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Zhao L, Zhu Y, Tao H, Chen X, Yin F, Zhang Y, Qin J, Huang Y, Cai B, Lin Y, Wu J, Zhang Y, Liang L, Shen A, Yu XY. Ailanthone ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing JUN-dependent MEOX1 activation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:3543-3560. [PMID: 39220862 PMCID: PMC11365432 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis poses a significant health threat with very limited therapeutic options available. In this study, we reported the enhanced expression of mesenchymal homobox 1 (MEOX1) in pulmonary fibrosis patients, especially in their fibroblasts and endothelial cells, and confirmed MEOX1 as a central orchestrator in the activation of profibrotic genes. By high-throughput screening, we identified Ailanthone (AIL) from a natural compound library as the first small molecule capable of directly targeting and suppressing MEOX1. AIL demonstrated the ability to inhibit both the activation of fibroblasts and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of endothelial cells when challenged by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). In an animal model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, AIL effectively mitigated the fibrotic process and restored respiratory functions. Mechanistically, AIL acted as a suppressor of MEOX1 by disrupting the interaction between the transcription factor JUN and the promoter of MEOX1, thereby inhibiting MEOX1 expression and activity. In summary, our findings pinpointed MEOX1 as a cell-specific and clinically translatable target in fibrosis. Moreover, we demonstrated the potent anti-fibrotic effect of AIL in pulmonary fibrosis, specifically through the suppression of JUN-dependent MEOX1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiying Chen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Feng Yin
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jianfeng Qin
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yongyin Huang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Bikun Cai
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yonghao Lin
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Jiaxiang Wu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Lu Liang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Ao Shen
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, NMPA & State Key Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
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Janssen R, Budd GE. New insights into mesoderm and endoderm development, and the nature of the onychophoran blastopore. Front Zool 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38267986 PMCID: PMC10809584 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-024-00521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early during onychophoran development and prior to the formation of the germ band, a posterior tissue thickening forms the posterior pit. Anterior to this thickening forms a groove, the embryonic slit, that marks the anterior-posterior orientation of the developing embryo. This slit is by some authors considered the blastopore, and thus the origin of the endoderm, while others argue that the posterior pit represents the blastopore. This controversy is of evolutionary significance because if the slit represents the blastopore, then this would support the amphistomy hypothesis that suggests that a slit-like blastopore in the bilaterian ancestor evolved into protostomy and deuterostomy. RESULTS In this paper, we summarize our current knowledge about endoderm and mesoderm development in onychophorans and provide additional data on early endoderm- and mesoderm-determining marker genes such as Blimp, Mox, and the T-box genes. CONCLUSION We come to the conclusion that the endoderm of onychophorans forms prior to the development of the embryonic slit, and thus that the slit is not the primary origin of the endoderm. It is thus unlikely that the embryonic slit represents the blastopore. We suggest instead that the posterior pit indeed represents the lips of the blastopore, and that the embryonic slit (and surrounding tissue) represents a morphologically superficial archenteron-like structure. We conclude further that both endoderm and mesoderm development are under control of conserved gene regulatory networks, and that many of the features found in arthropods including the model Drosophila melanogaster are likely derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Graham E Budd
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Sadahiro T, Tani H, Ieda M. Response by Sadahiro et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Direct Reprogramming Improves Cardiac Function and Reverses Fibrosis in Chronic Myocardial Infarction". Circulation 2023; 148:172-173. [PMID: 37428829 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.123.065132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taketaro Sadahiro
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan (T.S.)
| | - Hidenori Tani
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan (H.T., M.I.)
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan (H.T., M.I.)
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4
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The role of MEOX1 in non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114068. [PMID: 36495659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene therapy has shown durable efficacy in non-neoplastic and neoplastic patients. Therefore, finding a suitable target has become a key area of research. Mesenchyme homeobox 1 (MEOX1) is a transcriptional factor that plays a significant role in regulation of somite development. Evidence indicates that abnormalities in MEOX1 expression and function are associated with a variety of pathologies, including non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases. MEOX1 expression is upregulated during progression of most diseases and plays a critical role in maintenance of the cellular phenotypes such as cell differentiation, cell cycle arrest and senescence, migration, and proliferation. Therefore, MEOX1 may become an important molecular target and therapeutic target. This review will discuss the current state of knowledge on the role of MEOX1 in different diseases.
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5
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Sun D, Huan P, Liu B. Early mesodermal development in the patellogastropod Lottia goshimai. Evol Appl 2023; 16:250-261. [PMID: 36793691 PMCID: PMC9923484 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesodermal development is essential to explore the interlineage variations in the development of spiralians. Compared with model mollusks such as Tritia and Crepidula, knowledge about the mesodermal development of other molluscan lineages is limited. Here, we investigated early mesodermal development in the patellogastropod Lottia goshimai, which shows equal cleavage and has a trochophore larva. The endomesoderm derived from the 4d blastomere, that is, the mesodermal bandlets, was situated dorsally and showed a characteristic morphology. Investigations of the potential mesodermal patterning genes revealed that twist1 and snail1 were expressed in a proportion of these endomesodermal tissues, while all of the five genes we investigated (twist1, twist2, snail1, snail2, and mox) were expressed in ventrally located ectomesodermal tissues. Relatively dynamic snail2 expression suggests additional roles in various internalization processes. By tracing snail2 expression in early gastrulae, the 3a211 and 3b211 blastomeres were suggested to be the precursors of the ectomesoderm, which elongated to become internalized before division. These results help to understand the variations in the mesodermal development of different spiralians and explore the different mechanisms by which ectomesodermal cells are internalized, which has important evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Sun
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pin Huan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)QingdaoChina
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine BiologyInstitute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and BiotechnologyPilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao)QingdaoChina
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6
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Kakihara S, Matsuda Y, Hirabayashi K, Imai A, Iesato Y, Sakurai T, Kamiyoshi A, Tanaka M, Ichikawa-Shindo Y, Kawate H, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Guo Q, Li P, Onishi N, Murata T, Shindo T. Role of Adrenomedullin 2/Intermedin in the Pathogenesis of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100038. [PMID: 36870288 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin 2 (AM2; also known as intermedin) is a member of the adrenomedullin (AM) peptide family. Similarly to AM, AM2 partakes in a variety of physiological activities. AM2 has been reported to exert protective effects on various organ disorders; however, its significance in the eye is unknown. We investigated the role of AM2 in ocular diseases. The receptor system of AM2 was expressed more abundantly in the choroid than in the retina. In an oxygen-induced retinopathy model, physiological and pathologic retinal angiogenesis did not differ between AM2-knockout (AM2-/-) and wild-type mice. In contrast, in laser-induced choroidal neovascularization, a model of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, AM2-/- mice had enlarged and leakier choroidal neovascularization lesions, with exacerbated subretinal fibrosis and macrophage infiltration. Contrary to this, exogenous administration of AM2 ameliorated the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization-associated pathology and suppressed gene expression associated with inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress, including that of VEGF-A, VEGFR-2, CD68, CTGF, and p22-phox. The stimulation of human adult retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE) cell line 19 cells with TGF-β2 and TNF-α induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas AM2 expression was also elevated. The induction of EMT was suppressed when the ARPE-19 cells were pretreated with AM2. A transcriptome analysis identified 15 genes, including mesenchyme homeobox 2 (Meox2), whose expression was significantly altered in the AM2-treated group compared with that in the control group. The expression of Meox2, a transcription factor that inhibits inflammation and fibrosis, was enhanced by AM2 treatment and attenuated by endogenous AM2 knockout in the early phase after laser irradiation. The AM2 treatment of endothelial cells inhibited endothelial to mesenchymal transition and NF-κB activation; however, this effect tended to be canceled following Meox2 gene knockdown. These results indicate that AM2 suppresses the neovascular age-related macular degeneration-related pathologies partially via the upregulation of Meox2. Thus, AM2 may be a promising therapeutic target for ocular vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kakihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yorishige Matsuda
