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Adasooriya D, Jeong JK, Kyeong M, Kan S, Kim J, Cho ES, Cho SW. Notum regulates the cusp and root patterns in mouse molar. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13633. [PMID: 38871845 PMCID: PMC11176191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64340-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Notum is a direct target of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and plays a crucial role as a Wnt inhibitor within a negative feedback loop. In the tooth, Notum is known to be expressed in odontoblasts, and severe dentin defects and irregular tooth roots have been reported in Notum-deficient mice. However, the precise expression pattern of Notum in early tooth development, and the role of Notum in crown and root patterns remain elusive. In the present study, we identified a novel Notum expression in primary enamel knot (EK), secondary EKs, and dental papilla during tooth development. Notum-deficient mice exhibited enlarged secondary EKs, resulting in broader cusp tips, altered cusp patterns, and reduced concavity in crown outline. These alterations in crown outline led to a reduction in cervical tongue length, thereby inducing root fusion in Notum-deficient mice. Overall, these results suggest that the secondary EK size, regulated by the Wnt/Notum negative feedback loop, has a significant impact on the patterns of crown and root during tooth morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinuka Adasooriya
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Kyung Jeong
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Jeonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Minjae Kyeong
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shiqi Kan
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiwoo Kim
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Jeonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, Korea.
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
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2
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Alp B, Kalaoglu EE, Mentes A. Investigation of the fungiform papillae number in children with tooth number anomalies. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:297. [PMID: 38700604 PMCID: PMC11068673 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05696-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study investigated the association between fungiform papillae (FP) numbers and tooth number anomalies in children, considering variables related to hypodontia and hyperdontia. The aim was to explore this association while adjusting for age and sex differences. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 144 children (aged 8-10) were categorized into hypodontia (n = 48), hyperdontia (n = 48), and control groups (n = 48). Clinical and radiographic diagnoses were used to classify tooth number anomalies. Hypodontia was categorized by number and location, while hyperdontia was categorized by number, shape, and location. FP were assessed using the Denver Papillae Protocol. Data analyses were performed using NCSS software, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS The hypodontia group (22.5 ± 8.4) exhibited significantly lower FP than the control group (30.4 ± 9.2) and the hyperdontia group (27.9 ± 7.8) (p < 0.0005, p = 0.003, respectively). No significant difference existed between the hyperdontia and control groups. FP numbers in hypodontia subgroups showed no significant differences based on teeth agenesis numbers or locations. Similarly, hyperdontia subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences in FP numbers based on supernumerary teeth shapes (supplemental, conical, tuberculoid, paramolar) or the numbers of supernumerary teeth. CONCLUSIONS The lower FP numbers in children with hypodontia suggested an association between teeth and FP number. However, the non-significant difference in FP numbers with hyperdontia underscored the complexity of tooth development, warranting further investigations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Children with hypodontia may exhibit distinct FP numbers compared to those without tooth number anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belgin Alp
- Trabzon Dental Public Health Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Elif Ece Kalaoglu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Gelişim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ali Mentes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Kantaputra P, Butali A, Eliason S, Chalkley C, Nakornchai S, Bongkochwilawan C, Kawasaki K, Kumchiang A, Ngamphiw C, Tongsima S, Ketudat Cairns JR, Olsen B, Intachai W, Ohazama A, Tucker AS, Amendt BA. CACNA1S mutation-associated dental anomalies: A calcium channelopathy. Oral Dis 2024; 30:1350-1359. [PMID: 36825457 PMCID: PMC11229413 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the molecular etiology of distinct dental anomalies found in eight Thai patients and explore the mutational effects on cellular functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed for eight patients. Whole exome sequencing, mutant protein modelling, qPCR, western blot analysis, scratch assays, immunofluorescence, confocal analysis, in situ hybridization, and scanning electron micrography of teeth were done. RESULTS All patients had molars with multiple supernumerary cusps, single-cusped premolars, and a reduction in root number. Mutation analysis highlighted a heterozygous c.865A>G; p.Ile289Val mutation in CACNA1S in the patients. CACNA1S is a component of the slowly inactivating L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel. Mutant protein modeling suggested that the mutation might allow leakage of Ca2+ or other cations, or a tightening, to restrict calcium flow. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed expression of Cacna1s in the developing murine tooth epithelium during stages of crown and root morphogenesis. In cell culture, the mutation resulted in abnormal cell migration of transfected CHO cells compared to wildtype CACNA1S, with changes to the cytoskeleton and markers of focal adhesion. CONCLUSIONS The malformations observed in our patients suggest a role for calcium signaling in organization of both cusps and roots, affecting cell dynamics within the dental epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - A Butali
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - S Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - C Chalkley
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - S Nakornchai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Bongkochwilawan
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - K Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - A Kumchiang
- Na-Chauk Hospital, Na-Chauk, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
| | - C Ngamphiw
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - S Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - J R Ketudat Cairns
- Center for Biomolecular Structure, Function and Application, School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - B Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W Intachai
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - A Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - A S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B A Amendt
- Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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4
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Yamanaka A, Haider Y, Morita W, Corfe I, Nakamura N, Goto T. Developmental process of the modern house shrew's molars: implications for the evolution of the tribosphenic molar in Mesozoic mammals. Evolution 2024; 78:463-479. [PMID: 38147004 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetically, the tribosphenic molars-prototypes of multi-cusped cheek teeth in marsupial and placental mammals-are derived from the single-cusped conical teeth of reptiles through the addition of cusps. Ontogenetically, mammalian molars are formed through the interface between the dental epithelium and mesenchyme (future enamel-dentin junction), becoming geometrically complex by adding epithelial signaling centers, called enamel knots, which determine future cusp positions. To reevaluate cusp homologies in Mesozoic mammals from an ontogenetic perspective, this study tracked molar development in a living placental mammal species, the house shrew (Suncus murinus), whose molars are morphologically the least derived from tribosphenic prototypes. The development of shrew molars proceeded as if it replayed the evolutionary process of tribosphenic molars. The first formed enamel knots gave rise to the evolutionarily oldest cusps-upper paracone and lower protoconid. The order of formation of other enamel knots and their location in development seemed to trace the order of cusp appearance in evolution. The parallel relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny of mammalian molars, if any, suggests that a change in the timing between developmental events rather than a change in the morphogenetic mechanism itself, should have been a major causal factor for the evolutionary transformation of tooth morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yamanaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasin Haider
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Morita
- Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ian Corfe
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Norifumi Nakamura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Goto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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5
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Sudderick ZR, Glover JD. Periodic pattern formation during embryonic development. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:75-88. [PMID: 38288903 PMCID: PMC10903485 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
During embryonic development many organs and structures require the formation of series of repeating elements known as periodic patterns. Ranging from the digits of the limb to the feathers of the avian skin, the correct formation of these embryonic patterns is essential for the future form and function of these tissues. However, the mechanisms that produce these patterns are not fully understood due to the existence of several modes of pattern generation which often differ between organs and species. Here, we review the current state of the field and provide a perspective on future approaches to studying this fundamental process of embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R. Sudderick
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - James D. Glover
- The Roslin Institute & R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
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6
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Fraga Delfino Kunz C, Gerisch A, Glover J, Headon D, Painter KJ, Matthäus F. Novel Aspects in Pattern Formation Arise from Coupling Turing Reaction-Diffusion and Chemotaxis. Bull Math Biol 2023; 86:4. [PMID: 38038776 PMCID: PMC10692013 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental studies on primary hair follicle formation and feather bud morphogenesis indicate a coupling between Turing-type diffusion driven instability and chemotactic patterning. Inspired by these findings we develop and analyse a mathematical model that couples chemotaxis to a reaction-diffusion system exhibiting diffusion-driven (Turing) instability. While both systems, reaction-diffusion systems and chemotaxis, can independently generate spatial patterns, we were interested in how the coupling impacts the stability of the system, parameter region for patterning, pattern geometry, as well as the dynamics of pattern formation. We conduct a classical linear stability analysis for different model structures, and confirm our results by numerical analysis of the system. Our results show that the coupling generally increases the robustness of the patterning process by enlarging the pattern region in the parameter space. Concerning time scale and pattern regularity, we find that an increase in the chemosensitivity can speed up the patterning process for parameters inside and outside of the Turing space, but generally reduces spatial regularity of the pattern. Interestingly, our analysis indicates that pattern formation can also occur when neither the Turing nor the chemotaxis system can independently generate pattern. On the other hand, for some parameter settings, the coupling of the two processes can extinguish the pattern formation, rather than reinforce it. These theoretical findings can be used to corroborate the biological findings on morphogenesis and guide future experimental studies. From a mathematical point of view, this work sheds a light on coupling classical pattern formation systems from the parameter space perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camile Fraga Delfino Kunz
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies and Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alf Gerisch
- Department of Mathematics, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - James Glover
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Denis Headon
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Kevin John Painter
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Scienze, Progetto e Politiche del Territorio (DIST), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Franziska Matthäus
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies and Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Ruth-Moufang-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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7
