1
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Raiola M, Sendra M, Torres M. Imaging Approaches and the Quantitative Analysis of Heart Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:145. [PMID: 37103024 PMCID: PMC10144158 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart morphogenesis is a complex and dynamic process that has captivated researchers for almost a century. This process involves three main stages, during which the heart undergoes growth and folding on itself to form its common chambered shape. However, imaging heart development presents significant challenges due to the rapid and dynamic changes in heart morphology. Researchers have used different model organisms and developed various imaging techniques to obtain high-resolution images of heart development. Advanced imaging techniques have allowed the integration of multiscale live imaging approaches with genetic labeling, enabling the quantitative analysis of cardiac morphogenesis. Here, we discuss the various imaging techniques used to obtain high-resolution images of whole-heart development. We also review the mathematical approaches used to quantify cardiac morphogenesis from 3D and 3D+time images and to model its dynamics at the tissue and cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Raiola
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (M.S.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Biomedica, ETSI de Telecomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Sendra
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (M.S.)
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Regeneration Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.R.); (M.S.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Sarkar R, Darby D, Meilhac S, Olivo-Marin JC. 3D cell morphology detection by association for embryo heart morphogenesis. BIOLOGICAL IMAGING 2022; 2:e2. [PMID: 38510433 PMCID: PMC10951799 DOI: 10.1017/s2633903x22000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Advances in tissue engineering for cardiac regenerative medicine require cellular-level understanding of the mechanism of cardiac muscle growth during embryonic developmental stage. Computational methods to automatize cell segmentation in 3D and deliver accurate, quantitative morphology of cardiomyocytes, are imperative to provide insight into cell behavior underlying cardiac tissue growth. Detecting individual cells from volumetric images of dense tissue, poised with low signal-to-noise ratio and severe intensity in homogeneity, is a challenging task. In this article, we develop a robust segmentation tool capable of extracting cellular morphological parameters from 3D multifluorescence images of murine heart, captured via light-sheet microscopy. The proposed pipeline incorporates a neural network for 2D detection of nuclei and cell membranes. A graph-based global association employs the 2D nuclei detections to reconstruct 3D nuclei. A novel optimization embedding the network flow algorithm in an alternating direction method of multipliers is proposed to solve the global object association problem. The associated 3D nuclei serve as the initialization of an active mesh model to obtain the 3D segmentation of individual myocardial cells. The efficiency of our method over the state-of-the-art methods is observed via various qualitative and quantitative evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituparna Sarkar
- BioImage Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 3691, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Darby
- Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Sigolène Meilhac
- Unit of Heart Morphogenesis, Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
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3
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Decrease of Pdzrn3 is required for heart maturation and protects against heart failure. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8. [PMID: 34996942 PMCID: PMC8742099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the final common stage of most cardiopathies. Cardiomyocytes (CM) connect with others via their extremities by intercalated disk protein complexes. This planar and directional organization of myocytes is crucial for mechanical coupling and anisotropic conduction of the electric signal in the heart. One of the hallmarks of heart failure is alterations in the contact sites between CM. Yet no factor on its own is known to coordinate CM polarized organization. We have previously shown that PDZRN3, an ubiquitine ligase E3 expressed in various tissues including the heart, mediates a branch of the Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling involved in tissue patterning, instructing cell polarity and cell polar organization within a tissue. PDZRN3 is expressed in the embryonic mouse heart then its expression dropped significantly postnatally corresponding with heart maturation and CM polarized elongation. A moderate CM overexpression of Pdzrn3 (Pdzrn3 OE) during the first week of life, induced a severe eccentric hypertrophic phenotype with heart failure. In models of pressure-overload stress heart failure, CM-specific Pdzrn3 knockout showed complete protection against degradation of heart function. We reported that Pdzrn3 signaling induced PKC ζ expression, c-Jun nuclear translocation and a reduced nuclear ß catenin level, consistent markers of the planar non-canonical Wnt signaling in CM. We then show that subcellular localization (intercalated disk) of junction proteins as Cx43, ZO1 and Desmoglein 2 was altered in Pdzrn3 OE mice, which provides a molecular explanation for impaired CM polarization in these mice. Our results reveal a novel signaling pathway that controls a genetic program essential for heart maturation and maintenance of overall geometry, as well as the contractile function of CM, and implicates PDZRN3 as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of human heart failure.
