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Davies BP, Crew RC, Cochrane ALK, Davies K, Figueiredo Baptista A, Jeckel S, McCrone IS, Niu Y, Strugnell BW, Waine K, Fowden AL, Bryant CE, Wills JW, Giussani DA, Hughes K. An ovine model for investigation of the microenvironment of the male mammary gland. J Anat 2024; 245:405-419. [PMID: 38735860 PMCID: PMC11306760 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The specific biology of the male breast remains relatively unexplored in spite of the increasing global prevalence of male breast cancer. Delineation of the microenvironment of the male breast is restricted by the low availability of human samples and a lack of characterisation of appropriate animal models. Unlike the mouse, the male ovine gland persists postnatally. We suggest that the male ovine mammary gland constitutes a promising adjunctive model for the male breast. In this study, we evaluate the male ovine mammary gland microenvironment, comparing intact and neutered males. Assessment of the glandular histo-anatomy highlights the resemblance of the male gland to that of neonatal female sheep and confirms the presence of rudimentary terminal duct lobular units. Irrespective of neutered status, cell proliferation in epithelial and stromal compartments is similarly low in males, and cell proliferation in epithelial cells and in the intralobular stroma is significantly lower than in pubertal female sheep. Between 42% and 72% of the luminal mammary epithelial cells in the male gland express the androgen receptor and expression is significantly reduced by neutering. Luminal epithelial cells within the intact and neutered male gland also express oestrogen receptor alpha, but minimal progesterone receptor expression is observed. The distribution of leukocytes within the ducts and stroma is similar to the mammary gland of female sheep and females of other species. Both macrophages and T lymphocytes are intercalated in the epithelial bilayer and are more abundant in the intralobular stroma than the interlobular stroma, suggesting that they may have a protective immunological function within the vestigial glandular tissue of the male sheep. Mast cells are also observed within the stroma. These cells cluster near the glandular tissue and are frequently located adjacent to blood vessels. The abundance of mast cells is significantly higher in intact males compared to neutered males, suggesting that hormone signalling may impact mast cell recruitment. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of the male ovine mammary gland as a model for furthering our knowledge of postnatal male mammary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachael C. Crew
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- School of Human SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Anna L. K. Cochrane
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Katie Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Sonja Jeckel
- Farm Animal Pathology and DiagnosticsThe Royal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Ian S. McCrone
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Youguo Niu
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Katie Waine
- Farm Post Mortems LtdDurhamUK
- Present address:
Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada.
| | - Abigail L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Clare E. Bryant
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - John W. Wills
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Dino A. Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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2
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Heijmans N, Wiese KE, Jonkers J, van Amerongen R. Transcriptomic Analysis of Pubertal and Adult Virgin Mouse Mammary Epithelial and Stromal Cell Populations. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2024; 29:13. [PMID: 38916673 PMCID: PMC11199289 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-024-09565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Conflicting data exist as to how mammary epithelial cell proliferation changes during the reproductive cycle. To study the effect of endogenous hormone fluctuations on gene expression in the mouse mammary gland, we performed bulk RNAseq analyses of epithelial and stromal cell populations that were isolated either during puberty or at different stages of the adult virgin estrous cycle. Our data confirm prior findings that proliferative changes do not occur in every mouse in every cycle. We also show that during the estrous cycle the main gene expression changes occur in adipocytes and fibroblasts. Finally, we present a comprehensive overview of the Wnt gene expression landscape in different mammary gland cell types in pubertal and adult mice. This work contributes to understanding the effects of physiological hormone fluctuations and locally produced signaling molecules on gene expression changes in the mammary gland during the reproductive cycle and should be a useful resource for future studies investigating gene expression patterns in different cell types across different developmental timepoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika Heijmans
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katrin E Wiese
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Jonkers
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée van Amerongen
- Developmental, Stem Cell and Cancer Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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3
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McGuinness C, Britt KL. Estrogen receptor regulation of the immune microenvironment in breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 240:106517. [PMID: 38555985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is the most common cancer in women and the estrogen receptor (ER)+ subtype is increasing in incidence. There are numerous therapy options available for patients that target the ER, however issues such as innate and acquired treatment resistance, and treatment related side effects justify research into alternative therapeutic options for these patients. Patients of many solid tumour types have benefitted from immunotherapy, however response rates have been generally low in ER+ BCa. We summarise the recent work assessing CDK4/6 inhibitors for ER+ BCa and how they have been shown to prime anti-tumour immune cells and achieve impressive results in preclinical models. A great example of how the immune system might be activated against ER+ BCa. We review the role of estrogen signalling in immune cells, and explore recent data highlighting the hormonal regulation of the immune microenvironment of normal breast, BCa and immune disorders. As recent data has indicated that macrophages are particularly susceptible to estrogen signalling, we highlight macrophage phagocytosis as a key potential target for priming the tumour immune microenvironment. We challenge the generally accepted paradigm that ER+ BCa are "immune-cold" - advocating instead for research into therapies that could be used in combination with targeted therapies and/or immune checkpoint blockade to achieve durable antitumour responses in ER+ BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McGuinness
- Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention Lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention Lab, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Wu Y, Teh YC, Chong SZ. Going Full TeRM: The Seminal Role of Tissue-Resident Macrophages in Organ Remodeling during Pregnancy and Lactation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:513-521. [PMID: 38315948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
During pregnancy and lactation, the uterus and mammary glands undergo remarkable structural changes to perform their critical reproductive functions before reverting to their original dormant state upon childbirth and weaning, respectively. Underlying this incredible plasticity are complex remodeling processes that rely on coordinated decisions at both the cellular and tissue-subunit levels. With their exceptional versatility, tissue-resident macrophages play a variety of supporting roles in these organs during each stage of development, ranging from maintaining immune homeostasis to facilitating tissue remodeling, although much remains to be discovered about the identity and regulation of individual macrophage subsets. In this study, we review the increasingly appreciated contributions of these immune cells to the reproductive process and speculate on future lines of inquiry. Deepening our understanding of their interactions with the parenchymal or stromal populations in their respective niches may reveal new strategies to ameliorate complications in pregnancy and breastfeeding, thereby improving maternal health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Wu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ye Chean Teh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shu Zhen Chong
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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5
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Elfstrum AK, Bapat AS, Schwertfeger KL. Defining and targeting macrophage heterogeneity in the mammary gland and breast cancer. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7053. [PMID: 38426622 PMCID: PMC10905685 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophages are innate immune cells that are associated with extensive phenotypic and functional plasticity and contribute to normal development, tissue homeostasis, and diseases such as cancer. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of tissue resident macrophages in the normal mammary gland and tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. Tissue resident macrophages are required for mammary gland development, where they have been implicated in promoting extracellular matrix remodeling, apoptotic clearance, and cellular crosstalk. In the context of cancer, tumor-associated macrophages are key drivers of growth and metastasis via their ability to promote matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, and immunosuppression. METHOD We identified and summarized studies in Pubmed that describe the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of macrophages and the implications of targeting individual subsets, specifically in the context of mammary gland development and breast cancer. We also identified and summarized recent studies using single-cell RNA sequencing to identify and describe macrophage subsets in human breast cancer samples. RESULTS Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have yielded nuances in macrophage heterogeneity, with numerous macrophage subsets identified in both the normal mammary gland and breast cancer tissue. Macrophage subsets contribute to mammary gland development and breast cancer progression in differing ways, and emerging studies highlight a role for spatial localization in modulating their phenotype and function. CONCLUSION Understanding macrophage heterogeneity and the unique functions of each subset in both normal mammary gland development and breast cancer progression may lead to more promising targets for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis K. Elfstrum
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Aditi S. Bapat
- Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics Graduate ProgramUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Kathryn L. Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Masonic Cancer CenterUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
- Center for ImmunologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
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6
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Liu C, Xu Y, Yang G, Tao Y, Chang J, Wang S, Cheung TH, Chen J, Zeng YA. Niche inflammatory signals control oscillating mammary regeneration and protect stem cells from cytotoxic stress. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:89-105.e6. [PMID: 38141612 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are known for their resilience and enhanced activity post-stress. The mammary gland undergoes frequent remodeling and is subjected to recurring stress during the estrus cycle, but it remains unclear how mammary stem cells (MaSCs) respond to the stress and contribute to regeneration. We discovered that cytotoxic stress-induced activation of CD11c+ ductal macrophages aids stem cell survival and prevents differentiation. These macrophages boost Procr+ MaSC activity through IL1β-IL1R1-NF-κB signaling during the estrus cycle in an oscillating manner. Deleting IL1R1 in MaSCs results in stem cell loss and skewed luminal differentiation. Moreover, under cytotoxic stress from the chemotherapy agent paclitaxel, ductal macrophages secrete higher IL1β levels, promoting MaSC survival and preventing differentiation. Inhibiting IL1R1 sensitizes MaSCs to paclitaxel. Our findings reveal a recurring inflammatory process that regulates regeneration, providing insights into stress-induced inflammation and its impact on stem cell survival, potentially affecting cancer therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yishu Xu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yu Tao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiali Chang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shihui Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tom H Cheung
- Division of Life Science, Center for Stem Cell Research Center for Systems Biology and Human Health, the State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China; New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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7