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Hirabayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akira Imai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Iesato
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakurai
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akiko Kamiyoshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Megumu Tanaka
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuka Ichikawa-Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hisaka Kawate
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yunlu Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - QianQian Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Peixuan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Naho Onishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Toshinori Murata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan; Department of Life Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
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7
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Mashinchian O, De Franceschi F, Nassiri S, Michaud J, Migliavacca E, Aouad P, Metairon S, Pruvost S, Karaz S, Fabre P, Molina T, Stuelsatz P, Hegde N, Le Moal E, Dammone G, Dumont NA, Lutolf MP, Feige JN, Bentzinger CF. An engineered multicellular stem cell niche for the 3D derivation of human myogenic progenitors from iPSCs. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110655. [PMID: 35703167 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022110655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fate decisions in the embryo are controlled by a plethora of microenvironmental interactions in a three-dimensional niche. To investigate whether aspects of this microenvironmental complexity can be engineered to direct myogenic human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) differentiation, we here screened murine cell types present in the developmental or adult stem cell niche in heterotypic suspension embryoids. We identified embryonic endothelial cells and fibroblasts as highly permissive for myogenic specification of hiPSCs. After two weeks of sequential Wnt and FGF pathway induction, these three-component embryoids are enriched in Pax7-positive embryonic-like myogenic progenitors that can be isolated by flow cytometry. Myogenic differentiation of hiPSCs in heterotypic embryoids relies on a specialized structural microenvironment and depends on MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and Notch signaling. After transplantation in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, embryonic-like myogenic progenitors repopulate the stem cell niche, reactivate after repeated injury, and, compared to adult human myoblasts, display enhanced fusion and lead to increased muscle function. Altogether, we provide a two-week protocol for efficient and scalable suspension-based 3D derivation of Pax7-positive myogenic progenitors from hiPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mashinchian
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sina Nassiri
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joris Michaud
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Patrick Aouad
- School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Metairon
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solenn Pruvost
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Karaz
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Fabre
- Faculty of Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Molina
- Faculty of Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Pascal Stuelsatz
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nagabhooshan Hegde
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmeran Le Moal
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Gabriele Dammone
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas A Dumont
- Faculty of Medicine, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matthias P Lutolf
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jerome N Feige
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Florian Bentzinger
- Nestlé Research, Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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8
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Kokotović T, Lenartowicz EM, Langeslag M, Ciotu CI, Fell CW, Scaramuzza A, Fischer MJM, Kress M, Penninger JM, Nagy V. Transcription factor mesenchyme homeobox protein 2 (MEOX2) modulates nociceptor function. FEBS J 2022; 289:3457-3476. [PMID: 35029322 PMCID: PMC9306780 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchyme homeobox protein 2 (MEOX2) is a transcription factor involved in mesoderm differentiation, including development of bones, muscles, vasculature and dermatomes. We have previously identified dysregulation of MEOX2 in fibroblasts from Congenital Insensitivity to Pain patients, and confirmed that btn, the Drosophila homologue of MEOX2, plays a role in nocifensive responses to noxious heat stimuli. To determine the importance of MEOX2 in the mammalian peripheral nervous system, we used a Meox2 heterozygous (Meox2+/−) mouse model to characterise its function in the sensory nervous system, and more specifically, in nociception. MEOX2 is expressed in the mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord, and localises in the nuclei of a subset of sensory neurons. Functional studies of the mouse model, including behavioural, cellular and electrophysiological analyses, showed altered nociception encompassing impaired action potential initiation upon depolarisation. Mechanistically, we noted decreased expression of Scn9a and Scn11a genes encoding Nav1.7 and Nav1.9 voltage‐gated sodium channels respectively, that are crucial in subthreshold amplification and action potential initiation in nociceptors. Further transcriptomic analyses of Meox2+/− DRG revealed downregulation of a specific subset of genes including those previously associated with pain perception, such as PENK and NPY. Based on these observations, we propose a novel role of MEOX2 in primary afferent nociceptor neurons for the maintenance of a transcriptional programme required for proper perception of acute and inflammatory noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Kokotović
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria
- CeMM‐Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | | | - Michiel Langeslag
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Institute of Physiology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
- Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI) University of Innsbruck Austria
- Department of Pharmacology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Cosmin I. Ciotu
- Institute of Physiology Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Christopher W. Fell
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria
- CeMM‐Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Angelica Scaramuzza
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria
| | | | - Michaela Kress
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics Institute of Physiology Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences VBC – Vienna BioCenter Campus Vienna Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics Life Science Institute University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
| | - Vanja Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases Vienna Austria
- CeMM‐Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Vienna Austria
- Department of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Austria
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9
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Reagan AM, Onos KD, Heuer SE, Sasner M, Howell GR. Improving mouse models for the study of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:79-113. [PMID: 35461569 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease whose risk is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Although a number of pathological hallmarks have been extensively studied over the last several decades, a complete picture of disease initiation and progression remains unclear. We now understand that numerous cell types and systems are involved in AD pathogenesis, and that this cellular profile may present differently for each individual, making the creation of relevant mouse models challenging. However, with increasingly diverse data made available by genome-wide association studies, we can identify and examine new genes and pathways involved in genetic risk for AD, many of which involve vascular health and inflammation. When developing mouse models, it is critical to assess (1) an aging timeline that represents onset and progression in humans, (2) genetic variants and context, (3) environmental factors present in human populations that result in both neuropathological and functional changes-themes that we address in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah E Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States; Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Gareth R Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States; Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States.
