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Werder RB, Zhou X, Cho MH, Wilson AA. Breathing new life into the study of COPD with genes identified from genome-wide association studies. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:240019. [PMID: 38811034 PMCID: PMC11134200 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0019-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. While the significance of environmental exposures in disease pathogenesis is well established, the functional contribution of genetic factors has only in recent years drawn attention. Notably, many genes associated with COPD risk are also linked with lung function. Because reduced lung function precedes COPD onset, this association is consistent with the possibility that derangements leading to COPD could arise during lung development. In this review, we summarise the role of leading genes (HHIP, FAM13A, DSP, AGER and TGFB2) identified by genome-wide association studies in lung development and COPD. Because many COPD genome-wide association study genes are enriched in lung epithelial cells, we focus on the role of these genes in the lung epithelium in development, homeostasis and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon B Werder
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew A Wilson
- Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Jiao M, Zhang Y, Song X, Xu B. The role and mechanism of TXNDC5 in disease progression. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1354952. [PMID: 38629066 PMCID: PMC11019510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin domain containing protein-5 (TXNDC5), also known as endothelial protein-disulfide isomerase (Endo-PDI), is confined to the endoplasmic reticulum through the structural endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (KDEL), is a member of the PDI protein family and is highly expressed in the hypoxic state. TXNDC5 can regulate the rate of disulfide bond formation, isomerization and degradation of target proteins through its function as a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), thereby altering protein conformation, activity and improving protein stability. Several studies have shown that there is a significant correlation between TXNDC5 gene polymorphisms and genetic susceptibility to inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid, fibrosis and tumors. In this paper, we detail the expression characteristics of TXNDC5 in a variety of diseases, summarize the mechanisms by which TXNDC5 promotes malignant disease progression, and summarize potential therapeutic strategies to target TXNDC5 for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Jiao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Province Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation and Nephrosis, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yeyong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xie Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Province Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Medicine and Health Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation and Nephrosis, Shandong Institute of Nephrology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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3
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Callaway DA, Penkala IJ, Zhou S, Knowlton JJ, Cardenas-Diaz F, Babu A, Morley MP, Lopes M, Garcia BA, Morrisey EE. TGF-β controls alveolar type 1 epithelial cell plasticity and alveolar matrisome gene transcription in mice. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172095. [PMID: 38488000 PMCID: PMC10947970 DOI: 10.1172/jci172095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Premature birth disrupts normal lung development and places infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease disrupting lung health throughout the life of an individual and that is increasing in incidence. The TGF-β superfamily has been implicated in BPD pathogenesis, however, what cell lineage it impacts remains unclear. We show that TGFbr2 is critical for alveolar epithelial (AT1) cell fate maintenance and function. Loss of TGFbr2 in AT1 cells during late lung development leads to AT1-AT2 cell reprogramming and altered pulmonary architecture, which persists into adulthood. Restriction of fetal lung stretch and associated AT1 cell spreading through a model of oligohydramnios enhances AT1-AT2 reprogramming. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal the necessity of TGFbr2 expression in AT1 cells for extracellular matrix production. Moreover, TGF-β signaling regulates integrin transcription to alter AT1 cell morphology, which further impacts ECM expression through changes in mechanotransduction. These data reveal the cell intrinsic necessity of TGF-β signaling in maintaining AT1 cell fate and reveal this cell lineage as a major orchestrator of the alveolar matrisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A. Callaway
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
| | - Ian J. Penkala
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
| | - Su Zhou
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan J. Knowlton
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
| | - Fabian Cardenas-Diaz
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Apoorva Babu
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael P. Morley
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mariana Lopes
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Garcia
- Epigenetics Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward E. Morrisey
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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4
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Callaway DA, Penkala IJ, Zhou S, Cardenas-Diaz F, Babu A, Morley MP, Lopes M, Garcia BA, Morrisey EE. TGFβ controls alveolar type 1 epithelial cell plasticity and alveolar matrisome gene transcription. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.09.540035. [PMID: 37214932 PMCID: PMC10197675 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.09.540035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Premature birth disrupts normal lung development and places infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease increasing in incidence which disrupts lung health throughout the lifespan. The TGFβ superfamily has been implicated in BPD pathogenesis, however, what cell lineage it impacts remains unclear. We show that Tgfbr2 is critical for AT1 cell fate maintenance and function. Loss of Tgfbr2 in AT1 cells during late lung development leads to AT1-AT2 cell reprogramming and altered pulmonary architecture, which persists into adulthood. Restriction of fetal lung stretch and associated AT1 cell spreading through a model of oligohydramnios enhances AT1-AT2 reprogramming. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveal the necessity of Tgfbr2 expression in AT1 cells for extracellular matrix production. Moreover, TGFβ signaling regulates integrin transcription to alter AT1 cell morphology, which further impacts ECM expression through changes in mechanotransduction. These data reveal the cell intrinsic necessity of TGFβ signaling in maintaining AT1 cell fate and reveal this cell lineage as a major orchestrator of the alveolar matrisome.
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5
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Dai H, Zhu M, Li W, Si G, Xing Y. Activation of PI3K/p110α in the Lung Mesenchyme Affects Branching Morphogenesis and Club Cell Differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:880206. [PMID: 35676931 PMCID: PMC9168599 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.880206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal interaction is required for normal growth, morphogenetic patterning, and cellular differentiation in developing lungs. Various signaling pathways have been defined in establishing the patterning of this branched organ. The phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling plays an important role in disease pathogenesis but remains largely uncharacterized in embryonic development. In this study, we activated a specific catalytic subunit of PI3K catalytic enzymes, Class IA p110α (p110α), in the embryonic lung mesenchyme using the Dermo1-Cre mouse. Activation of p110α promoted branching morphogenesis and blocked club cell differentiation in both proximal and distal airways. Mechanistically, the LIM homeodomain gene Islet-1 (Isl1), fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10), and SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box9 (Sox9) were found to be downstream targets of p110α. The significantly increased expressions of Isl1, Fgf10, and Sox9 resulted in the stimulation of branching in mutant lungs. Activation of p110α-mediated signaling also increased the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (Pten) and hairy/enhancer of split 1 (Hes1), which in turn blocked club cell differentiation. Thus, the signaling pathway by which PI3K/p110α-regulated epithelial–mesenchymal interactions may entail Isl1–Fgf10–Sox9 and Pten–Hes1 networks, which consequently regulate branching morphogenesis and club cell differentiation, respectively.