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4
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Yamashita S, Guirao B, Graner F. From heterogeneous morphogenetic fields to homogeneous regions as a step towards understanding complex tissue dynamics. Development 2021; 148:273621. [PMID: 34861038 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Within developing tissues, cell proliferation, cell motility and other cell behaviors vary spatially, and this variability gives a complexity to the morphogenesis. Recently, novel formalisms have been developed to quantify tissue deformation and underlying cellular processes. A major challenge for the study of morphogenesis now is to objectively define tissue sub-regions exhibiting different dynamics. Here, we propose a method to automatically divide a tissue into regions where the local deformation rate is homogeneous. This was achieved by several steps including image segmentation, clustering and region boundary smoothing. We illustrate the use of the pipeline using a large dataset obtained during the metamorphosis of the Drosophila pupal notum. We also adapt it to determine regions in which the time evolution of the local deformation rate is homogeneous. Finally, we generalize its use to find homogeneous regions for cellular processes such as cell division, cell rearrangement, or cell size and shape changes. We also illustrate it on wing blade morphogenesis. This pipeline will contribute substantially to the analysis of complex tissue shaping, and the biochemical and biomechanical regulations driving tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamashita
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (CNRS UMR7057), Université de Paris-Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Boris Guirao
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 3215, INSERM U934, F-75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - François Graner
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (CNRS UMR7057), Université de Paris-Diderot, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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5
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Mendonca T, Jones AA, Pozo JM, Baxendale S, Whitfield TT, Frangi AF. Origami: Single-cell 3D shape dynamics oriented along the apico-basal axis of folding epithelia from fluorescence microscopy data. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009063. [PMID: 34723957 PMCID: PMC8584784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A common feature of morphogenesis is the formation of three-dimensional structures from the folding of two-dimensional epithelial sheets, aided by cell shape changes at the cellular-level. Changes in cell shape must be studied in the context of cell-polarised biomechanical processes within the epithelial sheet. In epithelia with highly curved surfaces, finding single-cell alignment along a biological axis can be difficult to automate in silico. We present 'Origami', a MATLAB-based image analysis pipeline to compute direction-variant cell shape features along the epithelial apico-basal axis. Our automated method accurately computed direction vectors denoting the apico-basal axis in regions with opposing curvature in synthetic epithelia and fluorescence images of zebrafish embryos. As proof of concept, we identified different cell shape signatures in the developing zebrafish inner ear, where the epithelium deforms in opposite orientations to form different structures. Origami is designed to be user-friendly and is generally applicable to fluorescence images of curved epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Mendonca
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TM); (AFF)
| | - Ana A. Jones
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M. Pozo
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), School of Computing and School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Baxendale
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya T. Whitfield
- Department of Biomedical Science, Bateson Centre and Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro F. Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), School of Computing and School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Cardiovascular Sciences and Electrical Engineering Departments, KU Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (TM); (AFF)
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6
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Shewale B, Dubois N. Of form and function: Early cardiac morphogenesis across classical and emerging model systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 118:107-118. [PMID: 33994301 PMCID: PMC8434962 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The heart is the earliest organ to develop during embryogenesis and is remarkable in its ability to function efficiently as it is being sculpted. Cardiac heart defects account for a high burden of childhood developmental disorders with many remaining poorly understood mechanistically. Decades of work across a multitude of model organisms has informed our understanding of early cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis and has simultaneously opened new and unanswered questions. Here we have synthesized current knowledge in the field and reviewed recent developments in the realm of imaging, bioengineering and genetic technology and ex vivo cardiac modeling that may be deployed to generate more holistic models of early cardiac morphogenesis, and by extension, new platforms to study congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Shewale
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicole Dubois
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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7