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10
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de Lemos L, Dias A, Nóvoa A, Mallo M. Epha1 is a cell-surface marker for the neuromesodermal competent population. Development 2022; 149:274735. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.198812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The vertebrate body is built during embryonic development by the sequential addition of new tissue as the embryo grows at its caudal end. During this process, progenitor cells within the neuromesodermal competent (NMC) region generate the postcranial neural tube and paraxial mesoderm. Here, we have applied a genetic strategy to recover the NMC cell population from mouse embryonic tissues and have searched their transcriptome for cell-surface markers that would give access to these cells without previous genetic modifications. We found that Epha1 expression is restricted to the axial progenitor-containing areas of the mouse embryo. Epha1-positive cells isolated from the mouse tailbud generate neural and mesodermal derivatives when cultured in vitro. This observation, together with their enrichment in the Sox2+/Tbxt+ molecular phenotype, indicates a direct association between Epha1 and the NMC population. Additional analyses suggest that tailbud cells expressing low Epha1 levels might also contain notochord progenitors, and that high Epha1 expression might be associated with progenitors entering paraxial mesoderm differentiation. Epha1 could thus be a valuable cell-surface marker for labeling and recovering physiologically active axial progenitors from embryonic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa de Lemos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Dias
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Nóvoa
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Moisés Mallo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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11
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Campbell GP, Farkas DR, Chapman DL. Ectopic expression of T in the paraxial mesoderm disrupts somite maturation in the mouse. Dev Biol 2022; 485:37-49. [PMID: 35276131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
T is the founding member of the T-box family of transcription factors; family members are critical for cell fate decisions and tissue morphogenesis throughout the animal kingdom. T is expressed in the primitive streak and notochord with mouse mutant studies revealing its critical role in mesoderm formation in the primitive streak and notochord integrity. We previously demonstrated that misexpression of Tbx6 in the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm results in embryos resembling Tbx15 and Tbx18 nulls. This, together with results from in vitro transcriptional assays, suggested that ectopically expressed Tbx6 can compete with endogenously expressed Tbx15 and Tbx18 at the binding sites of target genes. Since T-box proteins share a similar DNA binding domain, we hypothesized that misexpressing T in the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm would also interfere with the endogenous Tbx15 and Tbx18, causing embryonic phenotypes resembling those seen upon Tbx6 expression in the somites and limbs. Interestingly, ectopic T expression led to distinct embryonic phenotypes, specifically, reduced-sized somites in embryos expressing the highest levels of T, which ultimately affects axis length and neural tube morphogenesis. We further demonstrate that ectopic T leads to ectopic expression of Tbx6 and Mesogenin 1, known targets of T. These results suggests that ectopic T expression contributes to the phenotype by activating its own targets rather than via a straight competition with endogenous T-box factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Deborah R Farkas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Deborah L Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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12
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Prakash R, Freyer L, Saiz N, Gavrilov S, Wang RQ, Romanienko PJ, Lacy E, Hadjantonakis AK, Jasin M. XRCC3 loss leads to midgestational embryonic lethality in mice. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 108:103227. [PMID: 34601382 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RAD51 paralogs are key components of the homologous recombination (HR) machinery. Mouse mutants have been reported for four of the canonical RAD51 paralogs, and each of these mutants exhibits embryonic lethality, although at different gestational stages. However, the phenotype of mice deficient in the fifth RAD51 paralog, XRCC3, has not been reported. Here we report that Xrcc3 knockout mice exhibit midgestational lethality, with mild phenotypes beginning at about E8.25 but severe developmental abnormalities evident by E9.0-9.5. The most obvious phenotypes are small size and a failure of the embryo to turn to a fetal position. A knockin mutation at a key ATPase residue in the Walker A box results in embryonic lethality at a similar stage. Death of knockout mice can be delayed a few days for some embryos by homozygous or heterozygous Trp53 mutation, in keeping with an important role for XRCC3 in promoting genome integrity. Given that XRCC3 is a unique member of one of two RAD51 paralog complexes with RAD51C, these results demonstrate that both RAD51 paralog complexes are required for mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Prakash
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laina Freyer
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Néstor Saiz
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Rockefeller University Press, New York, NY, United States
| | - Svetlana Gavrilov
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Bristol-Myers Squibb, New York, NY, United States
| | - Raymond Q Wang
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Peter J Romanienko
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States; Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Elizabeth Lacy
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 430 East 67 Street, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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13
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Sachslehner A, Zieger E, Calcino A, Wanninger A. HES and Mox genes are expressed during early mesoderm formation in a mollusk with putative ancestral features. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18030. [PMID: 34504115 PMCID: PMC8429573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96711-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The mesoderm is considered the youngest of the three germ layers. Although its morphogenesis has been studied in some metazoans, the molecular components underlying this process remain obscure for numerous phyla including the highly diverse Mollusca. Here, expression of Hairy and enhancer of split (HES), Mox, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) was investigated in Acanthochitona fascicularis, a representative of Polyplacophora with putative ancestral molluscan features. While AfaMHC is expressed throughout myogenesis, AfaMox1 is only expressed during early stages of mesodermal band formation and in the ventrolateral muscle, an autapomorphy of the polyplacophoran trochophore. Comparing our findings to previously published data across Metazoa reveals Mox expression in the mesoderm in numerous bilaterians including gastropods, polychaetes, and brachiopods. It is also involved in myogenesis in molluscs, annelids, tunicates, and craniates, suggesting a dual role of Mox in mesoderm and muscle formation in the last common bilaterian ancestor. AfaHESC2 is expressed in the ectoderm of the polyplacophoran gastrula and later in the mesodermal bands and in putative neural tissue, whereas AfaHESC7 is expressed in the trochoblasts of the gastrula and during foregut formation. This confirms the high developmental variability of HES gene expression and demonstrates that Mox and HES genes are pleiotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Sachslehner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Zieger