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6
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Liao CC, Chiu CJ, Yang YH, Chiang BL. Neonatal lung-derived SSEA-1 + cells exhibited distinct stem/progenitor characteristics and organoid developmental potential. iScience 2022; 25:104262. [PMID: 35521516 PMCID: PMC9062680 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem/progenitor cells, because of their self-renewal and multiple cell type differentiation abilities, have good potential in regenerative medicine. We previously reported a lung epithelial cell population that expressed the stem cell marker SSEA-1 was abundant in neonatal but scarce in adult mice. In the current study, neonatal and adult mouse-derived pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells were isolated for further characterization. The results showed that neonatal-derived pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells highly expressed lung development-associated genes and had enhanced organoid generation ability compared with the adult cells. Neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells generated airway-like and alveolar-like organoids, suggesting multilineage cell differentiation ability. Organoid generation of neonatal but not adult pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells was enhanced by fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF 7). Furthermore, neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells colonized and developed in decellularized and injured lungs. These results suggest the potential of lung-derived neonatal-stage SSEA-1+ cells with enhanced stem/progenitor activity and shed light on future lung engineering applications. Pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells are abundant in neonatal and scarce in adult stages The stem/progenitor activity of pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells is enhanced in neonatal stage Neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells developed into airway- and alveolar-like organoids FGF7 regulates alveolar epithelium development of neonatal pulmonary SSEA-1+ cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Liao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Juno Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Wang A, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Li X, Li K, Li Y, Wang J, Li L, Chen H. Inhibition of Gabrp reduces the differentiation of airway epithelial progenitor cells into goblet cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:720. [PMID: 34007329 PMCID: PMC8120639 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is an intractable pulmonary disease that affects millions of individuals worldwide, with the overproduction of mucus contributing to high morbidity and mortality. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is associated with goblet cell hyperplasia in the lungs of primate models and Club cells serve as airway epithelial progenitor cells that may differentiate into goblet and ciliated cells. In the present study, it was investigated whether the GABAA receptor pi (Gabrp) is essential for Club cell proliferation and differentiation in mice. Validation of microarray analysis results by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) demonstrated that Gabrp is highly expressed in mouse Club cells. Predominant expression of Gabrp in mouse Club cells was further confirmed based on naphthalene-induced Club cell injury in mice, with organoid cultures indicating significant reductions in the organoid-forming ability of mouse Club cells in the presence of Gabrp antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI). Furthermore, the RT-qPCR results indicated that the mRNA levels of chloride channel accessory 3, pseudogene (Clca3p), mucin (Muc)5Ac and Muc5B were significantly decreased in BMI organoid cultures. These results suggested that blocking GABA signaling through Gabrp inhibits mouse Club cell proliferation, as well as differentiation into goblet cells. Therefore, targeting GABA/Gabrp signaling may represent a promising strategy for treating goblet cell hyperplasia in bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Xue Li
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Kuan Li
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Jianhai Wang
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin University Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China.,Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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8
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Cellular and functional heterogeneity of the airway epithelium. Mucosal Immunol 2021; 14:978-990. [PMID: 33608655 PMCID: PMC7893625 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-00370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium protects us from environmental insults, which we encounter with every breath. Not only does it passively filter large particles, it also senses potential danger and alerts other cells, including immune and nervous cells. Together, these tissues orchestrate the most appropriate response, balancing the need to eliminate the danger with the risk of damage to the host. Each cell subset within the airway epithelium plays its part, and when impaired, may contribute to the development of respiratory disease. Here we highlight recent advances regarding the cellular and functional heterogeneity along the airway epithelium and discuss how we can use this knowledge to design more effective, targeted therapeutics.
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Noguchi M, Furukawa KT, Morimoto M. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells: physiology, tissue homeostasis and disease. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/12/dmm046920. [PMID: 33355253 PMCID: PMC7774893 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian lungs have the ability to recognize external environments by sensing different compounds in inhaled air. Pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) are rare, multi-functional epithelial cells currently garnering attention as intrapulmonary sensors; PNECs can detect hypoxic conditions through chemoreception. Because PNEC overactivation has been reported in patients suffering from respiratory diseases – such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and other congenital diseases – an improved understanding of the fundamental characteristics of PNECs is becoming crucial in pulmonary biology and pathology. During the past decade, murine genetics and disease models revealed the involvement of PNECs in lung ventilation dynamics, mechanosensing and the type 2 immune responses. Single-cell RNA sequencing further unveiled heterogeneous gene expression profiles in the PNEC population and revealed that a small number of PNECs undergo reprogramming during regeneration. Aberrant large clusters of PNECs have been observed in neuroendocrine tumors, including small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Modern innovation of imaging analyses has enabled the discovery of dynamic migratory behaviors of PNECs during airway development, perhaps relating to SCLC malignancy. This Review summarizes the findings from research on PNECs, along with novel knowledge about their function. In addition, it thoroughly addresses the relevant questions concerning the molecular pathology of pulmonary diseases and related therapeutic approaches. Summary: This Review highlights the physiological relevance of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, rare airway epithelial cells that form intrapulmonary sensory organs, abnormalities of which are associated with several pulmonary disorders, such as asthma and lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Noguchi
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Centre for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Kana T Furukawa
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Centre for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Morimoto
- Laboratory for Lung Development and Regeneration, RIKEN Centre for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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10
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Lezmi G, Vibhushan S, Bevilaqua C, Crapart N, Cagnard N, Khen-Dunlop N, Boyle-Freyssaut C, Hadchouel A, Delacourt C. Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations of the lung: an epithelial transcriptomic approach. Respir Res 2020; 21:43. [PMID: 32019538 PMCID: PMC7001206 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-1306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathophysiology of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAM) of the lung remains poorly understood. Aim This study aimed to identify more precisely the molecular mechanisms limited to a compartment of lung tissue, through a transcriptomic analysis of the epithelium of macrocystic forms. Methods Tissue fragments displaying CCAM were obtained during planned surgical resections. Epithelial mRNA was obtained from cystic and normal areas after laser capture microdissection (LCM). Transcriptomic analyses were performed and the results were confirmed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in independent samples. Results After controlling for RNA quality, we analysed the transcriptomes of six cystic areas and five control areas. In total, 393 transcripts were differentially expressed in the epithelium, between CCAM and control areas. The most highly redundant genes involved in biological functions and signalling pathways differentially expressed between CCAM and control epithelium included TGFB2, TGFBR1, and MAP 2 K1. These genes were considered particularly relevant as they have been implicated in branching morphogenesis. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed in independent samples that TGFBR1 was more strongly expressed in CCAM than in control tissues (p < 0.03). Immunohistochemistry analysis showed TGFBR1 (p = 0.0007) and TGFB2 (p < 0.02) levels to be significantly higher in the epithelium of CCAM than in that of control tissues. Conclusions This compartmentalised transcriptomic analysis of the epithelium of macrocystic lung malformations identified a dysregulation of TGFB signalling at the mRNA and protein levels, suggesting a possible role of this pathway in CCAM pathogenesis. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01732185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Lezmi
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, 75743 Cedex 15, Paris, France.,INSERM, U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale (IMRB), Equipe 4, 94000, Créteil, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- INSERM, U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale (IMRB), Equipe 4, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Claudia Bevilaqua
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Crapart
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Inserm UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Genomics Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Naziha Khen-Dunlop
- Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.,Service de Chirurgie Pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, 75743 Cedex 15, Paris, France
| | | | - Alice Hadchouel
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, 75743 Cedex 15, Paris, France.,INSERM, U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale (IMRB), Equipe 4, 94000, Créteil, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Delacourt
- Service de Pneumologie et d'Allergologie Pédiatriques, AP-HP, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, 75743 Cedex 15, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale (IMRB), Equipe 4, 94000, Créteil, France. .,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France.
