1
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Starikov L, Ghinia-Tegla M, Kottmann AH. Lateral Motor Column specific expression of Sonic Hedgehog contributes to maintenance and scaling of pMN progenitor cell populations during oligodendrogenesis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4249282. [PMID: 38798533 PMCID: PMC11118686 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4249282/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Motor neurons (MNs) and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) emerge sequentially from the pMN precursor domain during spinal cord development. MNs diversify into muscle specific subtypes and settle in stereotypic locations in the ventral horns. In contrast, OPCs are mobile and appear to evenly populate the parenchyma. Whether earlier born MNs influence OPC production is controversial. We found that Sonic Hedgehog signaling emanating from nascent MNs of the lateral motor column is critical for maintaining a larger and more yielding pMN domain at limb levels compared to trunk levels during OPC production. Reduced Shh signaling resulted in unrecoverable diminishment of pMN domain based OPC production leaving the spinal cord impoverished of OPC. Our results suggest that production of OPC at limb levels is contingent on completion of MN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Starikov
- City University of New York School of Medicine (CSOM), Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, New York City, NY 10031, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Andreas H. Kottmann
- City University of New York School of Medicine (CSOM), Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, New York City, NY 10031, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram, New York City, NY 10016, USA
- City University of New York Graduate Center, Neuroscience Subprogram, New York City, NY 10016, USA3
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2
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Vetter R, Iber D. Reply to: Assessing the precision of morphogen gradients in neural tube development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:930. [PMID: 38302453 PMCID: PMC10834396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Vetter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Schanzenstrasse 44, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Schanzenstrasse 44, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Iber
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Schanzenstrasse 44, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Schanzenstrasse 44, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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3
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Kokkorakis N, Douka K, Nalmpanti A, Politis PK, Zagoraiou L, Matsas R, Gaitanou M. Mirk/Dyrk1B controls ventral spinal cord development via Shh pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:70. [PMID: 38294527 PMCID: PMC10830675 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Cross-talk between Mirk/Dyrk1B kinase and Sonic hedgehog (Shh)/Gli pathway affects physiology and pathology. Here, we reveal a novel role for Dyrk1B in regulating ventral progenitor and neuron subtypes in the embryonic chick spinal cord (SC) via the Shh pathway. Using in ovo gain-and-loss-of-function approaches at E2, we report that Dyrk1B affects the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitors at E4 and impacts on apoptosis specifically in the motor neuron (MN) domain. Especially, Dyrk1B overexpression decreases the numbers of ventral progenitors, MNs, and V2a interneurons, while the pharmacological inhibition of endogenous Dyrk1B kinase activity by AZ191 administration increases the numbers of ventral progenitors and MNs. Mechanistically, Dyrk1B overexpression suppresses Shh, Gli2 and Gli3 mRNA levels, while conversely, Shh, Gli2 and Gli3 transcription is increased in the presence of Dyrk1B inhibitor AZ191 or Smoothened agonist SAG. Most importantly, in phenotype rescue experiments, SAG restores the Dyrk1B-mediated dysregulation of ventral progenitors. Further at E6, Dyrk1B affects selectively the medial lateral motor neuron column (LMCm), consistent with the expression of Shh in this region. Collectively, these observations reveal a novel regulatory function of Dyrk1B kinase in suppressing the Shh/Gli pathway and thus affecting ventral subtypes in the developing spinal cord. These data render Dyrk1B a possible therapeutic target for motor neuron diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kokkorakis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - K Douka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - A Nalmpanti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Athens International Master's Programme in Neurosciences, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P K Politis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - L Zagoraiou
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - R Matsas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - M Gaitanou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology-Stem Cells, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Xu T, Cao L, Duan J, Li Y, Li Y, Hu Z, Li S, Zhang M, Wang G, Guo F, Lu J. Uncovering the role of FOXA2 in the Development of Human Serotonin Neurons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303884. [PMID: 37679064 PMCID: PMC10646255 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of serotonin neurons (SNs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) provides a valuable tool for uncovering the mechanism of human SN development and the associated neuropsychiatric disorders. Previous studies report that FOXA2 is expressed by serotonergic progenitors (SNPs) and functioned as a serotonergic fate determinant in mouse. However, in the routine differentiation experiments, it is accidentally found that less SNs and more non-neuronal cells are obtained from SNP stage with higher percentage of FOXA2-positive cells. This phenomenon prompted them to question the role of FOXA2 as an intrinsic fate determinant for human SN differentiation. Herein, by direct differentiation of engineered hPSCs into SNs, it is found that the SNs are not derived from FOXA2-lineage cells; FOXA2-knockout hPSCs can still differentiate into mature and functional SNs with typical serotonergic identity; FOXA2 overexpression suppresses the SN differentiation, indicating that FOXA2 is not intrinsically required for human SN differentiation. Furthermore, repressing FOXA2 expression by retinoic acid (RA) and dynamically modulating Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway promotes human SN differentiation. This study uncovers the role of FOXA2 in human SN development and improves the differentiation efficiency of hPSCs into SNs by repressing FOXA2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lining Cao
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jinjin Duan
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yingqi Li
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - You Li
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhangsen Hu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuanqing Li
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Meihui Zhang
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guanhao Wang
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Suzhou Institute of Tongji University, Suzhou, 215101, China
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5
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Rodrigo Albors A, Singer GA, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Frisén J, May AP, Ponting CP, Storey KG. An ependymal cell census identifies heterogeneous and ongoing cell maturation in the adult mouse spinal cord that changes dynamically on injury. Dev Cell 2023; 58:239-255.e10. [PMID: 36706756 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The adult spinal cord stem cell potential resides within the ependymal cell population and declines with age. Ependymal cells are, however, heterogeneous, and the biological diversity this represents and how it changes with age remain unknown. Here, we present a single-cell transcriptomic census of spinal cord ependymal cells from adult and aged mice, identifying not only all known ependymal cell subtypes but also immature as well as mature cell states. By comparing transcriptomes of spinal cord and brain ependymal cells, which lack stem cell abilities, we identify immature cells as potential spinal cord stem cells. Following spinal cord injury, these cells re-enter the cell cycle, which is accompanied by a short-lived reversal of ependymal cell maturation. We further analyze ependymal cells in the human spinal cord and identify widespread cell maturation and altered cell identities. This in-depth characterization of spinal cord ependymal cells provides insight into their biology and informs strategies for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Rodrigo Albors
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Gail A Singer
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew P May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Tornado Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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6
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Wiltbank AT, Steinson ER, Criswell SJ, Piller M, Kucenas S. Cd59 and inflammation regulate Schwann cell development. eLife 2022; 11:e76640. [PMID: 35748863 PMCID: PMC9232220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient neurotransmission is essential for organism survival and is enhanced by myelination. However, the genes that regulate myelin and myelinating glial cell development have not been fully characterized. Data from our lab and others demonstrates that cd59, which encodes for a small GPI-anchored glycoprotein, is highly expressed in developing zebrafish, rodent, and human oligodendrocytes (OLs) and Schwann cells (SCs), and that patients with CD59 dysfunction develop neurological dysfunction during early childhood. Yet, the function of Cd59 in the developing nervous system is currently undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that cd59 is expressed in a subset of developing SCs. Using cd59 mutant zebrafish, we show that developing SCs proliferate excessively and nerves may have reduced myelin volume, altered myelin ultrastructure, and perturbed node of Ranvier assembly. Finally, we demonstrate that complement activity is elevated in cd59 mutants and that inhibiting inflammation restores SC proliferation, myelin volume, and nodes of Ranvier to wildtype levels. Together, this work identifies Cd59 and developmental inflammation as key players in myelinating glial cell development, highlighting the collaboration between glia and the innate immune system to ensure normal neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashtyn T Wiltbank
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Emma R Steinson
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Stacey J Criswell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Melanie Piller
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
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7
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Liu C, Li R, Li Y, Lin X, Zhao K, Liu Q, Wang S, Yang X, Shi X, Ma Y, Pei C, Wang H, Bao W, Hui J, Yang T, Xu Z, Lai T, Berberoglu MA, Sahu SK, Esteban MA, Ma K, Fan G, Li Y, Liu S, Chen A, Xu X, Dong Z, Liu L. Spatiotemporal mapping of gene expression landscapes and developmental trajectories during zebrafish embryogenesis. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1284-1298.e5. [PMID: 35512701 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in understanding vertebrate embryogenesis is the lack of topographical transcriptomic information that can help correlate microenvironmental cues within the hierarchy of cell-fate decisions. Here, we employed Stereo-seq to profile 91 zebrafish embryo sections covering six critical time points during the first 24 h of development, obtaining a total of 152,977 spots at a resolution of 10 × 10 × 15 μm3 (close to cellular size) with spatial coordinates. Meanwhile, we identified spatial modules and co-varying genes for specific tissue organizations. By performing the integrated analysis of the Stereo-seq and scRNA-seq data from each time point, we reconstructed the spatially resolved developmental trajectories of cell-fate transitions and molecular changes during zebrafish embryogenesis. We further investigated the spatial distribution of ligand-receptor pairs and identified potentially important interactions during zebrafish embryo development. Our study constitutes a fundamental reference for further studies aiming to understand vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Rui Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Young Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Xiumei Lin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Kaichen Zhao
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Qun Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | - Shuowen Wang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Brain Research Institute, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xueqian Yang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Xuyang Shi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yuting Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenyu Pei
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wendai Bao
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | - Tao Yang
- China National GeneBank, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Zhicheng Xu
- China National GeneBank, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Tingting Lai
- China National GeneBank, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
| | - Michael Arman Berberoglu
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | | | - Miguel A Esteban
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Integrative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China; Institute of Stem Cells and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
| | | | - Shiping Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Ao Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Dong
- College of Biomedicine and Health, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Brain Research Institute, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China.