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Rufaihah AJ, Chen CK, Yap CH, Mattar CNZ. Mending a broken heart: In vitro, in vivo and in silico models of congenital heart disease. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047522. [PMID: 33787508 PMCID: PMC8033415 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects contribute to ∼0.3% of global infant mortality in the first month of life, and congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect among newborns worldwide. Despite the significant impact on human health, most treatments available for this heterogenous group of disorders are palliative at best. For this reason, the complex process of cardiogenesis, governed by multiple interlinked and dose-dependent pathways, is well investigated. Tissue, animal and, more recently, computerized models of the developing heart have facilitated important discoveries that are helping us to understand the genetic, epigenetic and mechanobiological contributors to CHD aetiology. In this Review, we discuss the strengths and limitations of different models of normal and abnormal cardiogenesis, ranging from single-cell systems and 3D cardiac organoids, to small and large animals and organ-level computational models. These investigative tools have revealed a diversity of pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to CHD, including genetic pathways, epigenetic regulators and shear wall stresses, paving the way for new strategies for screening and non-surgical treatment of CHD. As we discuss in this Review, one of the most-valuable advances in recent years has been the creation of highly personalized platforms with which to study individual diseases in clinically relevant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jalil Rufaihah
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Ching Kit Chen
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat -National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Citra N Z Mattar
- Experimental Fetal Medicine Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University Health System, Singapore 119228
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8
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Buijtendijk MF, Barnett P, van den Hoff MJ. Development of the human heart. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:7-22. [PMID: 32048790 PMCID: PMC7078965 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac electrical system, was published. Molecular genetic lineage analyses have since furthered our insight in the developmental origin of the various component parts of the heart, which currently can be unambiguously identified by their unique molecular phenotype. Moreover, genetic, molecular and cell biological analyses have driven insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of the different cardiac components. Here, we build on our previous review and provide an insight into the molecular mechanistic revelations that have forwarded the field of cardiac development. Despite the enormous advances in our knowledge over the last decade, the development of congenital cardiac malformations remains poorly understood. The challenge for the next decade will be to evaluate the different developmental processes using newly developed molecular genetic techniques to further unveil the gene regulatory networks operational during normal and abnormal cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Medical BiologyAmsterdamUMC location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
Cardiogenesis is a complex developmental process involving multiple overlapping stages of cell fate specification, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Precise spatiotemporal coordination between the different cardiogenic processes is ensured by intercellular signalling crosstalk and tissue-tissue interactions. Notch is an intercellular signalling pathway crucial for cell fate decisions during multicellular organismal development and is aptly positioned to coordinate the complex signalling crosstalk required for progressive cell lineage restriction during cardiogenesis. In this Review, we describe the role of Notch signalling and the crosstalk with other signalling pathways during the differentiation and patterning of the different cardiac tissues and in cardiac valve and ventricular chamber development. We examine how perturbation of Notch signalling activity is linked to congenital heart diseases affecting the neonate and adult, and discuss studies that shed light on the role of Notch signalling in heart regeneration and repair after injury.
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10
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Desgrange A, Le Garrec JF, Meilhac SM. Left-right asymmetry in heart development and disease: forming the right loop. Development 2018; 145:145/22/dev162776. [PMID: 30467108 DOI: 10.1242/dev.162776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Extensive studies have shown how bilateral symmetry of the vertebrate embryo is broken during early development, resulting in a molecular left-right bias in the mesoderm. However, how this early asymmetry drives the asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs remains poorly understood. The heart provides a striking model of left-right asymmetric morphogenesis, undergoing rightward looping to shape an initially linear heart tube and align cardiac chambers. Importantly, abnormal left-right patterning is associated with severe congenital heart defects, as exemplified in heterotaxy syndrome. Here, we compare the mechanisms underlying the rightward looping of the heart tube in fish, chick and mouse embryos. We propose that heart looping is not only a question of direction, but also one of fine-tuning shape. This is discussed in the context of evolutionary and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Desgrange
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, 75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, 75015 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Imagine-Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, 75015 Paris, France .,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France
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11
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Dufour AC, Jonker AH, Olivo-Marin JC. Deciphering tissue morphodynamics using bioimage informatics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:rstb.2015.0512. [PMID: 28348249 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years developmental biology has greatly benefited from the latest advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques. Consequently, quantitative and automated analysis of this data is becoming a vital first step in the quest for novel insights into the various aspects of development. Here we present an introductory overview of the various image analysis methods proposed for developmental biology images, with particular attention to openly available software packages. These tools, as well as others to come, are rapidly paving the way towards standardized and reproducible bioimaging studies at the whole-tissue level. Reflecting on these achievements, we discuss the remaining challenges and the future endeavours lying ahead in the post-image analysis era.This article is part of the themed issue 'Systems morphodynamics: understanding the development of tissue hardware'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France .,CNRS, UMR 3691, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Institut Pasteur, Bioimage Analysis Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France .,CNRS, UMR 3691, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