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew Calcino
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Unit for Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Wind M, Gogolou A, Manipur I, Granata I, Butler L, Andrews PW, Barbaric I, Ning K, Guarracino MR, Placzek M, Tsakiridis A. Defining the signalling determinants of a posterior ventral spinal cord identity in human neuromesodermal progenitor derivatives. Development 2021; 148:dev194415. [PMID: 33658223 PMCID: PMC8015249 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The anteroposterior axial identity of motor neurons (MNs) determines their functionality and vulnerability to neurodegeneration. Thus, it is a crucial parameter in the design of strategies aiming to produce MNs from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) for regenerative medicine/disease modelling applications. However, the in vitro generation of posterior MNs corresponding to the thoracic/lumbosacral spinal cord has been challenging. Although the induction of cells resembling neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), the bona fide precursors of the spinal cord, offers a promising solution, the progressive specification of posterior MNs from these cells is not well defined. Here, we determine the signals guiding the transition of human NMP-like cells toward thoracic ventral spinal cord neurectoderm. We show that combined WNT-FGF activities drive a posterior dorsal pre-/early neural state, whereas suppression of TGFβ-BMP signalling pathways promotes a ventral identity and neural commitment. Based on these results, we define an optimised protocol for the generation of thoracic MNs that can efficiently integrate within the neural tube of chick embryos. We expect that our findings will facilitate the comparison of hPSC-derived spinal cord cells of distinct axial identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wind
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Antigoni Gogolou
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ichcha Manipur
- Computational and Data Science Laboratory, High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Ilaria Granata
- Computational and Data Science Laboratory, High Performance Computing and Networking Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Larissa Butler
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ivana Barbaric
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | | | - Marysia Placzek
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Anestis Tsakiridis
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Biomedical Science and Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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15
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Tyser RCV, Ibarra-Soria X, McDole K, Arcot Jayaram S, Godwin J, van den Brand TAH, Miranda AMA, Scialdone A, Keller PJ, Marioni JC, Srinivas S. Characterization of a common progenitor pool of the epicardium and myocardium. Science 2021; 371:eabb2986. [PMID: 33414188 PMCID: PMC7615359 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart is derived from multiple cell lineages; however, our understanding of when and how the diverse cardiac cell types arise is limited. We mapped the origin of the embryonic mouse heart at single-cell resolution using a combination of transcriptomic, imaging, and genetic lineage labeling approaches. This mapping provided a transcriptional and anatomic definition of cardiac progenitor types. Furthermore, it revealed a cardiac progenitor pool that is anatomically and transcriptionally distinct from currently known cardiac progenitors. Besides contributing to cardiomyocytes, these cells also represent the earliest progenitor of the epicardium, a source of trophic factors and cells during cardiac development and injury. This study provides detailed insights into the formation of early cardiac cell types, with particular relevance to the development of cell-based cardiac regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C V Tyser
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Ximena Ibarra-Soria
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Katie McDole
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Satish Arcot Jayaram
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Jonathan Godwin
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Teun A H van den Brand
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Antonio M A Miranda
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-81377 München, Germany
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp J Keller
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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16
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Gasparyan M, Lo MC, Jiang H, Lin CC, Sun D. Combined p53- and PTEN-deficiency activates expression of mesenchyme homeobox 1 (MEOX1) required for growth of triple-negative breast cancer. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12188-12202. [PMID: 32467227 PMCID: PMC7443492 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive cancer subtype for which effective therapies are unavailable. TNBC has a high frequency of tumor protein p53 (Tp53/p53)- and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) deficiencies, and combined p53- and PTEN-deficiency is associated with poor prognosis and poor response to anticancer therapies. In this study, we discovered that combined p53- and PTEN-deficiency in TNBC activates expression of the transcription factor mesenchyme homeobox 1 (MEOX1). We found that MEOX1 is expressed only in TNBC cells with frequent deficiencies in p53 and PTEN, and that its expression is undetectable in luminal A, luminal B, and HER2+ subtypes, as well as in normal breast cells with wild-type (WT) p53 and PTEN. Notably, siRNA knockdown of both p53 and PTEN activated MEOX1 expression in breast cancer cells, whereas individual knockdowns of either p53 or PTEN had only minimal effects on MEOX1 expression. MEOX1 knockdown abolished cell proliferation of p53- and PTEN-deficient TNBC in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo, but had no effect on the proliferation of luminal and HER2+ cancer cells and normal breast cells. RNA-Seq and immunoblotting analyses showed that MEOX1 knockdown decreased expression of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B (STAT5B), and STAT6 in p53- and PTEN-deficient TNBC cells. These results reveal the effects of combined p53- and PTEN-deficiency on MEOX1 expression and TNBC cell proliferation, suggesting that MEOX1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for managing p53- and PTEN-deficient TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Gasparyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Miao-Chia Lo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chang-Ching Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Chemical Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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17
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Gene network transitions in embryos depend upon interactions between a pioneer transcription factor and core histones. Nat Genet 2020; 52:418-427. [PMID: 32203463 PMCID: PMC7901023 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene network transitions in embryos and other fate-changing contexts involve combinations of transcription factors. A subset of fate-changing transcription factors act as pioneers; they scan and target nucleosomal DNA and initiate cooperative events that can open the local chromatin. But a gap has remained in understanding how molecular interactions with the nucleosome contribute to the chromatin-opening phenomenon. Here we identified a short alpha-helical region, conserved among FOXA pioneer factors, that interacts with core histones and contributes to chromatin opening in vitro. The same domain is involved in chromatin opening in early mouse embryos for normal development. Thus, local opening of chromatin by interactions between pioneer factors and core histones promotes genetic programming.