| | - Longqi Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single-Cell Omics, Shenzhen 518083, China.
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8
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Stifani S. Taking Cellular Heterogeneity Into Consideration When Modeling Astrocyte Involvement in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:707861. [PMID: 34602979 PMCID: PMC8485040 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.707861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are a large group of glial cells that perform a variety of physiological functions in the nervous system. They provide trophic, as well as structural, support to neuronal cells. Astrocytes are also involved in neuroinflammatory processes contributing to neuronal dysfunction and death. Growing evidence suggests important roles for astrocytes in non-cell autonomous mechanisms of motor neuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Understanding these mechanisms necessitates the combined use of animal and human cell-based experimental model systems, at least in part because human astrocytes display a number of unique features that cannot be recapitulated in animal models. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based approaches provide the opportunity to generate disease-relevant human astrocytes to investigate the roles of these cells in ALS. These approaches are facing the growing recognition that there are heterogenous populations of astrocytes in the nervous system which are not functionally equivalent. This review will discuss the importance of taking astrocyte heterogeneity into consideration when designing hiPSC-based strategies aimed at generating the most informative preparations to study the contribution of astrocytes to ALS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stifani
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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9
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Wang YF, Liu C, Xu PF. Deciphering and reconstitution of positional information in the human brain development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 10:29. [PMID: 34467458 PMCID: PMC8408296 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Organoid has become a novel in vitro model to research human development and relevant disorders in recent years. With many improvements on the culture protocols, current brain organoids could self-organize into a complicated three-dimensional organization that mimics most of the features of the real human brain at the molecular, cellular, and further physiological level. However, lacking positional information, an important characteristic conveyed by gradients of signaling molecules called morphogens, leads to the deficiency of spatiotemporally regulated cell arrangements and cell–cell interactions in the brain organoid development. In this review, we will overview the role of morphogen both in the vertebrate neural development in vivo as well as the brain organoid culture in vitro, the strategies to apply morphogen concentration gradients in the organoid system and future perspectives of the brain organoid technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Wang
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Zhejiang University and University of Edinburgh, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Dr, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Cong Liu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- Women's Hospital, and Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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10
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Shinozuka T, Takada S. Morphological and Functional Changes of Roof Plate Cells in Spinal Cord Development. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9030030. [PMID: 34449633 PMCID: PMC8395932 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The most dorsal region, or roof plate, is the dorsal organizing center of developing spinal cord. This region is also involved in development of neural crest cells, which are the source of migratory neural crest cells. During early development of the spinal cord, roof plate cells secrete signaling molecules, such as Wnt and BMP family proteins, which regulate development of neural crest cells and dorsal spinal cord. After the dorso-ventral pattern is established, spinal cord dynamically changes its morphology. With this morphological transformation, the lumen of the spinal cord gradually shrinks to form the central canal, a cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid that is connected to the ventricular system of the brain. The dorsal half of the spinal cord is separated by a glial structure called the dorsal (or posterior) median septum. However, underlying mechanisms of such morphological transformation are just beginning to be understood. Recent studies reveal that roof plate cells dramatically stretch along the dorso-ventral axis, accompanied by reduction of the spinal cord lumen. During this stretching process, the tips of roof plate cells maintain contact with cells surrounding the shrinking lumen, eventually exposed to the inner surface of the central canal. Interestingly, Wnt expression remains in stretched roof plate cells and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ependymal cells surrounding the central canal. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in ependymal cells promotes proliferation of neural progenitor and stem cells in embryonic and adult spinal cord. In this review, we focus on the role of the roof plate, especially that of Wnt ligands secreted by roof plate cells, in morphological changes occurring in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Shinozuka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Aichi, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.S.); (S.T.)