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Yoshinaga K, Yasue A, Mitsui SN, Minegishi Y, Oyadomari S, Imoto I, Tanaka E. Effects of Wnt10a and Wnt10b Double Mutations on Tooth Development. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020340. [PMID: 36833267 PMCID: PMC9957325 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
WNT molecules are the regulators of various biological functions, including body axis formation, organ development, and cell proliferation and differentiation. WNTs have been extensively studied as causative genes for an array of diseases. WNT10A and WNT10B, which are considered to be genes of the same origin, have been identified as causative genes for tooth deficiency in humans. However, the disrupted mutant of each gene does not show a decrease in teeth number. A negative feedback loop, interacting with several ligands based on a reaction-diffusion mechanism, was proposed to be important for the spatial patterning of tooth formation, and WNT ligands have been considered to play a pivotal role in controlling tooth patterning from mutant phenotypes of LDL receptor-related proteins (LRPs) and WNT co-receptors. The Wnt10a and Wnt10b double-mutants demonstrated severe root or enamel hypoplasia. In Wnt10a-/- and Wnt10a+/-;Wnt10b-/- mice, changes in the feedback loop may collapse the modulation of fusion or split a sequence of tooth formation. However, in the double-knockout mutant, a decrease in the number of teeth was observed, including the upper incisor or third molar in both jaws. These findings suggest that there may be a functional redundancy between Wnt10a and Wnt10b and that the interaction between the two genes functions in conjunction with other ligands to control the spatial patterning and development of teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Yoshinaga
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasue
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
- Nakano-Cho niconicoKamKam Dental and Orthodontics, 1-31 Nakano-cho, Tokushima 770-0932, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-88-6337357; Fax: +81-88-6339139
| | - Silvia Naomi Mitsui
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Minegishi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Advanced Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Seiichi Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, 1-1 Kanokoden Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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8
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Zhang H, Gong X, Xu X, Wang X, Sun Y. Tooth number abnormality: from bench to bedside. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:5. [PMID: 36604408 PMCID: PMC9816303 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth number abnormality is one of the most common dental developmental diseases, which includes both tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. Tooth development is regulated by numerous developmental signals, such as the well-known Wnt, BMP, FGF, Shh and Eda pathways, which mediate the ongoing complex interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme. Abnormal expression of these crutial signalling during this process may eventually lead to the development of anomalies in tooth number; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this review, we summarized the major process of tooth development, the latest progress of mechanism studies and newly reported clinical investigations of tooth number abnormality. In addition, potential treatment approaches for tooth number abnormality based on developmental biology are also discussed. This review not only provides a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of tooth number abnormality in clinical practice but also facilitates the translation of basic research to the clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuyan Gong
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Xu
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- grid.64939.310000 0000 9999 1211Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Cooper RL, Nicklin EF, Rasch LJ, Fraser GJ. Teeth outside the mouth: The evolution and development of shark denticles. Evol Dev 2023; 25:54-72. [PMID: 36594351 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate skin appendages are incredibly diverse. This diversity, which includes structures such as scales, feathers, and hair, likely evolved from a shared anatomical placode, suggesting broad conservation of the early development of these organs. Some of the earliest known skin appendages are dentine and enamel-rich tooth-like structures, collectively known as odontodes. These appendages evolved over 450 million years ago. Elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) have retained these ancient skin appendages in the form of both dermal denticles (scales) and oral teeth. Despite our knowledge of denticle function in adult sharks, our understanding of their development and morphogenesis is less advanced. Even though denticles in sharks appear structurally similar to oral teeth, there has been limited data directly comparing the molecular development of these distinct elements. Here, we chart the development of denticles in the embryonic small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) and characterize the expression of conserved genes known to mediate dental development. We find that shark denticle development shares a vast gene expression signature with developing teeth. However, denticles have restricted regenerative potential, as they lack a sox2+ stem cell niche associated with the maintenance of a dental lamina, an essential requirement for continuous tooth replacement. We compare developing denticles to other skin appendages, including both sensory skin appendages and avian feathers. This reveals that denticles are not only tooth-like in structure, but that they also share an ancient developmental gene set that is likely common to all epidermal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory L Cooper
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, The University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ella F Nicklin
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Liam J Rasch
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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10
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Li S, Lu R, Shu L, Chen Y, Zhao J, Dai J, Huang Q, Li X, Meng W, Long F, Li Y, Fan C, Zhou Z, Mo X. An integrated map of fibroblastic populations in human colon mucosa and cancer tissues. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1326. [PMID: 36463319 PMCID: PMC9719516 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts and myofibroblasts are major mesenchymal cells in the lamina propria of colon mucosa and in colon cancer tissues. Detailed insight into the highly specific populations of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts is required to understand the integrity and homeostasis of human colon mucosa and colon cancer. Based on gene expression profiles of single cells, we identified fibroblast populations that produce extracellular matrix components, Wnt ligand- and BMP-secreting fibroblasts, chemokine- and chemokine ligand-generating fibroblasts, highly activated fibroblasts, immune-modulating fibroblasts, epithelial cell-modulating myofibroblasts, stimuli-responsive myofibroblasts, proliferating myofibroblasts, fibroblast-like myofibroblasts, matrix producing myofibroblasts, and contractile myofibroblasts in human colon mucosa. In colon cancer tissue, the compositions of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts were highly altered, as were the expressing patterns of genes including BMPs, Wnt ligands, chemokines, chemokine ligands, growth factors and extracellular matrix components in fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. Our work expands the working atlas of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts and provides a framework for interrogating the complexity of stromal cells in human healthy colon mucosa and colon cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Lu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Urology and Pelvic Surgery, West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjuan Shu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulin Chen
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junlong Dai
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiaorong Huang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wentong Meng
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feiwu Long
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism & Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanwen Fan
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Gastrointestinal, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Research Center for Nutrition, Metabolism & Food Safety, West China-PUMC C.C. Chen Institute of Health, West China Fourth Hospital, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongguang Zhou
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Institute of Digestive Surgery and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Tong X, Zhu C, Liu L, Huang M, Xu J, Chen X, Zou J. Role of Sostdc1 in skeletal biology and cancer. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1029646. [PMID: 36338475 PMCID: PMC9633957 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1029646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin domain-containing protein-1 (Sostdc1) is a member of the sclerostin family and encodes a secreted 28–32 kDa protein with a cystine knot-like domain and two N-linked glycosylation sites. Sostdc1 functions as an antagonist to bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), mediating BMP signaling. It also interacts with LRP6, mediating LRP6 and Wnt signaling, thus regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and programmed cell death. Sostdc1 plays various roles in the skin, intestines, brain, lungs, kidneys, and vasculature. Deletion of Sostdc1 gene in mice resulted in supernumerary teeth and improved the loss of renal function in Alport syndrome. In the skeletal system, Sostdc1 is essential for bone metabolism, bone density maintenance, and fracture healing. Recently, Sostdc1 has been found to be closely related to the development and progression of multiple cancer types, including breast, renal, gastric, and thyroid cancers. This article summarises the role of Sostdc1 in skeletal biology and related cancers to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Tong
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyu Zhu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifei Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Jun Zou,
| | - Jun Zou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Chen, ; Jun Zou,
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12
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Boundary Conditions Cause Different Generic Bifurcation Structures in Turing Systems. Bull Math Biol 2022; 84:101. [PMID: 35953624 PMCID: PMC9372019 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-022-01055-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Turing’s theory of morphogenesis is a generic mechanism to produce spatial patterning from near homogeneity. Although widely studied, we are still able to generate new results by returning to common dogmas. One such widely reported belief is that the Turing bifurcation occurs through a pitchfork bifurcation, which is true under zero-flux boundary conditions. However, under fixed boundary conditions, the Turing bifurcation becomes generically transcritical. We derive these algebraic results through weakly nonlinear analysis and apply them to the Schnakenberg kinetics. We observe that the combination of kinetics and boundary conditions produce their own uncommon boundary complexities that we explore numerically. Overall, this work demonstrates that it is not enough to only consider parameter perturbations in a sensitivity analysis of a specific application. Variations in boundary conditions should also be considered.
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13
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Roach T, Morel L. Genetic Variations Controlling Regulatory T Cell Development and Activity in Mouse Models of Lupus-Like Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:887489. [PMID: 35693798 PMCID: PMC9178176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.887489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a constant balancing act between effector T cells and regulatory T cells defined by Foxp3 expression, the transcription factor that drives their differentiation and immunosuppressive activity. Immune homeostasis is altered when Treg cells are not generated or maintained in sufficient numbers. Treg cells rendered unstable by loss of Foxp3 expression, known as ex-Treg cells, gain pro-inflammatory functions. Treg cells may also become dysfunctional and lose their suppressive capabilities. These alterations can cause an imbalance between effector and regulatory subsets, which may ultimately lead to autoimmunity. This review discusses recent studies that identified genetic factors that maintain Treg cell stability as well as preserve their suppressive function. We focus on studies associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and highlight their findings in the context of potential therapeutic gene targeting in Treg cells to reverse the phenotypic changes and functional dysregulation inducing autoimmunity.