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12
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Le Garrec JF, Domínguez JN, Desgrange A, Ivanovitch KD, Raphaël E, Bangham JA, Torres M, Coen E, Mohun TJ, Meilhac SM. A predictive model of asymmetric morphogenesis from 3D reconstructions of mouse heart looping dynamics. eLife 2017; 6:28951. [PMID: 29179813 PMCID: PMC5705212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
How left-right patterning drives asymmetric morphogenesis is unclear. Here, we have quantified shape changes during mouse heart looping, from 3D reconstructions by HREM. In combination with cell labelling and computer simulations, we propose a novel model of heart looping. Buckling, when the cardiac tube grows between fixed poles, is modulated by the progressive breakdown of the dorsal mesocardium. We have identified sequential left-right asymmetries at the poles, which bias the buckling in opposite directions, thus leading to a helical shape. Our predictive model is useful to explore the parameter space generating shape variations. The role of the dorsal mesocardium was validated in Shh-/- mutants, which recapitulate heart shape changes expected from a persistent dorsal mesocardium. Our computer and quantitative tools provide novel insight into the mechanism of heart looping and the contribution of different factors, beyond the simple description of looping direction. This is relevant to congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Le Garrec
- Imagine - Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jorge N Domínguez
- Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
| | - Audrey Desgrange
- Imagine - Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Kenzo D Ivanovitch
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Etienne Raphaël
- Imagine - Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrico Coen
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Imagine - Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Heart Morphogenesis, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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13
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Growth and Morphogenesis during Early Heart Development in Amniotes. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2017; 4:jcdd4040020. [PMID: 29367549 PMCID: PMC5753121 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd4040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on the growth and morphogenesis of the developing heart, an aspect of cardiovascular development to which Antoon Moorman and colleagues have extensively contributed. Over the last decades, genetic studies and characterization of regionally regulated gene programs have provided abundant novel insights into heart development essential to understand the basis of congenital heart disease. Heart morphogenesis, however, is inherently a complex and dynamic three-dimensional process and we are far from understanding its cellular basis. Here, we discuss recent advances in studying heart morphogenesis and regionalization under the light of the pioneering work of Moorman and colleagues, which allowed the reinterpretation of regional gene expression patterns under a new morphogenetic framework. Two aspects of early heart formation will be discussed in particular: (1) the initial formation of the heart tube and (2) the formation of the cardiac chambers by the ballooning process. Finally, we emphasize that in addition to analyses based on fixed samples, new approaches including clonal analysis, single-cell sequencing, live-imaging and quantitative analysis of the data generated will likely lead to novel insights in understanding early heart tube regionalization and morphogenesis in the near future.
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14
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Ragni CV, Diguet N, Le Garrec JF, Novotova M, Resende TP, Pop S, Charon N, Guillemot L, Kitasato L, Badouel C, Dufour A, Olivo-Marin JC, Trouvé A, McNeill H, Meilhac SM. Amotl1 mediates sequestration of the Hippo effector Yap1 downstream of Fat4 to restrict heart growth. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14582. [PMID: 28239148 PMCID: PMC5333361 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although in flies the atypical cadherin Fat is an upstream regulator of Hippo signalling, the closest mammalian homologue, Fat4, has been shown to regulate tissue polarity rather than growth. Here we show in the mouse heart that Fat4 modulates Hippo signalling to restrict growth. Fat4 mutant myocardium is thicker, with increased cardiomyocyte size and proliferation, and this is mediated by an upregulation of the transcriptional activity of Yap1, an effector of the Hippo pathway. Fat4 is not required for the canonical activation of Hippo kinases but it sequesters a partner of Yap1, Amotl1, out of the nucleus. The nuclear translocation of Amotl1 is accompanied by Yap1 to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation. We, therefore, identify Amotl1, which is not present in flies, as a mammalian intermediate for non-canonical Hippo signalling, downstream of Fat4. This work uncovers a mechanism for the restriction of heart growth at birth, a process which impedes the regenerative potential of the mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara V Ragni
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, IFD, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Diguet
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marta Novotova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84005 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tatiana P Resende
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sorin Pop
- Institut Pasteur, Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charon
- ENS Cachan, Center of Mathematics and Their Applications, 94235 Cachan, France.,CNRS UMR 8536, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Laurent Guillemot
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lisa Kitasato