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Boutas I, Kontogeorgi A, Kalantaridou SN, Dimitrakakis C, Patsios P, Kalantzi M, Xanthos T. Reverse Onco-Cardiology: What Is the Evidence for Breast Cancer? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16500. [PMID: 38003690 PMCID: PMC10671526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent significant global health challenges, with CVD being the leading cause of mortality and breast cancer, showing a complex pattern of incidence and mortality. We explore the intricate interplay between these two seemingly distinct medical conditions, shedding light on their shared risk factors and potential pathophysiological connections. A specific connection between hypertension (HTN), atrial fibrillation (AF), myocardial infarction (MI), and breast cancer was evaluated. HTN is explored in detail, emphasizing the role of aging, menopause, insulin resistance, and obesity as common factors linking HTN and breast cancer. Moreover, an attempt is made to identify the potential impact of antihypertensive medications and highlight the increased risk of breast cancer among those women, with a focus on potential mechanisms. A summary of key findings underscores the need for a multisystem approach to understanding the relationship between CVD and breast cancer is also explored with a highlight for all the gaps in current research, such as the lack of clinical observational data on MI and breast cancer in humans and the need for studies specifically designed for breast cancer. This paper concludes that there should be a focus on potential clinical applications of further investigation in this field, including personalized prevention and screening strategies for women at risk. Overall, the authors attempt to provide a comprehensive overview of the intricate connections between breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases, emphasizing the importance of further research in this evolving field of cardio-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Boutas
- Breast Unit, Rea Maternity Hospital, 383 Andrea Siggrou Ave., Paleo Faliro, 175 64 Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantia Kontogeorgi
- Medical School, University of Crete, 13 Andrea Kalokairinoy Ave., 715 00 Giofirakia, Greece
| | - Sophia N. Kalantaridou
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., 124 62 Chaidari, Greece;
| | - Constantine Dimitrakakis
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 4-2 Lourou Str., 115 28 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Patsios
- Cardiology Department, Elpis General Hospital, 7 Dimitsana Str., 115 22 Athens, Greece;
| | - Maria Kalantzi
- Post Graduate Study Program “Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str., 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Theodoros Xanthos
- School of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 28 Aghiou Spyridonos Str., 122 43 Aigaleo, Greece;
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8
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Jayatilleke KM, Duivenvoorden HM, Ryan GF, Parker BS, Hulett MD. Investigating the Role of Heparanase in Breast Cancer Development Utilising the MMTV-PyMT Murine Model of Mammary Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113062. [PMID: 37297024 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second most common human malignancy and is a major global health burden. Heparanase (HPSE) has been widely implicated in enhancing the development and progression of solid tumours, including breast cancer. In this study, the well-established spontaneous mammary tumour-developing MMTV-PyMT murine model was utilised to examine the role of HPSE in breast cancer establishment, progression, and metastasis. The use of HPSE-deficient MMTV-PyMT (MMTV-PyMTxHPSE-/-) mice addressed the lack of genetic ablation models to investigate the role of HPSE in mammary tumours. It was demonstrated that even though HPSE regulated mammary tumour angiogenesis, mammary tumour progression and metastasis were HPSE-independent. Furthermore, there was no evidence of compensatory action by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in response to the lack of HPSE expression in the mammary tumours. These findings suggest that HPSE may not play a significant role in the mammary tumour development of MMTV-PyMT animals. Collectively, these observations may have implications in the clinical setting of breast cancer and therapy using HPSE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnath M Jayatilleke
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Hendrika M Duivenvoorden
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Gemma F Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Belinda S Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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9
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Archer M, Bernhardt SM, Hodson LJ, Woolford L, Van der Hoek M, Dasari P, Evdokiou A, Ingman WV. CCL2-Mediated Stromal Interactions Drive Macrophage Polarization to Increase Breast Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087385. [PMID: 37108548 PMCID: PMC10138606 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CCL2 is an inflammatory cytokine that regulates macrophage activity and is implicated in increased mammographic density and early breast tumorigenesis. The role of CCL2 in mediating stromal interactions that contribute to breast tumorigenesis has yet to be fully elucidated. THP-1-derived macrophages and mammary fibroblasts were co-cultured for 72 h. Fibroblasts and macrophages were analysed for phenotype, expression of inflammatory and ECM-regulatory genes and collagen production. Mice overexpressing CCL2 in the mammary glands were analysed for global gene expression by RNAseq at 12 weeks of age. These mice were cross-bred with PyMT mammary tumour mice to examine the role of CCL2 in tumorigenesis. The co-culture of macrophages with fibroblasts resulted in macrophage polarization towards an M2 phenotype, and upregulated expression of CCL2 and other genes associated with inflammation and ECM remodelling. CCL2 increased the production of insoluble collagen by fibroblasts. A global gene expression analysis of CCL2 overexpressing mice revealed that CCL2 upregulates cancer-associated gene pathways and downregulates fatty acid metabolism gene pathways. In the PyMT mammary tumour model, CCL2 overexpressing mice exhibited increased macrophage infiltration and early tumorigenesis. Interactions between macrophages and fibroblasts regulated by CCL2 can promote an environment that may increase breast cancer risk, leading to enhanced early tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison Archer
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Sarah M Bernhardt
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Leigh J Hodson
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Mark Van der Hoek
- South Australian Genomics Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Pallave Dasari
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, SA 5011, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
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10
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Han S, Chen X, Li Z. Innate Immune Program in Formation of Tumor-Initiating Cells from Cells-of-Origin of Breast, Prostate, and Ovarian Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:757. [PMID: 36765715 PMCID: PMC9913549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs), also known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are cancer cells that can initiate a tumor, possess self-renewal capacity, and can contribute to tumor heterogeneity. TICs/CSCs are developed from their cells-of-origin. In breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers, progenitor cells for mammary alveolar cells, prostate luminal (secretory) cells, and fallopian tube secretory cells are the preferred cellular origins for their corresponding cancer types. These luminal progenitors (LPs) express common innate immune program (e.g., Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling)-related genes. Microbes such as bacteria are now found in breast, prostate, and fallopian tube tissues and their corresponding cancer types, raising the possibility that their LPs may sense the presence of microbes and trigger their innate immune/TLR pathways, leading to an inflammatory microenvironment. Crosstalk between immune cells (e.g., macrophages) and affected epithelial cells (e.g., LPs) may eventually contribute to formation of TICs/CSCs from their corresponding LPs, in part via STAT3 and/or NFκB pathways. As such, TICs/CSCs can inherit expression of innate-immunity/TLR-pathway-related genes from their cells-of-origin; the innate immune program may also represent their unique vulnerability, which can be explored therapeutically (e.g., by enhancing immunotherapy via augmenting TLR signaling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Han
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xueqing Chen
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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11
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The origins of resident macrophages in mammary gland influence the tumorigenesis of breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Hadadi E, Deschoemaeker S, Vicente Venegas G, Laoui D. Heterogeneity and function of macrophages in the breast during homeostasis and cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 367:149-182. [PMID: 35461657 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are diverse immune cells populating all tissues and adopting a unique tissue-specific identity. Breast macrophages play an essential role in the development and function of the mammary gland over one's lifetime. In the recent years, with the development of fate-mapping, imaging and scRNA-seq technologies we grew a better understanding of the origin, heterogeneity and function of mammary macrophages in homeostasis but also during breast cancer development. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of the latest improvements in studying the macrophage heterogeneity in healthy mammary tissues and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hadadi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sofie Deschoemaeker
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Vicente Venegas
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damya Laoui
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium; Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
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13
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Bertolo PHL, Moutinho da Conceição MEBA, Emboaba da Costa RRM, Jacintho APP, Cipriano RS, Moreira PRR, Ferreira MA, Machado GF, de Oliveira Vasconcelos R. Influence of serum progesterone levels on the inflammatory response of female dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. Vet Parasitol 2022; 302:109658. [PMID: 35042095 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological changes to the mammary gland that occur in female dogs with visceral leishmaniosis and to correlate the findings with the parasite load, inflammatory cell profile in mammary tissue and serum progesterone levels. For this, 20 adult female dogs that were naturally infected with Leishmania infantum, not spayed, not pregnant and free from mammary tumors were used. They were divided into two groups: G1 (n = 9) with high serum progesterone levels and G2 (n = 11) with low serum progesterone levels. The parasite load and the immunophenotype of leukocytes infiltrated into the mammary tissue (CD3, CD4, CD8 and MCA874) were evaluated using the immunohistochemical technique. In the mammary gland, chronic inflammatory infiltrate was mainly found in G1, sometimes associated with granulomatous inflammation, higher parasite load and higher density of cells immunolabeled for CD3, CD4, CD8 and MCA874. A significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) was observed between the parasite load and the immunolabeled leukocytes. The influence of the serum progesterone level in the mammary gland of infected female dogs can contribute to the maintenance of an immunosuppressive cell profile and favor the persistence of the parasite in this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Henrique Leal Bertolo
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Prudente Jacintho
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maricy Apparício Ferreira
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Fabrino Machado
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Biological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities in Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer Risk. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215391. [PMID: 34771552 PMCID: PMC8582527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammographic density is an important risk factor for breast cancer; women with extremely dense breasts have a four to six fold increased risk of breast cancer compared to women with mostly fatty breasts, when matched with age and body mass index. High mammographic density is characterised by high proportions of stroma, containing fibroblasts, collagen and immune cells that suggest a pro-tumour inflammatory microenvironment. However, the biological mechanisms that drive increased mammographic density and the associated increased risk of breast cancer are not yet understood. Inflammatory factors such as monocyte chemotactic protein 1, peroxidase enzymes, transforming growth factor beta, and tumour necrosis factor alpha have been implicated in breast development as well as breast cancer risk, and also influence functions of stromal fibroblasts. Here, the current knowledge and understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms that lead to high mammographic density and the associated increased risk of breast cancer are reviewed, with particular consideration to potential immune factors that may contribute to this process.