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14
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Seppala M, Thivichon-Prince B, Xavier GM, Shaffie N, Sangani I, Birjandi AA, Rooney J, Lau JNS, Dhaliwal R, Rossi O, Riaz MA, Stonehouse-Smith D, Wang Y, Papageorgiou SN, Viriot L, Cobourne MT. Gas1 Regulates Patterning of the Murine and Human Dentitions through Sonic Hedgehog. J Dent Res 2021; 101:473-482. [PMID: 34796774 PMCID: PMC8935464 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211049403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian dentition is a serially homogeneous structure that exhibits wide numerical and morphological variation among multiple different species. Patterning of the dentition is achieved through complex reiterative molecular signaling interactions that occur throughout the process of odontogenesis. The secreted signaling molecule Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a key role in this process, and the Shh coreceptor growth arrest-specific 1 (Gas1) is expressed in odontogenic mesenchyme and epithelium during multiple stages of tooth development. We show that mice engineered with Gas1 loss-of-function mutation have variation in number, morphology, and size of teeth within their molar dentition. Specifically, supernumerary teeth with variable morphology are present mesial to the first molar with high penetrance, while molar teeth are characterized by the presence of both additional and absent cusps, combined with reduced dimensions and exacerbated by the presence of a supernumerary tooth. We demonstrate that the supernumerary tooth in Gas1 mutant mice arises through proliferation and survival of vestigial tooth germs and that Gas1 function in cranial neural crest cells is essential for the regulation of tooth number, acting to restrict Wnt and downstream FGF signaling in odontogenic epithelium through facilitation of Shh signal transduction. Moreover, regulation of tooth number is independent of the additional Hedgehog coreceptors Cdon and Boc, which are also expressed in multiple regions of the developing tooth germ. Interestingly, further reduction of Hedgehog pathway activity in Shhtm6Amc hypomorphic mice leads to fusion of the molar field and reduced prevalence of supernumerary teeth in a Gas1 mutant background. Finally, we demonstrate defective coronal morphology and reduced coronal dimensions in the molar dentition of human subjects identified with pathogenic mutations in GAS1 and SHH/GAS1, suggesting that regulation of Hedgehog signaling through GAS1 is also essential for normal patterning of the human dentition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seppala
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - B Thivichon-Prince
- Laboratoire de Biologie tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305/Université de Lyon 1, IBCP, Lyon, France.,Faculté d'Odontologie, Université de Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Service d'Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - G M Xavier
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N Shaffie
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - I Sangani
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A A Birjandi
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Rooney
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J N S Lau
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R Dhaliwal
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - O Rossi
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M A Riaz
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Stonehouse-Smith
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Y Wang
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S N Papageorgiou
- Clinic of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Viriot
- Laboratoire de Biologie tissulaire et Ingénierie Thérapeutique (LBTI), UMR CNRS 5305/Université de Lyon 1, IBCP, Lyon, France
| | - M T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial & Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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15
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Hermans F, Hemeryck L, Lambrichts I, Bronckaers A, Vankelecom H. Intertwined Signaling Pathways Governing Tooth Development: A Give-and-Take Between Canonical Wnt and Shh. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:758203. [PMID: 34778267 PMCID: PMC8586510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.758203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth play essential roles in life. Their development relies on reciprocal interactions between the ectoderm-derived dental epithelium and the underlying neural crest-originated mesenchyme. This odontogenic process serves as a prototype model for the development of ectodermal appendages. In the mouse, developing teeth go through distinct morphological phases that are tightly controlled by epithelial signaling centers. Crucial molecular regulators of odontogenesis include the evolutionarily conserved Wnt, BMP, FGF and sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathways. These signaling modules do not act on their own, but are closely intertwined during tooth development, thereby outlining the path to be taken by specific cell populations including the resident dental stem cells. Recently, pivotal Wnt-Shh interaction and feedback loops have been uncovered during odontogenesis, showing conservation in other developing ectodermal appendages. This review provides an integrated overview of the interplay between canonical Wnt and Shh throughout mouse tooth formation stages, extending from the initiation of dental placode to the fully formed adult tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hermans
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, UHasselt-Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Lara Hemeryck
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, UHasselt-Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Department of Cardio and Organ Systems, UHasselt-Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Cluster of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven (University of Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Mao C, Lai Y, Liao C, Chen J, Hong Y, Ren C, Wang C, Lu M, Chen W. Revitalizing mouse diphyodontic dentition formation by inhibiting the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:759-776. [PMID: 34719835 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth regeneration depends on the longevity of the dental epithelial lamina. However, the exact mechanism of dental lamina regression has not yet been clarified. To explore the role of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in regression process of the rudimentary successional dental lamina (RSDL) in mice, we orally administered a single dose of a Shh signaling pathway inhibitor to pregnant mice between embryonic day 13.0 (E13.0) and E17.0. RESULTS We observed that the Shh signaling pathway inhibitor effectively inhibited the expression of Shh signaling pathway components and revitalized RSDL during E15.0-E17.0 by promoting cell proliferation. In addition, mRNA-seq, reverse transcription plus polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and immunohistochemical analyses indicated that diphyodontic dentition formation might be related to FGF signal up-regulation and the Sostdc1-Wnt negative feedback loop. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our results indicated that the Shh signaling pathway may play an initial role in preventing further development of mouse RSDL in a time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yongzhen Lai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Caiyu Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Hong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengyan Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengyong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weihui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology, Fuzhou, China
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17
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Boughner JC, Marchiori DF, Packota GV. Unexpected variation of human molar size patterns. J Hum Evol 2021; 161:103072. [PMID: 34628299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A tenet of mammalian, including primate dental evolution, is the Inhibitory Cascade Model, where first molar (M1) size predicts in a linear cline the size and onset time of the second (M2) and third (M3) molars: a larger M1 portends a progressively smaller and later-developing M2 and M3. In contemporary modern Homo sapiens, later-developing M3s are less likely to erupt properly. The Inhibitory Cascade Model is also used to predict molar sizes of extinct taxa, including fossil Homo. The extent to which Inhibitory Cascade Model predictions hold in contemporary H. sapiens molars is unclear, including whether this tenet informs about molar initiation, development, and eruption. We tested these questions here. In our radiographic sample of 323 oral quadrants and molar rows from contemporary humans based on mesiodistal crown lengths, we observed the distribution of molar proportions with a central tendency around parity (M1 = M2 = M3) that parsed into 13 distinct molar size ratio patterns. These patterns presented at different frequencies (e.g., M1 > M2 > M3 in about one-third of cases) that reflected whether the molar row was located in the maxilla or mandible and included both linear (e.g., M1 < M2 < M3) and nonlinear molar size ratio progressions (e.g., M1 > M2 < M3). Up to four patterns were found in the same subject's mouth. Lastly, M1 size alone does not predict M3 size, developmental timing, or eruption; rather, M2 size is integral to predicting M3 size. Our study indicates that human molar size is genetically 'softwired' and sensitive to factors local to the human upper jaw vs. lower jaw. The lack of a single stereotypical molar size ratio for contemporary H. sapiens suggests that predictions of fossil H. sapiens molar sizes using the Inhibitory Cascade Model must be made with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Boughner
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Denver F Marchiori
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada.
| | - Garnet V Packota
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, 105 Wiggins Road, Health Sciences Building, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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18
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Chen J, Tang W, Lin C, Hong Y, Mao C, Lai Y, Liao C, Lin M, Chen W. Defining the critical period of hedgehog pathway inhibitor-induced cranial base dysplasia in mice. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:527-541. [PMID: 33165989 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hedgehog signaling pathway is critical for developmental patterning of the limb, craniofacial and axial skeleton. Disruption of this pathway in mice leads to a series of structural malformations, but the exact role and critical period of the Hh pathway in the early development of the cranial base have been rarely described. RESULTS Embryos exposed to vismodegib from E7.5, E9.5, and E10.5 had a higher percentage of cranial base fenestra. The peak incidence of hypoplasia in sphenoid winglets and severe craniosynostosis in cranial base synchondroses was observed when vismodegib was administered between E9.5 and E10.5. Cranial base craniosynostosis results from accelerating terminal differentiation of chondrocytes and premature osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We define the critical periods for the induction of cranial base deformity by vismodegib administration at a meticulous temporal resolution. Our findings suggest that the Hh pathway may play a vital role in the early development of the cranial base. This research also establishes a novel and easy-to-establish mouse model of synostosis in the cranial base using a commercially available pathway-selective inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wenbing Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Central Hospital of Guangdong Nongken, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengquan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuhang Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chuanqing Mao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yongzhen Lai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Caiyu Liao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Minkui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Weihui Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Stomatological Key lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Biological Materials Engineering and Technology Center of Stomatology, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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19
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Bertonnier-Brouty L, Viriot L, Joly T, Charles C. Gene expression patterns associated with dental replacement in the rabbit, a new model for the mammalian dental replacement mechanisms. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1494-1504. [PMID: 33760336 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike many vertebrates with continuous dental replacement, mammals have a maximum of two dental generations. Due to the absence of dental replacement in the laboratory mouse, the mechanisms of the mammalian tooth replacement system are poorly known. In this study, we use the European rabbit as a model for mammalian tooth development and replacement. RESULTS We provide data on some key regulators of tooth development. We detected the presence of SOX2 in both the replacement dental lamina and the rudimentary successional dental lamina of unreplaced molars, indicating that SOX2 may not be sufficient to initiate and maintain tooth replacement. We showed that Shh does not seem to be directly involved in tooth replacement. The transient presence of the rudimentary successional dental lamina in the molar allowed us to identify genes that could be essential for the initiation or the maintenance of tooth replacement. Hence, the locations of Sostdc1, RUNX2, and LEF1 vary between the deciduous premolar, the replacement premolar, and the molar, indicating possible roles in tooth replacement. CONCLUSION According to our observations, initiation and the maintenance of tooth replacement correlate with the presence of LEF1+ cells and the absence of both mesenchymal RUNX2 and epithelial Sostdc1+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Bertonnier-Brouty
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Viriot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Biologie tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeutique, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR5305, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thierry Joly
- Université de Lyon, VetAgro Sup Isara, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Cyril Charles
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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20
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Abstract
Reaction-diffusion systems are an intensively studied form of partial differential equation, frequently used to produce spatially heterogeneous patterned states from homogeneous symmetry breaking via the Turing instability. Although there are many prototypical "Turing systems" available, determining their parameters, functional forms, and general appropriateness for a given application is often difficult. Here, we consider the reverse problem. Namely, suppose we know the parameter region associated with the reaction kinetics in which patterning is required-we present a constructive framework for identifying systems that will exhibit the Turing instability within this region, whilst in addition often allowing selection of desired patterning features, such as spots, or stripes. In particular, we show how to build a system of two populations governed by polynomial morphogen kinetics such that the: patterning parameter domain (in any spatial dimension), morphogen phases (in any spatial dimension), and even type of resulting pattern (in up to two spatial dimensions) can all be determined. Finally, by employing spatial and temporal heterogeneity, we demonstrate that mixed mode patterns (spots, stripes, and complex prepatterns) are also possible, allowing one to build arbitrarily complicated patterning landscapes. Such a framework can be employed pedagogically, or in a variety of contemporary applications in designing synthetic chemical and biological patterning systems. We also discuss the implications that this freedom of design has on using reaction-diffusion systems in biological modelling and suggest that stronger constraints are needed when linking theory and experiment, as many simple patterns can be easily generated given freedom to choose reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Woolley
- Cardiff School of Mathematics, Cardiff University, Senghennydd Road, Cardiff, CF24 4AG, UK.
