required to maintain the unique biology of planarians because, in analogy to the animal germline, planarian piRNAs silence TEs and ensure stable genome inheritance. Moreover, planarian piRNAs also contribute to the degradation of numerous protein-coding transcripts, a function that may be critical for neoblast differentiation. This review gives an overview of the planarian piRNA pathway and of its crucial function in neoblast biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iana V. Kim
- Gene regulation by Non-coding RNA, Elite Network of Bavaria and University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedelbauch
- Gene regulation by Non-coding RNA, Elite Network of Bavaria and University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Claus-D. Kuhn
- Gene regulation by Non-coding RNA, Elite Network of Bavaria and University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, D-95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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12
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Wang X, Ellenbecker M, Hickey B, Day NJ, Osterli E, Terzo M, Voronina E. Antagonistic control of Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cell proliferation and differentiation by PUF proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2. eLife 2020; 9:52788. [PMID: 32804074 PMCID: PMC7467723 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells support tissue maintenance, but the mechanisms that coordinate the rate of stem cell self-renewal with differentiation at a population level remain uncharacterized. We find that two PUF family RNA-binding proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2 have opposite effects on Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cell dynamics: FBF-1 restricts the rate of meiotic entry, while FBF-2 promotes both cell division and meiotic entry rates. Antagonistic effects of FBFs are mediated by their distinct activities toward the shared set of target mRNAs, where FBF-1-mediated post-transcriptional control requires the activity of CCR4-NOT deadenylase, while FBF-2 is deadenylase-independent and might protect the targets from deadenylation. These regulatory differences depend on protein sequences outside of the conserved PUF family RNA-binding domain. We propose that the opposing FBF-1 and FBF-2 activities serve to modulate stem cell division rate simultaneously with the rate of meiotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Mary Ellenbecker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Benjamin Hickey
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Nicholas J Day
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Emily Osterli
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Mikaya Terzo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Ekaterina Voronina
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
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13
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Kashima M, Agata K, Shibata N. What is the role of PIWI family proteins in adult pluripotent stem cells? Insights from asexually reproducing animals, planarians. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:407-422. [PMID: 32621324 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Planarians have a remarkable regenerative ability owing to their adult pluripotent stem cells (aPSCs), which are called "neoblasts." Planarians maintain a considerable number of neoblasts throughout their adulthood to supply differentiated cells for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and asexual reproduction (fission followed by regeneration). Thus, planarians serve as a good model to study the regulatory mechanisms of in vivo aPSCs. In asexually reproducing invertebrates, such as sponge, Hydra, and planaria, piwi family genes are the markers most commonly expressed in aPSCs. While piwi family genes are known as guardians against transposable elements in the germline cells of animals that only sexually propagate, their functions in the aPSC system have remained elusive. In this review, we introduce recent knowledge on the PIWI family proteins in the aPSC system in planarians and other organisms and discuss how PIWI family proteins contribute to the regulation of the aPSC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kashima
- College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Sagamihara Chuo Ku, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Norito Shibata
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology, Tsuyama College, Tsuyama-City, Japan
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14
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Silva ILZ, Robert AW, Cabo GC, Spangenberg L, Stimamiglio MA, Dallagiovanna B, Gradia DF, Shigunov P. Effects of PUMILIO1 and PUMILIO2 knockdown on cardiomyogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells culture. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0222373. [PMID: 32437472 PMCID: PMC7241771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranscriptional regulation plays a fundamental role in the biology of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Many studies have demonstrated that multiple mRNAs are coregulated by one or more RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that orchestrate mRNA expression. A family of RBPs, which is known as the Pumilio-FBF (PUF) family, is highly conserved among different species and has been associated with the undifferentiated and differentiated states of different cell lines. In humans, two homologs of the PUF family have been found: Pumilio 1 (PUM1) and Pumilio 2 (PUM2). To understand the role of these proteins in human ESCs (hESCs), we first assessed the influence of the silencing of PUM1 and PUM2 on pluripotency genes and found that the knockdown of Pumilio genes significantly decreased the OCT4 and NANOG mRNA levels and reduced the amount of nuclear OCT4, which suggests that Pumilio proteins play a role in the maintenance of pluripotency in hESCs. Furthermore, we observed that PUM1-and-PUM2-silenced hESCs exhibited improved efficiency of in vitro cardiomyogenic differentiation. Through an in silico analysis, we identified mRNA targets of PUM1 and PUM2 that are expressed at the early stages of cardiomyogenesis, and further investigation will determine whether these target mRNAs are active and involved in the progression of cardiomyogenesis. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the role of Pumilio proteins in hESC maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anny Waloski Robert
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells (LABCET), Instituto Carlos Chagas—FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Lucia Spangenberg
- Bioinformatics Unit, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marco Augusto Stimamiglio
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells (LABCET), Instituto Carlos Chagas—FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dallagiovanna
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells (LABCET), Instituto Carlos Chagas—FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Shigunov
- Laboratory of Basic Biology of Stem Cells (LABCET), Instituto Carlos Chagas—FIOCRUZ-PR, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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15
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Pumilio proteins utilize distinct regulatory mechanisms to achieve complementary functions required for pluripotency and embryogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7851-7862. [PMID: 32198202 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916471117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene regulation in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has been extensively studied at the epigenetic-transcriptional level, but not at the posttranscriptional level. Pumilio (Pum) proteins are among the few known translational regulators required for stem-cell maintenance in invertebrates and plants. Here we report the essential function of two murine Pum proteins, Pum1 and Pum2, in ESCs and early embryogenesis. Pum1/2 double-mutant ESCs display severely reduced self-renewal and differentiation, and Pum1/2 double-mutant mice are developmentally delayed at the morula stage and lethal by embryonic day 8.5. Remarkably, Pum1-deficient ESCs show increased expression of pluripotency genes but not differentiation genes, whereas Pum2-deficient ESCs show decreased pluripotency markers and accelerated differentiation. Thus, despite their high homology and overlapping target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), Pum1 promotes differentiation while Pum2 promotes self-renewal in ESCs. Pum1 and Pum2 achieve these two complementary aspects of pluripotency by forming a negative interregulatory feedback loop that directly regulates at least 1,486 mRNAs. Pum1 and Pum2 regulate target mRNAs not only by repressing translation, but also by promoting translation and enhancing or reducing mRNA stability of different target mRNAs. Together, these findings reveal distinct roles of individual mammalian Pum proteins in ESCs and their essential functions in ESC pluripotency and embryogenesis.