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15
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Nagy D, Gillis CMC, Davies K, Fowden AL, Rees P, Wills JW, Hughes K. Developing ovine mammary terminal duct lobular units have a dynamic mucosal and stromal immune microenvironment. Commun Biol 2021; 4:993. [PMID: 34417554 PMCID: PMC8379191 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human breast and ovine mammary gland undergo striking levels of postnatal development, leading to formation of terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs). Here we interrogate aspects of sheep TDLU growth as a model of breast development and to increase understanding of ovine mammogenesis. The distributions of epithelial nuclear Ki67 positivity differ significantly between younger and older lambs. Ki67 expression is polarised to the leading edge of the developing TDLUs. Intraepithelial ductal macrophages exhibit periodicity and considerably increased density in lambs approaching puberty. Stromal macrophages are more abundant centrally than peripherally. Intraepithelial T lymphocytes are more numerous in older lambs. Stromal hotspots of Ki67 expression colocalize with immune cell aggregates that exhibit distinct organisation consistent with tertiary lymphoid structures. The lamb mammary gland thus exhibits a dynamic mucosal and stromal immune microenvironment and constitutes a valuable model system that provides new insights into postnatal breast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorottya Nagy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Equine Clinic, Department of Companion Animals and Equids, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Clare M C Gillis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katie Davies
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail L Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Rees
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Crymlyn Burrows, Swansea, UK
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John W Wills
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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16
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Rauner G, Kuperwasser C. Microenvironmental control of cell fate decisions in mammary gland development and cancer. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1875-1883. [PMID: 34256927 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate decisions are critical for adequate tissue development, maintenance and regeneration. In the mammary gland, epithelial cell fates are tightly controlled by the microenvironment. Here, we review how cell fate decisions are regulated by components of the microenvironment during mammary gland development and how pathological changes in the microenvironment can alter cell fates, leading to malignancy. Specifically, we describe the current understanding of how mammary cell fate is controlled and directed by three elements: the extracellular matrix, the immune microenvironment, and hormones-and how these elements can converge to create microenvironments that promote a fourth element: DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gat Rauner
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Laboratory for the Convergence of Biomedical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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17
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Bernhardt SM, Dasari P, Glynn DJ, Woolford L, Moldenhauer LM, Walsh D, Townsend AR, Price TJ, Ingman WV. Ovarian cycle stage critically affects 21-gene recurrence scores in Mmtv-Pymt mouse mammary tumours. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:736. [PMID: 34174867 PMCID: PMC8236154 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Oncotype DX 21-gene Recurrence Score is predictive of adjuvant chemotherapy benefit for women with early-stage, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. In premenopausal women, fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle impact gene expression in hormone-responsive cancers. However, the extent to which menstrual cycling affects the Oncotype DX 21-gene signature remains unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of ovarian cycle stage on the 21-gene signature using a naturally cycling mouse model of breast cancer. METHODS ER-positive mammary tumours were dissected from naturally cycling Mmtv-Pymt mice at either the estrus or diestrus phase of the ovarian cycle. The Oncotype DX 21-gene signature was assessed through quantitative real time-PCR, and a 21-gene experimental recurrence score analogous to the Oncotype DX Recurrence Score was calculated. RESULTS Tumours collected at diestrus exhibited significant differences in expression of 6 Oncotype DX signature genes (Ki67, Ccnb1, Esr1, Erbb2, Grb7, Bag1; p ≤ 0.05) and a significant increase in 21-gene recurrence score (21.8 ± 2.4; mean ± SEM) compared to tumours dissected at estrus (15.5 ± 1.9; p = 0.03). Clustering analysis revealed a subgroup of tumours collected at diestrus characterised by increased expression of proliferation- (p < 0.001) and invasion-group (p = 0.01) genes, and increased 21-gene recurrence score (p = 0.01). No correlation between ER, PR, HER2, and KI67 protein abundance measured by Western blot and abundance of mRNA for the corresponding gene was observed, suggesting that gene expression is more susceptible to hormone-induced fluctuation compared to protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Ovarian cycle stage at the time of tissue collection critically affects the 21-gene signature in Mmtv-Pymt murine mammary tumours. Further studies are required to determine whether Oncotype DX Recurrence Scores in women are similarly affected by menstrual cycle stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Bernhardt
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Pallave Dasari
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Danielle J Glynn
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lachlan M Moldenhauer
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Walsh
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
| | - Amanda R Townsend
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Price
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia.
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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18
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Suárez-Arriaga MC, Méndez-Tenorio A, Pérez-Koldenkova V, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Claudin-Low Breast Cancer Inflammatory Signatures Support Polarization of M1-Like Macrophages with Protumoral Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2248. [PMID: 34067089 PMCID: PMC8125772 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that triple-negative breast cancer (BRCA) cells overexpress the cytokines GM-CSF, G-CSF, MCP-1, and RANTES, and when monocytes were 3-D co-cultured with them, M1-like macrophages were generated with the ability to induce aggressive features in luminal BRCA cell lines. These include upregulation of mesenchymal and stemness markers and invasion. In this study, we stimulated peripheral blood monocytes with the four cytokines and confirmed their capacity to generate protumoral M1-like macrophages. Using the METABRIC BRCA database, we observed that GM-CSF, MCP-1, and RANTES are associated with triple-negative BRCA and reduced overall survival, particularly in patients under 55 years of age. We propose an extended M1-like macrophage proinflammatory signature connected with these three cytokines. We found that the extended M1-like macrophage signature coexists with monocyte/macrophage, Th1 immune response, and immunosuppressive signatures, and all are enriched in claudin-low BRCA samples, and correlate with reduced patient overall survival. Furthermore, we observed that all these signatures are also present in mesenchymal carcinomas of the colon (COAD) and bladder (BLCA). The claudin-low tumor subtype has an adverse clinical outcome and remains poorly understood. This study places M1 macrophages as potential protumoral drivers in already established cancers, and as potential contributors to claudin-low aggressiveness and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Cecilia Suárez-Arriaga
- Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Alfonso Méndez-Tenorio
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Vadim Pérez-Koldenkova
- Laboratorio Nacional de Microscopía Avanzada, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Ezequiel M. Fuentes-Pananá
- Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
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19
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Sun X, Bernhardt SM, Glynn DJ, Hodson LJ, Woolford L, Evdokiou A, Yan C, Du H, Robertson SA, Ingman WV. Attenuated TGFB signalling in macrophages decreases susceptibility to DMBA-induced mammary cancer in mice. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:39. [PMID: 33761981 PMCID: PMC7992865 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFB1) is a multi-functional cytokine that regulates mammary gland development and cancer progression through endocrine, paracrine and autocrine mechanisms. TGFB1 also plays roles in tumour development and progression, and its increased expression is associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Macrophages are key target cells for TGFB1 action, also playing crucial roles in tumourigenesis. However, the precise role of TGFB-regulated macrophages in the mammary gland is unclear. This study investigated the effect of attenuated TGFB signalling in macrophages on mammary gland development and mammary cancer susceptibility in mice. METHODS A transgenic mouse model was generated, wherein a dominant negative TGFB receptor is activated in macrophages, in turn attenuating the TGFB signalling pathway specifically in the macrophage population. The mammary glands were assessed for morphological changes through wholemount and H&E analysis, and the abundance and phenotype of macrophages were analysed through immunohistochemistry. Another cohort of mice received carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), and tumour development was monitored weekly. Human non-neoplastic breast tissue was also immunohistochemically assessed for latent TGFB1 and macrophage marker CD68. RESULTS Attenuation of TGFB signalling resulted in an increase in the percentage of alveolar epithelium in the mammary gland at dioestrus and an increase in macrophage abundance. The phenotype of macrophages was also altered, with inflammatory macrophage markers iNOS and CCR7 increased by 110% and 40%, respectively. A significant decrease in DMBA-induced mammary tumour incidence and prolonged tumour-free survival in mice with attenuated TGFB signalling were observed. In human non-neoplastic breast tissue, there was a significant inverse relationship between latent TGFB1 protein and CD68-positive macrophages. CONCLUSIONS TGFB acts on macrophage populations in the mammary gland to reduce their abundance and dampen the inflammatory phenotype. TGFB signalling in macrophages increases mammary cancer susceptibility potentially through suppression of immune surveillance activities of macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene/adverse effects
- Animals
- Disease Susceptibility
- Disease-Free Survival
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Estrous Cycle
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Human/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Human/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Smad2 Protein/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Sun
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sarah M Bernhardt
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Danielle J Glynn
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leigh J Hodson
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Cong Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hong Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Discipline of Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd., Woodville, 5011, Australia.