| | - Andrew L Krause
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Eamonn A Gaffney
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
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21
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Kim EJ, Lee JE, Yoon S, Lee DJ, Mai HN, Ida-Yonemochi H, Choi J, Jung HS. Hypoxia-Responsive Oxygen Nanobubbles for Tissues-Targeted Delivery in Developing Tooth Germs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:626224. [PMID: 33659251 PMCID: PMC7917193 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.626224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a state of inadequate supply of oxygen. Increasing evidence indicates that a hypoxic environment is strongly associated with abnormal organ development. Oxygen nanobubbles (ONBs) are newly developed nanomaterials that can deliver oxygen to developing tissues, including hypoxic cells. However, the mechanisms through which nanobubbles recover hypoxic tissues, such as developing tooth germs remain to be identified. In this study, tooth germs were cultured in various conditions: CO2 chamber, hypoxic chamber, and with 20% ONBs for 3 h. The target stages were at the cap stage (all soft tissue) and bell stage (hard tissue starts to form). Hypoxic tooth germs were recovered with 20% ONBs in the media, similar to the tooth germs incubated in a CO2 chamber (normoxic condition). The tooth germs under hypoxic conditions underwent apoptosis both at the cap and bell stages, and ONBs rescued the damaged tooth germs in both the cap and bell stages. Using kidney transplantation for hard tissue formation in vivo, amelogenesis and dentinogenesis imperfecta in hypoxic conditions at the bell stage were rescued with ONBs. Furthermore, glucose uptake by tooth germs was highly upregulated under hypoxic conditions, and was restored with ONBs to normoxia levels. Our findings indicate that the strategies to make use of ONBs for efficient oxygen targeted delivery can restore cellular processes, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, glucose uptake, and hypomineralization in hypoxic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Semi Yoon
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Joon Lee
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han Ngoc Mai
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hiroko Ida-Yonemochi
- Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology of the Hard Tissue, Department of Tissue Regeneration and Reconstruction, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Taste Research Center, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 FOUR Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, South Korea
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22
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Economou AD, Monk NAM, Green JBA. Perturbation analysis of a multi-morphogen Turing reaction-diffusion stripe patterning system reveals key regulatory interactions. Development 2020; 147:dev190553. [PMID: 33033117 PMCID: PMC7648603 DOI: 10.1242/dev.190553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Periodic patterning is widespread in development and can be modelled by reaction-diffusion (RD) processes. However, minimal two-component RD descriptions are vastly simpler than the multi-molecular events that actually occur and are often hard to relate to real interactions measured experimentally. Addressing these issues, we investigated the periodic striped patterning of the rugae (transverse ridges) in the mammalian oral palate, focusing on multiple previously implicated pathways: FGF, Hh, Wnt and BMP. For each, we experimentally identified spatial patterns of activity and distinct responses of the system to inhibition. Through numerical and analytical approaches, we were able to constrain substantially the number of network structures consistent with the data. Determination of the dynamics of pattern appearance further revealed its initiation by 'activators' FGF and Wnt, and 'inhibitor' Hh, whereas BMP and mesenchyme-specific-FGF signalling were incorporated once stripes were formed. This further limited the number of possible networks. Experimental constraint thus limited the number of possible minimal networks to 154, just 0.004% of the number of possible diffusion-driven instability networks. Together, these studies articulate the principles of multi-morphogen RD patterning and demonstrate the utility of perturbation analysis for constraining RD systems.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Economou
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Nicholas A M Monk
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7RH, UK
| | - Jeremy B A Green
- Department of Craniofacial Development & Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
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23
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Wu X, Wang Y, Huang R, Gai Q, Liu H, Shi M, Zhang X, Zuo Y, Chen L, Zhao Q, Shi Y, Wang F, Yan X, Lu H, Xu S, Yao X, Chen L, Zhang X, Tian Q, Yang Z, Zhong B, Dong C, Wang Y, Bian XW, Liu X. SOSTDC1-producing follicular helper T cells promote regulatory follicular T cell differentiation. Science 2020; 369:984-988. [PMID: 32820125 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba6652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Germinal center (GC) responses potentiate the generation of follicular regulatory T (TFR) cells. However, the molecular cues driving TFR cell formation remain unknown. Here, we show that sclerostin domain-containing protein 1 (SOSTDC1), secreted by a subpopulation of follicular helper T (TFH) cells and T-B cell border-enriched fibroblastic reticular cells, is developmentally required for TFR cell generation. Fate tracking and transcriptome assessment in reporter mice establishes SOSTDC1-expressing TFH cells as a distinct T cell population that develops after SOSTDC1- TFH cells and loses the ability to help B cells for antibody production. Notably, Sostdc1 ablation in TFH cells results in substantially reduced TFR cell numbers and consequently elevated GC responses. Mechanistically, SOSTDC1 blocks the WNT-β-catenin axis and facilitates TFR cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Qujing Gai
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Haofei Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Meimei Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yonglin Zuo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Longjuan Chen
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Zhao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yu Shi
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Fengchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Huiping Lu
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Senlin Xu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98103, USA
| | - Ziyan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, P. R. China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China.
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China.
| | - Xindong Liu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P. R. China.
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24
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Development and regeneration of the crushing dentition in skates (Rajidae). Dev Biol 2020; 466:59-72. [PMID: 32791054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) have the remarkable capacity to continuously regenerate their teeth. The polyphyodont system is considered the ancestral condition of the gnathostome dentition. Despite this shared regenerative ability, sharks and rays exhibit dramatic interspecific variation in their tooth morphology. Ray (batoidea) teeth typically constitute crushing pads of flattened teeth, whereas shark teeth are pointed, multi-cuspid units. Although recent research has addressed the molecular development of the shark dentition, little is known about that of the ray. Furthermore, how dental diversity within the elasmobranch lineage is achieved remains unknown. Here, we examine dental development and regeneration in two Batoid species: the thornback skate (Raja clavata) and the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we examine the expression of a core gnathostome dental gene set during early development of the skate dentition and compare it to development in the shark. Elasmobranch tooth development is highly conserved, with sox2 likely playing an important role in the initiation and regeneration of teeth. Alterations to conserved genes expressed in an enamel knot-like signalling centre may explain the morphological diversity of elasmobranch teeth, thereby enabling sharks and rays to occupy diverse dietary and ecological niches.