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16
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Wang X, Voronina E. Diverse Roles of PUF Proteins in Germline Stem and Progenitor Cell Development in C. elegans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:29. [PMID: 32117964 PMCID: PMC7015873 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell development depends on post-transcriptional regulation mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) (Zhang et al., 1997; Forbes and Lehmann, 1998; Okano et al., 2005; Ratti et al., 2006; Kwon et al., 2013). Pumilio and FBF (PUF) family RBPs are highly conserved post-transcriptional regulators that are critical for stem cell maintenance (Wickens et al., 2002; Quenault et al., 2011). The RNA-binding domains of PUF proteins recognize a family of related sequence motifs in the target mRNAs, yet individual PUF proteins have clearly distinct biological functions (Lu et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2018). The C. elegans germline is a simple and powerful model system for analyzing regulation of stem cell development. Studies in C. elegans uncovered specific physiological roles for PUFs expressed in the germline stem cells ranging from control of proliferation and differentiation to regulation of the sperm/oocyte decision. Importantly, recent studies started to illuminate the mechanisms behind PUF functional divergence. This review summarizes the many roles of PUF-8, FBF-1, and FBF-2 in germline stem and progenitor cells (SPCs) and discusses the factors accounting for their distinct biological functions. PUF proteins are conserved in evolution, and insights into PUF-mediated regulation provided by the C. elegans model system are likely relevant for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Ekaterina Voronina
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
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17
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Haupt KA, Law KT, Enright AL, Kanzler CR, Shin H, Wickens M, Kimble J. A PUF Hub Drives Self-Renewal in Caenorhabditis elegans Germline Stem Cells. Genetics 2020; 214:147-161. [PMID: 31740451 PMCID: PMC6944405 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell regulation relies on extrinsic signaling from a niche plus intrinsic factors that respond and drive self-renewal within stem cells. A priori, loss of niche signaling and loss of the intrinsic self-renewal factors might be expected to have equivalent stem cell defects. Yet this simple prediction has not been borne out for most stem cells, including Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cells (GSCs). The central regulators of C. elegans GSCs include extrinsically acting GLP-1/Notch signaling from the niche; intrinsically acting RNA-binding proteins in the PUF family, termed FBF-1 and FBF-2 (collectively FBF); and intrinsically acting PUF partner proteins that are direct Notch targets. Abrogation of either GLP-1/Notch signaling or its targets yields an earlier and more severe GSC defect than loss of FBF-1 and FBF-2, suggesting that additional intrinsic regulators must exist. Here, we report that those missing regulators are two additional PUF proteins, PUF-3 and PUF-11 Remarkably, an fbf-1fbf-2 ; puf-3puf-11 quadruple null mutant has a GSC defect virtually identical to that of a glp-1/Notch null mutant. PUF-3 and PUF-11 both affect GSC maintenance, both are expressed in GSCs, and epistasis experiments place them at the same position as FBF within the network. Therefore, action of PUF-3 and PUF-11 explains the milder GSC defect in fbf-1fbf-2 mutants. We conclude that a "PUF hub," comprising four PUF proteins and two PUF partners, constitutes the intrinsic self-renewal node of the C. elegans GSC RNA regulatory network. Discovery of this hub underscores the significance of PUF RNA-binding proteins as key regulators of stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Haupt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kimberley T Law
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Amy L Enright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Charlotte R Kanzler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Heaji Shin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Marvin Wickens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Judith Kimble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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18
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Kimball C, Powers K, Dustin J, Poirier V, Pellettieri J. The exon junction complex is required for stem and progenitor cell maintenance in planarians. Dev Biol 2020; 457:119-127. [PMID: 31557470 PMCID: PMC8544814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Named for its assembly near exon-exon junctions during pre-mRNA splicing, the exon junction complex (EJC) regulates multiple aspects of RNA biochemistry, including export of spliced mRNAs from the nucleus and translation. Transcriptome analyses have revealed broad EJC occupancy of spliced metazoan transcripts, yet inhibition of core subunits has been linked to surprisingly specific phenotypes and a growing number of studies support gene-specific regulatory roles. Here we report results from a classroom-based RNAi screen revealing the EJC is necessary for regeneration in the planarian flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea. RNAi animals rapidly lost the stem and progenitor cells that drive formation of new tissue during both regeneration and cell turnover, but exhibited normal amputation-induced changes in gene expression in differentiated tissues. Together with previous reports that partial loss of EJC function causes stem cell defects in Drosophila and mice, our observations implicate the EJC as a conserved, posttranscriptional regulator of gene expression in stem cell lineages. This work also highlights the combined educational and scientific impacts of discovery-based research in the undergraduate biology curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Kimball
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
| | - Kaleigh Powers
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
| | - John Dustin
- Department of Biology, Keene State College, Keene, NH, USA
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19
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Functions, mechanisms and regulation of Pumilio/Puf family RNA binding proteins: a comprehensive review. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:785-807. [PMID: 31643042 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Pumilio (Pum)/Puf family proteins are ubiquitously present across eukaryotes, including yeast, plants and humans. They generally bind to the 3' untranslated regions of single stranded RNA targets in a sequence specific manner and destabilize them, although a few reports suggest their role in stabilizing the target transcripts. The Pum isoforms are implicated in a wide array of biological processes including stem cell maintenance, development, ribosome biogenesis as well as human diseases. Further studies on Pum would be interesting and important to understand their evolutionarily conserved and divergent features across species, which can have potential implications in medicine, plant sciences as well as basic molecular and cell biological studies. A large number of research reports exists, pertaining to various aspects of Pum, in individual experimental systems. This review is a comprehensive summary of the functions, types, mechanism of action as well as the regulation of Pum in various species. Also, the research questions to be addressed in future are discussed.