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18
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Lu D, Wang J, Li J, Guan F, Zhang X, Dong W, Liu N, Gao S, Zhang L. Meox1 accelerates myocardial hypertrophic decompensation through Gata4. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:300-311. [PMID: 29155983 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Pathological hypertrophy is the result of gene network regulation, which ultimately leads to adverse cardiac remodelling and heart failure (HF) and is accompanied by the reactivation of a 'foetal gene programme'. The Mesenchyme homeobox 1 (Meox1) gene is one of the foetal programme genes. Meox1 may play a role in embryonic development, but its regulation of pathological hypertrophy is not known. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of Meox1 on pathological hypertrophy, including familial and pressure overload-induced hypertrophy, and its potential mechanism of action. Methods and results Meox1 expression was markedly down-regulated in the wild-type adult mouse heart with age, and expression was up-regulated in heart tissues from familial dilated cardiomyopathy (FDCM) mice of the cTnTR141W strain, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHCM) mice of the cTnTR92Q strain, pressure overload-induced HF mice, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients. Echocardiography, histopathology, and hypertrophic molecular markers consistently demonstrated that Meox1 overexpression exacerbated the phenotypes in FHCM and in mice with thoracic aorta constriction (TAC), and that Meox1 knockdown improved the pathological changes. Gata4 was identified as a potential downstream target of Meox1 using digital gene expression (DGE) profiling, real-time PCR, and bioinformatics analysis. Promoter activity data and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and Gata4 knockdown analyses indicated that Meox1 acted via activation of Gata4 transcription. Conclusion Meox1 accelerated decompensation via the downstream target Gata4, at least in part directly. Meox1 and other foetal programme genes form a highly interconnected network, which offers multiple therapeutic entry points to dampen the aberrant expression of foetal genes and pathological hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Building 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jizheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishilu, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Building 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Feifei Guan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Building 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Building 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Building 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Building 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Building 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, NHFPC, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medical Center, Peking Union Medical College, Building 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100021, China
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19
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The Fusion Oncogene FUS-CHOP Drives Sarcomagenesis of High-Grade Spindle Cell Sarcomas in Mice. Sarcoma 2019; 2019:1340261. [PMID: 31427882 PMCID: PMC6683777 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1340261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxoid liposarcoma is a malignant soft tissue sarcoma characterized by a pathognomonic t(12;16)(q13;p11) translocation that produces a fusion oncoprotein, FUS-CHOP. This cancer is remarkably sensitive to radiotherapy and exhibits a unique pattern of extrapulmonary metastasis. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a spatially and temporally restricted mouse model of sarcoma driven by FUS-CHOP. Using different Cre drivers in the adipocyte lineage, we initiated in vivo tumorigenesis by expressing FUS-CHOP in Prrx1+ mesenchymal progenitor cells. In contrast, expression of FUS-CHOP in more differentiated cells does not form tumors in vivo, and early expression of the oncoprotein during embryogenesis is lethal. We also employ in vivo electroporation and CRISPR technology to rapidly generate spatially and temporally restricted mouse models of high-grade FUS-CHOP-driven sarcomas for preclinical studies.
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20
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Dauer MVP, Currie PD, Berger J. Skeletal malformations of Meox1-deficient zebrafish resemble human Klippel-Feil syndrome. J Anat 2018; 233:687-695. [PMID: 30277257 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a congenital vertebral anomaly, which is characterised by the fusion of at least two cervical vertebrae and a clinically broad set of symptoms, including congenital scoliosis and elevated scapula (Sprengel's deformity). Klippel-Feil syndrome is associated with mutations in MEOX1. The zebrafish mutant choker (cho) carries a mutation in its orthologue, meox1. Although zebrafish is being increasingly employed as fidelitous models of human spinal disease, the vertebral column of Meox1-deficient fish has not been assessed for defects. Here, we describe the skeletal defects of meox1cho mutant zebrafish utilising alizarin red to stain bones and chemical maceration of soft tissue to detect fusions in an unbiased manner. Obtained data reveal that meox1cho mutants feature aspects of a number of described symptoms of patients who suffer from Klippel-Feil syndrome and have mutations in MEOX1. These include vertebral fusion, congenital scoliosis and an asymmetry of the pectoral girdle, which resembles Sprengel's deformity. Thus, the meox1cho mutant zebrafish may serve as a useful tool to study the pathogenesis of the symptoms associated with Klippel-Feil syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn V P Dauer
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Victoria Node, EMBL Australia, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter D Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Victoria Node, EMBL Australia, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Joachim Berger
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Victoria Node, EMBL Australia, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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21
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Tran DL, Imura H, Mori A, Suzuki S, Niimi T, Ono M, Sakuma C, Nakahara S, Nguyen TTH, Pham PT, Hoang V, Tran VTT, Nguyen MD, Natsume N. Association of MEOX2 polymorphism with nonsyndromic cleft palate only in a Vietnamese population. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2018; 58:124-129. [PMID: 29030958 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs227493 in the MEOX2 gene and nonsyndromic cleft palate only, this research was conducted as a case-control study by comparing a nonsyndromic cleft palate only group with an independent, healthy, and unaffected control group who were both examined by specialists. Based on clinical examination and medical records, we analyzed a total of 570 DNA samples, including 277 cases and 293 controls, which were extracted from dry blood spot samples collected from both the Odonto and Maxillofacial Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City and Nguyen Dinh Chieu Hospital in Ben Tre province, respectively. The standard procedures of genotyping the specific SNP (rs2237493) for MEOX2 were performed on a StepOne Realtime PCR system with TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays. Significant statistical differences were observed in allelic frequencies (allele T and allele G) between the non-syndromic cleft palate only and control groups in female subjects, with an allelic odds ratio of 1.455 (95% confidence interval: 1.026-2.064) and P < 0.05. These study findings suggest that nonsyndromic isolated cleft palate might be influenced by variation of MEOX2, especially SNP rs2237493 in Vietnamese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy L Tran
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Nguyen Dinh Chieu General Hopsital, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Hideto Imura
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maya Ono
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chisato Sakuma
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakahara
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tham T H Nguyen
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Nguyen Dinh Chieu General Hopsital, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Phuong T Pham
- Nguyen Dinh Chieu General Hopsital, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Viet Hoang
- Nguyen Dinh Chieu General Hopsital, Ben Tre, Vietnam
| | - Van T T Tran
- Odonto and Maxillofacial Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Minh D Nguyen
- Odonto and Maxillofacial Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
| | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.,Cleft Lip and Palate Center, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Speech, Hearing, and Language, Aichi Gakuin Dental Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
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22
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Singh AJ, Chang CN, Ma HY, Ramsey SA, Filtz TM, Kioussi C. FACS-Seq analysis of Pax3-derived cells identifies non-myogenic lineages in the embryonic forelimb. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7670. [PMID: 29769607 PMCID: PMC5956100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle in the forelimb develops during embryonic and fetal development and perinatally. While much is known regarding the molecules involved in forelimb myogenesis, little is known about the specific mechanisms and interactions. Migrating skeletal muscle precursor cells express Pax3 as they migrate into the forelimb from the dermomyotome. To compare gene expression profiles of the same cell population over time, we isolated lineage-traced Pax3+ cells (Pax3EGFP) from forelimbs at different embryonic days. We performed whole transcriptome profiling via RNA-Seq of Pax3+ cells to construct gene networks involved in different stages of embryonic and fetal development. With this, we identified genes involved in the skeletal, muscular, vascular, nervous and immune systems. Expression of genes related to the immune, skeletal and vascular systems showed prominent increases over time, suggesting a non-skeletal myogenic context of Pax3-derived cells. Using co-expression analysis, we observed an immune-related gene subnetwork active during fetal myogenesis, further implying that Pax3-derived cells are not a strictly myogenic lineage, and are involved in patterning and three-dimensional formation of the forelimb through multiple systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun J Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Chih-Ning Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.,Molecular Cell Biology Graduate Program, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Stephen A Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.,School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Theresa M Filtz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Chrissa Kioussi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA.
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23
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Dong K, Guo X, Chen W, Hsu AC, Shao Q, Chen JF, Chen SY. Mesenchyme homeobox 1 mediates transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced smooth muscle cell differentiation from mouse mesenchymal progenitors. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8712-8719. [PMID: 29678882 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is critical for proper vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling SMC differentiation are not completely understood. During embryogenesis, the transcription factor mesenchyme homeobox 1 (Meox1) is expressed in the early developing somite, which is one of the origins of SMCs. In the present study, we identified Meox1 as a positive regulator of SMC differentiation. We found that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) induces Meox1 expression in the initial phase of SMC differentiation of pluripotent murine C3H10T1/2 cells. shRNA-mediated Meox1 knockdown suppressed TGF-β-induced expression of SMC early markers, whereas Meox1 overexpression increased expression of these markers. Mechanistically, Meox1 promoted SMAD family member 3 (Smad3) nuclear retention during the early stage of TGF-β stimulation because Meox1 inhibited protein phosphatase Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent 1A (PPM1A) and thereby prevented PPM1A-mediated Smad3 dephosphorylation. Meox1 appears to promote PPM1A degradation, leading to sustained Smad3 phosphorylation, thus allowing Smad3 to stimulate SMC gene transcription. In vivo, Meox1 knockdown in mouse embryos impaired SMC marker expression in the descending aorta of neonatal mice, indicating that Meox1 is essential for SMC differentiation during embryonic development. In summary, the transcriptional regulator Meox1 controls TGF-β-induced SMC differentiation from mesenchymal progenitor cells by preventing PPM1A-mediated Smad3 dephosphorylation, thereby supporting SMC gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Dong