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25
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Sadier A, Santana SE, Sears KE. The role of core and variable Gene Regulatory Network modules in tooth development and evolution. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 63:icaa116. [PMID: 32761089 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the developmental processes that have been proposed to influence the direction of evolution, the modular organization of developmental gene regulatory networks (GRNs) has shown particular promise. In theory, GRNs have core modules comprised of essential, conserved circuits of genes, and sub-modules of downstream, secondary circuits of genes that are more susceptible to variation. While this idea has received considerable interest as of late, the field of evo-devo lacks the experimental systems needed to rigorously evaluate this hypothesis. Here, we introduce an experimental system, the vertebrate tooth, that has great potential as a model for testing this hypothesis. Tooth development and its associated GRN have been well studied and modeled in both model and non-model organisms. We propose that the existence of modules within the tooth GRN explains both the conservation of developmental mechanisms and the extraordinary diversity of teeth among vertebrates. Based on experimental data, we hypothesize that there is a conserved core module of genes that is absolutely necessary to ensure tooth or cusp initiation and development. In regard to tooth shape variation between species, we suggest that more relaxed sub-modules activated at later steps of tooth development, e.g., during the morphogenesis of the tooth and its cusps, control the different axes of tooth morphological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sadier
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sharlene E Santana
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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26
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Giffin JL, Franz-Odendaal TA. Quantitative gene expression dynamics of key placode signalling factors in the embryonic chicken scleral ossicle system. Gene Expr Patterns 2020; 38:119131. [PMID: 32755633 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2020.119131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of the scleral ossicles, a ring of bony elements within the sclera, is directed by a series of papillae that arise from placodes in the conjunctival epithelium over a 1.5-day induction period in the chicken embryo. The regular spacing of the papillae around the corneal-scleral limbus suggests that their induction may be regulated by a reaction-diffusion mechanism, similar to other epithelial appendages. Some key placode signalling molecules, including β-catenin, are known to be expressed throughout the induction period. However, others have been studied only at certain stages or have not been successfully detected. Here we use qPCR to study the gene expression patterns of the wingless integration (WNT)/β-catenin, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), ectodysplasin (EDA), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and hedgehog (HH) signalling families in discrete regions of the eye throughout the complete conjunctival placode and papillae induction period. This comprehensive analysis revealed a variable level of gene expression within specific eye regions, with some genes exhibiting high, moderate or low changes. Most genes exhibited an initial increase in gene expression, followed by a decrease or plateau as development proceeded, suggesting that some genes are important for a brief initial period whilst the sustained elevated expression level of other genes is needed for developmental progression. The timing or magnitude of these changes, and/or the overall gene expression trend differed in the temporal, nasal and/or dorsal eye regions for some, but not all genes, demonstrating that gene expression may vary across different eye regions. Temporal and nasal EDA receptor (EDAR) had the greatest number of strong correlations (r > 0.700) with other genes and β-catenin had the greatest number of moderate correlations (r = 0.400-0.700), while EDA had the greatest range in correlation strengths. Among the strongly correlated genes, two distinct signalling modules were identified, connected by some intermediate genes. The dynamic gene expression patterns of the five signalling pathways studied here from conjunctival placode formation through to papillae development is consistent with other epithelial appendages and confirms the presence of a conserved induction and patterning signalling network. Two unique gene expression patterns and corresponding gene interaction modules suggest functionally distinct roles throughout placode development. Furthermore, spatial differences in gene expression patterns among the temporal, nasal and dorsal regions of the eye may indicate that the expression of certain genes is influenced by mechanical forces exerted throughout development. Therefore, this study identifies key placode signalling factors and their interactions, as well as some potential region-specific features of gene expression in the scleral ossicle system and provides a basis for further exploration of the spatial expression of these genes and the patterning mechanism(s) active throughout conjunctival placode and papillae formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Giffin
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS, B3M 2J6, Canada.
| | - Tamara A Franz-Odendaal
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS, B3M 2J6, Canada.
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27
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Amano T. Gene regulatory landscape of the sonic hedgehog locus in embryonic development. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:334-342. [PMID: 32343848 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The organs of vertebrate species display a wide variety of morphology. A remaining challenge in evolutionary developmental biology is to elucidate how vertebrate lineages acquire distinct morphological features. Developmental programs are driven by spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression controlled by hundreds of thousands of cis-regulatory elements. Changes in the regulatory elements caused by the introduction of genetic variants can confer regulatory innovation that may underlie morphological novelties. Recent advances in sequencing technology have revealed a number of potential regulatory variants that can alter gene expression patterns. However, a limited number of studies demonstrate causal dependence between genetic and morphological changes. Regulation of Shh expression is a good model to understand how multiple regulatory elements organize tissue-specific gene expression patterns. This model also provides insights into how evolution of molecular traits, such as gene regulatory networks, lead to phenotypic novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Amano
- Next Generation Human Disease Model Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
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28
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Choi H, Liu Y, Yang L, Cho ES. Suppression of Hedgehog signaling is required for cementum apposition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7285. [PMID: 32350360 PMCID: PMC7190817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a broad role in the development of many organs including bone and teeth. It is noted that sustained Hh activity in osteoblasts negatively regulates postnatal development in mice. However, it remains unknown whether Hh signaling contributes to cementum formation. In this study, to define the roles of Hh signaling in cementum formation, we analyzed two kinds of transgenic mouse models for Hh signaling activation designed by the inactivation of Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), a negative regulator of Hh signaling, (SufuOC) and a forced endogenous activation of Smo (SmoM2OC) under the control of osteocalcin (OC) promoter-driven Cre recombinase. Interestingly, cellular cementum apposition was remarkably reduced in both mutants. Consistently, matrix formation and mineralization ability were down-regulated in OCCM-30, a cementoblast cell line, following treatment with a pharmaceutical Smo agonist. In addition, reductions in Osx expression and β-catenin activity, which are critical for cellular cementum formation, were also detected in vitro. Furthermore, the compound mutant mice designed for the stabilization of β-catenin with both Hh-Smo signaling activation in cementoblasts revealed a complete restoration of defective cellular cementum. In addition, Wnt antagonists such as Sostdc1 and Dkk1 were also induced by Smo activation and played a role in the reduction of Osx expression and β-catenin activity. Collectively, our data demonstrated that Hh signaling negatively regulates cementum apposition in a Wnt/β-catenin/Osx-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwajung Choi
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Yudong Liu
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Liu Yang
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
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29
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Villani RM, Johnson A, Galbraith JA, Baz B, Handoko HY, Walker GJ, Khosrotehrani K. Murine dorsal hair type is genetically determined by polymorphisms in candidate genes that influence BMP and WNT signalling. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:450-461. [PMID: 32145039 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mouse dorsal coat hair types, guard, awl, auchene and zigzag, develop in three consecutive waves. To date, it is unclear if these hair types are determined genetically through expression of specific factors or can change based on their mesenchymal environment. We undertook a novel approach to this question by studying individual hair type in 67 Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse lines and found significant variation in the proportion of each type between strains. Variation in the proportion of zigzag, awl and auchene, but not guard hair, was largely due to germline genetic variation. We utilised this variation to map a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 12 that appears to influence a decision point switch controlling the propensity for either second (awl and auchene) or third wave (zigzag) hairs to develop. This locus contains two strong candidates, Sostdc1 and Twist1, each of which carry several ENCODE regulatory variants, specific to the causal allele, that can influence gene expression, are expressed in the developing hair follicle, and have been previously reported to be involved in regulating human and murine hair behaviour, but not hair subtype determination. Both of these genes are likely to play a part in hair type determination via regulation of BMP and/or WNT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan M Villani
- Experimental Dermatology Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ayaka Johnson
- Experimental Dermatology Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jack A Galbraith
- Experimental Dermatology Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Betoul Baz
- Experimental Dermatology Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Herlina Y Handoko
- QIMRBerghofer Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme J Walker
- Experimental Dermatology Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kiarash Khosrotehrani
- Experimental Dermatology Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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30
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Hosoya A, Shalehin N, Takebe H, Shimo T, Irie K. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Tooth Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051587. [PMID: 32111038 PMCID: PMC7084732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted protein with important roles in mammalian embryogenesis. During tooth development, Shh is primarily expressed in the dental epithelium, from initiation to the root formation stages. A number of studies have analyzed the function of Shh signaling at different stages of tooth development and have revealed that Shh signaling regulates the formation of various tooth components, including enamel, dentin, cementum, and other soft tissues. In addition, dental mesenchymal cells positive for Gli1, a downstream transcription factor of Shh signaling, have been found to have stem cell properties, including multipotency and the ability to self-renew. Indeed, Gli1-positive cells in mature teeth appear to contribute to the regeneration of dental pulp and periodontal tissues. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances related to the role of Shh signaling in tooth development, as well as the contribution of this pathway to tooth homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hosoya
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-133-23-1938; Fax: +81-133-23-1236
| | - Nazmus Shalehin
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Hiroaki Takebe
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Kazuharu Irie
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (N.S.); (H.T.); (K.I.)