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20
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Dawson CA, Visvader JE. The Cellular Organization of the Mammary Gland: Insights From Microscopy. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:71-85. [PMID: 33835387 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in our knowledge of the cellular heterogeneity and molecular regulation of the mammary gland, how these relate to 3D cellular organization remains unclear. In addition to hormonal regulation, mammary gland development and function is directed by para- and juxtacrine signaling among diverse cell-types, particularly the immune and mesenchymal populations. Precise mapping of the cellular landscape of the breast will help to decipher this complex coordination. Imaging of thin tissue sections has provided foundational information about cell positioning in the mammary gland and now technological advances in tissue clearing and subcellular-resolution 3D imaging are painting a more complete picture. In particular, confocal, light-sheet and multiphoton microscopy applied to intact tissue can fully capture cell morphology, position and interactions, and have the power to identify spatially rare events. This review will summarize our current understanding of mammary gland cellular organization as revealed by microscopy. We focus on the mouse mammary gland and cover a broad range of immune and stromal cell types at major developmental stages and give insights into important tissue niches and cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Dawson
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 3052, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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21
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Messal HA, van Rheenen J, Scheele CLGJ. An Intravital Microscopy Toolbox to Study Mammary Gland Dynamics from Cellular Level to Organ Scale. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:9-27. [PMID: 33945058 PMCID: PMC8217050 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The architecture of the mouse mammary gland is highly dynamic and constantly remodeled during pubertal development and estrous cycle-driven sprouting and regression of alveolar side branches. During each of these developmental stages, turnover is driven by distinct subsets of mammary epithelial cells. Extensive previous research has shed light on the unique morphological and cell biological characteristics of each stage. However, technological shortcomings failed to capture the dynamics and single-cell contributions to mammary remodeling. Here, we developed in vivo imaging strategies to follow the same mammary ducts over time and quantify the dynamics of mammary gland growth and remodeling from single-cell level to organ scale. Using a combination of intravital microscopy and genetic reporter systems we show how proliferative heterogeneity drives ductal morphogenesis during different developmental stages. To visualize pubertal growth at the cellular level, we performed long-term time-lapse imaging of extending terminal end buds through a mammary imaging window. We show that single-cells within the terminal end buds are extremely motile and continuously exchange position whilst the duct is elongating. To visualize short-term remodeling in the adult mammary gland at the single cell level, we performed multi-day intravital imaging in photoconvertible Kikume Green-Red mice and fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator mice. We demonstrate that the contribution of single-cells to estrous-driven remodeling is highly variable between cells in the same micro-environment. To assess the effects of this dynamic proliferative contribution on the long-term stability of tissue architecture, we developed a repeated skin flap method to assess mammary gland morphology by intravital microscopy over extended time spans for up to six months. Interestingly, in contrast to the short-term dynamic remodeling, the long-term morphology of the mammary gland remains remarkably stable. Together, our tool box of imaging strategies allows to identify and map transient and continuing dynamics of single cells to the architecture of the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik A. Messal
- grid.430814.aDivision of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- grid.430814.aDivision of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Bijnen M, Bajénoff M. Gland Macrophages: Reciprocal Control and Function within Their Niche. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:120-136. [PMID: 33423933 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human body contains dozens of endocrine and exocrine glands, which regulate physiological processes by secreting hormones and other factors. Glands can be subdivided into contiguous tissue modules, each consisting of an interdependent network of cells that together perform particular tissue functions. Among those cells are macrophages, a diverse type of immune cells endowed with trophic functions. In this review, we discuss recent findings on how resident macrophages support tissue modules within glands via the creation of mutually beneficial cell-cell circuits. A better comprehension of gland macrophage function and local control within their niche is essential to achieve a refined understanding of gland physiology in homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell Bijnen
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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23
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Hughes K. Comparative mammary gland postnatal development and tumourigenesis in the sheep, cow, cat and rabbit: Exploring the menagerie. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 114:186-195. [PMID: 33082118 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sheep, cows, cats, and rabbits are kept by humans for agricultural purposes and as companion animals. Much of the mammary research in these species has focussed on mastitis in the case of ruminants and rabbits, and mammary tumourigenesis in cats and rabbits. However, similarities with the human breast suggest that these species may be currently underutilised as valuable comparative models of breast development and disease. The mammary gland undergoes cyclical postnatal development that will be considered here in the context of these non-traditional model species, with a focus on the mammary microenvironment at different postnatal developmental stages. The second part of this review will consider mammary tumour development. Ruminants are thought to be relatively 'resistant' to mammary tumourigenesis, likely due to multiple factors including functional properties of ruminant mammary stem/progenitor cells, diet, and/or the fact that production animals undergo a first parity soon after puberty. By contrast, unneutered female cats and rabbits have a propensity to develop mammary neoplasms, and subsets of these may constitute valuable comparative models of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom.
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24
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Mosser DM, Hamidzadeh K, Goncalves R. Macrophages and the maintenance of homeostasis. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 18:579-587. [PMID: 32934339 PMCID: PMC7491045 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many chapters written about macrophage polarization. These chapters generally focus on the role of macrophages in orchestrating immune responses by highlighting the T-cell-derived cytokines that shape these polarizing responses. This bias toward immunity is understandable, given the importance of macrophages to host defense. However, macrophages are ubiquitous and are involved in many different cellular processes, and describing them as immune cells is undoubtedly an oversimplification. It disregards their important roles in development, tissue remodeling, wound healing, angiogenesis, and metabolism, to name just a few processes. In this chapter, we propose that macrophages function as transducers in the body. According to Wikipedia, “A transducer is a device that converts energy from one form to another.” The word transducer is a term used to describe both the “sensor,” which can interpret a wide range of energy forms, and the “actuator,” which can switch voltages or currents to affect the environment. Macrophages are able to sense a seemingly endless variety of inputs from their environment and transduce these inputs into a variety of different response outcomes. Thus, rather than functioning as immune cells, they should be considered more broadly as cellular transducers that interpret microenvironmental changes and actuate vital tissue responses. In this chapter, we will describe some of the sensory stimuli that macrophages perceive and the responses they make to these stimuli to achieve their prime directive, which is the maintenance of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Mosser
- The Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Kajal Hamidzadeh
- The Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ricardo Goncalves
- The Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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25
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Bernhardt SM, Dasari P, Walsh D, Townsend AR, Price TJ, Ingman WV. Timing of breast cancer surgery during the menstrual cycle-is there an optimal time of the month? Oncol Lett 2020; 20:2045-2057. [PMID: 32782523 PMCID: PMC7400969 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An intriguing relationship between menstrual cycle phase at the time of breast cancer surgery and clinical outcomes was first proposed in the late 1980s. Despite a number of clinical studies conducted to address this, as well as meta-analyses and systematic reviews, there remains significant controversy surrounding the effect of menstrual cycle phase at time of surgery on the prognosis of premenopausal breast cancer. While some studies have suggested that surgery performed during the luteal phase results in the most favourable outcome, other studies report the follicular phase is more favourable, and others show no association. Given the conflicting results, there remains insufficient evidence to determine whether there is an optimal time of the month to perform surgery. This issue has dogged breast cancer surgery for decades; knowledge of an optimal time of the month to conduct surgery would be a simple approach to improving patient outcomes. This review explores the potential biological mechanisms through which the hormonal milieu might contribute to differences in prognosis, and why clinical findings are so variable. It is concluded that a significant problem with current clinical research is the lack of insight from mechanistic studies. While there are a number of plausible biological mechanisms that could lead to altered survival, supporting evidence is limited. There are also variable approaches to defining the menstrual cycle phase and hormone receptor status of the tumour and few studies controlled for prognostic factors such as tumour size and stage, or addressed the impact of adjuvant treatments. Elucidation of the specific confounding factors, as well as biological mechanistic pathways that could explain the potential relationship between timing of surgery and survival, will greatly assist in designing robust well-controlled prospective clinical studies to evaluate this paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Bernhardt