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11
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Ho EK, Stearns T. Hedgehog signaling and the primary cilium: implications for spatial and temporal constraints on signaling. Development 2021; 148:dev195552. [PMID: 33914866 PMCID: PMC8126410 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of vertebrate Hedgehog signaling are linked to the biology of the primary cilium, an antenna-like organelle that projects from the surface of most vertebrate cell types. Although the advantages of restricting signal transduction to cilia are often noted, the constraints imposed are less frequently considered, and yet they are central to how Hedgehog signaling operates in developing tissues. In this Review, we synthesize current understanding of Hedgehog signal transduction, ligand secretion and transport, and cilia dynamics to explore the temporal and spatial constraints imposed by the primary cilium on Hedgehog signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Ho
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Stearns
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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12
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Paredes I, Vieira JR, Shah B, Ramunno CF, Dyckow J, Adler H, Richter M, Schermann G, Giannakouri E, Schirmer L, Augustin HG, Ruiz de Almodóvar C. Oligodendrocyte precursor cell specification is regulated by bidirectional neural progenitor-endothelial cell crosstalk. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:478-488. [PMID: 33510480 PMCID: PMC8411877 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neural-derived signals are crucial regulators of CNS vascularization. However, whether the vasculature responds to these signals by means of elongating and branching or in addition by building a feedback response to modulate neurodevelopmental processes remains unknown. In this study, we identified bidirectional crosstalk between the neural and the vascular compartment of the developing CNS required for oligodendrocyte precursor cell specification. Mechanistically, we show that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) express angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and that this expression is regulated by Sonic hedgehog. We demonstrate that NPC-derived Ang1 signals to its receptor, Tie2, on endothelial cells to induce the production of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1). Endothelial-derived TGFβ1, in turn, acts as an angiocrine molecule and signals back to NPCs to induce their commitment toward oligodendrocyte precursor cells. This work demonstrates a true bidirectional collaboration between NPCs and the vasculature as a critical regulator of oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Paredes
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - José Ricardo Vieira
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bhavin Shah
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carla F Ramunno
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Dyckow
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Adler
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Melanie Richter
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Geza Schermann
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Evangelia Giannakouri
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carmen Ruiz de Almodóvar
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Muppirala AN, Limbach LE, Bradford EF, Petersen SC. Schwann cell development: From neural crest to myelin sheath. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 10:e398. [PMID: 33145925 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vertebrate nervous system function requires glial cells, including myelinating glia that insulate axons and provide trophic support that allows for efficient signal propagation by neurons. In vertebrate peripheral nervous systems, neural crest-derived glial cells known as Schwann cells (SCs) generate myelin by encompassing and iteratively wrapping membrane around single axon segments. SC gliogenesis and neurogenesis are intimately linked and governed by a complex molecular environment that shapes their developmental trajectory. Changes in this external milieu drive developing SCs through a series of distinct morphological and transcriptional stages from the neural crest to a variety of glial derivatives, including the myelinating sublineage. Cues originate from the extracellular matrix, adjacent axons, and the developing SC basal lamina to trigger intracellular signaling cascades and gene expression changes that specify stages and transitions in SC development. Here, we integrate the findings from in vitro neuron-glia co-culture experiments with in vivo studies investigating SC development, particularly in zebrafish and mouse, to highlight critical factors that specify SC fate. Ultimately, we connect classic biochemical and mutant studies with modern genetic and visualization tools that have elucidated the dynamics of SC development. This article is categorized under: Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling Nervous System Development > Vertebrates: Regional Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoohya N Muppirala
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah C Petersen
- Department of Neuroscience, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biology, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, USA
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14
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Fang M, Yu Q, Ou B, Huang H, Yi M, Xie B, Yang A, Qiu M, Xu X. Genetic Evidence that Dorsal Spinal Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells are Capable of Myelinating Ventral Axons Effectively in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1474-1483. [PMID: 33051817 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing spinal cord, the majority of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) are induced in the ventral neuroepithelium under the control of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, whereas a small subset of OPCs are generated from the dorsal neuroepithelial cells independent of the Shh pathway. Although dorsally-derived OPCs (dOPCs) have been shown to participate in local axonal myelination in the dorsolateral regions during development, it is not known whether they are capable of migrating into the ventral region and myelinating ventral axons. In this study, we confirmed and extended the previous study on the developmental potential of dOPCs in the absence of ventrally-derived OPCs (vOPCs). In Nestin-Smo conditional knockout (cKO) mice, when ventral oligodendrogenesis was blocked, dOPCs were found to undergo rapid amplification, spread to ventral spinal tissue, and eventually differentiated into myelinating OLs in the ventral white matter with a temporal delay, providing genetic evidence that dOPCs are capable of myelinating ventral axons in the mouse spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxi Fang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Baiyan Ou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Min Yi
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Binghua Xie
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Aifen Yang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310029, China.
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15
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Dias JM, Alekseenko Z, Jeggari A, Boareto M, Vollmer J, Kozhevnikova M, Wang H, Matise MP, Alexeyenko A, Iber D, Ericson J. A Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer motif controls temporal identity and fate of neural stem cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/38/eaba8196. [PMID: 32938678 PMCID: PMC7494341 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
How time is measured by neural stem cells during temporal neurogenesis has remained unresolved. By combining experiments and computational modeling, we define a Shh/Gli-driven three-node timer underlying the sequential generation of motor neurons (MNs) and serotonergic neurons in the brainstem. The timer is founded on temporal decline of Gli-activator and Gli-repressor activities established through down-regulation of Gli transcription. The circuitry conforms an incoherent feed-forward loop, whereby Gli proteins not only promote expression of Phox2b and thereby MN-fate but also account for a delayed activation of a self-promoting transforming growth factor-β (Tgfβ) node triggering a fate switch by repressing Phox2b. Hysteresis and spatial averaging by diffusion of Tgfβ counteract noise and increase temporal accuracy at the population level, providing a functional rationale for the intrinsically programmed activation of extrinsic switch signals in temporal patterning. Our study defines how time is reliably encoded during the sequential specification of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Dias
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhanna Alekseenko
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ashwini Jeggari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcelo Boareto
- D-BSSE, ETF Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jannik Vollmer
- D-BSSE, ETF Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mariya Kozhevnikova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Michael P Matise
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Andrey Alexeyenko
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Box 1031, 17121, Solna, Sweden
| | - Dagmar Iber
- D-BSSE, ETF Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johan Ericson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Kahane N, Kalcheim C. Neural tube development depends on notochord-derived sonic hedgehog released into the sclerotome. Development 2020; 147:dev183996. [PMID: 32345743 PMCID: PMC7272346 DOI: 10.1242/dev.183996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh), produced in the notochord and floor plate, is necessary for both neural and mesodermal development. To reach the myotome, Shh has to traverse the sclerotome and a reduction of sclerotomal Shh affects myotome differentiation. By investigating loss and gain of Shh function, and floor-plate deletions, we report that sclerotomal Shh is also necessary for neural tube development. Reducing the amount of Shh in the sclerotome using a membrane-tethered hedgehog-interacting protein or Patched1, but not dominant active Patched, decreased the number of Olig2+ motoneuron progenitors and Hb9+ motoneurons without a significant effect on cell survival or proliferation. These effects were a specific and direct consequence of Shh reduction in the mesoderm. In addition, grafting notochords in a basal but not apical location, vis-à-vis the tube, profoundly affected motoneuron development, suggesting that initial ligand presentation occurs at the basal side of epithelia corresponding to the sclerotome-neural tube interface. Collectively, our results reveal that the sclerotome is a potential site of a Shh gradient that coordinates the development of mesodermal and neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitza Kahane
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, P.O. Box 12272, Israel
| | - Chaya Kalcheim
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC) and the Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 9112102, P.O. Box 12272, Israel
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17
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Starikov L, Kottmann AH. Diminished Ventral Oligodendrocyte Precursor Generation Results in the Subsequent Over-production of Dorsal Oligodendrocyte Precursors of Aberrant Morphology and Function. Neuroscience 2020; 450:15-28. [PMID: 32450295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) arise sequentially first from a ventral and then from a dorsal precursor domain at the end of neurogenesis during spinal cord development. Whether the sequential production of OPCs is of physiological significance has not been examined. Here we show that ablating Shh signaling from nascent ventricular zone derivatives and partially from the floor plate results in a severe diminishment of ventral derived OPCs but normal numbers of motor neurons in the postnatal spinal cord. In the absence of ventral vOPCs, dorsal dOPCs populate the entire spinal cord resulting in an increased OPC density in the ventral horns. These OPCs take on an altered morphology, do not participate in the removal of excitatory vGlut1 synapses from injured motor neurons, and exhibit morphological features similar to those found in the vicinity of motor neurons in the SOD1 mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Our data indicate that vOPCs prevent dOPCs from invading ventral spinal cord laminae and suggest that vOPCs have a unique ability to communicate with injured motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Starikov
- City University of New York School of Medicine (CSOM) at City College of New York, Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, New York City, NY 10031, USA; City University of New York Graduate Center, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Subprogram, New York City, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andreas H Kottmann
- City University of New York School of Medicine (CSOM) at City College of New York, Dept. of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, New York City, NY 10031, USA; City University of New York Graduate Center, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Subprogram, New York City, NY 10016, USA.
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18
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Wnt-PLC-IP 3-Connexin-Ca 2+ axis maintains ependymal motile cilia in zebrafish spinal cord. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1860. [PMID: 32312952 PMCID: PMC7170879 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells (ECs) are multiciliated neuroepithelial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord (SC). How ependymal motile cilia are maintained remains largely unexplored. Here we show that zebrafish embryos deficient in Wnt signaling have defective motile cilia, yet harbor intact basal bodies. With respect to maintenance of ependymal motile cilia, plcδ3a is a target gene of Wnt signaling. Lack of Connexin43 (Cx43), especially its channel function, decreases motile cilia and intercellular Ca2+ wave (ICW) propagation. Genetic ablation of cx43 in zebrafish and mice diminished motile cilia. Finally, Cx43 is also expressed in ECs of the human SC. Taken together, our findings indicate that gap junction mediated ICWs play an important role in the maintenance of ependymal motile cilia, and suggest that the enhancement of functional gap junctions by pharmacological or genetic manipulations may be adopted to ameliorate motile ciliopathy. Ependymal cells are supporting cells in the central nervous system. Here the authors elucidate a signalling axis in zebrafish spinal cord ependymal cells that is important for motile cilia assembly and maintenance, demonstrating that it depends on intercellular propagation of calcium ions via connexin 43.