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31
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Hayden L, Lochovska K, Sémon M, Renaud S, Delignette-Muller ML, Vilcot M, Peterkova R, Hovorakova M, Pantalacci S. Developmental variability channels mouse molar evolution. eLife 2020; 9:50103. [PMID: 32048989 PMCID: PMC7182435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Do developmental systems preferentially produce certain types of variation that orient phenotypic evolution along preferred directions? At different scales, from the intra-population to the interspecific, the murine first upper molar shows repeated anterior elongation. Using a novel quantitative approach to compare the development of two mouse strains with short or long molars, we identified temporal, spatial and functional differences in tooth signaling center activity, that arise from differential tuning of the activation-inhibition mechanisms underlying tooth patterning. By tracing their fate, we could explain why only the upper first molar reacts via elongation of its anterior part. Despite a lack of genetic variation, individuals of the elongated strain varied in tooth length and the temporal dynamics of their signaling centers, highlighting the intrinsic instability of the upper molar developmental system. Collectively, these results reveal the variational properties of murine molar development that drive morphological evolution along a line of least resistance. Over time species develop random mutations in their genetic sequence that causes their form to change. If this new form increases the survival of a species it will become favored through natural selection and is more likely to get passed on to future generations. But, the evolution of these new traits also depends on what happens during development. Developmental mechanisms control how an embryo progresses from a single cell to an adult organism made of many cells. Mutations that alter these processes can influence the physical outcome of development, and cause a new trait to form. This means that if many different mutations alter development in a similar way, this can lead to the same physical change, making it ‘easy’ for a new trait to repeatedly occur. Most of the research has focused on finding the mutations that underlie repeated evolution, but rarely on identifying the role of the underlying developmental mechanisms. To bridge this gap, Hayden et al. investigated how changes during development influence the shape and size of molar teeth in mice. In some wild species of mice, the front part of the first upper molar is longer than in other species. This elongation, which is repeatedly found in mice from different islands, likely came from developmental mechanisms. Tooth development in mice has been well-studied in the laboratory, and Hayden et al. started by identifying two strains of laboratory mice that mimic the teeth seen in their wild cousins, one with elongated upper first molars and another with short ones. Comparing how these two strains of mice developed their elongated or short teeth revealed key differences in the embryonic structures that form the upper molar and cause it to elongate. Further work showed that variations in these embryonic structures can even cause mice that are genetically identical to have longer or shorter upper first molars. These findings show how early differences during development can lead to small variations in form between adult species of mice. This study highlights how studying developmental differences as well as genetic sequences can further our understanding of how different species evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hayden
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM U1210, Lyon, France.,Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5242, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Katerina Lochovska
- 1st Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Sémon
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM U1210, Lyon, France
| | - Sabrina Renaud
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Laure Delignette-Muller
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, VetAgro Sup, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maurine Vilcot
- Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renata Peterkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sophie Pantalacci
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5239, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, INSERM U1210, Lyon, France
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Huang D, Ren J, Li R, Guan C, Feng Z, Bao B, Wang W, Zhou C. Tooth Regeneration: Insights from Tooth Development and Spatial-Temporal Control of Bioactive Drug Release. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:41-55. [PMID: 31834583 PMCID: PMC6987083 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tooth defect and tooth loss are common clinical diseases in stomatology. Compared with the traditional oral restoration treatment, tooth regeneration has unique advantages and is currently the focus of oral biomedical research. It is known that dozens of cytokines/growth factors and other bioactive factors are expressed in a spatial-temporal pattern during tooth development. On the other hand, the technology for spatial-temporal control of drug release has been intensively studied and well developed recently, making control release of these bioactive factors mimicking spatial-temporal pattern more feasible than ever for the purpose of tooth regeneration. This article reviews the research progress on the tooth development and discusses the future of tooth regeneration in the context of spatial-temporal release of developmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delan Huang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhan Ren
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runze Li
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenyu Guan
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicai Feng
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baicheng Bao
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicai Wang
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li J, Xu J, Cui Y, Wang L, Wang B, Wang Q, Zhang X, Qiu M, Zhang Z. Mesenchymal Sufu Regulates Development of Mandibular Molars via Shh Signaling. J Dent Res 2019; 98:1348-1356. [PMID: 31499014 DOI: 10.1177/0022034519872679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in dental epithelium regulates tooth morphogenesis by epithelial-mesenchymal signaling transduction. However, the action of Shh signaling regulation in this process is not well understood. Here we find that mesenchymal Suppressor of Fused (Sufu), a major negative regulator of Shh signaling, plays an important role in modulating the tooth germ morphogenesis during the bud-to-cap stage transition. Deletion of Sufu in dental mesenchyme by Dermo1-Cre mice leads to delayed development of mandibular molar into cap stage with defect of primary enamel knot (EK) formation. We show the disruption of cell proliferation and programmed cell death in dental epithelium and mesenchyme in Sufu mutants. Epithelial-specific adhesion molecule E-cadherin is evidently reduced in the bilateral basal cells of tooth germ at E14.5. The cells in the presumptive EK, predominantly expressing P-cadherin, appear stratified but fail to condense. Moreover, the transcripts of primary EK marker genes, including Shh, Fgf4, and p21, are significantly decreased compared to controls. In contrast, we find that deficiency of Sufu results in elevation of Shh signaling in mesenchyme, indicated by the significant upregulation of Gli1 and Ptch1. Meanwhile, the expression of Bmp4 and Fgf3, the critical factors of mesenchymal-epithelial induction, is significantly inhibited in dental mesenchyme. Furthermore, the expression of Runx2 experiences a transient decrease at the bud stage. Taken together, these data suggest that mesenchymal Sufu is necessary for tuning the Shh signaling, which may act as an upstream modulator of Bmp4 and Fgf3 to coordinate the interplay between the dental mesenchyme and epithelium of tooth germ.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - J Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Y Cui
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - L Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - B Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Q Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - X Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - M Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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MiR-26a promotes fracture healing of nonunion rats possibly by targeting SOSTDC1 and further activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 460:165-173. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Meguro F, Porntaveetus T, Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Yamada A, Kakihara Y, Saeki M, Tabeta K, Kessler JA, Maeda T, Ohazama A. Bmp signaling in molar cusp formation. Gene Expr Patterns 2019; 32:67-71. [PMID: 30980961 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tooth cusp is a crucial structure, since the shape of the molar tooth is determined by number, shape, and size of the cusp. Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is known to play a critical role in tooth development, including in initiation. However, it remains unclear whether Bmp signaling is also involved in cusp formation. To address this question, we examined cusp in two different transgenic mouse lines: mice with overexpression of Bmp4 (K14-Bmp4), and those with Bmp inhibitor, Noggin, (K14-Noggin) under keratin14 (K14) promoter. K14-Noggin mice demonstrated extra cusps, whereas reduced number of cusps was observed in K14-Bmp4 mice. To further understand how Bmps are expressed during cusp formation, we performed whole-mount in situ hybridisation analysis of three major Bmps (Bmp2, Bmp4, and Bmp7) in murine maxillary and mandibular molars from E14.5 to P3. The linear expressions of Bmp2 and Bmp4 were observed in both maxillary and mandibular molars at E14.5. The expression patterns of Bmp2 and Bmp4 became significantly different between the maxillary and mandibular molars at E16.5. At P3, all Bmps were expressed in all the cusp regions of the maxillary molar; however, the patterns differed. All Bmps thus exhibited dynamic temporo-spatial expression during the cusp formation. It could therefore be inferred that Bmp signaling is involved in regulating cusp formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Thantrira Porntaveetus
- Genomics and Precision Dentistry Research Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kakihara
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Makio Saeki
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - John A Kessler
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- (f)Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Murata Y, Kurosaka H, Ohata Y, Aikawa T, Takahata S, Fujii K, Miyashita T, Morita C, Inubushi T, Kubota T, Sakai N, Ozono K, Kogo M, Yamashiro T. A novel PTCH1 mutation in basal cell nevus syndrome with rare craniofacial features. Hum Genome Var 2019; 6:16. [PMID: 30962945 PMCID: PMC6445144 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-019-0047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) is a rare, multisystem, autosomal dominant disorder that is characterized by various phenotypes, including multiple basal cell carcinomas of the skin, odontogenic keratocysts of the jaws, and occasionally cleft lip and/or palate. In this report, we describe a 6-year-old Japanese girl with a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation in PTCH1 who exhibited rare craniofacial phenotypes, such as oligodontia and a short-tooth root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Murata
- 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ohata
- 2The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan.,3Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tomonao Aikawa
- 2The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Sosuke Takahata
- 2The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujii
- 4Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Miyashita
- 5Department of Molecular Genetics, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Chisato Morita
- 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Inubushi
- 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Takuo Kubota
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,6Child Healthcare and Genetic Science Laboratory, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ozono
- 3Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- 2The First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamashiro
- 1Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Japan
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Sadier A, Twarogowska M, Steklikova K, Hayden L, Lambert A, Schneider P, Laudet V, Hovorakova M, Calvez V, Pantalacci S. Modeling Edar expression reveals the hidden dynamics of tooth signaling center patterning. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000064. [PMID: 30730874 PMCID: PMC6382175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
When patterns are set during embryogenesis, it is expected that they are straightly established rather than subsequently modified. The patterning of the three mouse molars is, however, far from straight, likely as a result of mouse evolutionary history. The first-formed tooth signaling centers, called MS and R2, disappear before driving tooth formation and are thought to be vestiges of the premolars found in mouse ancestors. Moreover, the mature signaling center of the first molar (M1) is formed from the fusion of two signaling centers (R2 and early M1). Here, we report that broad activation of Edar expression precedes its spatial restriction to tooth signaling centers. This reveals a hidden two-step patterning process for tooth signaling centers, which was modeled with a single activator-inhibitor pair subject to reaction-diffusion (RD). The study of Edar expression also unveiled successive phases of signaling center formation, erasing, recovering, and fusion. Our model, in which R2 signaling center is not intrinsically defective but erased by the broad activation preceding M1 signaling center formation, predicted the surprising rescue of R2 in Edar mutant mice, where activation is reduced. The importance of this R2-M1 interaction was confirmed by ex vivo cultures showing that R2 is capable of forming a tooth. Finally, by introducing chemotaxis as a secondary process to RD, we recapitulated in silico different conditions in which R2 and M1 centers fuse or not. In conclusion, pattern formation in the mouse molar field relies on basic mechanisms whose dynamics produce embryonic patterns that are plastic objects rather than fixed end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Sadier