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Pallave Dasari
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - David Walsh
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia
| | - Amanda R Townsend
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia
| | - Timothy J Price
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia 5011, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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26
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Wang Y, Chaffee TS, LaRue RS, Huggins DN, Witschen PM, Ibrahim AM, Nelson AC, Machado HL, Schwertfeger KL. Tissue-resident macrophages promote extracellular matrix homeostasis in the mammary gland stroma of nulliparous mice. eLife 2020; 9:e57438. [PMID: 32479261 PMCID: PMC7297528 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages in the mammary gland are found in close association with epithelial structures and within the adipose stroma, and are important for mammary gland development and tissue homeostasis. Macrophages have been linked to ductal development in the virgin mammary gland, but less is known regarding the effects of macrophages on the adipose stroma. Using transcriptional profiling and single-cell RNA sequencing approaches, we identify a distinct resident stromal macrophage subpopulation within the mouse nulliparous mammary gland that is characterized by the expression of Lyve-1, a receptor for the extracellular matrix (ECM) component hyaluronan. This subpopulation is enriched in genes associated with ECM remodeling and is specifically associated with hyaluronan-rich regions within the adipose stroma and fibrous capsule of the virgin mammary gland. Furthermore, macrophage depletion leads to enhanced accumulation of hyaluronan-associated ECM in the adipose-associated stroma, indicating that resident macrophages are important for maintaining homeostasis within the nulliparous mammary gland stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Thomas S Chaffee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Rebecca S LaRue
- University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Danielle N Huggins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Patrice M Witschen
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Ayman M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane School of MedicineNew OrleansUnited States
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane School of MedicineNew OrleansUnited States
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
- Center for Immunology, University of MinnesotaMinneapolisUnited States
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27
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Atashgaran V, Dasari P, Hodson LJ, Evdokiou A, Barry SC, Ingman WV. Foxp3 heterozygosity does not overtly affect mammary gland development during puberty or the oestrous cycle in mice. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 32:774-782. [PMID: 32389178 DOI: 10.1071/rd19378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Female mice heterozygous for a genetic mutation in transcription factor forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) spontaneously develop mammary cancers; however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. We hypothesised that increased cancer susceptibility is associated with an underlying perturbation in mammary gland development. The role of Foxp3 in mammary ductal morphogenesis was investigated in heterozygous Foxp3Sf/+ and wildtype Foxp3+/+ mice during puberty and at specific stages of the oestrous cycle. No differences in mammary ductal branching morphogenesis, terminal end bud formation or ductal elongation were observed in pubertal Foxp3Sf/+ mice compared with Foxp3+/+ mice. During adulthood, all mice underwent normal regular oestrous cycles. No differences in epithelial branching morphology were detected in mammary glands from mice at the oestrus, metoestrus, dioestrus and pro-oestrus stages of the cycle. Furthermore, abundance of Foxp3 mRNA and protein in the mammary gland and lymph nodes was not altered in Foxp3Sf/+ mice compared with Foxp3+/+ mice. These studies suggest that Foxp3 heterozygosity does not overtly affect mammary gland development during puberty or the oestrous cycle. Further studies are required to dissect the underlying mechanisms of increased mammary cancer susceptibility in Foxp3Sf/+ heterozygous mice and the function of this transcription factor in normal mammary gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Atashgaran
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Pallave Dasari
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Leigh J Hodson
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Simon C Barry
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Discipline of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; and Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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28
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Dawson CA, Pal B, Vaillant F, Gandolfo LC, Liu Z, Bleriot C, Ginhoux F, Smyth GK, Lindeman GJ, Mueller SN, Rios AC, Visvader JE. Tissue-resident ductal macrophages survey the mammary epithelium and facilitate tissue remodelling. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:546-558. [PMID: 32341550 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are diverse immune cells that reside in all tissues. Although macrophages have been implicated in mammary-gland function, their diversity has not been fully addressed. By exploiting high-resolution three-dimensional imaging and flow cytometry, we identified a unique population of tissue-resident ductal macrophages that form a contiguous network between the luminal and basal layers of the epithelial tree throughout postnatal development. Ductal macrophages are long lived and constantly survey the epithelium through dendrite movement, revealed via advanced intravital imaging. Although initially originating from embryonic precursors, ductal macrophages derive from circulating monocytes as they expand during puberty. Moreover, they undergo proliferation in pregnancy to maintain complete coverage of the epithelium in lactation, when they are poised to phagocytose milk-producing cells post-lactation and facilitate remodelling. Interestingly, ductal macrophages strongly resemble mammary tumour macrophages and form a network that pervades the tumour. Thus, the mammary epithelium programs specialized resident macrophages in both physiological and tumorigenic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Dawson
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bhupinder Pal
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - François Vaillant
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke C Gandolfo
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhaoyuan Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Camille Bleriot
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Lindeman
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Parkville Familial Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne C Rios
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E Visvader
- Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Ingman WV. Deep imaging reveals new insights into mammary gland architecture and breast cancer susceptibility. FEBS J 2019; 287:246-249. [PMID: 31876093 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of adipose tissue in the mammary gland obscures vision of the 3-dimensional architecture. Hitchcock et al. employed a new technique of deep tissue imaging that has enabled visualisation of dynamic interactions between mammary gland epithelial and immune cells with unprecedented 3-dimensional clarity. Deep imaging will help further our understanding of the complex biological interactions that underpin both normal mammary gland development and the susceptibility of this tissue to cancer. This knowledge will assist the development of much-needed prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of breast cancer. Comment on: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15126.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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30
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Hitchcock JR, Hughes K, Harris OB, Watson CJ. Dynamic architectural interplay between leucocytes and mammary epithelial cells. FEBS J 2019; 287:250-266. [PMID: 31691481 PMCID: PMC7003847 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammary gland undergoes dynamic changes during puberty and the postnatal developmental cycle. The mammary epithelium is composed of a bilayer of outer basal, or myoepithelial, cells and inner luminal cells, the latter lineage giving rise to the milk-producing alveolar cells during pregnancy. These luminal alveolar cells undergo Stat3-mediated programmed cell death following the cessation of lactation. It is established that immune cells in the microenvironment of the gland have a role to play both in the ductal outgrowth during puberty and in the removal of dead cells and remodelling of the stroma during the process of postlactational regression. However, most studies have focussed on the role of the stromal immune cell compartment or have quantified immune cell populations in tissue extracts. Our recent development of protocols for deep imaging of the mammary gland in three dimensions (3D) has enabled the architectural relationship between immune cells and the epithelium to be examined in detail, and we have discovered a surprisingly dynamic relationship between the basal epithelium and leucocytes. Furthermore, we have observed morphological changes in the myoepithelial cells, as involution progresses, which were not revealed by previous work in 2D tissue sections and whole tissue. This dynamic architecture suggests a role for myoepithelial cells in the orderly progression of involution. We conclude that deep imaging of mammary gland and other tissues is essential for analysing complex interactions between cellular compartments.