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19
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Yang Z, Li X, Jia H, Bai Y, Wang W. BMP7 is Downregulated in Lumbosacral Spinal Cord of Rat Embryos With Anorectal Malformation. J Surg Res 2020; 251:202-210. [PMID: 32169723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) comprise a highly conserved signaling protein family, which are involved in spinal cord formation, development and differentiation. Malformations of the lumbosacral spinal cord are associated with postoperation complications of anorectal malformation (ARM). However, the mechanism underlying the development of these malformations remains elusive. MATERIALS AND METHODS Embryonic rat ARM model induced by ethylenethiourea (ETU) was introduced to investigate BMP7 expression in lumbosacral spinal cord. BMP7 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blot analysis on embryonic (E) days 16, 17, 19, and 21. The expression of the neuronal marker neurofilament (NF) and pSmad1/5 was determined by immunofluorescence double staining and Western blot analysis during peak BMP7 expression. RESULTS BMP7 mRNA (E16, 1.041 ± 0.169 versus 0.758 ± 0.0423, P < 0.05; E17, 1.889 ± 0.444 versus 1.601 ± 0.263, P < 0.05; E19, 2.898 ± 0.434 versus 1.981 ± 0.068, P < 0.01; and E21, 2.652 ± 0.637 versus 1.957 ± 0.09, P < 0.05;) and protein (E16, 1.068 ± 0.065 versus 0.828 ± 0.066, P < 0.01; E17, 1.728 ± 0.153 versus1.4 ± 0.148, P < 0.05; E19, 2.313 ± 0.141 versus 1.696 ± 0.21, P < 0.01; and E21, 2.021 ± 0.13 versus 1.43 ± 0.128, P < 0.01) were downregulated, and their expressions were specifically low in interneurons (IN) located in the dorsal horn of the lumbosacral spinal cord in embryos with ARM. On E19, Western blot analysis revealed reduced P-Smad1/5(1.13 ± 0.08 versus 0.525 ± 0.06, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS An implication of this study is the possibility that BMP7 downregulation contributes to maldevelopment of the lumbosacral spinal cord during embryogenesis in fetal rats with ARM, indicating that BMP7 may play an important role in ARM pathogenesis and the complications thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuzuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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20
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Tait CM, Chinnaiya K, Manning E, Murtaza M, Ashton JP, Furley N, Hill CJ, Alves CH, Wijnholds J, Erdmann KS, Furley A, Rashbass P, Das RM, Storey KG, Placzek M. Crumbs2 mediates ventricular layer remodelling to form the spinal cord central canal. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000470. [PMID: 32150534 PMCID: PMC7108746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the spinal cord, the central canal forms through a poorly understood process termed dorsal collapse that involves attrition and remodelling of pseudostratified ventricular layer (VL) cells. Here, we use mouse and chick models to show that dorsal ventricular layer (dVL) cells adjacent to dorsal midline Nestin(+) radial glia (dmNes+RG) down-regulate apical polarity proteins, including Crumbs2 (CRB2) and delaminate in a stepwise manner; live imaging shows that as one cell delaminates, the next cell ratchets up, the dmNes+RG endfoot ratchets down, and the process repeats. We show that dmNes+RG secrete a factor that promotes loss of cell polarity and delamination. This activity is mimicked by a secreted variant of Crumbs2 (CRB2S) which is specifically expressed by dmNes+RG. In cultured MDCK cells, CRB2S associates with apical membranes and decreases cell cohesion. Analysis of Crb2F/F/Nestin-Cre+/- mice, and targeted reduction of Crb2/CRB2S in slice cultures reveal essential roles for transmembrane CRB2 (CRB2TM) and CRB2S on VL cells and dmNes+RG, respectively. We propose a model in which a CRB2S-CRB2TM interaction promotes the progressive attrition of the dVL without loss of overall VL integrity. This novel mechanism may operate more widely to promote orderly progenitor delamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Tait
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kavitha Chinnaiya
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Manning
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mariyam Murtaza
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - John-Paul Ashton
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J Hill
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - C Henrique Alves
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Wijnholds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kai S Erdmann
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Penny Rashbass
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Raman M Das
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Marysia Placzek
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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21
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Skuplik I, Cobb J. Animal Models for Understanding Human Skeletal Defects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:157-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Aberrant Oligodendrogenesis in Down Syndrome: Shift in Gliogenesis? Cells 2019; 8:cells8121591. [PMID: 31817891 PMCID: PMC6953000 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is the most prevalent chromosomal anomaly accounting for cognitive impairment and intellectual disability (ID). Neuropathological changes of DS brains are characterized by a reduction in the number of neurons and oligodendrocytes, accompanied by hypomyelination and astrogliosis. Recent studies mainly focused on neuronal development in DS, but underestimated the role of glial cells as pathogenic players. Aberrant or impaired differentiation within the oligodendroglial lineage and altered white matter functionality are thought to contribute to central nervous system (CNS) malformations. Given that white matter, comprised of oligodendrocytes and their myelin sheaths, is vital for higher brain function, gathering knowledge about pathways and modulators challenging oligodendrogenesis and cell lineages within DS is essential. This review article discusses to what degree DS-related effects on oligodendroglial cells have been described and presents collected evidence regarding induced cell-fate switches, thereby resulting in an enhanced generation of astrocytes. Moreover, alterations in white matter formation observed in mouse and human post-mortem brains are described. Finally, the rationale for a better understanding of pathways and modulators responsible for the glial cell imbalance as a possible source for future therapeutic interventions is given based on current experience on pro-oligodendroglial treatment approaches developed for demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis.
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23
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Zheng Y, Xue X, Resto-Irizarry AM, Li Z, Shao Y, Zheng Y, Zhao G, Fu J. Dorsal-ventral patterned neural cyst from human pluripotent stem cells in a neurogenic niche. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax5933. [PMID: 31844664 PMCID: PMC6905871 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite its importance in central nervous system development, development of the human neural tube (NT) remains poorly understood, given the challenges of studying human embryos, and the developmental divergence between humans and animal models. We report a human NT development model, in which NT-like tissues, neuroepithelial (NE) cysts, are generated in a bioengineered neurogenic environment through self-organization of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). NE cysts correspond to the neural plate in the dorsal ectoderm and have a default dorsal identity. Dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning of NE cysts is achieved using retinoic acid and/or sonic hedgehog and features sequential emergence of the ventral floor plate, P3, and pMN domains in discrete, adjacent regions and a dorsal territory progressively restricted to the opposite dorsal pole. This hPSC-based, DV patterned NE cyst system will be useful for understanding the self-organizing principles that guide NT patterning and for investigations of neural development and neural disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
| | - X. Xue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - A. M. Resto-Irizarry
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Z. Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y. Shao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y. Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - G. Zhao
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei 230022, Anhui, China
- Corresponding author. (J.F.); (G.Z.)
| | - J. Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Corresponding author. (J.F.); (G.Z.)