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Xia Guo
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Weiping Chen
- Genomic Core Laboratory, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, and
| | - Amanda C Hsu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Qiang Shao
- Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
| | - Shi-You Chen
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602,
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24
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Sun L, Burnett J, Gasparyan M, Xu F, Jiang H, Lin CC, Myers I, Korkaya H, Liu Y, Connarn J, He H, Zhang N, Wicha MS, Sun D. Novel cancer stem cell targets during epithelial to mesenchymal transition in PTEN-deficient trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51408-51422. [PMID: 27285982 PMCID: PMC5239484 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued use of trastuzumab in PTEN-deficient HER2+ breast cancer induces the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), transforms HER2+ to triple negative breast cancer, and expands breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Using cancer cell lines with two distinct states, epithelial and mesenchymal, we identified novel targets during EMT in PTEN-deficient trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. Differential gene expression and distinct responses to a small molecule in BT474 (HER2+ trastuzumab-sensitive) and the PTEN-deficient trastuzumab-resistant derivative (BT474-PTEN-LTT) provided the selection tools to identify targets during EMT. siRNA knockdown and small molecule inhibition confirmed MEOX1 as one of the critical molecular targets to regulate both BCSCs and mesenchymal-like cell proliferation. MEOX1 was associated with poor survival, lymph node metastasis, and stage of breast cancer patients. These findings suggest that MEOX1 is a clinically relevant novel target in BCSCs and mesenchymal-like cancer cells in PTEN-deficient trastuzumab resistant breast cancer and may serve as target for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Joseph Burnett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mari Gasparyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Fangying Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chang-Ching Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ila Myers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hasan Korkaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yajing Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jamie Connarn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Huining He
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Max S Wicha
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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25
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Wu B, Zhang L, Zhu YH, Zhang YE, Zheng F, Yang JY, Guo LY, Li XY, Wang L, Tang JM, Chen SY, Wang JN. Mesoderm/mesenchyme homeobox gene l promotes vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2018; 251:82-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Regulation of mesenchymal signaling in palatal mucosa differentiation. Histochem Cell Biol 2017; 149:143-152. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-017-1620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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27
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Daneshvar K, Pondick JV, Kim BM, Zhou C, York SR, Macklin JA, Abualteen A, Tan B, Sigova AA, Marcho C, Tremblay KD, Mager J, Choi MY, Mullen AC. DIGIT Is a Conserved Long Noncoding RNA that Regulates GSC Expression to Control Definitive Endoderm Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:353-365. [PMID: 27705785 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) exhibit diverse functions, including regulation of development. Here, we combine genome-wide mapping of SMAD3 occupancy with expression analysis to identify lncRNAs induced by activin signaling during endoderm differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We find that DIGIT is divergent to Goosecoid (GSC) and expressed during endoderm differentiation. Deletion of the SMAD3-occupied enhancer proximal to DIGIT inhibits DIGIT and GSC expression and definitive endoderm differentiation. Disruption of the gene encoding DIGIT and depletion of the DIGIT transcript reveal that DIGIT is required for definitive endoderm differentiation. In addition, we identify the mouse ortholog of DIGIT and show that it is expressed during development and promotes definitive endoderm differentiation of mouse ESCs. DIGIT regulates GSC in trans, and activation of endogenous GSC expression is sufficient to rescue definitive endoderm differentiation in DIGIT-deficient hESCs. Our study defines DIGIT as a conserved noncoding developmental regulator of definitive endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Daneshvar
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joshua V Pondick
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Byeong-Moo Kim
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Chan Zhou
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Samuel R York
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jillian A Macklin
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ameed Abualteen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bo Tan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; School of Fundamental Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Alla A Sigova
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chelsea Marcho
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kimberly D Tremblay
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Michael Y Choi
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alan C Mullen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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28
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Hooper JE, Feng W, Li H, Leach SM, Phang T, Siska C, Jones KL, Spritz RA, Hunter LE, Williams T. Systems biology of facial development: contributions of ectoderm and mesenchyme. Dev Biol 2017; 426:97-114. [PMID: 28363736 PMCID: PMC5530582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in gene-centric biological knowledge coupled with analytic approaches for genomewide data integration provides an opportunity to develop systems-level understanding of facial development. Experimental analyses have demonstrated the importance of signaling between the surface ectoderm and the underlying mesenchyme are coordinating facial patterning. However, current transcriptome data from the developing vertebrate face is dominated by the mesenchymal component, and the contributions of the ectoderm are not easily identified. We have generated transcriptome datasets from critical periods of mouse face formation that enable gene expression to be analyzed with respect to time, prominence, and tissue layer. Notably, by separating the ectoderm and mesenchyme we considerably improved the sensitivity compared to data obtained from whole prominences, with more genes detected over a wider dynamic range. From these data we generated a detailed description of ectoderm-specific developmental programs, including pan-ectodermal programs, prominence- specific programs and their temporal dynamics. The genes and pathways represented in these programs provide mechanistic insights into several aspects of ectodermal development. We also used these data to identify co-expression modules specific to facial development. We then used 14 co-expression modules enriched for genes involved in orofacial clefts to make specific mechanistic predictions about genes involved in tongue specification, in nasal process patterning and in jaw development. Our multidimensional gene expression dataset is a unique resource for systems analysis of the developing face; our co-expression modules are a resource for predicting functions of poorly annotated genes, or for predicting roles for genes that have yet to be studied in the context of facial development; and our analytic approaches provide a paradigm for analysis of other complex developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan E Hooper
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Weiguo Feng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Sonia M Leach
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | - Tzulip Phang
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Charlotte Siska
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kenneth L Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Richard A Spritz
- Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Hunter
- Computational Bioscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Trevor Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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29
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Dixon K, Chen J, Li Q. Gene expression profiling discerns molecular pathways elicited by ligand signaling to enhance the specification of embryonic stem cells into skeletal muscle lineage. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:23. [PMID: 28469839 PMCID: PMC5414197 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of lineage specification and differentiation in embryonic stem (ES) cells can be achieved through the activation of endogenous signaling, an avenue for potential application in regenerative medicine. During vertebrate development, retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in body axis elongation and mesoderm segmentation in that graded exposure to RA provides cells with positional identity and directs commitment to specific tissue lineages. Nevertheless, bexarotene, a clinically approved rexinoid, enhances the specification and differentiation of ES cells into skeletal myocytes more effectively than RA. Thus profiling the transcriptomes of ES cells differentiated with bexarotene or RA permits the identification of different genetic targets and signaling pathways that may contribute to the difference of bexarotene and RA in efficiency of myogenesis. Interestingly, bexarotene induces the early expression of a myogenic progenitor marker, Meox1, while the expression of many RA targets is also enhanced by bexarotene. Several signaling molecules involved in the progression of myogenic specification and commitment are differentially regulated by bexarotene and RA, suggesting that early targets of rexinoid allow the coordinated regulation of molecular events which leads to efficient myogenic differentiation in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Dixon
- 0000 0001 2182 2255grid.28046.38Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 2537, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada
| | - Jihong Chen
- 0000 0001 2182 2255grid.28046.38Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Qiao Li
- 0000 0001 2182 2255grid.28046.38Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Room 2537, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5 Canada ,0000 0001 2182 2255grid.28046.38Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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30