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31
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Kenyon E, Westerhuis JJ, Volk M, Hix J, Chakravarty S, Claucherty E, Zaluzec E, Ramsey L, Madaj Z, Hostetter G, Eagleson B, Shapiro E, Moore A, Sempere LF. Ductal tree ablation by local delivery of ethanol prevents tumor formation in an aggressive mouse model of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2019; 21:129. [PMID: 31779648 PMCID: PMC6883550 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylactic mastectomy is the most effective intervention to prevent breast cancer. However, this major surgery has life-changing consequences at the physical, emotional, psychological, and social levels. Therefore, only high-risk individuals consider this aggressive procedure, which completely removes the mammary epithelial cells from which breast cancer arises along with surrounding tissue. Here, we seek to develop a minimally invasive procedure as an alternative to prophylactic mastectomy by intraductal (ID) delivery of a cell-killing solution that locally ablates the mammary epithelial cells before they become malignant. Methods After ID injection of a 70% ethanol-containing solution in FVB/NJ female animals, ex vivo dual stained whole-mount tissue analysis and in vivo X-ray microcomputed tomography imaging were used to visualize ductal tree filling, and histological and multiplex immunohistochemical assays were used to characterize ablative effects and quantitate the number of intact epithelial cells and stroma. After ID injection of 70% ethanol or other solutions in cancer-prone FVB-Tg-C3(1)-TAg female animals, mammary glands were palpated weekly to establish tumor latency and examined after necropsy to record tumor incidence. Statistical difference in median tumor latency and tumor incidence between experimental groups was analyzed by log-rank test and logistic mixed-effects model, respectively. Results We report that ID injection of 70% ethanol effectively ablates the mammary epithelia with limited collateral damage to surrounding stroma and vasculature in the murine ductal tree. ID injection of 70% ethanol into the mammary glands of the C3(1)-TAg multifocal breast cancer model significantly delayed tumor formation (median latency of 150 days in the untreated control group [n = 25] vs. 217 days in the ethanol-treated group [n = 13], p value < 0.0001) and reduced tumor incidence (34% of glands with tumors [85 of 250] in the untreated control group vs. 7.3% of glands with tumor [7 of 95] in the ethanol-treated group, risk ratio = 4.76 [95% CI 1.89 to 11.97, p value < 0.0001]). Conclusions This preclinical study demonstrates the feasibility of local ductal tree ablation as a novel strategy for primary prevention of breast cancer. Given the existing clinical uses of ethanol, ethanol-based ablation protocols could be readily implemented in first-in-human clinical trials for high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kenyon
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Maximilian Volk
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jeremy Hix
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shatadru Chakravarty
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ethan Claucherty
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Erin Zaluzec
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lisa Ramsey
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Zach Madaj
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | | | - Bryn Eagleson
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA
| | - Erik Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Anna Moore
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Lorenzo F Sempere
- Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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32
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Stewart TA, Hughes K, Hume DA, Davis FM. Developmental Stage-Specific Distribution of Macrophages in Mouse Mammary Gland. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:250. [PMID: 31709255 PMCID: PMC6821639 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development begins in the embryo and continues throughout the reproductive life of female mammals. Tissue macrophages (Mϕs), dependent on signals from the Mϕ colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), have been shown to regulate the generation, regression and regeneration of this organ, which is central for mammalian offspring survival. However, the distribution of Mϕs in the pre- and post-natal mammary gland, as it undergoes distinct phases of development and regression, is unknown or has been inferred from immunostaining of thin tissue sections. Here, we used optical tissue clearing and 3-dimensional imaging of mammary tissue obtained from Csf1r-EGFP mice. Whilst tissue Mϕs were observed at all developmental phases, their abundance, morphology, localization and association with luminal and basal epithelial cells exhibited stage-specific differences. Furthermore, sexual dimorphism was observed at E14.5, when the male mammary bud is severed from the overlying epidermis. These findings provide new insights into the localization and possible functions of heterogeneous tissue Mϕ populations in mammogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneale A. Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity M. Davis
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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33
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Hacker BC, Gomez JD, Batista CAS, Rafat M. Growth and Characterization of Irradiated Organoids from Mammary Glands. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 31107464 DOI: 10.3791/59293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids derived from the digested tissue are multicellular three-dimensional (3D) constructs that better recapitulate in vivo conditions than cell monolayers. Although they cannot completely model in vivo complexity, they retain some functionality of the original organ. In cancer models, organoids are commonly used to study tumor cell invasion. This protocol aims to develop and characterize organoids from the normal and irradiated mouse mammary gland tissue to evaluate the radiation response in normal tissues. These organoids can be applied to future in vitro cancer studies to evaluate tumor cell interactions with irradiated organoids. Mammary glands were resected, irradiated to 20 Gy and digested in a collagenase VIII solution. Epithelial organoids were separated via centrifugal differentiation, and 3D organoids were developed in 96-well low-adhesion microplates. Organoids expressed the characteristic epithelial marker cytokeratin 14. Macrophage interaction with the organoids was observed in co-culture experiments. This model may be useful for studying tumor-stromal interactions, infiltration of immune cells, and macrophage polarization within an irradiated microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Hacker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University
| | - Javier D Gomez
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University
| | | | - Marjan Rafat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University; Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center;
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34
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Fostok SF, El-Sibai M, El-Sabban M, Talhouk RS. Gap Junctions and Wnt Signaling in the Mammary Gland: a Cross-Talk? J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:17-38. [PMID: 30194659 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs), the building blocks of gap junctions (GJs), exhibit spatiotemporal patterns of expression and regulate the development and differentiation of the mammary gland, acting via channel-dependent and channel-independent mechanisms. Impaired Cx expression and localization are reported in breast cancer, suggesting a tumor suppressive role for Cxs. The signaling events that mediate the role of GJs in the development and tumorigenesis of the mammary gland remain poorly identified. The Wnt pathways, encompassing the canonical or the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the noncanonical β-catenin-independent pathway, also play important roles in those processes. Indeed, aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with breast cancer. Despite the coincident roles of Cxs and Wnt pathways, the cross-talk in the breast tissue is poorly defined, although this is reported in a number of other tissues. Our previous studies revealed a channel-independent role for Cx43 in inducing differentiation or suppressing tumorigenesis of mammary epithelial cells by acting as a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here, we provide a brief overview of mammary gland development, with emphasis on the role of Cxs in development and tumorigenesis of this tissue. We also discuss the role of Wnt signaling in similar contexts, and review the literature illustrating interplay between Cxs and Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabreen F Fostok
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University (LAU), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rabih S Talhouk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut (AUB), P.O. Box: 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon.
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35
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Jäppinen N, Félix I, Lokka E, Tyystjärvi S, Pynttäri A, Lahtela T, Gerke H, Elima K, Rantakari P, Salmi M. Fetal-derived macrophages dominate in adult mammary glands. Nat Commun 2019; 10:281. [PMID: 30655530 PMCID: PMC6336770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages serve multiple functions including immune regulation, morphogenesis, tissue homeostasis and healing reactions. The current paradigm holds that mammary gland macrophages first arise postnatally during the prepubertal period from the bone marrow-derived monocytes. Here we delineate the origins of tissue-resident mammary gland macrophages using high-dimension phenotypic analyses, cell-fate mapping experiments, gene-deficient mice lacking selective macrophage subtypes, and antibody-based depletion strategies. We show that tissue-resident macrophages are found in mammary glands already before birth, and that the yolk sac-derived and fetal liver-derived macrophages outnumber the adult-derived macrophages in the mammary gland also in the adulthood. In addition, fetal-derived mammary gland macrophages have a characteristic phenotype, display preferential periductal and perivascular localization, and are highly active in scavenging. These findings identify fetal-derived macrophages as the predominant leukocyte type in the adult mammary gland stroma, and reveal previously unknown complexity of macrophage biology in the breast. Tissue-resident macrophages are highly specialized phagocytes that serve multiple functions. Here, using high-dimension analyses and fate-mapping experiments, the authors show that fetal liver-derived macrophages dominate the mammary gland in neonatal and adult, and display characteristic phenotypes and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Jäppinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Inês Félix
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Emmi Lokka
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sofia Tyystjärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Pynttäri
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Lahtela
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Gerke
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kati Elima
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marko Salmi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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36
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Abstract
Macrophages help mediate hormone-controlled changes in the mouse mammary gland
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Kannan
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada.
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37
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Anderson RL, Ingman WV, Britt KL. Editorial: How Reproductive History Influences Our Breast Cancer Risk. Front Oncol 2017; 7:289. [PMID: 29376022 PMCID: PMC5770630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robin L Anderson
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- School of Medicine at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- Breast Cancer Risk and Prevention, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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38
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Abstract
We review here the macrophages found in endocrine tissues, placing emphasis on those residing in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The islets represent the endocrine organ where macrophages have been examined in great detail and where our own studies and experience have been directed.
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39
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STAT5 deletion in macrophages alters ductal elongation and branching during mammary gland development. Dev Biol 2017; 428:232-244. [PMID: 28606561 PMCID: PMC5621646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are required for proper mammary gland development and maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate this process remain unclear. Here, we identify STAT5 as an important regulator of macrophage function in the developing mammary gland. Analysis of mammary glands from mice with STAT5-deficient macrophages demonstrates delayed ductal elongation, enhanced ductal branching and increased epithelial proliferation. Further analysis reveals that STAT5 deletion in macrophages leads to enhanced expression of proliferative factors such as Cyp19a1/aromatase and IL-6. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that STAT5 binds directly to the Cyp19a1 promoter in macrophages to suppress gene expression and that loss of STAT5 results in enhanced stromal expression of aromatase. Finally, we demonstrate that STAT5 deletion in macrophages cooperates with oncogenic initiation in mammary epithelium to accelerate the formation of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive hyperplasias. These studies establish the importance of STAT5 in macrophages during ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland and demonstrate that altering STAT5 function in macrophages can affect the development of tissue-specific disease.