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20
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Yujia S, Tingting G, Jiaxin L, Saisai Z, Zhitai H, Qingnan T, Shoutao Z. Cdc42 regulate the apoptotic cell death required for planarian epidermal regeneration and homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 112:107-113. [PMID: 31102665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases have been shown previously to play important roles in several cellular processes by regulating the organization of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons. However, the mechanisms of Rho GTPases that integrate the cellular responses during regeneration have not been thoroughly elucidated. The planarian flatworm, which contains a large number of adult somatic stem cells (neoblasts), is a unique model to study stem cell lineage development in vivo. Here, we focus on cdc42, which is an extensively characterized member among Rho GTPases. We found that cdc42 is required for the maintenance of epidermal lineage. Cdc42 RNAi induced a sustained increased of cell death and led to a loss of the mature epidermal cells but without affected cell division. Our results indicate that cdc42 function as an inhibitor to block the excessive apoptotic cell death in planarian epidermal regeneration and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Yujia
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gao Tingting
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li Jiaxin
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhang Saisai
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hao Zhitai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University, School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Tian Qingnan
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Zhang Shoutao
- School of LifeSciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Bioactive Macromolecules, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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21
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Nyikó T, Auber A, Bucher E. Functional and molecular characterization of the conserved Arabidopsis PUMILIO protein, APUM9. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:199-214. [PMID: 30868544 PMCID: PMC6513901 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we demonstrate that the APUM9 RNA-binding protein and its co-factors play a role in mRNA destabilization and how this activity might regulate early plant development. APUM9 is a conserved PUF RNA-binding protein (RBP) under complex transcriptional control mediated by a transposable element (TE) that restricts its expression in Arabidopsis. Currently, little is known about the functional and mechanistic details of the plant PUF regulatory system and the biological relevance of the TE-mediated repression of APUM9 in plant development and stress responses. By combining a range of transient assays, we show here, that APUM9 binding to target transcripts can trigger their rapid decay via its conserved C-terminal RNA-binding domain. APUM9 directly interacts with DCP2, the catalytic subunit of the decapping complex and DCP2 overexpression induces rapid decay of APUM9 targeted mRNAs. We show that APUM9 negatively regulates the expression of ABA signaling genes during seed imbibition, and thereby might contribute to the switch from dormant stage to seed germination. By contrast, strong TE-mediated repression of APUM9 is important for normal plant growth in the later developmental stages. Finally, APUM9 overexpression plants show slightly enhanced heat tolerance suggesting that TE-mediated control of APUM9, might have a role not only in embryonic development, but also in plant adaptation to heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Nyikó
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS-INRA), 42 rue Georges Morel, 24, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi Albert 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Andor Auber
- Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Szent-Györgyi Albert 4, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Etienne Bucher
- Université d'Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences (IRHS-INRA), 42 rue Georges Morel, 24, 49071, Beaucouzé, France.
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22
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Planarian regeneration between 1960s and 1990s: From skilful baffled ancestors to bold integrative descendants. A personal account. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 87:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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Porter DF, Prasad A, Carrick BH, Kroll-Connor P, Wickens M, Kimble J. Toward Identifying Subnetworks from FBF Binding Landscapes in Caenorhabditis Spermatogenic or Oogenic Germlines. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:153-165. [PMID: 30459181 PMCID: PMC6325917 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metazoan PUF (Pumilio and FBF) RNA-binding proteins regulate various biological processes, but a common theme across phylogeny is stem cell regulation. In Caenorhabditis elegans, FBF (fem-3 Binding Factor) maintains germline stem cells regardless of which gamete is made, but FBF also functions in the process of spermatogenesis. We have begun to "disentangle" these biological roles by asking which FBF targets are gamete-independent, as expected for stem cells, and which are gamete-specific. Specifically, we compared FBF iCLIP binding profiles in adults making sperm to those making oocytes. Normally, XX adults make oocytes. To generate XX adults making sperm, we used a fem-3(gf) mutant requiring growth at 25°; for comparison, wild-type oogenic hermaphrodites were also raised at 25°. Our FBF iCLIP data revealed FBF binding sites in 1522 RNAs from oogenic adults and 1704 RNAs from spermatogenic adults. More than half of these FBF targets were independent of germline gender. We next clustered RNAs by FBF-RNA complex frequencies and found four distinct blocks. Block I RNAs were enriched in spermatogenic germlines, and included validated target fog-3, while Block II and III RNAs were common to both genders, and Block IV RNAs were enriched in oogenic germlines. Block II (510 RNAs) included almost all validated FBF targets and was enriched for cell cycle regulators. Block III (21 RNAs) was enriched for RNA-binding proteins, including previously validated FBF targets gld-1 and htp-1 We suggest that Block I RNAs belong to the FBF network for spermatogenesis, and that Blocks II and III are associated with stem cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Porter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Aman Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Brian H Carrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Peggy Kroll-Connor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Marvin Wickens
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Judith Kimble
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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24