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11
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Bhat R, Glimm T, Linde-Medina M, Cui C, Newman SA. Synchronization of Hes1 oscillations coordinates and refines condensation formation and patterning of the avian limb skeleton. Mech Dev 2019; 156:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Demura SA, Kogan EA, Goryachkina VL. [Chronic diseases, precancer, and cancer of the lung, which are associated with pathology of the club cells of respiratory and terminal bronchioles]. Arkh Patol 2018; 80:63-68. [PMID: 30335064 DOI: 10.17116/patol20188005163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The review of the literature deals with the participation of Clara cells now called club cells (CCs) of the epithelium in the respiratory and terminal bronchioles in the pathogenesis and morphogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases, precancer, and cancer of the lung, which develop in the respiratory segments. The review summarizes data on the histophysiology of CCs and their participation in the pathogenesis and morphogenesis of chronic interstitial lung diseases, pneumoconiosis, chronic obstructive diseases, adenomatosis, and adenocarcinoma of the lung. In this area, there is a bronchioloalveolar junction area (BAJA), one of the most important stem cell niches. CCs are located in the BAJA; they are progenitor tissue stem cells and play an important role in the regeneration of the epithelium of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Pathology of CCs in the BAJA leads to the maintenance of chronic inflammation, to the destruction of the lung elastic frame, and to impaired epithelial regeneration, interstitial fibrosis, and adenomatosis. In this case, decompensated inflammation, pathological regeneration, and fibrosis develop, which, along with the action of carcinogenic agents, can contribute to the accumulation of mutations and epigenetic rearrangements in the CCs, which subsequently results in atypical adenomatous hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Demura
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Kogan
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V L Goryachkina
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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13
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Chanda D, Otoupalova E, Smith SR, Volckaert T, De Langhe SP, Thannickal VJ. Developmental pathways in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:56-69. [PMID: 30130563 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and terminal lung disease with no known cure. IPF is a disease of aging, with median age of diagnosis over 65 years. Median survival is between 3 and 5 years after diagnosis. IPF is characterized primarily by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by activated lung fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, resulting in reduced gas exchange and impaired pulmonary function. Growing evidence supports the concept of a pro-fibrotic environment orchestrated by underlying factors such as genetic predisposition, chronic injury and aging, oxidative stress, and impaired regenerative responses may account for disease development and persistence. Currently, two FDA approved drugs have limited efficacy in the treatment of IPF. Many of the genes and gene networks associated with lung development are induced or activated in IPF. In this review, we analyze current knowledge in the field, gained from both basic and clinical research, to provide new insights into the disease process, and potential approaches to treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptiman Chanda
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Eva Otoupalova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Samuel R Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Thomas Volckaert
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Stijn P De Langhe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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14
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Saito A, Horie M, Nagase T. TGF-β Signaling in Lung Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082460. [PMID: 30127261 PMCID: PMC6121238 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is an evolutionarily conserved pleiotropic factor that regulates a myriad of biological processes including development, tissue regeneration, immune responses, and tumorigenesis. TGF-β is necessary for lung organogenesis and homeostasis as evidenced by genetically engineered mouse models. TGF-β is crucial for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during lung branching morphogenesis and alveolarization. Expression and activation of the three TGF-β ligand isoforms in the lungs are temporally and spatially regulated by multiple mechanisms. The lungs are structurally exposed to extrinsic stimuli and pathogens, and are susceptible to inflammation, allergic reactions, and carcinogenesis. Upregulation of TGF-β ligands is observed in major pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema, bronchial asthma, and lung cancer. TGF-β regulates multiple cellular processes such as growth suppression of epithelial cells, alveolar epithelial cell differentiation, fibroblast activation, and extracellular matrix organization. These effects are closely associated with tissue remodeling in pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. TGF-β is also central to T cell homeostasis and is deeply involved in asthmatic airway inflammation. TGF-β is the most potent inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in non-small cell lung cancer cells and is pivotal to the development of tumor-promoting microenvironment in the lung cancer tissue. This review summarizes and integrates the current knowledge of TGF-β signaling relevant to lung health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Horie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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15
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Yang Y, Riccio P, Schotsaert M, Mori M, Lu J, Lee DK, García-Sastre A, Xu J, Cardoso WV. Spatial-Temporal Lineage Restrictions of Embryonic p63 + Progenitors Establish Distinct Stem Cell Pools in Adult Airways. Dev Cell 2018; 44:752-761.e4. [PMID: 29587145 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Basal cells (BCs) are p63-expressing multipotent progenitors of skin, tracheoesophageal and urinary tracts. p63 is abundant in developing airways; however, it remains largely unclear how embryonic p63+ cells contribute to the developing and postnatal respiratory tract epithelium, and ultimately how they relate to adult BCs. Using lineage-tracing and functional approaches in vivo, we show that p63+ cells arising from the lung primordium are initially multipotent progenitors of airway and alveolar lineages but later become restricted proximally to generate the tracheal adult stem cell pool. In intrapulmonary airways, these cells are maintained immature to adulthood in bronchi, establishing a rare p63+Krt5- progenitor cell population that responds to H1N1 virus-induced severe injury. Intriguingly, this pool includes a CC10 lineage-labeled p63+Krt5- cell subpopulation required for a full H1N1-response. These data elucidate key aspects in the establishment of regionally distinct adult stem cell pools in the respiratory system, potentially with relevance to other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Paul Riccio
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Munemasa Mori
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jining Lu
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dong-Kee Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wellington V Cardoso
- Columbia Center for Human Development, Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Allergy Critical Care, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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16
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Ostrin EJ, Little DR, Gerner-Mauro KN, Sumner EA, Ríos-Corzo R, Ambrosio E, Holt SE, Forcioli-Conti N, Akiyama H, Hanash SM, Kimura S, Huang SXL, Chen J. β-Catenin maintains lung epithelial progenitors after lung specification. Development 2018; 145:dev.160788. [PMID: 29440304 DOI: 10.1242/dev.160788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The entire lung epithelium arises from SRY box 9 (SOX9)-expressing progenitors that form the respiratory tree and differentiate into airway and alveolar cells. Despite progress in understanding their initial specification within the embryonic foregut, how these progenitors are subsequently maintained is less clear. Using inducible, progenitor-specific genetic mosaic mouse models, we showed that β-catenin (CTNNB1) maintains lung progenitors by promoting a hierarchical lung progenitor gene signature, suppressing gastrointestinal (GI) genes, and regulating NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2.1) and SRY box 2 (SOX2) in a developmental stage-dependent manner. At the early, but not later, stage post-lung specification, CTNNB1 cell-autonomously maintained normal NKX2.1 expression levels and suppressed ectopic SOX2 expression. Genetic epistasis analyses revealed that CTNNB1 is required for fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)/Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (Kras)-mediated promotion of the progenitors. In silico screening of Eurexpress and translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP)-RNAseq identified a progenitor gene signature, a subset of which depends on CTNNB1. Wnt signaling also maintained NKX2.1 expression and suppressed GI genes in cultured human lung progenitors derived from embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Ostrin
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Department of General Internal Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Danielle R Little
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Kamryn N Gerner-Mauro
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Sumner
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ricardo Ríos-Corzo
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ambrosio
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64849, Mexico
| | - Samantha E Holt
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Nicolas Forcioli-Conti
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Department of Orthopedics, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Sam M Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Shioko Kimura
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sarah X L Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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17
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TGF-β Family Signaling in Ductal Differentiation and Branching Morphogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031997. [PMID: 28289061 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells contribute to the development of various vital organs by generating tubular and/or glandular architectures. The fully developed forms of ductal organs depend on processes of branching morphogenesis, whereby frequency, total number, and complexity of the branching tissue define the final architecture in the organ. Some ductal tissues, like the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation, disintegrate and regenerate through periodic cycles. Differentiation of branched epithelia is driven by antagonistic actions of parallel growth factor systems that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal communication. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members and their extracellular antagonists are prominently involved in both normal and disease-associated (e.g., malignant or fibrotic) ductal tissue patterning. Here, we discuss collective knowledge that permeates the roles of TGF-β family members in the control of the ductal tissues in the vertebrate body.