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon, France
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Lyon, France
| | - Monika Twarogowska
- Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, project team Inria NUMED, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5669, Lyon, France
| | - Klara Steklikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luke Hayden
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon, France
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Lambert
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Institut Camille Jordan, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5208, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Pantalacci
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, INSERM U1210, Lyon, France
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Univ Claude Bernard, CNRS UMR 5239, Lyon, France
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Pandya M, Diekwisch TGH. Enamel biomimetics-fiction or future of dentistry. Int J Oral Sci 2019. [PMID: 30610185 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0038-6,1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth enamel is a complex mineralized tissue consisting of long and parallel apatite crystals configured into decussating enamel rods. In recent years, multiple approaches have been introduced to generate or regenerate this highly attractive biomaterial characterized by great mechanical strength paired with relative resilience and tissue compatibility. In the present review, we discuss five pathways toward enamel tissue engineering, (i) enamel synthesis using physico-chemical means, (ii) protein matrix-guided enamel crystal growth, (iii) enamel surface remineralization, (iv) cell-based enamel engineering, and (v) biological enamel regeneration based on de novo induction of tooth morphogenesis. So far, physical synthesis approaches using extreme environmental conditions such as pH, heat and pressure have resulted in the formation of enamel-like crystal assemblies. Biochemical methods relying on enamel proteins as templating matrices have aided the growth of elongated calcium phosphate crystals. To illustrate the validity of this biochemical approach we have successfully grown enamel-like apatite crystals organized into decussating enamel rods using an organic enamel protein matrix. Other studies reviewed here have employed amelogenin-derived peptides or self-assembling dendrimers to re-mineralize mineral-depleted white lesions on tooth surfaces. So far, cell-based enamel tissue engineering has been hampered by the limitations of presently existing ameloblast cell lines. Going forward, these limitations may be overcome by new cell culture technologies. Finally, whole-tooth regeneration through reactivation of the signaling pathways triggered during natural enamel development represents a biological avenue toward faithful enamel regeneration. In the present review we have summarized the state of the art in enamel tissue engineering and provided novel insights into future opportunities to regenerate this arguably most fascinating of all dental tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirali Pandya
- Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Thomas G H Diekwisch
- Center for Craniofacial Research and Diagnosis, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Tooth enamel is a complex mineralized tissue consisting of long and parallel apatite crystals configured into decussating enamel rods. In recent years, multiple approaches have been introduced to generate or regenerate this highly attractive biomaterial characterized by great mechanical strength paired with relative resilience and tissue compatibility. In the present review, we discuss five pathways toward enamel tissue engineering, (i) enamel synthesis using physico-chemical means, (ii) protein matrix-guided enamel crystal growth, (iii) enamel surface remineralization, (iv) cell-based enamel engineering, and (v) biological enamel regeneration based on de novo induction of tooth morphogenesis. So far, physical synthesis approaches using extreme environmental conditions such as pH, heat and pressure have resulted in the formation of enamel-like crystal assemblies. Biochemical methods relying on enamel proteins as templating matrices have aided the growth of elongated calcium phosphate crystals. To illustrate the validity of this biochemical approach we have successfully grown enamel-like apatite crystals organized into decussating enamel rods using an organic enamel protein matrix. Other studies reviewed here have employed amelogenin-derived peptides or self-assembling dendrimers to re-mineralize mineral-depleted white lesions on tooth surfaces. So far, cell-based enamel tissue engineering has been hampered by the limitations of presently existing ameloblast cell lines. Going forward, these limitations may be overcome by new cell culture technologies. Finally, whole-tooth regeneration through reactivation of the signaling pathways triggered during natural enamel development represents a biological avenue toward faithful enamel regeneration. In the present review we have summarized the state of the art in enamel tissue engineering and provided novel insights into future opportunities to regenerate this arguably most fascinating of all dental tissues. Five pathways for tooth enamel engineering hold great promise for developing new technologies, leading to novel biomaterials and biotechnologies to regenerate enamel tissue. Tooth enamel is a unique tissue-specific biomaterial with exceptional structural and mechanical properties. In recent years, many approaches have been adopted to generate or regenerate this complex tissue; Mirali Pandya and Thomas Diekwisch of Texas A&M College of Dentistry, USA conducted a review of the current state and future directions of enamel tissue engineering. In their review, the authors focused on five pathways for enamel tissue engineering: (1) physical synthesis of enamel; (2) biochemical enamel engineering; (3) in situ enamel engineering; (4) cell-based enamel engineering; and (5) whole tooth regeneration. The authors conclude that those five approaches will help identify the biological mechanisms that lead to the generation of tooth enamel.
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Kim J, Ahn Y, Adasooriya D, Woo E, Kim H, Hu K, Krumlauf R, Cho S. Shh Plays an Inhibitory Role in Cusp Patterning by Regulation of Sostdc1. J Dent Res 2018; 98:98-106. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034518803095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crown shapes in mammalian teeth vary considerably from species to species, and morphological characters in crown shape have been used to identify species. Cusp pattern is one of the characters in crown shape. In the processes governing the formation of cusp pattern, the Shh pathway has been implicated as an important player. Suppression of Shh signaling activity in vitro in explant assays appears to induce supernumerary cusp formation in wild-type tooth germs. However, the in vivo role of Shh signaling in cusp pattern formation and the molecular mechanisms by which Shh regulates cusp patterning are not clear. Here, through in vivo phenotypic analyses of mice in which Shh activity was suppressed and compared with wild-type mice, we characterized differences in the location, number, incidence, and shape of supernumerary cusps in molars at embryonic day 15.5. We found that the distances between cusps were reduced in molars of Shh activity–suppressed mice in vivo. These findings confirm and extend the previous idea that Shh acts as an inhibitor in the reaction-diffusion model for cusp pattern formation by negatively regulating the intercuspal distance. We uncovered a significant reduction of expression level of Sostdc1, which encodes a secreted modulator of Wnt signaling, after suppression of Shh activity. The supernumerary cusp formation in Sostdc1−/− mice and compound Sostdc1 and Lrp mutant mice indicates a strong association between Wnt and Shh signaling pathways in cusp patterning. In further support of this idea, there is a high degree of similarity in the supernumerary cusp patterns of mice lacking Sostdc1 or Shh at embryonic day 15.5. These results suggest that Shh plays an inhibitory role in cusp pattern formation by modulating Wnt signaling through the positive regulation of Sostdc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kim
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y. Ahn
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - D. Adasooriya
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - E.J. Woo
- Department of History, College of Liberal Art, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H.J. Kim
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - K.S. Hu
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - R. Krumlauf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S.W. Cho
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
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41
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Diao Y, Rahman MFU, Vyatkin Y, Azatyan A, St Laurent G, Kapranov P, Zaphiropoulos PG. Identification of novel GLI1 target genes and regulatory circuits in human cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1718-1734. [PMID: 30098229 PMCID: PMC6166001 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is involved in many physiological processes, and pathway deregulation can result in a wide range of malignancies. Glioma‐associated oncogene 1 (GLI1) is a transcription factor and a terminal effector of the HH cascade. Despite its crucial role in tumorigenesis, our understanding of the GLI1 cellular targets is quite limited. In this study, we identified multiple new GLI1 target genes using a combination of different genomic surveys and then subjected them to in‐depth validation in human cancer cell lines. We were able to validate >90% of the new targets, which were enriched in functions involved in neurogenesis and regulation of transcription, in at least one type of follow‐up experiment. Strikingly, we found that RNA editing of GLI1 can modulate effects on the targets. Furthermore, one of the top targets, FOXS1, a gene encoding a transcription factor previously implicated in nervous system development, was shown to act in a negative feedback loop limiting the cellular effects of GLI1 in medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Moreover, FOXS1 is both highly expressed and positively correlated with GLI1 in medulloblastoma samples of the Sonic HH subgroup, further arguing for the existence of FOXS1/GLI1 interplay in human tumors. Consistently, high FOXS1 expression predicts longer relapse‐free survival in breast cancer. Overall, our findings open multiple new avenues in HH signaling pathway research and have potential for translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Diao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Yuri Vyatkin
- St. Laurent Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.,AcademGene LLC, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ani Azatyan
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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42
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Hammond NL, Brookes KJ, Dixon MJ. Ectopic Hedgehog Signaling Causes Cleft Palate and Defective Osteogenesis. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1485-1493. [PMID: 29975848 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518785336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common birth defect that frequently occurs in human congenital malformations caused by mutations in components of the Sonic Hedgehog (S HH) signaling cascade. Shh is expressed in dynamic, spatiotemporal domains within epithelial rugae and plays a key role in driving epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that are central to development of the secondary palate. However, the gene regulatory networks downstream of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling are incompletely characterized. Here, we show that ectopic Hh signaling in the palatal mesenchyme disrupts oral-nasal patterning of the neural crest cell-derived ectomesenchyme of the palatal shelves, leading to defective palatine bone formation and fully penetrant cleft palate. We show that a series of Fox transcription factors, including the novel direct target Foxl1, function downstream of Hh signaling in the secondary palate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Wnt/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, in particular Sostdc1, are positively regulated by Hh signaling, concomitant with downregulation of key regulators of osteogenesis and BMP signaling effectors. Our data demonstrate that ectopic Hh-Smo signaling downregulates Wnt/BMP pathways, at least in part by upregulating Sostdc1, resulting in cleft palate and defective osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Hammond
- 1 Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - K J Brookes
- 1 Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,2 Current address: Human Genetics, Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - M J Dixon
- 1 Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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43