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24
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Cañizares MA, Albors AR, Singer G, Suttie N, Gorkic M, Felts P, Storey KG. Multiple steps characterise ventricular layer attrition to form the ependymal cell lining of the adult mouse spinal cord central canal. J Anat 2019; 236:334-350. [PMID: 31670387 PMCID: PMC6956438 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventricular layer of the spinal cord is remodelled during embryonic development and ultimately forms the ependymal cell lining of the adult central canal, which retains neural stem cell potential. This anatomical transformation involves the process of dorsal collapse; however, accompanying changes in tissue organisation and cell behaviour as well as the precise origin of cells contributing to the central canal are not well understood. Here, we describe sequential localised cell rearrangements which accompany the gradual attrition of the spinal cord ventricular layer during development. This includes local breakdown of the pseudostratified organisation of the dorsal ventricular layer prefiguring dorsal collapse and evidence for a new phenomenon, ventral dissociation, during which the ventral‐most floor plate cells separate from a subset that are retained around the central canal. Using cell proliferation markers and cell‐cycle reporter mice, we further show that following dorsal collapse, ventricular layer attrition involves an overall reduction in cell proliferation, characterised by an intriguing increase in the percentage of cells in G1/S. In contrast, programmed cell death does not contribute to ventricular layer remodelling. By analysing transcript and protein expression patterns associated with key signalling pathways, we provide evidence for a gradual decline in ventral sonic hedgehog activity and an accompanying ventral expansion of initial dorsal bone morphogenetic protein signalling, which comes to dominate the forming the central canal lining. This study identifies multiple steps that may contribute to spinal cord ventricular layer attrition and adds to increasing evidence for the heterogeneous origin of the spinal cord ependymal cell population, which includes cells from the floor plate and the roof plate as well as ventral progenitor domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Cañizares
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Aida Rodrigo Albors
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gail Singer
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nicolle Suttie
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Metka Gorkic
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Paul Felts
- Centre for Anatomy & Human Identification, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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25
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Xu X, Yu Q, Fang M, Yi M, Yang A, Xie B, Yang J, Zhang Z, Dai Z, Qiu M. Stage-specific regulation of oligodendrocyte development by Hedgehog signaling in the spinal cord. Glia 2019; 68:422-434. [PMID: 31605511 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of signaling pathways that control oligodendrocyte (OL) development is a prerequisite for developing novel strategies for myelin repair in neurological diseases. Despite the extensive work outlining the importance of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in the commitment and generation of OL progenitor cells (OPCs), there are conflicting reports on the role of Hh signaling in regulating OL differentiation and maturation. In the present study, we systematically investigated OPC specification and differentiation in genetically modified mouse models of Smoothened (Smo), an essential component of the Hh signaling pathway in vertebrates. Through conditional gain-of-function strategy, we demonstrated that hyperactivation of Smo in neural progenitors induced transient ectopic OPC generation and precocious OL differentiation accompanied by the co-induction of Olig2 and Nkx2.2. After the commitment of OL lineage, Smo activity is not required for OL differentiation, and sustained expression of Smo in OPCs stimulated cell proliferation but inhibited terminal differentiation. These findings have uncovered the stage-specific regulation of OL development by Smo-mediated Hh signaling, providing novel insights into the molecular regulation of OL differentiation and myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minxi Fang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Yi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Aifen Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binghua Xie
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlin Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zunyi Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongmin Dai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, Institute of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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26
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Kadoya M, Sasai N. Negative Regulation of mTOR Signaling Restricts Cell Proliferation in the Floor Plate. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1022. [PMID: 31607856 PMCID: PMC6773814 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural tube is composed of a number of neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons distributed in a quantitatively and spatially precise manner. The floor plate, located in the ventral-most region of the neural tube, has a lot of unique characteristics, including a low cell proliferation rate. The mechanisms by which this region-specific proliferation rate is regulated remain elusive. Here we show that the activity of the mTOR signaling pathway, which regulates the proliferation of the neural progenitor cells, is significantly lower in the floor plate than in other domains of the embryonic neural tube. We identified the forkhead-type transcription factor FoxA2 as a negative regulator of mTOR signaling in the floor plate, and showed that FoxA2 transcriptionally induces the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF152, which together with its substrate RagA, regulates cell proliferation via the mTOR pathway. Silencing of RNF152 led to the aberrant upregulation of the mTOR signal and aberrant cell division in the floor plate. Taken together, the present findings suggest that floor plate cell number is controlled by the negative regulation of mTOR signaling through the activity of FoxA2 and its downstream effector RNF152.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minori Kadoya
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
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27
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Di Bella DJ, Carcagno AL, Bartolomeu ML, Pardi MB, Löhr H, Siegel N, Hammerschmidt M, Marín-Burgin A, Lanuza GM. Ascl1 Balances Neuronal versus Ependymal Fate in the Spinal Cord Central Canal. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2264-2274.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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28
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Thomas S, Boutaud L, Reilly ML, Benmerah A. Cilia in hereditary cerebral anomalies. Biol Cell 2019; 111:217-231. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Thomas
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human MalformationINSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
| | - Lucile Boutaud
- Laboratory of Embryology and Genetics of Human MalformationINSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
| | - Madeline Louise Reilly
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
- Paris Diderot University 75013 Paris France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163Paris Descartes UniversityImagine Institute 75015 Paris France
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29
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Reilly ML, Benmerah A. Ciliary kinesins beyond IFT: Cilium length, disassembly, cargo transport and signalling. Biol Cell 2019; 111:79-94. [PMID: 30720881 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based antenna which are highly conserved among eukaryotes. In vertebrates, primary and motile cilia have evolved to exert several key functions during development and tissue homoeostasis. Ciliary dysfunction in humans causes a highly heterogeneous group of diseases called ciliopathies, a class of genetic multisystemic disorders primarily affecting kidney, skeleton, retina, lung and the central nervous system. Among key ciliary proteins, kinesin family members (KIF) are microtubule-interacting proteins involved in many diverse cellular functions, including transport of cargo (organelles, proteins and lipids) along microtubules and regulating the dynamics of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules through their depolymerising activity. Many KIFs are also involved in diverse ciliary functions including assembly/disassembly, motility and signalling. We here review these ciliary kinesins in vertebrates and focus on their involvement in ciliopathy-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Louise Reilly
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, 75015, France.,Paris Diderot University, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, 75015, France
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30
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Shinozuka T, Takada R, Yoshida S, Yonemura S, Takada S. Wnt produced by stretched roof-plate cells is required for the promotion of cell proliferation around the central canal of the spinal cord. Development 2019; 146:146/2/dev159343. [PMID: 30651295 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cell morphology changes dynamically during embryogenesis, and these changes create new interactions with surrounding cells, some of which are presumably mediated by intercellular signaling. However, the effects of morphological changes on intercellular signaling remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the effect of morphological changes in Wnt-producing cells on intercellular signaling in the spinal cord. After mid-gestation, roof-plate cells stretched along the dorsoventral axis in the mouse spinal cord, resulting in new contact at their tips with the ependymal cells that surround the central canal. Wnt1 and Wnt3a were produced by the stretched roof-plate cells and delivered to the cell process tip. Whereas Wnt signaling was activated in developing ependymal cells, Wnt activation in dorsal ependymal cells, which were close to the stretched roof plate, was significantly suppressed in embryos with roof plate-specific conditional knockout of Wls, which encodes a factor that is essential for Wnt secretion. Furthermore, proliferation of these cells was impaired in Wls conditional knockout mice during development and after induced spinal cord injury in adults. Therefore, morphological changes in Wnt-producing cells appear to generate new Wnt signal targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Shinozuka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shosei Yoshida
- National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Takada
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan .,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology in the School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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31