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18
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Li X, Yang L, Sun X, Wu J, Li Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li K, Wu Q, Chen H. The role of TGFβ‑HGF‑Smad4 axis in regulating the proliferation of mouse airway progenitor cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8155-8163. [PMID: 28983602 PMCID: PMC5779903 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between airway epithelial progenitor cells and their microenvironment is critical for maintaining lung homeostasis. This microenvironment includes fibroblast cells, which support the growth of airway progenitor cells. However, the mechanism of this support is not fully understood. In the present study, the authors observed that inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β signal with SB431542 promotes the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in fibroblast cells. The HGF receptor, c‑Met, is expressed on airway progenitor cells; HGF promotes the colony‑forming ability of airway progenitor cells. The deletion of Smad4 in airway progenitor cells increases the colony‑forming ability, suggesting that Smad4 plays a negative role in the regulating the proliferation of airway progenitor cells. These data demonstrated that the regulation of airway progenitor cells by TGF‑β depends on TGF‑βR1/2 on stromal cells, rather than on epithelial progenitor cells. These data suggested a role for the TGF‑β‑TGF‑βR1/2‑HGF‑Smad4 axis in airway epithelial homeostasis and sheds new light on the interaction between airway progenitor cells and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Junping Wu
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Respiratory Department, Tianjin Haihe Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Yingchao Zhang
- Respiratory Department, Baodi Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 301800, P.R. China
| | - Kuan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Huaiyong Chen or Dr Qi Wu, Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Jinnan, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Huaiyong Chen or Dr Qi Wu, Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, 890 Jingu Road, Jinnan, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China, E-mail: , E-mail:
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19
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Ishikawa S, Ishimori K, Ito S. A 3D epithelial-mesenchymal co-culture model of human bronchial tissue recapitulates multiple features of airway tissue remodeling by TGF-β1 treatment. Respir Res 2017; 18:195. [PMID: 29166920 PMCID: PMC5700468 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The collagen gel contraction assay measures gel size to assess the contraction of cells embedded in collagen gel matrices. Using the assay with lung fibroblasts is useful in studying the lung tissue remodeling process in wound healing and disease development. However, the involvement of bronchial epithelial cells in this process should also be investigated. METHODS We applied a layer of mucociliary differentiated bronchial epithelial cells onto collagen gel matrices with lung fibroblasts. This co-culture model enables direct contact between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. We stimulated the culture with transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 as an inducer of tissue remodeling for 21 days, and measured gel size, histological changes, and expression of factors related to extracellular matrix homeostasis. RESULTS TGF-β1 exerted a concentration-dependent effect on collagen gel contraction and on contractile myofibroblasts in the mesenchymal collagen layer. TGF-β1 also induced expression of the mesenchymal marker vimentin in the basal layer of the epithelium, suggesting the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In addition, the expression of various genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins was upregulated. Fibrotic tenascin-C accumulated in the sub-epithelial region of the co-culture model. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that TGF-β1 can affect both epithelial and mesenchymal cells, and induce gel contraction and structural changes. Our novel in vitro co-culture model will be a useful tool for investigating the roles of epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and their interactions in the airway remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinkichi Ishikawa
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan.
| | - Kanae Ishimori
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Ito
- Scientific Product Assessment Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 227-8512, Japan
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20
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Hussain M, Xu C, Ahmad M, Yang Y, Lu M, Wu X, Tang L, Wu X. Notch Signaling: Linking Embryonic Lung Development and Asthmatic Airway Remodeling. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 92:676-693. [PMID: 29025966 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development is mediated by assorted signaling proteins and orchestrated by complex mesenchymal-epithelial interactions. Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved cell-cell communication mechanism that exhibits a pivotal role in lung development. Notably, both aberrant expression and loss of regulation of Notch signaling are critically linked to the pathogenesis of various lung diseases, in particular, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and asthmatic airway remodeling; implying that precise regulation of intensity and duration of Notch signaling is imperative for appropriate lung development. Moreover, evidence suggests that Notch signaling links embryonic lung development and asthmatic airway remodeling. Herein, we summarized all-recent advances associated with the mechanistic role of Notch signaling in lung development, consequences of aberrant expression or deletion of Notch signaling in linking early-impaired lung development and asthmatic airway remodeling, and all recently investigated potential therapeutic strategies to treat asthmatic airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musaddique Hussain
- Department of Pharmacology and The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.H., C.X., M.A., Xim.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.Y.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.L., Xil.W., L.T.)
| | - Chengyun Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.H., C.X., M.A., Xim.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.Y.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.L., Xil.W., L.T.)
| | - Mashaal Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.H., C.X., M.A., Xim.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.Y.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.L., Xil.W., L.T.)
| | - Youping Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.H., C.X., M.A., Xim.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.Y.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.L., Xil.W., L.T.)
| | - Meiping Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.H., C.X., M.A., Xim.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.Y.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.L., Xil.W., L.T.)
| | - Xiling Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.H., C.X., M.A., Xim.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.Y.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.L., Xil.W., L.T.)
| | - Lanfang Tang
- Department of Pharmacology and The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.H., C.X., M.A., Xim.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.Y.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.L., Xil.W., L.T.)
| | - Ximei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and The Key Respiratory Drug Research Laboratory of China Food and Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.H., C.X., M.A., Xim.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China (Y.Y.); and Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Affiliated Children Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou City, China (M.L., Xil.W., L.T.)
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21
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Sun W, Zhang H, Wang H, Chiu YG, Wang M, Ritchlin CT, Kiernan A, Boyce BF, Xing L. Targeting Notch-Activated M1 Macrophages Attenuates Joint Tissue Damage in a Mouse Model of Inflammatory Arthritis. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1469-1480. [PMID: 28256007 PMCID: PMC5489377 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Expression levels of Notch signaling molecules are increased in synovium from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it is not known which cell type(s) in RA synovium have Notch activation or if they play a pathogenetic role in RA. Here, we used Hes1-GFP/TNF-transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice to investigate the role of cells with active Notch signaling (GFP+) in RA. The number of GFP+ cells was significantly increased in synovium in Hes1-GFP/TNF-Tg mice and about 60% of them were F4/80+ macrophages expressing the inflammatory macrophage (M1) marker. TNF-Tg mice transplanted with Hes1-GFP/TNF-Tg bone marrow (BM) had significantly more GFP+ cells in their synovium than in BM. Intraarticular injection of Hes1-GFP/TNF-Tg or Hes1-GFP+ BM macrophages into WT and TNF-Tg mice showed the highest synovial GFP+ cells in the TNF-Tg mice that received Hes1-GFP/TNF-Tg cells. Thapsigargin (THAP), a Notch inhibitor, decreased TNF-induced M1 and increased M2 numbers and reduced joint lesion, synovial M1s, and GFP+ cells in Hes1-GFP/TNF-Tg mice. THAP did not affect M1s from mice carrying a constitutively active Notch1. Thus, the main cells with activated Notch signaling in the inflamed synovium of TNF-Tg mice are M1s derived from BM and targeting them may represent a new therapeutic approach for patients with inflammatory arthritis. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hengwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Hua Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yahui Grace Chiu
- Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Christopher T Ritchlin
- Allergy/Immunology and Rheumatology Division, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research (CMSR), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Amy Kiernan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research (CMSR), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Musculoskeletal Research (CMSR), University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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22
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Kameyama H, Kudoh S, Hatakeyama J, Matuo A, Ito T. Significance of Stat3 Signaling in Epithelial Cell Differentiation of Fetal Mouse Lungs. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2017; 50:1-9. [PMID: 28386145 PMCID: PMC5374098 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the significance of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 in lung epithelial development of fetal mice, we examined fetal mouse lungs, focusing on the expression of Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), Forkhead box protein J1 (Foxj1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), phosphorylated Stat3 (Tyr705), and hairy/enhancer of split (Hes) 1, and observed cultured fetal lungs upon treatment with IL-6, a Stat3 activator, or cucurbitacin I, a Stat3 inhibitor. Moreover, the interaction of Stat3 signaling and Hes1 was studied using Hes1 gene-deficient mice. Phosphorylated Stat3 was detected in fetal lungs and, immunohistochemically, phosphorylated Stat3 was found to be co-localized in developing Clara cells, but not in ciliated cells. In the organ culture studies, upon treatment with IL-6, quantitative RT-PCR revealed that CCSP mRNA increased with increasing Stat3 phosphorylation, while cucurbitacin I decreased Hes1, CCSP, Foxj1 and CGRP mRNAs with decreasing Stat3 phosphorylation. In the lungs of Hes1 gene-deficient mice, Stat3 phosphorylation was not markedly different from wild-type mice, the expression of CCSP and CGRP was enhanced, and the treatment of IL-6 or cucurbitacin I induced similar effects on mouse lung epithelial differentiation regardless of Hes1 expression status. Stat3 signaling acts in fetal mouse lung development, and seems to regulate Clara cell differentiation positively. Hes1 could regulate Clara cell differentiation in a manner independent from Stat3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kameyama