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Issigonis M, Newmark PA. From worm to germ: Germ cell development and regeneration in planarians. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 135:127-153. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Alessandra S, Rossi L. Planarian Stem Cell Heterogeneity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1123:39-54. [PMID: 31016594 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11096-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Planarian (Platyhelminthes, Triclads) are free-living flatworms endowed with extraordinary regenerative capabilities, i.e., the ability to rebuild any missing body parts also from small fragments. Planarian regenerative capabilities fascinated scientific community since early 1800, including high-standing scientists such as J.T. Morgan and C. M. Child. Today, it is known that planarian regeneration is due to the presence of a wide population of stem cells, the so-called neoblasts. However, the understanding of the nature of cells orchestrating planarian regeneration was a long journey, and several questions still remain unanswered. In this chapter, beginning from the definition of the classical concept of neoblast, we review progressive discoveries that have brought to the modern view of these cells as a highly heterogeneous population of stem cells including pluripotent stem cells and undifferentiated populations of committed progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvetti Alessandra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Schmidt D, Reuter H, Hüttner K, Ruhe L, Rabert F, Seebeck F, Irimia M, Solana J, Bartscherer K. The Integrator complex regulates differential snRNA processing and fate of adult stem cells in the highly regenerative planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007828. [PMID: 30557303 PMCID: PMC6312358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, cell type diversity and fate depend on specific sets of transcript isoforms generated by post-transcriptional RNA processing. Here, we used Schmidtea mediterranea, a flatworm with extraordinary regenerative abilities and a large pool of adult stem cells, as an in vivo model to study the role of Uridyl-rich small nuclear RNAs (UsnRNAs), which participate in multiple RNA processing reactions including splicing, in stem cell regulation. We characterized the planarian UsnRNA repertoire, identified stem cell-enriched variants and obtained strong evidence for an increased rate of UsnRNA 3'-processing in stem cells compared to their differentiated counterparts. Consistently, components of the Integrator complex showed stem cell-enriched expression and their depletion by RNAi disrupted UsnRNA processing resulting in global changes of splicing patterns and reduced processing of histone mRNAs. Interestingly, loss of Integrator complex function disrupted both stem cell maintenance and regeneration of tissues. Our data show that the function of the Integrator complex in UsnRNA 3'-processing is conserved in planarians and essential for maintaining their stem cell pool. We propose that cell type-specific modulation of UsnRNA composition and maturation contributes to in vivo cell fate choices, such as stem cell self-renewal in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail: (DS); (KB)
| | - Hanna Reuter
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katja Hüttner
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Larissa Ruhe
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Rabert
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Seebeck
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Manuel Irimia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Solana
- Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bartscherer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (DS); (KB)
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27
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Olson PD, Zarowiecki M, James K, Baillie A, Bartl G, Burchell P, Chellappoo A, Jarero F, Tan LY, Holroyd N, Berriman M. Genome-wide transcriptome profiling and spatial expression analyses identify signals and switches of development in tapeworms. EvoDevo 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 30455861 PMCID: PMC6225667 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tapeworms are agents of neglected tropical diseases responsible for significant health problems and economic loss. They also exhibit adaptations to a parasitic lifestyle that confound comparisons of their development with other animals. Identifying the genetic factors regulating their complex ontogeny is essential to understanding unique aspects of their biology and for advancing novel therapeutics. Here we use RNA sequencing to identify up-regulated signalling components, transcription factors and post-transcriptional/translational regulators (genes of interest, GOI) in the transcriptomes of Larvae and different regions of segmented worms in the tapeworm Hymenolepis microstoma and combine this with spatial gene expression analyses of a selection of genes. RESULTS RNA-seq reads collectively mapped to 90% of the > 12,000 gene models in the H. microstoma v.2 genome assembly, demonstrating that the transcriptome profiles captured a high percentage of predicted genes. Contrasts made between the transcriptomes of Larvae and whole, adult worms, and between the Scolex-Neck, mature strobila and gravid strobila, resulted in 4.5-30% of the genes determined to be differentially expressed. Among these, we identified 190 unique GOI up-regulated in one or more contrasts, including a large range of zinc finger, homeobox and other transcription factors, components of Wnt, Notch, Hedgehog and TGF-β/BMP signalling, and post-transcriptional regulators (e.g. Boule, Pumilio). Heatmap clusterings based on overall expression and on select groups of genes representing 'signals' and 'switches' showed that expression in the Scolex-Neck region is more similar to that of Larvae than to the mature or gravid regions of the adult worm, which was further reflected in large overlap of up-regulated GOI. CONCLUSIONS Spatial expression analyses in Larvae and adult worms corroborated inferences made from quantitative RNA-seq data and in most cases indicated consistency with canonical roles of the genes in other animals, including free-living flatworms. Recapitulation of developmental factors up-regulated during larval metamorphosis suggests that strobilar growth involves many of the same underlying gene regulatory networks despite the significant disparity in developmental outcomes. The majority of genes identified were investigated in tapeworms for the first time, setting the stage for advancing our understanding of developmental genetics in an important group of flatworm parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Olson
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Magdalena Zarowiecki
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Katherine James
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Andrew Baillie
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Georgie Bartl
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Phil Burchell
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Azita Chellappoo
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Francesca Jarero
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Li Ying Tan
- Division of Parasites and Vectors, Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Nancy Holroyd
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Matt Berriman
- Parasite Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA UK
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Mihaylova Y, Abnave P, Kao D, Hughes S, Lai A, Jaber-Hijazi F, Kosaka N, Aboobaker AA. Conservation of epigenetic regulation by the MLL3/4 tumour suppressor in planarian pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3633. [PMID: 30194301 PMCID: PMC6128892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the evolution of epigenetic regulation in animal stem cells. Here we demonstrate, using the planarian stem cell system to investigate the role of the COMPASS family of MLL3/4 histone methyltransferases that their function as tumor suppressors in mammalian stem cells is conserved over a long evolutionary distance. To investigate the potential conservation of a genome-wide epigenetic regulatory program in animal stem cells, we assess the effects of Mll3/4 loss of function by performing RNA-seq and ChIP-seq on the G2/M planarian stem cell population, part of which contributes to the formation of outgrowths. We find many oncogenes and tumor suppressors among the affected genes that are likely candidates for mediating MLL3/4 tumor suppression function. Our work demonstrates conservation of an important epigenetic regulatory program in animals and highlights the utility of the planarian model system for studying epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliana Mihaylova
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Prasad Abnave
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Damian Kao
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Samantha Hughes
- HAN University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences, Laan van Scheut 2, 6525EM, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alvina Lai
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Farah Jaber-Hijazi
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Nobuyoshi Kosaka
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, Tinbergen Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK.