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Badouel
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Alexandre Dufour
- Institut Pasteur, Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA 2582, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Trouvé
- ENS Cachan, Center of Mathematics and Their Applications, 94235 Cachan, France.,CNRS UMR 8536, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Helen McNeill
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mt Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, 75015 Paris, France.,CNRS URA2578, 75015 Paris, France
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15
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Pesce M, Messina E, Chimenti I, Beltrami AP. Cardiac Mechanoperception: A Life-Long Story from Early Beats to Aging and Failure. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 26:77-90. [PMID: 27736363 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The life-long story of the heart starts concomitantly with primary differentiation events occurring in multipotent progenitors located in the so-called heart tube. This initially tubular structure starts a looping process, which leads to formation of the final four-chambered heart with a primary contribution of geometric and position-associated cell sensing. While this establishes the correct patterning of the final cardiac structure, it also provides feedbacks to fundamental cellular machineries controlling proliferation and differentiation, thus ensuring a coordinated restriction of cell growth and a myocyte terminal differentiation. Novel evidences provided by embryological and cell engineering studies have clarified the relevance of mechanics-supported position sensing for the correct recognition of cell fate inside developing embryos and multicellular aggregates. One of the main components of this pathway, the Hippo-dependent signal transduction machinery, is responsible for cell mechanics intracellular transduction with important consequences for gene transcription and cell growth control. Being the Hippo pathway also directly connected to stress responses and altered metabolism, it is tempting to speculate that permanent alterations of mechanosensing may account for modifying self-renewal control in tissue homeostasis. In the present contribution, we translate these concepts to the aging process and the failing of the human heart, two pathophysiologic conditions that are strongly affected by stress responses and altered metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Pesce
- 1 Tissue Engineering Research Unit, Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS , Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Messina
- 2 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, "Sapienza" University , Rome, Italy
| | - Isotta Chimenti
- 3 Department of Medical Surgical Science and Biotechnology, "Sapienza" University , Rome, Italy
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16
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D'Amato G, Luxán G, de la Pompa JL. Notch signalling in ventricular chamber development and cardiomyopathy. FEBS J 2016; 283:4223-4237. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano D'Amato
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC); Madrid Spain
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC); Madrid Spain
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development and Disease Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC); Madrid Spain
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17
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Li J, Miao L, Shieh D, Spiotto E, Li J, Zhou B, Paul A, Schwartz RJ, Firulli AB, Singer HA, Huang G, Wu M. Single-Cell Lineage Tracing Reveals that Oriented Cell Division Contributes to Trabecular Morphogenesis and Regional Specification. Cell Rep 2016; 15:158-170. [PMID: 27052172 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac trabeculae are sheet-like structures extending from the myocardium that function to increase surface area. A lack of trabeculation causes embryonic lethality due to compromised cardiac function. To understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of trabecular formation, we genetically labeled individual cardiomyocytes prior to trabeculation via the brainbow multicolor system and traced and analyzed the labeled cells during trabeculation by whole-embryo clearing and imaging. The clones derived from labeled single cells displayed four different geometric patterns that are derived from different patterns of oriented cell division (OCD) and migration. Of the four types of clones, the inner, transmural, and mixed clones contributed to trabecular cardiomyocytes. Further studies showed that perpendicular OCD is an extrinsic asymmetric cell division that putatively contributes to trabecular regional specification. Furthermore, N-Cadherin deletion in labeled clones disrupted the clonal patterns. In summary, our data demonstrate that OCD contributes to trabecular morphogenesis and specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Lianjie Miao
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - David Shieh
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Ernest Spiotto
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Antoni Paul
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Robert J Schwartz
- Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Riley Heart Research Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harold A Singer
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Guoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingfu Wu
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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18
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Passer D, van de Vrugt A, Atmanli A, Domian IJ. Atypical Protein Kinase C-Dependent Polarized Cell Division Is Required for Myocardial Trabeculation. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1662-1672. [PMID: 26876178 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of cardiac development is the formation of myocardial trabeculations exclusively from the luminal surface of the primitive heart tube. Although a number of genetic defects in the endocardium and cardiac jelly disrupt myocardial trabeculation, the role of cell polarization remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that atypical protein kinase C iota (Prkci) and its interacting partners are localized primarily to the luminal side of myocardial cells of early murine embryonic hearts. A subset of these cells undergoes polarized cell division with the cell division plane perpendicular to the heart's lumen. Disruption of the cell polarity complex by targeted gene mutations results in aberrant mitotic spindle alignment, loss of polarized cardiomyocyte division, and loss of normal myocardial trabeculation. Collectively, these results suggest that, in response to inductive signals, Prkci and its downstream partners direct polarized cell division of luminal myocardial cells to drive trabeculation in the nascent heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Passer