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
- Division of Pathology, Kumamoto Health Science University
| | - Shinji Kudoh
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Jun Hatakeyama
- Department of Brain Morphogenesis, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University
| | - Akira Matuo
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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Zhang H, Sun W, Li X, Wang M, Boyce BF, Hilton MJ, Xing L. Use of Hes1-GFP reporter mice to assess activity of the Hes1 promoter in bone cells under chronic inflammation. Bone 2016; 90:80-9. [PMID: 27269414 PMCID: PMC4970899 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis partially by controlling the formation of osteoblasts from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We reported that TNF activates Notch signaling in MSCs which inhibits osteoblast differentiation in TNF transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice, a mouse model of chronic inflammatory arthritis. In the current study, we used Hes1-GFP and Hes1-GFP/TNF-Tg mice to study the distribution and dynamic change of Notch active cells in normal and inflammatory bone loss and mechanisms mediating their enhanced proliferation. We found that Hes1-GFP+ cells are composed of cells expressing mesenchymal, hematopoietic and endothelial surface markers. CD45-/Hes1-GFP+ cells express high levels of mesenchymal markers and form CFU-F and CFU-ALP colonies. Expansion of CFU-F colonies is associated with a rapid increase in Hes1-GFP+ cell numbers and their GFP intensity. The GFP signal is lost when a CFU-F colony differentiates into an ALP+ osteoblast colony. TNF increases the numbers of CD45-/Hes1-GFP+ cells, which are stained negatively for osteoblast marker osteocalcin and localized adjacent to endosteal and trabecular bone surfaces. CD45-/Hes1-GFP+ cells in Hes1-GFP/TNF-Tg mice have increased BrdU incorporation and PDGFRβ levels. TNF increases the number of proliferating Hes1-GFP+ cells, which is prevented by a specific PDGFRβ inhibitor. Notch inhibition blocks TNF-mediated PDGFRβ expression and cell proliferation. Thus, TNF-induced MSC proliferation is mediated by PDGFRβ signal, which works at downstream of Notch. Hes1-GFP mice can be used to assess the activation status of Notch in bone cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Wen Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; The Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Medicine, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Brendan F Boyce
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lianping Xing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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24
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Liu X, Luo F, Ling M, Lu L, Shi L, Lu X, Xu H, Chen C, Yang Q, Xue J, Li J, Zhang A, Liu Q. MicroRNA-21 activation of ERK signaling via PTEN is involved in arsenite-induced autophagy in human hepatic L-02 cells. Toxicol Lett 2016; 252:1-10. [PMID: 27107786 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved cellular process, has diverse physiological and pathological roles in biological functions. Whether autophagy is induced by arsenite, a well-established human carcinogen, and the molecular mechanisms involved, remain to be established. Further, microRNAs (miRNAs) act as regulators in various cancers, but how miRNAs regulate autophagy remains largely unexplored. We have found that, in human hepatic epithelial (L-02) cells, arsenite increases levels of autophagy-related proteins in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and elevates the number of autophagic vacuoles (AVs). Arsenite also activates the ERK pathway in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In L-02 cells exposed to arsenite, microRNA-21 (miRNA-21) is over-expressed, and its target proteins, PTEN, PDCD4, and Spry1, are decreased. Moreover, inhibition of miR-21 increases levels of PTEN, and reduces levels of Beclin 1 and LC3 II/I, indicating that miR-21 is involved in arsenite-induced autophagy. In addition, ectopic expression of PTEN blocks the effect of miR-21 on the arsenite-induced autophagy and decreases p-ERK levels. Also, ERK promotes the autophagy induced by arsenite. In sum, upon exposure of cells to arsenite, over-expression of miR-21 activates ERK through PTEN, factors that participate in arsenite-induced autophagy. This link, mediated through miRNAs, establishes a mechanism for the development of autophagy that is associated with arsenic toxicity. Such information contributes to an understanding of the liver toxicity caused by arsenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fei Luo
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Min Ling
- Jiangsu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Le Shi
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qianlei Yang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Junchao Xue
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Qizhan Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, PR China.
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25
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The role and importance of club cells (Clara cells) in the pathogenesis of some respiratory diseases. POLISH JOURNAL OF THORACIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2016; 13:26-30. [PMID: 27212975 PMCID: PMC4860431 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2016.58961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The report presents the cellular structure of the respiratory system as well as the history of club cells (Clara cells), their ultrastructure, and location in the airways and human organs. The authors discuss the biochemical structure of proteins secreted by these cells and their importance for the integrity and regeneration of the airway epithelium. Their role as progenitor cells for the airway epithelium and their involvement in the biotransformation of toxic xenobiotics introduced into the lungs during breathing is emphasized. This is followed by a discussion of the clinical aspects associated with club cells, demonstrating that tracking the serum concentration of club cell-secreted proteins is helpful in the diagnosis of a number of lung tissue diseases. Finally, suggestions are provided regarding the possible use of proteins secreted by club cells in the treatment of serious respiratory conditions.
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26
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Li A, Ma S, Smith SM, Lee MK, Fischer A, Borok Z, Bellusci S, Li C, Minoo P. Mesodermal ALK5 controls lung myofibroblast versus lipofibroblast cell fate. BMC Biol 2016; 14:19. [PMID: 26984772 PMCID: PMC4793501 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk is centerpiece in the development of many branched organs, including the lungs. The embryonic lung mesoderm provides instructional information not only for lung architectural development, but also for patterning, commitment and differentiation of its many highly specialized cell types. The mesoderm also serves as a reservoir of progenitors for generation of differentiated mesenchymal cell types that include αSMA-expressing fibroblasts, lipofibroblasts, endothelial cells and others. Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) is a key signaling pathway in epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk. Using a cre-loxP approach we have elucidated the role of the TGFβ type I receptor tyrosine kinase, ALK5, in epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk during lung morphogenesis. Results Targeted early inactivation of Alk5 in mesodermal progenitors caused abnormal development and maturation of the lung that included reduced physical size of the sub-mesothelial mesoderm, an established source of specific mesodermal progenitors. Abrogation of mesodermal ALK5-mediated signaling also inhibited differentiation of cell populations in the epithelial and endothelial lineages. Importantly, Alk5 mutant lungs contained a reduced number of αSMApos cells and correspondingly increased lipofibroblasts. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms revealed that through direct and indirect modulation of target signaling pathways and transcription factors, including PDGFRα, PPARγ, PRRX1, and ZFP423, ALK5-mediated TGFβ controls a process that regulates the commitment and differentiation of αSMApos versus lipofibroblast cell populations during lung development. Conclusion ALK5-mediated TGFβ signaling controls an early pathway that regulates the commitment and differentiation of αSMApos versus LIF cell lineages during lung development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0242-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Shudong Ma
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Susan M Smith
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Matt K Lee
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Ashley Fischer
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary System, University Justus Liebig Giessen, Giessen, 39352, Germany.,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya St 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Changgong Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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27
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HDAC3-Dependent Epigenetic Pathway Controls Lung Alveolar Epithelial Cell Remodeling and Spreading via miR-17-92 and TGF-β Signaling Regulation. Dev Cell 2016; 36:303-15. [PMID: 26832331 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The terminal stages of pulmonary development, called sacculation and alveologenesis, involve both differentiation of distal lung endoderm progenitors and extensive cellular remodeling of the resultant epithelial lineages. These processes are coupled with dramatic expansion of distal airspace and surface area. Despite the importance of these late developmental processes and their relation to neonatal respiratory diseases, little is understood about the molecular and cellular pathways critical for their successful completion. We show that a histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3)-mediated epigenetic pathway is critical for the proper remodeling and expansion of the distal lung saccules into primitive alveoli. Loss of Hdac3 in the developing lung epithelium leads to a reduction of alveolar type 1 cell spreading and a disruption of lung sacculation. Hdac3 represses miR-17-92 expression, a microRNA cluster that regulates transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. De-repression of miR-17-92 in Hdac3-deficient lung epithelium results in decreased TGF-β signaling activity. Importantly, inhibition of TGF-β signaling and overexpression of miR-17-92 can phenocopy the defects observed in Hdac3 null lungs. Conversely, loss of miR-17-92 expression rescues many of the defects caused by loss of Hdac3 in the lung. These studies reveal an intricate epigenetic pathway where Hdac3 is required to repress miR-17-92 expression to allow for proper TGF-β signaling during lung sacculation.