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29
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Post-transcriptional regulation in planarian stem cells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 87:69-78. [PMID: 29870807 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are known for their immense regenerative abilities. A pluripotent stem cell population provides the cellular source for this process, as well as for the homeostatic cell turnover of the animals. These stem cells, known as neoblasts, present striking similarities at the morphological and molecular level to germ cells, but however, give rise to somatic tissue. Many RNA binding proteins known to be important for germ cell biology are also required for neoblast function, highlighting the importance of post-transcriptional regulation for stem cell control. Many of its aspects, including alternative splicing, alternative polyadenylation, translational control and mRNA deadenylation, as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs and piRNA are critical for stem cells. Their inhibition often abrogates both regeneration and cell turnover, resulting in lethality. Some of aspects of post-transcriptional regulation are conserved from planarian to mammalian stem cells.
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Kashima M, Agata K, Shibata N. Searching for non-transposable targets of planarian nuclear PIWI in pluripotent stem cells and differentiated cells. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:260-277. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kashima
- Department of Biophysics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Norito Shibata
- Department of Biophysics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
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31
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Insight into stem cell regulation from sub-lethally irradiated worms. Gene 2018; 662:37-45. [PMID: 29627527 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the significant advances in the comprehension of stem cell control network, the nature of extrinsic signals regulating their dynamic remains to be understood. In this paper, we take advantage of the stem cell repopulation process that follows low-dose X-ray treatment in planarians to identify genes, preferentially enriched in differentiated cells, whose expression is activated during the process. Genetic silencing of some of them impaired the stem cell repopulation, suggesting a tight extrinsic control of stem cell activity.
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32
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Neoblast-enriched zinc finger protein FIR1 triggers local proliferation during planarian regeneration. Protein Cell 2018; 10:43-59. [PMID: 29557542 PMCID: PMC6321819 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration, relying mainly on resident adult stem cells, is widespread. However, the mechanism by which stem cells initiate proliferation during this process in vivo is unclear. Using planarian as a model, we screened 46 transcripts showing potential function in the regulation of local stem cell proliferation following 48 h regeneration. By analyzing the regeneration defects and the mitotic activity of animals under administration of RNA interference (RNAi), we identified factor for initiating regeneration 1 (Fir1) required for local proliferation. Our findings reveal that Fir1, enriched in neoblasts, promotes planarian regeneration in any tissue-missing context. Further, we demonstrate that DIS3 like 3′-5′ exoribonuclease 2 (Dis3l2) is required for Fir1 phenotype. Besides, RNAi knockdown of Fir1 causes a decrease of neoblast wound response genes following amputation. These findings suggest that Fir1 recognizes regenerative signals and promotes DIS3L2 proteins to trigger neoblast proliferation following amputation and provide a mechanism critical for stem cell response to injury.
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33
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Wang M, Ogé L, Perez-Garcia MD, Hamama L, Sakr S. The PUF Protein Family: Overview on PUF RNA Targets, Biological Functions, and Post Transcriptional Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020410. [PMID: 29385744 PMCID: PMC5855632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression plays a crucial role in many processes. In cells, it is mediated by diverse RNA-binding proteins. These proteins can influence mRNA stability, translation, and localization. The PUF protein family (Pumilio and FBF) is composed of RNA-binding proteins highly conserved among most eukaryotic organisms. Previous investigations indicated that they could be involved in many processes by binding corresponding motifs in the 3′UTR or by interacting with other proteins. To date, most of the investigations on PUF proteins have been focused on Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, while only a few have been conducted on Arabidopsis thaliana. The present article provides an overview of the PUF protein family. It addresses their RNA-binding motifs, biological functions, and post-transcriptional control mechanisms in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Arabidopsis thaliana. These items of knowledge open onto new investigations into the relevance of PUF proteins in specific plant developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Laurent Ogé
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | | | - Latifa Hamama
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
| | - Soulaiman Sakr
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d'Angers, SFR 4207 QUASAV, F-49045 Angers, France.
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34
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Lai AG, Aboobaker AA. EvoRegen in animals: Time to uncover deep conservation or convergence of adult stem cell evolution and regenerative processes. Dev Biol 2018; 433:118-131. [PMID: 29198565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
How do animals regenerate specialised tissues or their entire body after a traumatic injury, how has this ability evolved and what are the genetic and cellular components underpinning this remarkable feat? While some progress has been made in understanding mechanisms, relatively little is known about the evolution of regenerative ability. Which elements of regeneration are due to lineage specific evolutionary novelties or have deeply conserved roots within the Metazoa remains an open question. The renaissance in regeneration research, fuelled by the development of modern functional and comparative genomics, now enable us to gain a detailed understanding of both the mechanisms and evolutionary forces underpinning regeneration in diverse animal phyla. Here we review existing and emerging model systems, with the focus on invertebrates, for studying regeneration. We summarize findings across these taxa that tell us something about the evolution of adult stem cell types that fuel regeneration and the growing evidence that many highly regenerative animals harbor adult stem cells with a gene expression profile that overlaps with germline stem cells. We propose a framework in which regenerative ability broadly evolves through changes in the extent to which stem cells generated through embryogenesis are maintained into the adult life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvina G Lai
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - A Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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35
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Wang IE, Wagner DE, Reddien PW. Clonal Analysis of Planarian Stem Cells by Subtotal Irradiation and Single-Cell Transplantation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1774:479-495. [PMID: 29916173 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7802-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells, which both self-renew and produce differentiated progeny, represent fundamental biological units for the development, growth, maintenance, and regeneration of adult tissues. Characterization of stem cell lineage potential can be accomplished with clonal assays that interrogate stem cell output at the single-cell level. Here we present two methods for clonal analysis of individual proliferative cells (neoblasts) in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. The first method utilizes "subtotal" gamma irradiation to study rare surviving neoblasts and their clonal descendants in their native environment. The second method utilizes a fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) strategy to obtain neoblast-enriched cell fractions, followed by single-cell transplantation into lethally irradiated hosts. Together, these methods provide a framework for generation and analysis of stem cell-derived clones in planarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel E Wagner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter W Reddien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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36