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3200, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA; Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Annebel van de Vrugt
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3200, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA; Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ayhan Atmanli
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3200, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA; Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ibrahim J Domian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charles River Plaza/CPZN 3200, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114-2790, USA; Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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19
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Faire M, Skillern A, Arora R, Nguyen DH, Wang J, Chamberlain C, German MS, Fung JC, Laird DJ. Follicle dynamics and global organization in the intact mouse ovary. Dev Biol 2015; 403:69-79. [PMID: 25889274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of tissues and organs can reveal large-scale patterning as well as the impact of perturbations and aging on biological architecture. Here we develop tools for imaging of single cells in intact organs and computational approaches to assess spatial relationships in 3D. In the mouse ovary, we use nuclear volume of the oocyte to read out quiescence or growth of oocyte-somatic cell units known as follicles. This in-ovary quantification of non-growing follicle dynamics from neonate to adult fits a mathematical function, which corroborates the model of fixed oocyte reserve. Mapping approaches show that radial organization of folliculogenesis established in the newborn ovary is preserved through adulthood. By contrast, inter-follicle clustering increases during aging with different dynamics depending on size. These broadly applicable tools can reveal high dimensional phenotypes and age-related architectural changes in other organs. In the adult mouse pancreas, we find stochastic radial organization of the islets of Langerhans but evidence for localized interactions among the smallest islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehlika Faire
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Amanda Skillern
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Daniel H Nguyen
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Jason Wang
- Diabetes Center UCSF, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94043, United States
| | - Chester Chamberlain
- Diabetes Center UCSF, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94043, United States
| | - Michael S German
- Diabetes Center UCSF, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94043, United States
| | - Jennifer C Fung
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States
| | - Diana J Laird
- Department of Ob/Gyn and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Eli and Edythe Broad, Center for Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, United States.
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20
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Diguet N, Le Garrec JF, Lucchesi T, Meilhac SM. Imaging and analyzing primary cilia in cardiac cells. Methods Cell Biol 2015; 127:55-73. [PMID: 25837386 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a small sensory organelle that is required for different aspects of embryonic development, including the formation of the heart. The structure and composition of cilia have been extensively studied, so that several markers of primary cilia have now been identified. However, the role of cilia in specific cell types remains poorly understood. We describe here a series of approaches to image primary cilia in the rodent heart or in primary cultures of cells dissociated from the heart. As the cilium is a marker of cell polarity, we also provide, for quantitative image analysis of cilium orientation, tools which are generally applicable to other types of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Diguet
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France; CNRS URA2578, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France; CNRS URA2578, Paris, France
| | - Tommaso Lucchesi
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France; CNRS URA2578, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris06, IFD, Paris, France
| | - Sigolène M Meilhac
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Paris, France; CNRS URA2578, Paris, France
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21
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de Boer BA, Le Garrec JF, Christoffels VM, Meilhac SM, Ruijter JM. Integrating multi-scale knowledge on cardiac development into a computational model of ventricular trabeculation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 6:389-97. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bouke A. de Boer
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Le Garrec
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
- CNRS URA2578; Paris France
| | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sigolène M. Meilhac
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Institut Pasteur; Paris France
- CNRS URA2578; Paris France
| | - Jan M. Ruijter
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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22