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28
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Pan JH, Adair-Kirk TL, Patel AC, Huang T, Yozamp NS, Xu J, Reddy EP, Byers DE, Pierce RA, Holtzman MJ, Brody SL. Myb permits multilineage airway epithelial cell differentiation. Stem Cells 2015; 32:3245-56. [PMID: 25103188 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epithelium of the pulmonary airway is specially differentiated to provide defense against environmental insults, but also subject to dysregulated differentiation that results in lung disease. The current paradigm for airway epithelial differentiation is a one-step program whereby a p63(+) basal epithelial progenitor cell generates a ciliated or secretory cell lineage, but the cue for this transition and whether there are intermediate steps are poorly defined. Here, we identify transcription factor Myb as a key regulator that permits early multilineage differentiation of airway epithelial cells. Myb(+) cells were identified as p63(-) and therefore distinct from basal progenitor cells, but were still negative for markers of differentiation. Myb RNAi treatment of primary-culture airway epithelial cells and Myb gene deletion in mice resulted in a p63(-) population with failed maturation of Foxj1(+) ciliated cells as well as Scbg1a1(+) and Muc5ac(+) secretory cells. Consistent with these findings, analysis of whole genome expression of Myb-deficient cells identified Myb-dependent programs for ciliated and secretory cell differentiation. Myb(+) cells were rare in human airways but were increased in regions of ciliated cells and mucous cell hyperplasia in samples from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Together, the results show that a p63(-) Myb(+) population of airway epithelial cells represents a distinct intermediate stage of differentiation that is required under normal conditions and may be heightened in airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Hong Pan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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29
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Xing Y, Wang R, Li C, Minoo P. PTEN regulates lung endodermal morphogenesis through MEK/ERK pathway. Dev Biol 2015; 408:56-65. [PMID: 26460096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pten is a multifunctional tumor suppressor. Deletions and mutations in the Pten gene have been associated with multiple forms of human cancers. Pten is a central regulator of several signaling pathways that influences multiple cellular functions. One such function is in cell motility and migration, although the precise mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we deleted Pten in the embryonic lung epithelium using Gata5-cre mice. Absence of Pten blocked branching morphogenesis and ERK and AKT phosphorylation at E12.5. In an explant model, Pten(Δ/Δ) mesenchyme-free embryonic lung endoderm failed to branch. Inhibition of budding in Pten(Δ/Δ) explants was associated with major changes in cell migration, while cell proliferation was not affected. We further examined the role of ERK and AKT in branching morphogenesis by conditional, endodermal-specific mutants which blocked ERK or AKT phosphorylation. MEK(DM/+); Gata5-cre (blocking of ERK phosphorylation) lung showed more severe phenotype in branching morphogenesis. The inhibition of budding was also associated with disruption of cell migration. Thus, the mechanisms by which Pten is required for early endodermal morphogenesis may involve ERK, but not AKT, mediated cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xing
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Runming Wang
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Changgong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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30
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Saito A, Nagase T. Hippo and TGF-β interplay in the lung field. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L756-67. [PMID: 26320155 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00238.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is comprised of a kinase cascade that involves mammalian Ste20-like serine/threonine kinases (MST1/2) and large tumor suppressor kinases (LATS1/2) and leads to inactivation of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) and yes-associated protein (YAP). Protein stability and subcellular localization of TAZ/YAP determine its ability to regulate a diverse array of biological processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, stem/progenitor cell properties, organ size control, and tumorigenesis. These actions are enabled by interactions with various transcription factors or through cross talk with other signaling pathways. Interestingly, mechanical stress has been shown to be an upstream regulator of TAZ/YAP activity, and this finding provides a novel clue for understanding how mechanical forces influence a broad spectrum of biological processes, which involve cytoskeletal structure, cell adhesion, and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway is a critical component of lung development and the progression of lung diseases including emphysema, fibrosis, and cancer. In addition, TGF-β is a key regulator of ECM remodeling and cell differentiation processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the Hippo pathway regarding lung development and diseases, with an emphasis on its interplay with TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and Division for Health Service Promotion, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahide Nagase
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and
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31
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Hegab AE, Arai D, Gao J, Kuroda A, Yasuda H, Ishii M, Naoki K, Soejima K, Betsuyaku T. Mimicking the niche of lung epithelial stem cells and characterization of several effectors of their in vitro behavior. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:109-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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32
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Snitow ME, Li S, Morley MP, Rathi K, Lu MM, Kadzik RS, Stewart KM, Morrisey EE. Ezh2 represses the basal cell lineage during lung endoderm development. Development 2015; 142:108-17. [PMID: 25516972 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of the lung epithelium is regulated in a stepwise fashion to generate numerous differentiated and stem cell lineages in the adult lung. How these different lineages are generated in a spatially and temporally restricted fashion remains poorly understood, although epigenetic regulation probably plays an important role. We show that the Polycomb repressive complex 2 component Ezh2 is highly expressed in early lung development but is gradually downregulated by late gestation. Deletion of Ezh2 in early lung endoderm progenitors leads to the ectopic and premature appearance of Trp63+ basal cells that extend the entire length of the airway. Loss of Ezh2 also leads to reduced secretory cell differentiation. In their place, morphologically similar cells develop that express a subset of basal cell genes, including keratin 5, but no longer express high levels of either Trp63 or of standard secretory cell markers. This suggests that Ezh2 regulates the phenotypic switch between basal cells and secretory cells. Together, these findings show that Ezh2 restricts the basal cell lineage during normal lung endoderm development to allow the proper patterning of epithelial lineages during lung formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E Snitow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shanru Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael P Morley
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Min Min Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rachel S Kadzik
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen M Stewart
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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33
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Su YX, Hou CC, Yang WX. Control of hair cell development by molecular pathways involving Atoh1, Hes1 and Hes5. Gene 2014; 558:6-24. [PMID: 25550047 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Atoh1, Hes1 and Hes5 are crucial for normal inner ear hair cell development. They regulate the expression of each other in a complex network, while they also interact with many other genes and pathways, such as Notch, FGF, SHH, WNT, BMP and RA. This paper summarized molecular pathways that involve Atoh1, Hes1, and Hes5. Some of the pathways and gene regulation mechanisms discussed here were studied in other tissues, yet they might inspire studies in inner ear hair cell development. Thereby, we presented a complex regulatory network involving these three genes, which might be crucial for proliferation and differentiation of inner ear hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xun Su
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Cong-Cong Hou
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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34
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Li A, Chan B, Felix JC, Xing Y, Li M, Brody SL, Borok Z, Li C, Minoo P. Tissue-dependent consequences of Apc inactivation on proliferation and differentiation of ciliated cell progenitors via Wnt and notch signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62215. [PMID: 23646120 PMCID: PMC3639955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular signals that control decisions regarding progenitor/stem cell proliferation versus differentiation are not fully understood. Differentiation of motile cilia from progenitor/stem cells may offer a simple tractable model to investigate this process. Wnt and Notch represent two key signaling pathways in progenitor/stem cell behavior in a number of tissues. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Apc is a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway and a well known multifunctional protein. Using the cre-LoxP system we inactivated the Apc locus via Foxj1-cre, which is expressed in cells committed to ciliated cell lineage. We then characterized the consequent phenotype in two select tissues that bear motile cilia, the lung and the testis. In the lung, Apc deletion induced β-catenin accumulation and Jag1 expression in ciliated cells and by lateral induction, triggered Notch signaling in adjacent Clara cells. In the bronchiolar epithelium, absence of Apc blocked the differentiation of a subpopulation of cells committed to the ciliogenesis program. In the human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells, Apc over-expression inhibited Jag1 expression and promoted motile ciliogenic gene expression program including Foxj1, revealing the potential mechanism. In the testis, Apc inactivation induced β-catenin accumulation in the spermatogonia, but silenced Notch signaling and depleted spermatogonial stem cells, associated with reduced proliferation, resulting in male infertility. In sum, the present comparative analysis reveals the tissue-dependent consequences of Apc inactivation on proliferation and differentiation of ciliated cell progenitors by coordinating Wnt and Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Belinda Chan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Felix