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Corman TS, Bergendahl SE, Epstein DJ. Distinct temporal requirements for Sonic hedgehog signaling in development of the tuberal hypothalamus. Development 2018; 145:dev.167379. [PMID: 30291164 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays well characterized roles in brain and spinal cord development, but its functions in the hypothalamus have been more difficult to elucidate owing to the complex neuroanatomy of this brain area. Here, we use fate mapping and conditional deletion models in mice to define requirements for dynamic Shh activity at distinct developmental stages in the tuberal hypothalamus, a brain region with important homeostatic functions. At early time points, Shh signaling regulates dorsoventral patterning, neurogenesis and the size of the ventral midline. Fate-mapping experiments demonstrate that Shh-expressing and -responsive progenitors contribute to distinct neuronal subtypes, accounting for some of the cellular heterogeneity in tuberal hypothalamic nuclei. Conditional deletion of the hedgehog transducer smoothened (Smo), after dorsoventral patterning has been established, reveals that Shh signaling is necessary to maintain proliferation and progenitor identity during peak periods of hypothalamic neurogenesis. We also find that mosaic disruption of Smo causes a non-cell autonomous gain in Shh signaling activity in neighboring wild-type cells, suggesting a mechanism for the pathogenesis of hypothalamic hamartomas, benign tumors that form during hypothalamic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya S Corman
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
| | - Solsire E Bergendahl
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
| | - Douglas J Epstein
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145, USA
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32
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Becker CG, Becker T, Hugnot JP. The spinal ependymal zone as a source of endogenous repair cells across vertebrates. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 170:67-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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33
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Laouarem Y, Traiffort E. Developmental and Repairing Production of Myelin: The Role of Hedgehog Signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:305. [PMID: 30237763 PMCID: PMC6135882 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of its role as a morphogen directing ventral patterning of the spinal cord, the secreted protein Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has been implicated in a wide array of events contributing to the development, maintenance and repair of the central nervous system (CNS). One of these events is the generation of oligodendrocytes, the glial cells of the CNS responsible for axon myelination. In embryo, the first oligodendroglial cells arise from the ventral ventricular zone in the developing brain and spinal cord where Shh induces the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 both necessary and sufficient for oligodendrocyte production. Later on, Shh signaling participates in the production of oligodendroglial cells in the dorsal ventricular-subventricular zone in the postnatal forebrain. Finally, the modulation of Hedgehog signaling activity promotes the repair of demyelinated lesions. This mini-review article focuses on the Shh-dependent molecular mechanisms involved in the spatial and temporal control of oligodendrocyte lineage appearance. The apparent intricacy of the roles of two essential components of Shh signaling, Smoothened and Gli1, in the postnatal production of myelin and its regeneration following a demyelinating event is also highlighted. A deeper understanding of the implication of each of the components that regulate oligodendrogenesis and myelination should beneficially influence the therapeutic strategies in the field of myelin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabeth Traiffort
- Small Molecules of Neuroprotection, Neuroregeneration and Remyelination – U1195, INSERM, University Paris-Sud/Paris-Saclay, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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34
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Yang Z, Gao L, Jia H, Bai Y, Wang W. The Expression of Shh, Ptch1, and Gli1 in the Developing Caudal Spinal Cord of Fetal Rats With Anorectal Malformations. J Surg Res 2018; 233:173-182. [PMID: 30502245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative incontinence and constipation still remain the major complications of anorectal malformations (ARMs), despite improvements in their treatment. One of the most important factors that affect postoperative anorectal function is malformations in the lumbosacral spinal cord. However, far too little attention has been paid to the underlying mechanism that produces these malformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The levels of sonic hedgehog (Shh), patched homolog 1 (Ptch1), and zinc finger-containing transcription factors 1 (Gli1) expression were investigated in the lumbosacral spinal cord in ethylenethiourea-exposed rat fetus with ARMs, and Shh, Ptch1, and Gli1 expression was confirmed with immunohistochemical staining, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analyses during lumbosacral spinal cord development both in the ARMs and normal rat embryos. RESULTS Our results have shown that Shh, Ptch1, and Gli1 expression in the lumbosacral spinal cord of rat embryos with ARMs was decreased at both the messenger RNA and protein levels, when compared with their expression levels in normal tissues (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the expression of Shh, Ptch1, and Gli1 in lumbosacral spinal cord was remarkably reduced during late developmental stages in fetal rats with ARMs. These findings offered some important insights into the involvement of the Shh-Ptch1-Gli1 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of lumbosacral spinal cord maldevelopment in rat fetus with ARMs, which leads to complications after procedures for ARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Linlin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yuzuo Bai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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35
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Kitada M, Wakao S, Dezawa M. Intracellular signaling similarity reveals neural stem cell-like properties of ependymal cells in the adult rat spinal cord. Dev Growth Differ 2018; 60:326-340. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kitada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Shohei Wakao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
| | - Mari Dezawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine; Sendai Japan
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36
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Kaucka M, Petersen J, Tesarova M, Szarowska B, Kastriti ME, Xie M, Kicheva A, Annusver K, Kasper M, Symmons O, Pan L, Spitz F, Kaiser J, Hovorakova M, Zikmund T, Sunadome K, Matise MP, Wang H, Marklund U, Abdo H, Ernfors P, Maire P, Wurmser M, Chagin AS, Fried K, Adameyko I. Signals from the brain and olfactory epithelium control shaping of the mammalian nasal capsule cartilage. eLife 2018; 7:34465. [PMID: 29897331 PMCID: PMC6019068 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial shape is the basis for facial recognition and categorization. Facial features reflect the underlying geometry of the skeletal structures. Here, we reveal that cartilaginous nasal capsule (corresponding to upper jaw and face) is shaped by signals generated by neural structures: brain and olfactory epithelium. Brain-derived Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) enables the induction of nasal septum and posterior nasal capsule, whereas the formation of a capsule roof is controlled by signals from the olfactory epithelium. Unexpectedly, the cartilage of the nasal capsule turned out to be important for shaping membranous facial bones during development. This suggests that conserved neurosensory structures could benefit from protection and have evolved signals inducing cranial cartilages encasing them. Experiments with mutant mice revealed that the genomic regulatory regions controlling production of SHH in the nervous system contribute to facial cartilage morphogenesis, which might be a mechanism responsible for the adaptive evolution of animal faces and snouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kaucka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Petersen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Bara Szarowska
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Kicheva
- Institute of Science and Technology IST Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Innovative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Orsolya Symmons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Leslie Pan
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francois Spitz
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Genomics of Animal Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Hovorakova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kazunori Sunadome
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael P Matise
- Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, United States
| | - Ulrika Marklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hind Abdo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascal Maire
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Institute Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Department of Development, Reproduction and Cancer, Institute Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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37
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Abstract
In the adult mouse spinal cord, the ependymal cell population that surrounds the central canal is thought to be a promising source of quiescent stem cells to treat spinal cord injury. Relatively little is known about the cellular origin of ependymal cells during spinal cord development, or the molecular mechanisms that regulate ependymal cells during adult homeostasis. Using genetic lineage tracing based on the Wnt target gene Axin2, we have characterized Wnt-responsive cells during spinal cord development. Our results revealed that Wnt-responsive progenitor cells are restricted to the dorsal midline throughout spinal cord development, which gives rise to dorsal ependymal cells in a spatially restricted pattern. This is contrary to previous reports that suggested an exclusively ventral origin of ependymal cells, suggesting that ependymal cells may retain positional identities in relation to their neural progenitors. Our results further demonstrated that in the postnatal and adult spinal cord, all ependymal cells express the Wnt/β-catenin signaling target gene Axin2, as well as Wnt ligands. Genetic elimination of β-catenin or inhibition of Wnt secretion in Axin2-expressing ependymal cells in vivo both resulted in impaired proliferation, indicating that Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes ependymal cell proliferation. These results demonstrate the continued importance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling for both ependymal cell formation and regulation. By uncovering the molecular signals underlying the formation and regulation of spinal cord ependymal cells, our findings thus enable further targeting and manipulation of this promising source of quiescent stem cells for therapeutic interventions.