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Rink JC. Stem Cells, Patterning and Regeneration in Planarians: Self-Organization at the Organismal Scale. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1774:57-172. [PMID: 29916155 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7802-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of size and shape remains a fundamental challenge in biological research that planarian flatworms uniquely epitomize. Planarians can regenerate complete and perfectly proportioned animals from tiny and arbitrarily shaped tissue pieces; they continuously renew all organismal cell types from abundant pluripotent stem cells, yet maintain shape and anatomy in the face of constant turnover; they grow when feeding and literally degrow when starving, while scaling form and function over as much as a 40-fold range in body length or an 800-fold change in total cell numbers. This review provides a broad overview of the current understanding of the planarian stem cell system, the mechanisms that pattern the planarian body plan and how the interplay between patterning signals and cell fate choices orchestrates regeneration. What emerges is a conceptual framework for the maintenance and regeneration of the planarian body plan on basis of the interplay between pluripotent stem cells and self-organizing patterns and further, the general utility of planarians as model system for the mechanistic basis of size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C Rink
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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37
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Zhang M, Chen D, Xia J, Han W, Cui X, Neuenkirchen N, Hermes G, Sestan N, Lin H. Post-transcriptional regulation of mouse neurogenesis by Pumilio proteins. Genes Dev 2017; 31:1354-1369. [PMID: 28794184 PMCID: PMC5580656 DOI: 10.1101/gad.298752.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive studies on mammalian neurogenesis, its post-transcriptional regulation remains under-explored. Here we report that neural-specific inactivation of two murine post-transcriptional regulators, Pumilio 1 (Pum1) and Pum2, severely reduced the number of neural stem cells (NSCs) in the postnatal dentate gyrus (DG), drastically increased perinatal apoptosis, altered DG cell composition, and impaired learning and memory. Consistently, the mutant DG neurospheres generated fewer NSCs with defects in proliferation, survival, and differentiation, supporting a major role of Pum1 and Pum2 in hippocampal neurogenesis and function. Cross-linking immunoprecipitation revealed that Pum1 and Pum2 bind to thousands of mRNAs, with at least 694 common targets in multiple neurogenic pathways. Depleting Pum1 and/or Pum2 did not change the abundance of most target mRNAs but up-regulated their proteins, indicating that Pum1 and Pum2 regulate the translation of their target mRNAs. Moreover, Pum1 and Pum2 display RNA-dependent interaction with fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and bind to one another's mRNA. This indicates that Pum proteins might form collaborative networks with FMRP and possibly other post-transcriptional regulators to regulate neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
| | - Jing Xia
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Wenqi Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Xiekui Cui
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Nils Neuenkirchen
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Gretchen Hermes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | - Haifan Lin
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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38
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Harrath AH, Semlali A, Mansour L, Aldahmash W, Omar SYA, Anazi MSA, Nyengaard JR, Alwasel S. Dynamics of Cytokine-like Activity in the Hyperplasic Ovary of Ex-fissiparous Planarians. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 232:12-18. [PMID: 28445093 DOI: 10.1086/691408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The origin of infertility in the hyperplasic ovary of ex-fissiparous planarians remains poorly understood. In a previous study we demonstrated that a complex process of early autophagy, followed by apoptotic processes, occurs in the hyperplasic ovary of the freshwater planarian Dugesia arabica. The present study aimed to investigate whether the mRNA expression levels of selected mRNA-like genes are altered in the hyperplasic ovary of the ex-fissiparous freshwater planarian D. arabica compared to the normal ovary. Using human cytokine-specific primers including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), we have successfully amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction some transcripts that could be similar to those amplified in human. The transcript levels of the human-like transcript (IL-1-like and TNF-α-like) were significantly higher, 4.89- and 3.41-fold, respectively, in the hyperplasic ovary compared to the normal ovary (P < 0.05). However, although IL-6-like levels were higher in the hyperplasic ovary than the normal ovary (2.57-fold), this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Immunohistochemical labeling supported the quantitative real-time PCR, showing that, like their respective mRNA expression levels, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α-like proteins are more highly expressed in the hyperplasic ovary than in the normal ovary.
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39
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Davies EL, Lei K, Seidel CW, Kroesen AE, McKinney SA, Guo L, Robb SM, Ross EJ, Gotting K, Alvarado AS. Embryonic origin of adult stem cells required for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. eLife 2017; 6:21052. [PMID: 28072387 PMCID: PMC5293490 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Planarian neoblasts are pluripotent, adult somatic stem cells and lineage-primed progenitors that are required for the production and maintenance of all differentiated cell types, including the germline. Neoblasts, originally defined as undifferentiated cells residing in the adult parenchyma, are frequently compared to embryonic stem cells yet their developmental origin remains obscure. We investigated the provenance of neoblasts during Schmidtea mediterranea embryogenesis, and report that neoblasts arise from an anarchic, cycling piwi-1+ population wholly responsible for production of all temporary and definitive organs during embryogenesis. Early embryonic piwi-1+ cells are molecularly and functionally distinct from neoblasts: they express unique cohorts of early embryo enriched transcripts and behave differently than neoblasts in cell transplantation assays. Neoblast lineages arise as organogenesis begins and are required for construction of all major organ systems during embryogenesis. These subpopulations are continuously generated during adulthood, where they act as agents of tissue homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Davies
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Kai Lei
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Christopher W Seidel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Amanda E Kroesen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Sean A McKinney
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Longhua Guo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Sofia Mc Robb
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Eric J Ross
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Kirsten Gotting
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
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40