- Department of Pathology, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yiming Xing
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- The State Key Laboratory for Agro-biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zea Borok
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Changgong Li
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles County+University of Southern California Medical Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Morimoto M, Nishinakamura R, Saga Y, Kopan R. Different assemblies of Notch receptors coordinate the distribution of the major bronchial Clara, ciliated and neuroendocrine cells. Development 2013; 139:4365-73. [PMID: 23132245 PMCID: PMC3509731 DOI: 10.1242/dev.083840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the developing lung, it is thought that the terminal buds of elongating airways contain a population of multipotent epithelial progenitors. As the bronchial tree extends, descendants of these cells give rise to lineage-restricted progenitors in the conducting airways via Notch signaling, which is involved in the establishment of epithelial Clara, ciliated and pulmonary neuroendocrine (NE) cell populations. However, the precise molecular details of this selection process are still emerging. Our stepwise removal of the three Notch receptors from the developing lung epithelium reveals that, whereas Notch2 mediates the Clara/ciliated cell fate decision with negligible contributions from Notch1 and Notch3, all three Notch receptors contribute in an additive manner to regulate the abundance of NE cells and the size of the presumptive pulmonary neuroepithelial body (pNEB) as a result of mutual interactions between NE cells and the Notch-dependent, SSEA-1+, CC10− cell population surrounding the pNEB (SPNC cells). Ectopic expression of the Notch1 or Notch2 intracellular domain was sufficient to induce SSEA-1+ cells and to suppress pNEB formation without expending Clara cells. We provide evidence that the additive functions of Notch receptors, together with other signaling pathways, maintains the expression of Hes1, a key regulator of NE cell fate, and that maintenance of Hes1 expression in epithelial cells is key to the regulation of pNEB size. These results suggest that two different assemblies of Notch receptors coordinate the numbers and distribution of the major epithelial cell types in the conducting airway during lung organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Morimoto
- Division of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.
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36
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Roth HM, Wadsworth SJ, Kahn M, Knight DA. The airway epithelium in asthma: developmental issues that scar the airways for life? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:420-6. [PMID: 23022283 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While allergies are very common, affecting ∼40% of the population in most Western countries, only a proportion of allergic people develop asthma. This highlights the importance of tissue and cell specific mechanisms that contribute to the disease. As the interface between the inhaled environment and the internal environment of the lung, the epithelium normally possesses numerous mechanisms to maintain an effective protective barrier. However, the inability of the airway epithelium of asthmatics to effectively defend the lung against normally innocuous inhaled agents strongly suggests that asthma must involve defects in the epithelial barrier rather than being primarily an allergic disease. Evidence is accumulating that in asthma, the epithelium does not go through normal stages of development and differentiation and as a consequence, remain somewhat "immature". This in turn leads to a chronic cycle of dysregulated damage and repair which ultimately impacts on the airways function by increasing inflammation, but also by initiating processes that ultimately lead to changes to the structure and function of the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis M Roth
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Institute for Heart + Lung Health, Canada
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37
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Neph S, Stergachis AB, Reynolds A, Sandstrom R, Borenstein E, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Circuitry and dynamics of human transcription factor regulatory networks. Cell 2012; 150:1274-86. [PMID: 22959076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The combinatorial cross-regulation of hundreds of sequence-specific transcription factors (TFs) defines a regulatory network that underlies cellular identity and function. Here we use genome-wide maps of in vivo DNaseI footprints to assemble an extensive core human regulatory network comprising connections among 475 sequence-specific TFs and to analyze the dynamics of these connections across 41 diverse cell and tissue types. We find that human TF networks are highly cell selective and are driven by cohorts of factors that include regulators with previously unrecognized roles in control of cellular identity. Moreover, we identify many widely expressed factors that impact transcriptional regulatory networks in a cell-selective manner. Strikingly, in spite of their inherent diversity, all cell-type regulatory networks independently converge on a common architecture that closely resembles the topology of living neuronal networks. Together, our results provide an extensive description of the circuitry, dynamics, and organizing principles of the human TF regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Neph
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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38
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Xing Y, Li A, Borok Z, Li C, Minoo P. NOTCH1 is required for regeneration of Clara cells during repair of airway injury. Stem Cells 2012; 30:946-55. [PMID: 22331706 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The airways of the mammalian lung are lined with highly specialized epithelial cell types that are the targets of airborne toxicants and injury. Notch signaling plays an important role in the ontogeny of airway epithelial cells, but its contributions to recruitment, expansion or differentiation of resident progenitor/stem cells, and repair and re-establishment of the normal composition of airway epithelium following injury have not been addressed. In this study, the role of a specific Notch receptor, Notch1, was investigated by targeted inactivation in the embryonic lung epithelium using the epithelial-specific Gata5-Cre driver line. Notch1-deficient mice are viable without discernible defects in pulmonary epithelial cell-fate determination and differentiation. However, in an experimental model of airway injury, activity of Notch1 is found to be required for normal repair of the airway epithelium. Absence of Notch1 reduced the ability of a population of cells distinguished by expression of PGP9.5, otherwise a marker of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, which appears to serve as a reservoir for regeneration of Clara cells. Hairy/enhancer of split-5 (Hes5) and paired-box-containing gene 6 (Pax6) were found to be downstream targets of Notch1. Both Hes5 and Pax6 expressions were significantly increased in association with Clara cell regeneration in wild-type lungs. Ablation of Notch1 reduced Hes5 and Pax6 and inhibited airway epithelial repair. Thus, although dispensable in developmental ontogeny of airway epithelial cells, normal activity of Notch1 is required for repair of the airway epithelium. The signaling pathway by which Notch1 regulates the repair process includes stimulation of Hes5 and Pax6 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xing
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Boucherat O, Chakir J, Jeannotte L. The loss of Hoxa5 function promotes Notch-dependent goblet cell metaplasia in lung airways. Biol Open 2012; 1:677-91. [PMID: 23213461 PMCID: PMC3507293 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20121701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hox genes encode transcription factors controlling complex developmental processes in various organs. Little is known, however, about how HOX proteins control cell fate. Herein, we demonstrate that the goblet cell metaplasia observed in lung airways from Hoxa5−/− mice originates from the transdifferentiation of Clara cells. Reduced CC10 expression in Hoxa5−/− embryos indicates that altered cell specification occurs prior to birth. The loss of Hoxa5 function does not preclude airway repair after naphthalene exposure, but the regenerated epithelium presents goblet cell metaplasia and less CC10-positive cells, demonstrating the essential role of Hoxa5 for correct differentiation. Goblet cell metaplasia in Hoxa5−/− mice is a FOXA2-independent process. However, it is associated with increased Notch signaling activity. Consistent with these findings, expression levels of activated NOTCH1 and the effector gene HEY2 are enhanced in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In vivo administration of a γ-secretase inhibitor attenuates goblet cell metaplasia in Hoxa5−/− mice, highlighting the contribution of Notch signaling to the phenotype and suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy to inhibit goblet cell differentiation and mucus overproduction in airway diseases. In summary, the loss of Hoxa5 function in lung mesenchyme impacts on epithelial cell fate by modulating Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec , L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9 rue McMahon, Québec QC G1R 2J6 , Canada