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Ribeiro A, Monteiro JF, Certal AC, Cristovão AM, Saúde L. Foxj1a is expressed in ependymal precursors, controls central canal position and is activated in new ependymal cells during regeneration in zebrafish. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170139. [PMID: 29162726 PMCID: PMC5717339 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are able to regenerate the spinal cord and recover motor and sensory functions upon severe injury, through the activation of cells located at the ependymal canal. Here, we show that cells surrounding the ependymal canal in the adult zebrafish spinal cord express Foxj1a. We demonstrate that ependymal cells express Foxj1a from their birth in the embryonic neural tube and that Foxj1a activity is required for the final positioning of the ependymal canal. We also show that in response to spinal cord injury, Foxj1a ependymal cells actively proliferate and contribute to the restoration of the spinal cord structure. Finally, this study reveals that Foxj1a expression in the injured spinal cord is regulated by regulatory elements activated during regeneration. These data establish Foxj1a as a pan-ependymal marker in development, homeostasis and regeneration and may help identify the signals that enable this progenitor population to replace lost cells after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana F Monteiro
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Certal
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Cristovão
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonor Saúde
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular e Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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39
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Spinal Cord Stem Cells In Their Microenvironment: The Ependyma as a Stem Cell Niche. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1041:55-79. [PMID: 29204829 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69194-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ependyma of the spinal cord is currently proposed as a latent neural stem cell niche. This chapter discusses recent knowledge on the developmental origin and nature of the heterogeneous population of cells that compose this stem cell microenviroment, their diverse physiological properties and regulation. The chapter also reviews relevant data on the ependymal cells as a source of plasticity for spinal cord repair.
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40
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Edwards-Faret G, Cebrián-Silla A, Méndez-Olivos EE, González-Pinto K, García-Verdugo JM, Larraín J. Cellular composition and organization of the spinal cord central canal during metamorphosis of the frog Xenopus laevis. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1712-1732. [PMID: 29603210 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studying the cellular composition and morphological changes of cells lining the central canal during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis could contribute to understand postnatal development and spinal cord regeneration. Here we report the analysis of central canal cells at different stages during metamorphosis using immunofluorescence for protein markers expression, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and cell proliferation assays. The central canal was regionalized according to expression of glial markers, ultrastructure, and proliferation in dorsal, lateral, and ventral domains with differences between larvae and froglets. In regenerative larvae, all cell types were uniciliated, have a radial morphology, and elongated nuclei with lax chromatin, resembling radial glial cells. Important differences in cells of nonregenerative froglets were observed, although uniciliated cells were found, the most abundant cells had multicilia and revealed extensive changes in the maturation and differentiation state. The majority of dividing cells in larvae corresponded to uniciliated cells at dorsal and lateral domains in a cervical-lumbar gradient, correlating with undifferentiated features. Neurons contacting the lumen of the central canal were detected in both stages and revealed extensive changes in the maturation and differentiation state. However, in froglets a very low proportion of cells incorporate 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), associated with the differentiated profile and with the increase of multiciliated cells. Our work showed progressive changes in the cell types lining the central canal of Xenopus laevis spinal cord which are correlated with the regenerative capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Edwards-Faret
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arantxa Cebrián-Silla
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio E Méndez-Olivos
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina González-Pinto
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Universidad Arturo Prat del Estado de Chile, Iquique, Chile
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
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41
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Hashimoto H, Jiang W, Yoshimura T, Moon KH, Bok J, Ikenaka K. Strong sonic hedgehog signaling in the mouse ventral spinal cord is not required for oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) generation but is necessary for correct timing of its generation. Neurochem Int 2017; 119:178-183. [PMID: 29122585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse neural tube, sonic hedgehog (Shh) secreted from the floor plate (FP) and the notochord (NC) regulates ventral patterning of the neural tube, and later is essential for the generation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). During early development, the NC is adjacent to the neural tube and induces ventral domains in it, including the FP. In the later stage of development, during gliogenesis in the spinal cord, the pMN domain receives strong Shh signaling input. While this is considered to be essential for the generation of OPCs, the actual role of this strong input in OPC generation remains unclear. Here we studied OPC generation in bromi mutant mice which show abnormal ciliary structure. Shh signaling occurs within cilia and has been reported to be weak in bromi mutants. At E11.5, accumulation of Patched1 mRNA, a Shh signaling reporter, is observed in the pMN domain of wild type but not bromi mutants, whereas expression of Gli1 mRNA, another Shh reporter, disappeared. Thus, Shh signaling input to the pMN domain at E12.5 was reduced in bromi mutant mice. In these mutants, induction of the FP structure was delayed and its size was reduced compared to wild type mice. Furthermore, while the p3 and pMN domains were induced, the length of the Nkx2.2-positive region and the number of Olig2-positive cells decreased. The number of OPCs was also significantly decreased in the E12.5 and E14.5 bromi mutant spinal cord. In contrast, motor neuron (MN) production, detected by HB9 expression, significantly increased. It is likely that the transition from MN production to OPC generation in the pMN domain is impaired in bromi mutant mice. These results suggest that strong Shh input to the pMN domain is not required for OPC generation but is essential for producing a sufficient number of OPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Hashimoto
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Wen Jiang
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshimura
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Kyeong-Hye Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoong Bok
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; BK21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.
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42
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Iulianella A, Sakai D, Kurosaka H, Trainor PA. Ventral neural patterning in the absence of a Shh activity gradient from the floorplate. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:170-184. [PMID: 28891097 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate spinal cord development requires Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the floorplate and notochord, where it is thought to act in concentration dependent manner to pattern distinct cell identities along the ventral-to-dorsal axis. While in vitro experiments demonstrate naïve neural tissues are sensitive to small changes in Shh levels, genetic studies illustrate that some degree of ventral patterning can occur despite significant perturbations in Shh signaling. Consequently, the mechanistic relationship between Shh morphogen levels and acquisition of distinct cell identities remains unclear. RESULTS We addressed this using Hedgehog acetyltransferase (HhatCreface ) and Wiggable mouse mutants. Hhat encodes a palmitoylase required for the secretion of Hedgehog proteins and formation of the Shh gradient. In its absence, the spinal cord develops without floorplate cells and V3 interneurons. Wiggable is an allele of the Shh receptor Patched1 (Ptch1Wig ) that is unable to inhibit Shh signal transduction, resulting in expanded ventral progenitor domains. Surprisingly, HhatCreface/Creface ; Ptch1Wig/Wig double mutants displayed fully restored ventral patterning despite an absence of Shh secretion from the floorplate. CONCLUSIONS The full range of neuronal progenitor types can be generated in the absence of a Shh gradient provided pathway repression is dampened, illustrating the complexity of morphogen dynamics in vertebrate patterning. Developmental Dynamics 247:170-184, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, and Brain Repair Centre, Life Sciences Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Doshisha University, Graduate School of Brain Science, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute For Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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43
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Kaucka M, Zikmund T, Tesarova M, Gyllborg D, Hellander A, Jaros J, Kaiser J, Petersen J, Szarowska B, Newton PT, Dyachuk V, Li L, Qian H, Johansson AS, Mishina Y, Currie JD, Tanaka EM, Erickson A, Dudley A, Brismar H, Southam P, Coen E, Chen M, Weinstein LS, Hampl A, Arenas E, Chagin AS, Fried K, Adameyko I. Oriented clonal cell dynamics enables accurate growth and shaping of vertebrate cartilage. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28414273 PMCID: PMC5417851 DOI: 10.7554/elife.25902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilaginous structures are at the core of embryo growth and shaping before the bone forms. Here we report a novel principle of vertebrate cartilage growth that is based on introducing transversally-oriented clones into pre-existing cartilage. This mechanism of growth uncouples the lateral expansion of curved cartilaginous sheets from the control of cartilage thickness, a process which might be the evolutionary mechanism underlying adaptations of facial shape. In rod-shaped cartilage structures (Meckel, ribs and skeletal elements in developing limbs), the transverse integration of clonal columns determines the well-defined diameter and resulting rod-like morphology. We were able to alter cartilage shape by experimentally manipulating clonal geometries. Using in silico modeling, we discovered that anisotropic proliferation might explain cartilage bending and groove formation at the macro-scale. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25902.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kaucka
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Tesarova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Gyllborg
- Unit of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hellander
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef Jaros
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Julian Petersen
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bara Szarowska
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Phillip T Newton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hong Qian
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Joshua D Currie
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alek Erickson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States
| | - Andrew Dudley
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States
| | - Hjalmar Brismar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | - Min Chen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lee S Weinstein
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Ales Hampl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Unit of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kaj Fried
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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44
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Danesin C, Soula C. Moving the Shh Source over Time: What Impact on Neural Cell Diversification in the Developing Spinal Cord? J Dev Biol 2017; 5:jdb5020004. [PMID: 29615562 PMCID: PMC5831764 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of data has highlighted the crucial influence of Shh signalling on the generation of diverse classes of neurons and glial cells throughout the developing central nervous system. A critical step leading to this diversity is the establishment of distinct neural progenitor cell domains during the process of pattern formation. The forming spinal cord, in particular, has served as an excellent model to unravel how progenitor cells respond to Shh to produce the appropriate pattern. In recent years, considerable advances have been made in our understanding of important parameters that control the temporal and spatial interpretation of the morphogen signal at the level of Shh-receiving progenitor cells. Although less studied, the identity and position of Shh source cells also undergo significant changes over time, raising the question of how moving the Shh source contributes to cell diversification in response to the morphogen. Here, we focus on the dynamics of Shh-producing cells and discuss specific roles for these time-variant Shh sources with regard to the temporal events occurring in the receiving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Danesin
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31520 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cathy Soula
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD) CNRS/UPS, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, 31520 Toulouse, France.