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40
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Havas KM, Milchevskaya V, Radic K, Alladin A, Kafkia E, Garcia M, Stolte J, Klaus B, Rotmensz N, Gibson TJ, Burwinkel B, Schneeweiss A, Pruneri G, Patil KR, Sotillo R, Jechlinger M. Metabolic shifts in residual breast cancer drive tumor recurrence. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2091-2105. [PMID: 28504653 DOI: 10.1172/jci89914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence is the leading cause of breast cancer-related death. Recurrences are largely driven by cancer cells that survive therapeutic intervention. This poorly understood population is referred to as minimal residual disease. Here, using mouse models that faithfully recapitulate human disease together with organoid cultures, we have demonstrated that residual cells acquire a transcriptionally distinct state from normal epithelium and primary tumors. Gene expression changes and functional characterization revealed altered lipid metabolism and elevated ROS as hallmarks of the cells that survive tumor regression. These residual cells exhibited increased oxidative DNA damage, potentiating the acquisition of somatic mutations during hormonal-induced expansion of the mammary cell population. Inhibition of either cellular fatty acid synthesis or fatty acid transport into mitochondria reduced cellular ROS levels and DNA damage, linking these features to lipid metabolism. Direct perturbation of these hallmarks in vivo, either by scavenging ROS or by halting the cyclic mammary cell population expansion, attenuated tumor recurrence. Finally, these observations were mirrored in transcriptomic and histological signatures of residual cancer cells from neoadjuvant-treated breast cancer patients. These results highlight the potential of lipid metabolism and ROS as therapeutic targets for reducing tumor recurrence in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Havas
- EMBL Monterotondo, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, Monterotondo, Italy.,Istituto Firc di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM) the Italian Foundation for Cancer Research (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jens Stolte
- EMBL Monterotondo, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, Monterotondo, Italy
| | | | - Nicole Rotmensz
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, University Women's Clinic, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Gynecologic Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giancarlo Pruneri
- Department of Pathology, Biobank for Translational Medicine Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Milan and University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rocio Sotillo
- EMBL Monterotondo, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, Monterotondo, Italy.,Division of Molecular Thoracic Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Jechlinger
- EMBL Monterotondo, Adriano Buzzati-Traverso Campus, Monterotondo, Italy.,EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Tao L, Xiang D, Xie Y, Bronson RT, Li Z. Induced p53 loss in mouse luminal cells causes clonal expansion and development of mammary tumours. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14431. [PMID: 28194015 PMCID: PMC5316831 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most breast cancers may have a luminal origin. TP53 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in breast cancers. However, how p53 deficiency contributes to breast tumorigenesis from luminal cells remains elusive. Here we report that induced p53 loss in Krt8+ mammary luminal cells leads to their clonal expansion without directly affecting their luminal identity. All induced mice develop mammary tumours with 9qA1 (Yap1) and/or 6qA2 (Met) amplification(s). These tumours exhibit a mammary stem cell (MaSC)-like expression signature and most closely resemble claudin-low breast cancer. Thus, although p53 does not directly control the luminal fate, its loss facilitates acquisition of MaSC-like properties by luminal cells and predisposes them to development of mammary tumours with loss of luminal identity. Our data also suggest that claudin-low breast cancer can develop from luminal cells, possibly via a basal-like intermediate state, although further study using a different luminal promoter is needed to fully support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Tao
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ying Xie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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42
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Sun X, Glynn DJ, Hodson LJ, Huo C, Britt K, Thompson EW, Woolford L, Evdokiou A, Pollard JW, Robertson SA, Ingman WV. CCL2-driven inflammation increases mammary gland stromal density and cancer susceptibility in a transgenic mouse model. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:4. [PMID: 28077158 PMCID: PMC5225654 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Macrophages play diverse roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer. CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is an inflammatory cytokine that recruits macrophages to sites of injury. Although CCL2 has been detected in human and mouse mammary epithelium, its role in regulating mammary gland development and cancer risk has not been explored. Methods Transgenic mice were generated wherein CCL2 is driven by the mammary epithelial cell-specific mouse mammary tumour virus 206 (MMTV) promoter. Estrous cycles were tracked in adult transgenic and non-transgenic FVB mice, and mammary glands collected at the four different stages of the cycle. Dissected mammary glands were assessed for cyclical morphological changes, proliferation and apoptosis of epithelium, macrophage abundance and collagen deposition, and mRNA encoding matrix remodelling enzymes. Another cohort of control and transgenic mice received carcinogen 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and tumour development was monitored weekly. CCL2 protein was also quantified in paired samples of human breast tissue with high and low mammographic density. Results Overexpression of CCL2 in the mammary epithelium resulted in an increased number of macrophages, increased density of stroma and collagen and elevated mRNA encoding matrix remodelling enzymes lysyl oxidase (LOX) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)3 compared to non-transgenic controls. Transgenic mice also exhibited increased susceptibility to development of DMBA-induced mammary tumours. In a paired sample cohort of human breast tissue, abundance of epithelial-cell-associated CCL2 was higher in breast tissue of high mammographic density compared to tissue of low mammographic density. Conclusions Constitutive expression of CCL2 by the mouse mammary epithelium induces a state of low level chronic inflammation that increases stromal density and elevates cancer risk. We propose that CCL2-driven inflammation contributes to the increased risk of breast cancer observed in women with high mammographic density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Sun
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Danielle J Glynn
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
| | - Leigh J Hodson
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
| | - Cecilia Huo
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Kara Britt
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy Woolford
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W Pollard
- MRC and University of Edinburgh Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, DX465702, 28 Woodville Rd, Woodville, 5011, Australia.
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43
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Atashgaran V, Wrin J, Barry SC, Dasari P, Ingman WV. Dissecting the Biology of Menstrual Cycle-Associated Breast Cancer Risk. Front Oncol 2016; 6:267. [PMID: 28083513 PMCID: PMC5183603 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations in circulating estrogen and progesterone across the menstrual cycle lead to increased breast cancer susceptibility in women; however, the biological basis for this increased risk is not well understood. Estrogen and progesterone have important roles in normal mammary gland development, where they direct dynamic interactions among the hormonally regulated mammary epithelial, stromal, and immune cell compartments. The continuous fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone over a woman’s reproductive lifetime affect the turnover of mammary epithelium, stem cells, and the extracellular matrix, as well as regulate the phenotype and function of mammary stromal and immune cells, including macrophages and regulatory T cells. Collectively, these events may result in genome instability, increase the chance of random genetic mutations, dampen immune surveillance, and promote tolerance in the mammary gland, and thereby increase the risk of breast cancer initiation. This article reviews the current status of our understanding of the molecular and the cellular changes that occur in the mammary gland across the menstrual cycle and how continuous menstrual cycling may increase breast cancer susceptibility in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Atashgaran
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joseph Wrin
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Simon Charles Barry
- The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Discipline of Pediatrics, University of Adelaide, North Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Pallave Dasari
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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44
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Huo CW, Huang D, Chew GL, Hill P, Vohora A, Ingman WV, Glynn DJ, Godde N, Henderson MA, Thompson EW, Britt KL. Human glandular organoid formation in murine engineering chambers after collagenase digestion and flow cytometry isolation of normal human breast tissue single cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:1212-1223. [PMID: 27590622 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Women with high mammographic density (MD) are at increased risk of breast cancer (BC) after adjustment for age and body mass index. We have developed a murine biochamber model in which both high MD (HMD) and low MD (LMD) tissue can be propagated. Here, we tested whether cells isolated by collagenase digestion and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from normal breast can be reconstituted in our biochamber model, which would allow cell-specific manipulations to be tested. Fresh breast tissue was collected from women (n = 7) undergoing prophylactic mastectomy. The tissue underwent collagenase digestion overnight and, in some cases, additional FACS enrichment to obtain mature epithelial, luminal progenitor, mammary stem, and stromal cells. Cells were then transferred bilaterally into biochambers in SCID mice (n = 5-7) and incubated for 6 weeks, before harvesting for histological analyses, and immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins (CK), vimentin, Ki-67, murine macrophages, and Cleaved Caspase-3. Biochambers inoculated with single cells after collagenase digestion or with flow cytometry contained glandular structures of human origin (human vimentin-positive), which expressed CK-14 and pan-CK, and were proliferating (Ki-67-positive). Glandular structures from the digested tissues were smaller than those in chambers seeded with finely chopped intact mammary tissue. Mouse macrophage infiltration was higher in the chambers arising from digested tissues. Pooled single cells and FACS fractionated cells were viable in the murine biochambers and formed proliferating glandular organoids of human origin. This is among the first report to demonstrate the success of formed human glandular organoids from isolated primary mammary cells in the murine biochamber model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia W Huo
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Dexing Huang
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Grace L Chew
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prue Hill
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ambika Vohora
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- School of Medicine at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Danielle J Glynn
- School of Medicine at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nathan Godde
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael A Henderson
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kara L Britt
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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45
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Macrophages: Regulators of the Inflammatory Microenvironment during Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4549676. [PMID: 26884646 PMCID: PMC4739263 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4549676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of inflammation and important regulators of developmental processes. As a key phagocytic cell type, macrophages evolved as part of the innate immune system to engulf and process cell debris and pathogens. Macrophages produce factors that act directly on their microenvironment and also bridge innate immune responses to the adaptive immune system. Resident macrophages are important for acting as sensors for tissue damage and maintaining tissue homeostasis. It is now well-established that macrophages are an integral component of the breast tumor microenvironment, where they contribute to tumor growth and progression, likely through many of the mechanisms that are utilized during normal wound healing responses. Because macrophages contribute to normal mammary gland development and breast cancer growth and progression, this review will discuss both resident mammary gland macrophages and tumor-associated macrophages with an emphasis on describing how macrophages interact with their surrounding environment during normal development and in the context of cancer.