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40
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Rawlins EL, Perl AK. The a"MAZE"ing world of lung-specific transgenic mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 46:269-82. [PMID: 22180870 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0372ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of transgenic mouse lines suitable for studying gene function and cellular lineage relationships in lung development, homeostasis, injury, and repair. Many of the mouse strains reviewed in this Perspective have been widely shared within the lung research community, and new strains are continuously being developed. There are many transgenic lines that target subsets of lung cells, but it remains a challenge for investigators to select the correct transgenic modules for their experiment. This review covers the tetracycline- and tamoxifen-inducible systems and focuses on conditional lines that target the epithelial cells. We point out the limitations of each strain so investigators can choose the system that will work best for their scientific question. Current mesenchymal and endothelial lines are limited by the fact that they are not lung specific. These lines are summarized in a brief overview. In addition, useful transgenic reporter mice for studying lineage relationships, promoter activity, and signaling pathways will complete our lung-specific conditional transgenic mouse shopping list.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Rawlins
- Children's Hospital Medical Center, Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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41
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Notch signaling in Sertoli cells regulates cyclical gene expression of Hes1 but is dispensable for mouse spermatogenesis. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 32:206-15. [PMID: 22037762 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06063-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a highly regulated system dedicated to the continuous production of spermatozoa from spermatogonial stem cells, and the process largely depends on microenvironments created by Sertoli cells, unique somatic cells that reside within a seminiferous tubule. Spermatogenesis progresses with a cyclical program known as the "seminiferous epithelial cycle," which is accompanied with cyclical gene expression changes in Sertoli cells. However, it is unclear how the cyclicity in Sertoli cells is regulated. Here, we report that Notch signaling, which is known to play an important role for germ cell development in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans, is cyclically activated in Sertoli cells and regulates stage-dependent gene expression of Hes1. To elucidate the regulatory mechanism of stage-dependent Hes1 expression and the role of Notch signaling in mouse spermatogenesis, we inactivated Notch signaling in Sertoli cells by deleting protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (Pofut1), using the cre-loxP system, and found that stage-dependent Hes1 expression was dependent on the activation of Notch signaling. Unexpectedly, however, spermatogenesis proceeded normally. Our results thus indicate that Notch signaling regulates cyclical gene expression in Sertoli cells but is dispensable for mouse spermatogenesis. This highlights the evolutionary divergences in regulation of germ cell development.
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42
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Hsu YC, Osinski J, Campbell CE, Litwack ED, Wang D, Liu S, Bachurski CJ, Gronostajski RM. Mesenchymal nuclear factor I B regulates cell proliferation and epithelial differentiation during lung maturation. Dev Biol 2011; 354:242-52. [PMID: 21513708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Nuclear factor I (NFI) transcription factor family consists of four genes (Nfia, Nfib, Nfic and Nfix) that regulate the development of multiple organ systems in mice and humans. Nfib is expressed in both lung mesenchyme and epithelium and mice lacking Nfib have severe lung maturation defects and die at birth. Here we continue our analysis of the phenotype of Nfib⁻/⁻ lungs and show that Nfib specifically in lung mesenchyme controls late epithelial and mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation. There are more PCNA, BrdU, PHH3 and Ki67 positive cells in Nfib⁻/⁻ lungs than in wild type lungs at E18.5 and this increase in proliferation marker expression is seen in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The loss of Nfib in all lung cells decreases the expression of markers for alveolar epithelial cells (Aqp5 and Sftpc), Clara cells (Scgb1a1) and ciliated cells (Foxj1) in E18.5 lungs. To test for a specific role of Nfib in lung mesenchyme we generated and analyzed Nfib(flox/flox), Dermo1-Cre mice. Loss of Nfib only in mesenchyme results in decreased Aqp5, Sftpc and Foxj1 expression, increased cell proliferation, and a defect in sacculation similar to that seen in Nfib⁻/⁻ mice. In contrast, mesenchyme specific loss of Nfib had no effect on the expression of Scgb1a1 in the airway. Microarray and QPCR analyses indicate that the loss of Nfib in lung mesenchyme affects the expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix, cell adhesion and FGF signaling which could affect distal lung maturation. Our data indicate that mesenchymal Nfib regulates both mesenchymal and epithelial cell proliferation through multiple pathways and that mesenchymal NFI-B-mediated signals are essential for the maturation of distal lung epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Developmental Genomics Group, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, 701 Ellicott St. Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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43
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Domyan ET, Sun X. Patterning and plasticity in development of the respiratory lineage. Dev Dyn 2010; 240:477-85. [PMID: 21337460 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian respiratory lineage, consisting of the trachea and lung, originates from the ventral foregut in an early embryo. Reciprocal signaling interactions between the foregut epithelium and its associated mesenchyme guide development of the respiratory endoderm, from a naive sheet of cells to multiple cell types that line a functional organ. This review synthesizes current understanding of the early events in respiratory system development, focusing on three main topics: (1) specification of the respiratory system as a distinct organ of the endoderm, (2) patterning and differentiation of the nascent respiratory epithelium along its proximal-distal axis, and (3) plasticity of the respiratory cells during the process of development. This review also highlights areas in need of further study, including determining how early endoderm cells rapidly switch their responses to the same signaling cues during development, and how the general proximal-distal pattern of the lung is converted to fine-scale organization of multiple cell types along this axis.
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44
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Li A, Xing Y, Chan B, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J, Borok Z, Minoo P, Li C. Cell type-specific expression of adenomatous polyposis coli in lung development, injury, and repair. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2288-97. [PMID: 20658693 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) is critical for Wnt signaling and cell migration. The current study examined Apc expression during lung development, injury, and repair. Apc was first detectable in smooth muscle layers in early lung morphogenesis, and was highly expressed in ciliated and neuroendocrine cells in the advanced stages. No Apc immunoreactivity was detected in Clara or basal cells, which function as stem/progenitor cell in adult lung. In ciliated cells, Apc is associated mainly with apical cytoplasmic domain. In response to naphthalene-induced injury, Apc(positive) cells underwent squamous metaplasia, accompanied by changes in Apc subcellular distribution. In conclusion, both spatial and temporal expression of Apc is dynamically regulated during lung development and injury repair. Differential expression of Apc in progenitor vs. nonprogenitor cells suggests a functional role in cell-type specification. Subcellular localization changes of Apc in response to naphthalene injury suggest a role in cell shape and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Women's & Children's Hospital, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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45
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Lung tissue regeneration after induced injury in Runx3 KO mice. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 341:465-70. [PMID: 20623301 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Runx3 is essential for normal murine lung development, and Runx3 knockout (KO) mice, which die soon after birth, exhibit alveolar hyperplasia. Wound healing, tissue repair, and regeneration mechanisms are necessary in humans for proper early lung development. Previous studies have reported that various signaling molecules, such as pErk, Tgf-beta1, CCSP, pJnk, Smad3, and HSP70 are closely related to wound healing. In order to confirm the relationship between lung defects caused by the loss of function of Runx3 and wound healing, we have localized various wound-healing markers after laser irradiation in wild-type and in Runx3 KO mouse lungs at post-natal day 1. Our results indicate that pERK, Tgf-beta1, CCSP, pJnk, and HSP70 are dramatically down-regulated by loss of Runx3 during lung wound healing. However, Smad3 is up-regulated in the Runx3 KO laser-irradiated lung region. Therefore, the lung wound-healing mechanism is inhibited in the Runx3 KO mouse, which shows abnormal lung architecture, by reduced pErk, Tgf-beta1, CCSP, pJnk, and HSP70 and by induced Smad3.
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