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45
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46
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Kiecker C, Graham A, Logan M. Differential Cellular Responses to Hedgehog Signalling in Vertebrates-What is the Role of Competence? J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4040036. [PMID: 29615599 PMCID: PMC5831800 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A surprisingly small number of signalling pathways generate a plethora of cellular responses ranging from the acquisition of multiple cell fates to proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis and cell death. These diverse responses may be due to the dose-dependent activities of signalling factors, or to intrinsic differences in the response of cells to a given signal—a phenomenon called differential cellular competence. In this review, we focus on temporal and spatial differences in competence for Hedgehog (HH) signalling, a signalling pathway that is reiteratively employed in embryos and adult organisms. We discuss the upstream signals and mechanisms that may establish differential competence for HHs in a range of different tissues. We argue that the changing competence for HH signalling provides a four-dimensional framework for the interpretation of the signal that is essential for the emergence of functional anatomy. A number of diseases—including several types of cancer—are caused by malfunctions of the HH pathway. A better understanding of what provides differential competence for this signal may reveal HH-related disease mechanisms and equip us with more specific tools to manipulate HH signalling in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kiecker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Anthony Graham
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Malcolm Logan
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Hodgkin Building, Guy's Hospital Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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47
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Wang IE, Lapan SW, Scimone ML, Clandinin TR, Reddien PW. Hedgehog signaling regulates gene expression in planarian glia. eLife 2016; 5:e16996. [PMID: 27612382 PMCID: PMC5055395 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is critical for vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) development, but its role in CNS biology in other organisms is poorly characterized. In the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea, hedgehog (hh) is expressed in medial cephalic ganglia neurons, suggesting a possible role in CNS maintenance or regeneration. We performed RNA sequencing of planarian brain tissue following RNAi of hh and patched (ptc), which encodes the Hh receptor. Two misregulated genes, intermediate filament-1 (if-1) and calamari (cali), were expressed in a previously unidentified non-neural CNS cell type. These cells expressed orthologs of astrocyte-associated genes involved in neurotransmitter uptake and metabolism, and extended processes enveloping regions of high synapse concentration. We propose that these cells are planarian glia. Planarian glia were distributed broadly, but only expressed if-1 and cali in the neuropil near hh+ neurons. Planarian glia and their regulation by Hedgehog signaling present a novel tractable system for dissection of glia biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving E Wang
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Sylvain W Lapan
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - M Lucila Scimone
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Thomas R Clandinin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Peter W Reddien
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
- Whitehead Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
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48
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Traiffort E, Zakaria M, Laouarem Y, Ferent J. Hedgehog: A Key Signaling in the Development of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:jdb4030028. [PMID: 29615592 PMCID: PMC5831774 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog morphogen aroused an enormous interest since it was characterized as an essential signal for ventral patterning of the spinal cord two decades ago. The pathway is notably implicated in the initial appearance of the progenitors of oligodendrocytes (OPCs), the glial cells of the central nervous system which after maturation are responsible for axon myelination. In accordance with the requirement for Hedgehog signaling in ventral patterning, the earliest identifiable cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage are derived from the ventral ventricular zone of the developing spinal cord and brain. Here, we present the current knowledge about the involvement of Hedgehog signaling in the strict spatial and temporal regulation which characterizes the initiation and progression of the oligodendrocyte lineage. We notably describe the ability of the Hedgehog signaling to tightly orchestrate the appearance of specific combinations of genes in concert with other pathways. We document the molecular mechanisms controlling Hedgehog temporal activity during OPC specification. The contribution of the pathway to aspects of OPC development different from their specification is also highlighted especially in the optic nerve. Finally, we report the data demonstrating that Hedgehog signaling-dependency is not a universal situation for oligodendrocyte generation as evidenced in the dorsal spinal cord in contrast to the dorsal forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Traiffort
- Neuroprotective, Neuroregenerative and Remyelinating Small Molecules' U1195, INSERM-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
| | - Mary Zakaria
- Neuroprotective, Neuroregenerative and Remyelinating Small Molecules' U1195, INSERM-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
| | - Yousra Laouarem
- Neuroprotective, Neuroregenerative and Remyelinating Small Molecules' U1195, INSERM-Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 80 rue du Général Leclerc, Kremlin-Bicêtre F-94276, France.
| | - Julien Ferent
- IRCM, Molecular Biology of Neural Development, 110 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
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49
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Uygur A, Young J, Huycke TR, Koska M, Briscoe J, Tabin CJ. Scaling Pattern to Variations in Size during Development of the Vertebrate Neural Tube. Dev Cell 2016; 37:127-35. [PMID: 27093082 PMCID: PMC4854284 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Anatomical proportions are robustly maintained in individuals that vary enormously in size, both within a species and between members of related taxa. However, the mechanisms underlying scaling are still poorly understood. We have examined this phenomenon in the context of the patterning of the ventral neural tube in response to a gradient of the morphogen Sonic hedgehog (SHH) in the chick and zebra finch, two species that differ in size during the time of neural tube patterning. We find that scaling is achieved, at least in part, by altering the sensitivity of the target cells to SHH and appears to be achieved by modulating the ratio of the repressive and activating transcriptional regulators, GLI2 and GLI3. This mechanism contrasts with previous experimental and theoretical analyses of morphogenic scaling that have focused on compensatory changes in the morphogen gradient itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Uygur
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John Young
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tyler R Huycke
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mervenaz Koska
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James Briscoe
- Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Naruse M, Ishizaki Y, Ikenaka K, Tanaka A, Hitoshi S. Origin of oligodendrocytes in mammalian forebrains: a revised perspective. J Physiol Sci 2016; 67:63-70. [PMID: 27573166 PMCID: PMC5368213 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) appear in the late embryonic brain, mature into oligodendrocytes (OLs), and form myelin in the postnatal brain. It has been proposed that early born OPCs derived from the ventral forebrain are eliminated postnatally and late-born OLs predominate in the adult mouse cortex. However, the temporal and regional niche for cortical OL generation, which persists throughout life in adult mammals, remains to be determined. Our recent study provides new insight into self-renewing and multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs). Our results, together with previous studies, suggest that NSCs at the dorsoventral boundary are uniquely specialized to produce myelin-forming OLs in the cortex during a restricted temporal window. These findings may help identify transcription factors or gene expression patterns which confer neural precursors with the characteristic ability of dorsoventral boundary NSCs to differentiate into OLs, and facilitate the development of new strategies for regenerative medicine of the damaged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Naruse
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yasuki Ishizaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Aoi Tanaka
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Seiji Hitoshi
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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