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46
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Beaudry KL, Parsons CLM, Ellis SE, Akers RM. Localization and quantitation of macrophages, mast cells, and eosinophils in the developing bovine mammary gland. J Dairy Sci 2015; 99:796-804. [PMID: 26547646 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prepubertal mammary development involves elongation and branching of ducts and stromal tissue remodeling. This process is highly regulated and in mice is known to be affected by the presence of innate immune cells. Whether or not such immune cells are present or involved in bovine mammary development is unknown. For the first time, we determined the presence, location (relative to mammary ductal structures), and changes in numbers of eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages in prepubertal bovine mammary tissue, and evaluated the effects of age, ovariectomy, and exogenous estrogen on numbers of each cell type. Chemical stains and immunofluorescence were used to identify the 3 cell types in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded mammary tissue from prepubertal female calves from 3 archived tissue sets. The ontogeny tissue set included samples of mammary tissue from female calves (n=4/wk) from birth to 6 wk of age. The ovary tissue set contained samples from ovary intact and ovariectomized heifers allowing us to investigate the influence of the ovaries on immune cells in the developing mammary gland in prepubertal heifers. Nineteen animals were intact or ovariectomized 30 d before sampling; they were 90, 120, or 150 d old at the time of sampling. A third tissue set, the estrogen set, allowed us to determine the effect of exogenous estrogen on innate immune cells in the gland. Eosinophils were identified via Luna staining, mast cells by May-Grunwald Giemsa staining, and macrophages with immunofluorescence. Key findings were that more eosinophils and mast cells were observed in near versus far stroma in the ontogeny and ovary tissue sets but not estrogen. More macrophages were observed in near versus far stroma in ontogeny animals. Eosinophils were more abundant in the younger animals, and fewer macrophages tended to be observed in ovariectomized heifers as compared with intact heifers and estrogen treatment resulted in a reduction in cell numbers. In summary, we show for the first time that innate immune cells are present in prepubertal bovine mammary tissue, localization varies by immune cell type, and abundance is related to proximity of epithelial structures and physiological state. We suggest a likely role for these cells in control of bovine mammary growth and ductal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Beaudry
- Department of Dairy Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - C L M Parsons
- Department of Dairy Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - S E Ellis
- Department of Dairy Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - R M Akers
- Department of Dairy Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
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47
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Snijders AM, Langley S, Mao JH, Bhatnagar S, Bjornstad KA, Rosen CJ, Lo A, Huang Y, Blakely EA, Karpen GH, Bissell MJ, Wyrobek AJ. An interferon signature identified by RNA-sequencing of mammary tissues varies across the estrous cycle and is predictive of metastasis-free survival. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4011-25. [PMID: 24994117 PMCID: PMC4147302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept that a breast cancer patient's menstrual stage at the time of tumor surgery influences risk of metastases remains controversial. The scarcity of comprehensive molecular studies of menstrual stage-dependent fluctuations in the breast provides little insight. To gain a deeper understanding of the biological changes in mammary tissue and blood during the menstrual cycle and to determine the influence of environmental exposures, such as low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR), we used the mouse to characterize estrous-cycle variations in mammary gene transcripts by RNA-sequencing, peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts and plasma cytokine levels. We identified an estrous-variable and hormone-dependent gene cluster enriched for Type-1 interferon genes. Cox regression identified a 117-gene signature of interferon-associated genes, which correlated with lower frequencies of metastasis in breast cancer patients. LDIR (10cGy) exposure had no detectable effect on mammary transcripts. However, peripheral WBC counts varied across the estrous cycle and LDIR exposure reduced lymphocyte counts and cytokine levels in tumor-susceptible mice. Our finding of variations in mammary Type-1 interferon and immune functions across the estrous cycle provides a mechanism by which timing of breast tumor surgery during the menstrual cycle may have clinical relevance to a patient's risk for distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine M Snijders
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sasha Langley
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Jian-Hua Mao
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Sandhya Bhatnagar
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | | | - Chris J Rosen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Alvin Lo
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Yurong Huang
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Eleanor A Blakely
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Gary H Karpen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Andrew J Wyrobek
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
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48
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Lee S, Hennigar SR, Alam S, Nishida K, Kelleher SL. Essential Role for Zinc Transporter 2 (ZnT2)-mediated Zinc Transport in Mammary Gland Development and Function during Lactation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13064-78. [PMID: 25851903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.637439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc transporter ZnT2 (SLC30A2) imports zinc into vesicles in secreting mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and is critical for zinc efflux into milk during lactation. Recent studies show that ZnT2 also imports zinc into mitochondria and is expressed in the non-lactating mammary gland and non-secreting MECs, highlighting the importance of ZnT2 in general mammary gland biology. In this study we used nulliparous and lactating ZnT2-null mice and characterized the consequences on mammary gland development, function during lactation, and milk composition. We found that ZnT2 was primarily expressed in MECs and to a limited extent in macrophages in the nulliparous mammary gland and loss of ZnT2 impaired mammary expansion during development. Secondly, we found that lactating ZnT2-null mice had substantial defects in mammary gland architecture and MEC function during secretion, including fewer, condensed and disorganized alveoli, impaired Stat5 activation, and unpolarized MECs. Loss of ZnT2 led to reduced milk volume and milk containing less protein, fat, and lactose compared with wild-type littermates, implicating ZnT2 in the regulation of mammary differentiation and optimal milk production during lactation. Together, these results demonstrate that ZnT2-mediated zinc transport is critical for mammary gland function, suggesting that defects in ZnT2 not only reduce milk zinc concentration but may compromise breast health and increase the risk for lactation insufficiency in lactating women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Lee
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Physiology Program and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Samina Alam
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Keigo Nishida
- Laboratory for Homeostatic Network, RCAI, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan, and Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- From the Interdisciplinary Graduate Physiology Program and Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, Pharmacology, and
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Hormonal regulation of the cytokine microenvironment in the mammary gland. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 106:58-66. [PMID: 25138705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique organ that undergoes hormone-driven developmental changes over the course of the ovarian cycle during adult life. Macrophages play a role in regulating cellular turnover in the mammary gland and may affect cancer susceptibility. However, the immune microenvironment that regulates macrophage function has not been described. Hormonal regulation of the cytokine microenvironment across the ovarian cycle was explored using microbead multiplex assay for 15 cytokines in mammary glands from C57Bl/6 mice at different stages of the oestrous cycle, and in ovariectomised mice administered oestradiol and progesterone. The cytokines that were found to fluctuate over the course of the oestrous cycle were colony-stimulating factor (CSF)1, CSF2, interferon gamma (IFNG) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFA), all of which were significantly elevated at oestrus compared with other phases. The concentration of serum progesterone during the oestrus phase negatively correlated with the abundance of cytokines CSF3, IL12p40, IFNG and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF). In ovariectomised mice, exogenous oestradiol administration increased mammary gland CSF1, CSF2, IFNG and LIF, compared with ovariectomised control mice. Progesterone administration together with oestradiol resulted in reduced CSF1, CSF3 and IFNG compared with oestradiol administration alone. This study suggests that the cytokine microenvironment in the mammary gland at the oestrus phase of the ovarian cycle is relatively pro-inflammatory compared with other stages of the cycle, and that the oestradiol-induced cytokine microenvironment is significantly attenuated by progesterone. A continuously fluctuating cytokine microenvironment in the mammary gland presumably regulates the phenotypes of resident leukocytes and may affect mammary gland cancer susceptibility.
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Care AS, Ingman WV, Moldenhauer LM, Jasper MJ, Robertson SA. Ovarian steroid hormone-regulated uterine remodeling occurs independently of macrophages in mice. Biol Reprod 2014; 91:60. [PMID: 25061095 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.113.116509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are abundant in the uterine stroma and are intimately juxtaposed with other cell lineages comprising the uterine epithelial and stromal compartments. We postulated that macrophages may participate in mediating or amplifying the effects of ovarian steroid hormones to facilitate the uterine remodeling that is a characteristic feature of every estrus cycle and is essential for pregnancy. Using the Cd11b-Dtr transgenic mouse model with an ovariectomy and hormone replacement strategy, we depleted macrophages to determine their role in hormone-driven proliferation of uterine epithelial and stromal cells and uterine vascular development. Following diphtheria toxin (DT) administration, approximately 85% of EMR1-positive (EMR1⁺) macrophages, as well as 70% of CD11C⁺ dendritic cells, were depleted from Cd11b-Dtr mice. There was no change in bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into epithelial cells induced to proliferate by administration of 17beta-estradiol (E2) to ovariectomized mice or into stromal cells induced to proliferate in response to E2 and progesterone (P4), and the resulting sizes and structures of the luminal epithelial and stromal cell compartments were not altered compared with those of leukocyte replete controls. Depletion of CD11B⁺ myeloid cells failed to alter the density or pattern of distribution of uterine blood vessels, as identified by staining PECAM1-positive endothelial cells in the uterine stroma of E2- or E2 combined with P4 (E2P4)-treated ovariectomized mice. These experiments support the interpretation that macrophages are dispensable to regulation of proliferative events induced by steroid hormones in the cycling and early pregnant mouse uterus to establish the epithelial, stromal, and vascular architecture which is critical for normal reproductive competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison S Care
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wendy V Ingman
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia School of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lachlan M Moldenhauer
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda J Jasper
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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