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Adverse effect of valproic acid on an in vitro gastrulation model entails activation of retinoic acid signaling. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 66:68-83. [PMID: 27693483 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), an antiepileptic drug, is a teratogen that causes neural tube and axial skeletal defects, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. We previously established a gastrulation model using mouse P19C5 stem cell embryoid bodies (EBs), which exhibits axial patterning and elongation morphogenesis in vitro. Here, we investigated the effects of VPA on the EB axial morphogenesis to gain insights into its teratogenic mechanisms. Axial elongation and patterning of EBs were inhibited by VPA at therapeutic concentrations. VPA elevated expression levels of various developmental regulators, including Cdx1 and Hoxa1, known transcriptional targets of retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Co-treatment of EBs with VPA and BMS493, an RA receptor antagonist, partially rescued axial elongation as well as gene expression profiles. These results suggest that VPA requires active RA signaling to interfere with EB morphogenesis.
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31
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Reddy PC, Unni MK, Gungi A, Agarwal P, Galande S. Evolution of Hox-like genes in Cnidaria: Study of Hydra Hox repertoire reveals tailor-made Hox-code for Cnidarians. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 2:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Mahmood A, Aldahmash A. Induction of primitive streak and mesendoderm formation in monolayer hESC culture by activation of TGF-β signaling pathway by Activin B. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:692-7. [PMID: 26586995 PMCID: PMC4625190 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the ability to differentiate into all human cells, however controlling the differentiation has always been a challenge. In the present study we have investigated the direct differentiation of hESCs on MEFs by using TGF-β signaling pathway activators Activin A and Activin B. Activation of the TGF-β pathway with Activin B in low serum highly induced primitive streak and mesendoderm formation after 24 h, which included up-regulation of SOX 17 and BRACHYURY protein and gene expression. Continuous stimulation with Activin B in 2% serum further induced mesendoderm formation by increased gene expression of Brachyury, SOX17, MEOX and FOX at the same time we found down-regulation of neuroectodermal marker genes. Further, by stimulating the mesodermal cells by BMP-2 we succeeded to induce mesenchymal like cells with high expression of mesenchymal markers including; MEOX, FOX, RUNX2, COL1 and OSTEOPONTIN. In conclusion we have directed the differentiation of hESCs as monolayer to primitive streak like cells with Activin B and further into pure mesoderm and mesenchymal like cells by BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Mahmood
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldahmash
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Khalid University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Hilton C, Karpe F, Pinnick KE. Role of developmental transcription factors in white, brown and beige adipose tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:686-96. [PMID: 25668679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the role of developmental transcription factors in adipose tissue biology with a focus on how these developmental genes may contribute to regional variation in adipose tissue distribution and function. Regional, depot-specific, differences in lipid handling and signalling (lipolysis, lipid storage and adipokine/lipokine signalling) are important determinants of metabolic health. At a cellular level, preadipocytes removed from their original depot and cultured in vitro retain depot-specific functional properties, implying that these are intrinsic to the cells and not a function of their environment in situ. High throughput screening has identified a number of developmental transcription factors involved in embryological development, including members of the Homeobox and T-Box gene families, that are strongly differentially expressed between regional white adipose tissue depots and also between brown and white adipose tissue. However, the significance of depot-specific developmental signatures remains unclear. Developmental transcription factors determine body patterning during embryogenesis. The divergent developmental origins of regional adipose tissue depots may explain their differing functional characteristics. There is evidence from human genetics that developmental genes determine adipose tissue distribution: in GWAS studies a number of developmental genes have been identified as being correlated with anthropometric measures of adiposity and fat distribution. Additionally, compelling functional studies have recently implicated developmental genes in both white adipogenesis and the so-called 'browning' of white adipose tissue. Understanding the genetic and developmental pathways in adipose tissue may help uncover novel ways to intervene with the function of adipose tissue in order to promote health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Hilton
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OUH Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Katherine E Pinnick
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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34
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Abstract
The effect of strain background on gene function in growth and development has been well documented. However, it has not been extensively reported whether the strain background affects the gene expression pattern. Here, we found that the expression of homeobox gene Meox-2 and FGF receptor 1 gene Fgfr1 during mouse palate development is strain-dependent. On the C57B6 inbred background, Meox-2 is expressed in the palatal outgrowth on Embryonic Day 11.5 (E11.5); the expression shifts posteriorly and is restricted to the back of palate on E14.5. On the Swiss Webster outbred background, Meox-2 expression covers both anterior and posterior regions with the same intensity from E12.5 to E14.5. On the Black Swiss background, Meox-2 expression also covers the entire palate A-P axis, but is much weaker in the anterior region on E14.5. Fgfr1 also displays distinct expression patterns in the palatal outgrowth on E11.5 in these three strains. On the Black Swiss outbred background, the expression is restricted to the anterior palatal outgrowth. In marked contrast, the expression in the Swiss Webster outbred strain is located exclusively in the posterior palate outgrowth on E11.5, whereas in the C57B6 inbred strain, the expression is undetectable in the palatal outgrowth on E11.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiu-Zhen Jin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology and Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jixiang Ding
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology and Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-502-852-2455; Fax: +1-502-852-4702
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35
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Tsakiridis A, Huang Y, Blin G, Skylaki S, Wymeersch F, Osorno R, Economou C, Karagianni E, Zhao S, Lowell S, Wilson V. Distinct Wnt-driven primitive streak-like populations reflect in vivo lineage precursors. Development 2014; 141:1209-21. [PMID: 24595287 PMCID: PMC3943179 DOI: 10.1242/dev.101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During gastrulation, epiblast cells are pluripotent and their fate is thought to be constrained principally by their position. Cell fate is progressively restricted by localised signalling cues from areas including the primitive streak. However, it is unknown whether this restriction accompanies, at the individual cell level, a reduction in potency. Investigation of these early transition events in vitro is possible via the use of epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs), self-renewing pluripotent cell lines equivalent to the postimplantation epiblast. Strikingly, mouse EpiSCs express gastrulation stage regional markers in self-renewing conditions. Here, we examined the differentiation potential of cells expressing such lineage markers. We show that undifferentiated EpiSC cultures contain a major subfraction of cells with reversible early primitive streak characteristics, which is mutually exclusive to a neural-like fraction. Using in vitro differentiation assays and embryo grafting we demonstrate that primitive streak-like EpiSCs are biased towards mesoderm and endoderm fates while retaining pluripotency. The acquisition of primitive streak characteristics by self-renewing EpiSCs is mediated by endogenous Wnt signalling. Elevation of Wnt activity promotes restriction towards primitive streak-associated lineages with mesendodermal and neuromesodermal characteristics. Collectively, our data suggest that EpiSC pluripotency encompasses a range of reversible lineage-biased states reflecting the birth of pioneer lineage precursors from a pool of uncommitted EpiSCs similar to the earliest cell fate restriction events taking place in the gastrula stage epiblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anestis Tsakiridis
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
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36
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Mohamed JY, Faqeih E, Alsiddiky A, Alshammari MJ, Ibrahim NA, Alkuraya FS. Mutations in MEOX1, encoding mesenchyme homeobox 1, cause Klippel-Feil anomaly. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:157-61. [PMID: 23290072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Klippel-Feil syndrome (KFS) is a segmentation malformation of the cervical spine; clinically, it manifests as a short neck with reduced mobility and a low posterior hairline. Several genes have been proposed as candidates for KFS when it is present with other associated anomalies, but the genetics of isolated KFS have been difficult to study because of the syndrome's mostly sporadic occurrence. We describe a multiplex consanguineous family in which isolated KFS maps to a single 17q21.31 locus that harbors a homozygous frameshift deletion in MEOX1; this deletion results in complete instability of the transcript. Direct sequencing of this gene in two siblings from another consanguineous family affected by isolated KFS uncovered another homozygous truncating (nonsense) MEOX1 mutation that also leads to complete degradation of the transcript. This gene encodes a transcription factor with a well-established and nonredundant role in somite development, and homozygous null alleles of Meox1 in mice have a cervical skeletal defect that is remarkably similar to the one we observe in human individuals with MEOX1 mutations. Our data strongly suggest that KFS is the human phenotypic equivalent of the sclerotome polarity defect that results from Meox1 deficiency in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawahir Y Mohamed
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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37
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Retinoic acid enhances skeletal myogenesis in human embryonic stem cells by expanding the premyogenic progenitor population. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:482-93. [PMID: 21735106 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9284-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are a potential source of material for cell therapy of muscle diseases. To date, it has proven difficult to generate skeletal muscle from hESCs in high yields and within a reasonable timeframe. Further, a hESC-derived Pax3/7-positive skeletal muscle progenitor population has not yet been described. Previous studies have shown that Pax3/7-positive progenitor cells can repopulate the satellite cell niche, indicating the importance of this population for therapy. We sought to optimize the differentiation of hESCs into skeletal muscle in order to characterize myogenesis at a molecular level and shorten the time course. We treated hESCs with retinoic acid (RA) and found an enhancement of skeletal myogenesis, and the expression of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) MyoD and myogenin by day 25. Furthermore, we found that RA treatment expanded the muscle progenitor pool, which occurred as a distinct Pax3(+ve) population prior to MRF expression. Non-skeletal muscle tissue types were not significantly affected. Therefore, we have identified a differentiation pathway in hESCs that provides a skeletal muscle progenitor population which can undergo myogenesis more efficiently. We propose that RA could fit into a directed culture method for deriving skeletal muscle from hESCs.