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Prasad A, Porter DF, Kroll-Conner PL, Mohanty I, Ryan AR, Crittenden SL, Wickens M, Kimble J. The PUF binding landscape in metazoan germ cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2016; 22:1026-43. [PMID: 27165521 PMCID: PMC4911911 DOI: 10.1261/rna.055871.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PUF (Pumilio/FBF) proteins are RNA-binding proteins and conserved stem cell regulators. The Caenorhabditis elegans PUF proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2 (collectively FBF) regulate mRNAs in germ cells. Without FBF, adult germlines lose all stem cells. A major gap in our understanding of PUF proteins, including FBF, is a global view of their binding sites in their native context (i.e., their "binding landscape"). To understand the interactions underlying FBF function, we used iCLIP (individual-nucleotide resolution UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation) to determine binding landscapes of C. elegans FBF-1 and FBF-2 in the germline tissue of intact animals. Multiple iCLIP peak-calling methods were compared to maximize identification of both established FBF binding sites and positive control target mRNAs in our iCLIP data. We discovered that FBF-1 and FBF-2 bind to RNAs through canonical as well as alternate motifs. We also analyzed crosslinking-induced mutations to map binding sites precisely and to identify key nucleotides that may be critical for FBF-RNA interactions. FBF-1 and FBF-2 can bind sites in the 5'UTR, coding region, or 3'UTR, but have a strong bias for the 3' end of transcripts. FBF-1 and FBF-2 have strongly overlapping target profiles, including mRNAs and noncoding RNAs. From a statistically robust list of 1404 common FBF targets, 847 were previously unknown, 154 were related to cell cycle regulation, three were lincRNAs, and 335 were shared with the human PUF protein PUM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Douglas F Porter
- Department of Biochemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Peggy L Kroll-Conner
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Ipsita Mohanty
- Department of Biochemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Anne R Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Sarah L Crittenden
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Marvin Wickens
- Department of Biochemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Judith Kimble
- Department of Biochemistry, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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A premeiotic function for boule in the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3509-18. [PMID: 27330085 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521341113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ), a Y chromosome gene, are an important cause of human male infertility. DAZ is found exclusively in primates, limiting functional studies of this gene to its homologs: boule, required for meiotic progression of germ cells in invertebrate model systems, and Daz-like (Dazl), required for early germ cell maintenance in vertebrates. Dazl is believed to have acquired its premeiotic role in a vertebrate ancestor following the duplication and functional divergence of the single-copy gene boule. However, multiple homologs of boule have been identified in some invertebrates, raising the possibility that some of these genes may play other roles, including a premeiotic function. Here we identify two boule paralogs in the freshwater planarian Schmidtea mediterranea Smed-boule1 is necessary for meiotic progression of male germ cells, similar to the known function of boule in invertebrates. By contrast, Smed-boule2 is required for the maintenance of early male germ cells, similar to vertebrate Dazl To examine if Boule2 may be functionally similar to vertebrate Dazl, we identify and functionally characterize planarian homologs of human DAZL/DAZ-interacting partners and DAZ family mRNA targets. Finally, our phylogenetic analyses indicate that premeiotic functions of planarian boule2 and vertebrate Dazl evolved independently. Our study uncovers a premeiotic role for an invertebrate boule homolog and offers a tractable invertebrate model system for studying the premeiotic functions of the DAZ protein family.
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Kashima M, Kumagai N, Agata K, Shibata N. Heterogeneity of chromatoid bodies in adult pluripotent stem cells of planarianDugesia japonica. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:225-37. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kashima
- Department of Biophysics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwake Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kumagai
- Department of Biophysics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwake Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Agata
- Department of Biophysics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwake Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Norito Shibata
- Department of Biophysics; Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kitashirakawa-Oiwake Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Rossi L, Bonuccelli L, Iacopetti P, Evangelista M, Ghezzani C, Tana L, Salvetti A. Prohibitin 2 regulates cell proliferation and mitochondrial cristae morphogenesis in planarian stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015; 10:871-87. [PMID: 24974103 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prohibitins are pleiotropic proteins, whose multiple roles are emerging as key elements in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation. Indeed, prohibitins interact with several intracellular proteins strategically involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression in response to extracellular growth signals. Prohibitins also have regulatory functions in mitochondrial fusion and cristae morphogenesis, phenomena related to the ability of self-renewing embryonic stem cells to undergo differentiation, during which mitochondria develop numerous cristae, increase in number, and generate an extensive reticular network. We recently identified a Prohibitin 2 homolog (DjPhb2) that is expressed in adult stem cells (neoblasts) of planarians, a well-known model system for in vivo studies on stem cells and tissue regeneration. Here, we show that in DjPhb2 silenced planarians, most proliferating cells disappear, with the exception of a subpopulation of neoblasts localized along the dorsal body midline. Neoblast depletion impairs regeneration and, finally, leads animals to death. Our in vivo findings demonstrate that prohibitin 2 plays an important role in regulating stem cell biology, being involved in both the control of cell cycle progression and mitochondrial cristae morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Rossi
- Unit of Experimental Biology and Genetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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Salvetti A, Rossi L, Iacopetti P, Li X, Nitti S, Pellegrino T, Mattoli V, Golberg D, Ciofani G. In vivo biocompatibility of boron nitride nanotubes: effects on stem cell biology and tissue regeneration in planarians. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:1911-22. [PMID: 25835434 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) represent an extremely interesting class of nanomaterials, and recent findings have suggested a number of applications in the biomedical field. Anyhow, extensive biocompatibility investigations are mandatory before any further advancement toward preclinical testing. MATERIALS & METHODS Here, we report on the effects of multiwalled BNNTs in freshwater planarians, one of the best-characterized in vivo models for developmental biology and regeneration research. RESULTS & DISCUSSION Obtained results indicate that BNNTs are biocompatible in the investigated model, since they do not induce oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis, and do not show adverse effects on planarian stem cell biology and on de novo tissue regeneration. In summary, collected findings represent another important step toward BNNT realistic applications in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Salvetti
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Alessandro Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Rossi
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Alessandro Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Iacopetti
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Alessandro Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Xia Li
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), Namiki 1-1, 305-0044 Tsukuba (Ibaraki), Japan
| | - Simone Nitti
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Virgilio Mattoli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (Pisa), Italy
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), Namiki 1-1, 305-0044 Tsukuba (Ibaraki), Japan