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Noël ES, Verhoeven M, Lagendijk AK, Tessadori F, Smith K, Choorapoikayil S, den Hertog J, Bakkers J. A Nodal-independent and tissue-intrinsic mechanism controls heart-looping chirality. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2754. [PMID: 24212328 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breaking left-right symmetry in bilateria is a major event during embryo development that is required for asymmetric organ position, directional organ looping and lateralized organ function in the adult. Asymmetric expression of Nodal-related genes is hypothesized to be the driving force behind regulation of organ laterality. Here we identify a Nodal-independent mechanism that drives asymmetric heart looping in zebrafish embryos. In a unique mutant defective for the Nodal-related southpaw gene, preferential dextral looping in the heart is maintained, whereas gut and brain asymmetries are randomized. As genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Nodal signalling does not abolish heart asymmetry, a yet undiscovered mechanism controls heart chirality. This mechanism is tissue intrinsic, as explanted hearts maintain ex vivo retain chiral looping behaviour and require actin polymerization and myosin II activity. We find that Nodal signalling regulates actin gene expression, supporting a model in which Nodal signalling amplifies this tissue-intrinsic mechanism of heart looping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Noël
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Sengupta P, Barr MM. New insights into an old organelle: meeting report on biology of cilia and flagella. Traffic 2014; 15:717-26. [PMID: 24612344 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The rising interest of the scientific community in cilia biology was evident from the fact that registration for the third FASEB conference on 'The Biology of Cilia and Flagella' closed out before the early bird deadline. Cilia and flagella are organelles of profound medical importance; defects in their structure or function result in a plethora of human diseases called ciliopathies. 240 clinicians and basic scientists from around the world gathered from 23 June 2013 to 28 June 2013 at Sheraton at the Falls, Niagara Falls, NY to present and discuss their research on this intensely studied subcellular structure. The meeting was organized by Gregory Pazour (University of Massachusetts Medical School), Bradley Yoder (University of Alabama-Birmingham), and Maureen Barr (Rutgers University) and was sponsored by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). Here, we report highlights, points of discussion, and emerging themes from this exciting meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA, 02454, USA
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24
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Economou AD, Brock LJ, Cobourne MT, Green JBA. Whole population cell analysis of a landmark-rich mammalian epithelium reveals multiple elongation mechanisms. Development 2013; 140:4740-50. [PMID: 24173805 DOI: 10.1242/dev.096545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue elongation is a fundamental component of developing and regenerating systems. Although localised proliferation is an important mechanism for tissue elongation, potentially important contributions of other elongation mechanisms, specifically cell shape change, orientated cell division and cell rearrangement, are rarely considered or quantified, particularly in mammalian systems. Their quantification, together with proliferation, provides a rigorous framework for the analysis of elongation. The mammalian palatal epithelium is a landmark-rich tissue, marked by regularly spaced ridges (rugae), making it an excellent model in which to analyse the contributions of cellular processes to directional tissue growth. We captured confocal stacks of entire fixed mouse palate epithelia throughout the mid-gestation growth period, labelled with membrane, nuclear and cell proliferation markers and segmented all cells (up to ∼20,000 per palate), allowing the quantification of cell shape and proliferation. Using the rugae as landmarks, these measures revealed that the so-called growth zone is a region of proliferation that is intermittently elevated at ruga initiation. The distribution of oriented cell division suggests that it is not a driver of tissue elongation, whereas cell shape analysis revealed that both elongation of cells leaving the growth zone and apico-basal cell rearrangements do contribute significantly to directional growth. Quantitative comparison of elongation processes indicated that proliferation contributes most to elongation at the growth zone, but cell shape change and rearrangement contribute as much as 40% of total elongation. We have demonstrated the utility of an approach to analysing the cellular mechanisms underlying tissue elongation in mammalian tissues. It should be broadly applied to higher-resolution analysis of links between genotypes and malformation phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Economou
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Tower, London SE1 9RT, UK
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25
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Pop S, Dufour AC, Le Garrec JF, Ragni CV, Cimper C, Meilhac SM, Olivo-Marin JC. Extracting 3D cell parameters from dense tissue environments: application to the development of the mouse heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 29:772-9. [PMID: 23337749 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION In developmental biology, quantitative tools to extract features from fluorescence microscopy images are becoming essential to characterize organ morphogenesis at the cellular level. However, automated image analysis in this context is a challenging task, owing to perturbations induced by the acquisition process, especially in organisms where the tissue is dense and opaque. RESULTS We propose an automated framework for the segmentation of 3D microscopy images of highly cluttered environments such as developing tissues. The approach is based on a partial differential equation framework that jointly takes advantage of the nuclear and cellular membrane information to enable accurate extraction of nuclei and cells in dense tissues. This framework has been used to study the developing mouse heart, allowing the extraction of quantitative information such as the cell cycle duration; the method also provides qualitative information on cell division and cell polarity through the creation of 3D orientation maps that provide novel insight into tissue organization during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Pop
- Quantitative Image Analysis Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
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