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Li L, Tang Q, Kwon HJE, Wu Z, Kim EJ, Jung HS. An Explanation for How FGFs Predict Species-Specific Tooth Cusp Patterns. J Dent Res 2018; 97:828-834. [PMID: 29489426 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518759625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Species-specific cusp patterns result from the iterative formation of enamel knots, the epithelial signaling centers, at the future cusp positions. The expressions of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), especially Fgf4, in the secondary enamel knots in the areas of the future cusp tips are generally used to manifest the appearance of species-specific tooth shapes. However, the mechanism underlying the predictive role of FGFs in species-specific cusp patterns remains obscure. Here, we demonstrated that gerbils, which have a lophodont pattern, exhibit a striped expression pattern of Fgf4, whereas mice, which have a bunodont pattern, have a spotted expression pattern, and these observations verify the predictive role of Fgf4 in species-specific cusp patterns. By manipulating FGFs' signaling in the inner dental epithelium of gerbils, we provide evidence for the intracellular participation of FGF signaling, specifically FGF4 and FGF20, in Rac1- and RhoA-regulated cellular geometry remolding during the determination of different cusp patterns. Our study presents a novel explanation of how different FGF expression patterns produce different cusp patterns and implies that a conserved intracellular FGF-GTPase signaling module might represent an underlying developmental basis for evolutionary changes in cusp patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Q Tang
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - H-J E Kwon
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Z Wu
- 4 Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - E-J Kim
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - H-S Jung
- 1 Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,4 Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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44
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Seo H, Amano T, Seki R, Sagai T, Kim J, Cho SW, Shiroishi T. Upstream Enhancer Elements of Shh Regulate Oral and Dental Patterning. J Dent Res 2018; 97:1055-1063. [PMID: 29481312 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518758642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog ( Shh) is important in pattern formation during development. Shh transcription is modulated by a long-range regulatory mechanism containing a number of enhancers, which are spread over nearly 850 kb in the mouse genome. Shh enhancers in the nervous system have been found between intron and 430 kb upstream of Shh. Enhancers in the oral cavity, pharynx, lung, gut, and limbs have been discovered between 610 kb and 850 kb upstream of Shh. However, the intergenic region ranging from 430 to 610 kb upstream of Shh remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we found a novel long-range enhancer located 558 kb upstream of Shh. The enhancer showed in vivo activity in oral cavity and whiskers. A targeted deletion from the novel enhancer to mammal reptile conserved sequence 1 (MRCS1), which is a known enhancer of Shh in oral cavity, resulted in supernumerary molar formation, confirming the essential role of this intergenic region for Shh transcription in teeth. Furthermore, we clarified the binding of Lef1/Tcfs to the new enhancer and MRCS1, suggesting that Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates Shh signaling in the oral cavity via these enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Seo
- 1 Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,3 Current address: Department of Oral Histology-Developmental Biology and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T Amano
- 4 Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - R Seki
- 4 Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - T Sagai
- 4 Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - J Kim
- 1 Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,2 Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S W Cho
- 1 Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T Shiroishi
- 4 Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
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45
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Ishida K, Mitsui T. Role of the boundary in feather bud formation on one-dimensional bioengineered skin. APL Bioeng 2018; 2:016107. [PMID: 31069292 PMCID: PMC6481706 DOI: 10.1063/1.4989414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of a boundary in pattern formation from a homogenous state in Turing's reaction–diffusion equations is important, particularly when the domain size is comparable to the pattern scale. Such experimental conditions may be achieved for in vitro regeneration of ectodermal appendages such as feathers, via reconstruction of embryonic single cells. This procedure can eliminate a predefined genetic map, such as the midline of chick feather bud formation, leaving uniformly distributed identical cells as a bioengineered skin. Here, the self-organizing nature of multiple feather bud formation was examined in bioengineered 1D-skin samples. Primal formation of feather buds occurred at a fixed length from the skin edge. This formation was numerically recapitulated by a standard two-component reaction-diffusion model, suggesting that the boundary effect caused this observation. The proper boundary conditions were nonstandard, either mixed Dirichlet–Neumann or partial-flux. In addition, the model implies imperfect or hindered bud formation as well as nearly equal distances between buds. In contrast, experimental observations indicated that the skin curvature, which was not included in our model, also strongly affected bud formation. Thus, bioengineered skin may provide an ideal template for modeling a self-organized process from a homogenous state. This study will examine the possible diffusion activities of activator or inhibitor molecular candidates and mechanical activities during cell aggregation, which will advance our understanding of skin appendage regeneration from pluripotent or embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ishida
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mitsui
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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46
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Sun S, Xiao J, Huo J, Geng Z, Ma K, Sun X, Fu X. Targeting ectodysplasin promotor by CRISPR/dCas9-effector effectively induces the reprogramming of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into sweat gland-like cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:8. [PMID: 29329593 PMCID: PMC5766979 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a deep burn injury are characterized by losing the function of perspiration and being unable to regenerate the sweat glands. Because of their easy accession, multipotency, and lower immunogenicity, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) represent as an ideal biological source for cell therapy. The aim of this study was to identify whether targeting the promotor of ectodysplasin (EDA) by CRISPR/dCas9-effector (dCas9-E) could induce the BM-MSCs to differentiate into sweat gland-like cells (SGCs). METHODS Activation of EDA transcription in BM-MSCs was attained by transfection of naive BM-MSCs with the lenti-CRISPR/dCas9-effector and single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs). The impact of dCas9-E BM-MSCs on the formation of SGCs and repair of burn injury was identified and evaluated both in vitro and in a mouse model. RESULTS After transfection with sgRNA-guided dCas9-E, the BM-MSCs acquired significantly higher transcription and expression of EDA by doxycycline (Dox) induction. Intriguingly, the specific markers (CEA, CK7, CK14, and CK19) of sweat glands were also positive in the transfected BM-MSCs, suggesting that EDA plays a critical role in promoting BM-MSC differentiation into sweat glands. Furthermore, when the dCas9-E BM-MSCs with Dox induction were implanted into a wound in a laboratory animal model, iodine-starch perspiration tests revealed that the treated paws were positive for perspiration, while the paws treated with saline showed a negative manifestation. For the regulatory mechanism, the expression of downstream genes of NF-κB (Shh and cyclin D1) was also enhanced accordingly. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that EDA is a pivotal factor for sweat gland regeneration from BM-MSCs and may also offer a new approach for destroyed sweat glands and extensive deep burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujing Sun
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, General Hospital of Air Force, PLA, 30 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100142 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Huo
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Ma
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medicine Science, College of Life Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
- Key Research Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regeneration of PLA, and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration, First Affiliated Hospital to the Chinese PLA General Hospital, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing, 100048 People’s Republic of China
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47
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Navarro N, Murat Maga A. Genetic mapping of molar size relations identifies inhibitory locus for third molars in mice. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:1-11. [PMID: 29302051 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molar size in Mammals shows considerable disparity and exhibits variation similar to that predicted by the Inhibitory Cascade model. The importance of such developmental systems in favoring evolutionary trajectories is also underlined by the fact that this model can predict macroevolutionary patterns. Using backcross mice, we mapped QTL for molar sizes controlling for their sequential development. Genetic controls for upper and lower molars appear somewhat similar, and regions containing genes implied in dental defects drive this variation. We mapped three relationship QTLs (rQTL) modifying the control of the mesial molars on the focal third molar. These regions overlap Shh, Sostdc1, and Fst genes, which have pervasive roles in development and should be buffered against new variation. It has theoretically been shown that rQTL produces new variation channeled in the direction of adaptive changes. Our results provide evidence that evolutionary/disease patterns of tooth size variation could result from such a non-random generating process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Navarro
- EPHE, PSL Research University Paris, F-21000, Dijon, France. .,Biogéosciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - A Murat Maga
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA.,Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
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48
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A chemotaxis model of feather primordia pattern formation during avian development. J Theor Biol 2018; 437:225-238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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49
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Sagai T, Amano T, Maeno A, Kiyonari H, Seo H, Cho SW, Shiroishi T. SHH signaling directed by two oral epithelium-specific enhancers controls tooth and oral development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13004. [PMID: 29021530 PMCID: PMC5636896 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the epithelium and mesenchyme coordinates patterning and differentiation of oral cavity structures including teeth, palatal rugae and tongue papillae. SHH is one of the key signaling molecules for this interaction. Epithelial expression of Shh in the tooth buds and tongue papillae is regulated by at least two enhancers, MRCS1 and MFCS4. However, it is unclear how the two enhancers cooperate to regulate Shh. Here, we found that simultaneous deletion of MRCS1 and MFCS4 results in the formation of a supernumerary tooth in front of the first molar. Since deletion of either single enhancer barely affects tooth development, MRCS1 and MFCS4 evidently act in a redundant fashion. Binding motifs for WNT signaling mediators are shared by MRCS1 and MFCS4, and play a central role in regulating Shh expression, indicating that the two redundant enhancers additively exert their Shh regulation by responding to WNT signal input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Sagai
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takanori Amano
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akiteru Maeno
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hyejin Seo
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Won Cho
- Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Toshihiko Shiroishi
- Mammalian Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
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50
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Seppala M, Fraser GJ, Birjandi AA, Xavier GM, Cobourne MT. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling and Development of the Dentition. J Dev Biol 2017; 5:jdb5020006. [PMID: 29615564 PMCID: PMC5831762 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5020006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is an essential signaling peptide required for normal embryonic development. It represents a highly-conserved marker of odontogenesis amongst the toothed vertebrates. Signal transduction is involved in early specification of the tooth-forming epithelium in the oral cavity, and, ultimately, in defining tooth number within the established dentition. Shh also promotes the morphogenetic movement of epithelial cells in the early tooth bud, and influences cell cycle regulation, morphogenesis, and differentiation in the tooth germ. More recently, Shh has been identified as a stem cell regulator in the continuously erupting incisors of mice. Here, we review contemporary data relating to the role of Shh in odontogenesis, focusing on tooth development in mammals and cartilaginous fishes. We also describe the multiple actions of this signaling protein at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Seppala
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
- Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 22, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Anahid A Birjandi
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Guilherme M Xavier
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
- Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 22, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK.
| | - Martyn T Cobourne
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 27, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
- Department of Orthodontics, King's College London Dental Institute, Floor 22, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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