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (Pisa), Italy
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Datla US, Scovill NC, Brokamp AJ, Kim E, Asch AS, Lee MH. Role of PUF-8/PUF protein in stem cell control, sperm-oocyte decision and cell fate reprogramming. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1306-11. [PMID: 24638209 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pumilio and FBF (PUF) proteins are conserved stem cell regulators that maintain germline stem cells (GSCs) in worms and flies. Moreover, they are also present in vertebrate stem cells. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has multiple PUF proteins with specialized roles. Among them, PUF-8 protein controls multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, sperm-oocyte decision, and cell fate reprogramming, depending on the genetic context in the C. elegans germline. In this review, we describe the possible mechanisms of how PUF-8 protein systematically controls multiple cellular processes in the C. elegans germline. Since PUF proteins are evolutionarily conserved, we suggest that a similar mechanism may be involved in controlling stem cell regulation and differentiation in other organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Sree Datla
- Program in Biomedical Sciences, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina; Department of Oncology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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Harrath AH, Semlali A, Mansour L, Ahmed M, Sirotkin AV, Al Omar SY, Arfah M, Al Anazi MS, Alhazza IM, Nyengaard JR, Alwasel S. Infertility in the hyperplasic ovary of freshwater planarians: the role of programmed cell death. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:607-20. [PMID: 25107610 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ex-fissiparous planarians produce infertile cocoons or, in very rare cases, cocoons with very low fertility. Here, we describe the features of programmed cell death (PCD) occurring in the hyperplasic ovary of the ex-fissiparous freshwater planarian Dugesia arabica that may explain this infertility. Based on TEM results, we demonstrate a novel extensive co-clustering of cytoplasmic organelles, such as lysosomes and microtubules, and their fusion with autophagosomes during the early stage of oocyte cell death occurring through an autophagic pattern. During a later stage of cell death, the generation of apoptotic vesicles in the cytoplasm can be observed. The immunohistochemical labeling supports the ultrastructural results because it has been shown that the proapoptotic protein bax was more highly expressed in the hyperplasic ovary than in the normal one, whereas the anti-apoptotic protein bcl2 was slightly more highly expressed in the normal ovary compared to the hyperplasic one. TUNEL analysis of the hyperplasic ovary confirmed that the nuclei of the majority of differentiating oocytes were TUNEL-positive, whereas the nuclei of oogonia and young oocytes were TUNEL-negative; in the normal ovary, oocytes are TUNEL-negative. Considering all of these data, we suggest that the cell death mechanism of differentiating oocytes in the hyperplasic ovary of freshwater planarians is one of the most important factors that cause ex-fissiparous planarian infertility. We propose that autophagy precedes apoptosis during oogenesis, whereas apoptotic features can be observed later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Halim Harrath
- Zoology Department College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia,
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Single-cell analysis reveals functionally distinct classes within the planarian stem cell compartment. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:326-339. [PMID: 25017721 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are flatworms capable of regenerating any missing body region. This capacity is mediated by neoblasts, a proliferative cell population that contains pluripotent stem cells. Although population-based studies have revealed many neoblast characteristics, whether functionally distinct classes exist within this population is unclear. Here, we used high-dimensional single-cell transcriptional profiling from over a thousand individual neoblasts to directly compare gene expression fingerprints during homeostasis and regeneration. We identified two prominent neoblast classes that we named ζ (zeta) and σ (sigma). Zeta-neoblasts encompass specified cells that give rise to an abundant postmitotic lineage, including epidermal cells, and are not required for regeneration. By contrast, sigma-neoblasts proliferate in response to injury, possess broad lineage capacity, and can give rise to zeta-neoblasts. These findings indicate that planarian neoblasts comprise two major and functionally distinct cellular compartments.
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Rouhana L, Weiss JA, King RS, Newmark PA. PIWI homologs mediate histone H4 mRNA localization to planarian chromatoid bodies. Development 2014; 141:2592-601. [PMID: 24903754 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The well-known regenerative abilities of planarian flatworms are attributed to a population of adult stem cells called neoblasts that proliferate and differentiate to produce all cell types. A characteristic feature of neoblasts is the presence of large cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules named chromatoid bodies, the function of which has remained largely elusive. This study shows that histone mRNAs are a common component of chromatoid bodies. Our experiments also demonstrate that accumulation of histone mRNAs, which is typically restricted to the S phase of eukaryotic cells, is extended during the cell cycle of neoblasts. The planarian PIWI homologs SMEDWI-1 and SMEDWI-3 are required for proper localization of germinal histone H4 (gH4) mRNA to chromatoid bodies. The association between histone mRNA and chromatoid body components extends beyond gH4 mRNA, since transcripts of other core histone genes were also found in these structures. Additionally, piRNAs corresponding to loci of every core histone type have been identified. Altogether, this work provides evidence that links PIWI proteins and chromatoid bodies to histone mRNA regulation in planarian stem cells. The molecular similarities between neoblasts and undifferentiated cells of other organisms raise the possibility that PIWI proteins might also regulate histone mRNAs in stem cells and germ cells of other metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Labib Rouhana
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer A Weiss
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ryan S King
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Phillip A Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Brubacher JL, Vieira AP, Newmark PA. Preparation of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea for high-resolution histology and transmission electron microscopy. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:661-73. [PMID: 24556788 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea is an emerging model species in fields such as stem cell biology, regeneration and evolutionary biology. Excellent molecular tools have been developed for S. mediterranea, but ultrastructural techniques have received far less attention. Processing specimens for histology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is notoriously idiosyncratic for particular species or specimen types. Unfortunately, however, most methods for S. mediterranea described in the literature lack numerous essential details, and those few that do provide them rely on specialized equipment that may not be readily available. Here we present an optimized protocol for ultrastructural preparation of S. mediterranea. The protocol can be completed in 6 d, much of which is 'hands-off' time. To aid with troubleshooting, we also illustrate the major effects of seemingly minor variations in fixative, buffer concentration and dehydration steps. This procedure will be useful for all planarian researchers, particularly those with relatively little experience in tissue processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Brubacher
- Faculty of Humanities and Sciences, Canadian Mennonite University, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ana P Vieira
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Phillip A Newmark
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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