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38
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Cota CD, García-García MJ. The ENU-induced cetus mutation reveals an essential role of the DNA helicase DDX11 for mesoderm development during early mouse embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:1249-59. [PMID: 22678773 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DDX11 is a DNA helicase of the conserved FANCJ/RAD3/XPD family involved in maintaining genome stability. Studies in yeast and humans have shown requirements for DDX11 in sister chromatid cohesion and DNA repair. In mouse, loss of Ddx11 results in embryonic lethality. However, the developmental defects of Ddx11 mutants are poorly understood. RESULTS We describe the characterization and positional cloning of cetus, a mouse ENU-induced mutation in Ddx11. We demonstrate that cetus causes a nonconservative amino acid change in DDX11 motif V and that this mutation is a null allele of Ddx11. cetus mutant embryos failed to thrive beyond embryonic day 8.5 and displayed placental defects similar to those described in Ddx11 null embryos. Additionally, our characterization of Ddx11(cetus) mutants identified embryonic phenotypes that had not been previously reported in Ddx11(KO) embryos, including loss of somitic mesoderm, an open kinked neural tube and abnormal heart looping. We show that loss of Ddx11 causes widespread apoptosis from early embryonic stages and that loss of Ddx11 disrupts somitic mesoderm more dramatically than other embryonic cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify novel roles of Ddx11 during embryo morphogenesis and demonstrate that the activity of its motif V is essential for DDX11 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Cota
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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39
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Feng X, Zhang J, Smuga-Otto K, Tian S, Yu J, Stewart R, Thomson JA. Protein kinase C mediated extraembryonic endoderm differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:461-70. [PMID: 22213079 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Unlike mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are closely related to the inner cell mass, human ESCs appear to be more closely related to the later primitive ectoderm. For example, human ESCs and primitive ectoderm share a common epithelial morphology, growth factor requirements, and the potential to differentiate to all three embryonic germ layers. However, it has previously been shown that human ESCs can also differentiate to cells expressing markers of trophoblast, an extraembryonic lineage formed before the formation of primitive ectoderm. Here, we show that phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate causes human ESCs to undergo an epithelial mesenchymal transition and to differentiate into cells expressing markers of parietal endoderm, another extraembryonic lineage. We further confirmed that this differentiation is through the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) pathway and demonstrated that a particular PKC subtype, PKC-δ, is most responsible for this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhu Feng
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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40
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Saund RS, Kanai-Azuma M, Kanai Y, Kim I, Lucero MT, Saijoh Y. Gut endoderm is involved in the transfer of left-right asymmetry from the node to the lateral plate mesoderm in the mouse embryo. Development 2012; 139:2426-35. [PMID: 22627279 DOI: 10.1242/dev.079921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse, the initial signals that establish left-right (LR) asymmetry are determined in the node by nodal flow. These signals are then transferred to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) through cellular and molecular mechanisms that are not well characterized. We hypothesized that endoderm might play a role in this process because it is tightly apposed to the node and covers the outer surface of the embryo, and, just after nodal flow is established, higher Ca(2+) flux has been reported on the left side near the node, most likely in the endoderm cells. Here we studied the role of endoderm cells in the transfer of the LR asymmetry signal by analyzing mouse Sox17 null mutant embryos, which possess endoderm-specific defects. Sox17(-/-) embryos showed no expression or significantly reduced expression of LR asymmetric genes in the left LPM. In Sox17 mutant endoderm, the localization of connexin proteins on the cell membrane was greatly reduced, resulting in defective gap junction formation, which appeared to be caused by incomplete development of organized epithelial structures. Our findings suggest an essential role of endoderm cells in the signal transfer step from the node to the LPM, possibly using gap junction communication to establish the LR axis of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajeet S Saund
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-3401, USA
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41
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Nowotschin S, Ferrer-Vaquer A, Concepcion D, Papaioannou VE, Hadjantonakis AK. Interaction of Wnt3a, Msgn1 and Tbx6 in neural versus paraxial mesoderm lineage commitment and paraxial mesoderm differentiation in the mouse embryo. Dev Biol 2012; 367:1-14. [PMID: 22546692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Paraxial mesoderm is the tissue which gives rise to the skeletal muscles and vertebral column of the body. A gene regulatory network operating in the formation of paraxial mesoderm has been described. This network hinges on three key factors, Wnt3a, Msgn1 and Tbx6, each of which is critical for paraxial mesoderm formation, since absence of any one of these factors results in complete absence of posterior somites. In this study we determined and compared the spatial and temporal patterns of expression of Wnt3a, Msgn1 and Tbx6 at a time when paraxial mesoderm is being formed. Then, we performed a comparative characterization of mutants in Wnt3a, Msgn1 and Tbx6. To determine the epistatic relationship between these three genes, and begin to decipher the complex interplay between them, we analyzed double mutant embryos and compared their phenotypes to the single mutants. Through the analysis of molecular markers in mutants, our data support the bipotential nature of the progenitor cells for paraxial mesoderm and establish regulatory relationships between genes involved in the choice between neural and mesoderm fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
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42
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Shibata M, Blauvelt KE, Liem KF, García-García MJ. TRIM28 is required by the mouse KRAB domain protein ZFP568 to control convergent extension and morphogenesis of extra-embryonic tissues. Development 2012; 138:5333-43. [PMID: 22110054 DOI: 10.1242/dev.072546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
TRIM28 is a transcriptional regulator that is essential for embryonic development and is implicated in a variety of human diseases. The roles of TRIM28 in distinct biological processes are thought to depend on its interaction with factors that determine its DNA target specificity. However, functional evidence linking TRIM28 to specific co-factors is scarce. chatwo, a hypomorphic allele of Trim28, causes embryonic lethality and defects in convergent extension and morphogenesis of extra-embryonic tissues. These phenotypes are remarkably similar to those of mutants in the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) zinc finger protein ZFP568, providing strong genetic evidence that ZFP568 and TRIM28 control morphogenesis through a common molecular mechanism. We determined that chatwo mutations decrease TRIM28 protein stability and repressive activity, disrupting both ZFP568-dependent and ZFP568-independent roles of TRIM28. These results, together with the analysis of embryos bearing a conditional inactivation of Trim28 in embryonic-derived tissues, revealed that TRIM28 is differentially required by ZFP568 and other factors during the early stages of mouse embryogenesis. In addition to uncovering novel roles of TRIM28 in convergent extension and morphogenesis of extra-embryonic tissues, our characterization of chatwo mutants demonstrates that KRAB domain proteins are essential to determine some of the biological functions of TRIM28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Shibata
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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43
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Sivakamasundari V, Chan HY, Yap SP, Xing X, Kraus P, Lufkin T. New Bapx1(Cre-EGFP) mouse lines for lineage tracing and conditional knockout studies. Genesis 2012; 50:375-83. [PMID: 21913311 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into the roles of various genes in development and to circumvent embryonic lethality that hinders genetic studies, lineage tracing and conditional knockout techniques have been widely performed on mice using the increasing numbers of gene-targeted Cre mouse lines. Employing the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and the 2A peptide multicistronic expression strategies, we report two new Bapx1 mouse lines with functional Bapx1 whereby Cre and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) are expressed discretely under the control of the Bapx1 promoter. These mouse lines, when mated with the Rosa26R-lacZ reporter line, can be used to trace the lineage of Bapx1-expressing cells whereas stage-specific, spatial expression of Bapx1 can be visualized by the EGFP fluorescence. In addition, both of our Bapx1(Cre-EGFP) mouse lines can be used to enrich for Bapx1-specific cells and also serve as effective conditional knockout tools to investigate gene functions in the skeleton and/or visceral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sivakamasundari
- Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672
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44
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Milligan JN, Jolly ER. Identification and characterization of a Mef2 transcriptional activator in schistosome parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1443. [PMID: 22235355 PMCID: PMC3250504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 protein (Mef2) is an evolutionarily conserved activator of transcription that is critical to induce and control complex processes in myogenesis and neurogenesis in vertebrates and insects, and osteogenesis in vertebrates. In Drosophila, Mef2 null mutants are unable to produce differentiated muscle cells, and in vertebrates, Mef2 mutants are embryonic lethal. Schistosome worms are responsible for over 200 million cases of schistosomiasis globally, but little is known about early development of schistosome parasites after infecting a vertebrate host. Understanding basic schistosome development could be crucial to delineating potential drug targets. Here, we identify and characterize Mef2 from the schistosome worm Schistosoma mansoni (SmMef2). We initially identified SmMef2 as a homolog to the yeast Mef2 homolog, Resistance to Lethality of MKK1P386 overexpression (Rlm1), and we show that SmMef2 is homologous to conserved Mef2 family proteins. Using a genetics approach, we demonstrate that SmMef2 is a transactivator that can induce transcription of four separate heterologous reporter genes by yeast one-hybrid analysis. We also show that Mef2 is expressed during several stages of schistosome development by quantitative PCR and that it can bind to conserved Mef2 DNA consensus binding sequences. Schistosome parasites infect more than 200 million people worldwide and cause human schistosomiasis. Free-swimming schistosome larvae are highly mobile and invade and penetrate the host's skin to perpetuate their lifecycle in their human host, growing from 90–215 micrometers in length as a schistosomulum to a 7–20 millimeter long adult worm. Few molecular pathways have been identified in schistosome worms that are important for parasite early development. The myocyte enhancer factor protein 2 is a major regulator of muscle and nerve development in mammals and insects and is highly conserved from bread yeast to vertebrates. Here we identify and characterize the Mef2 activator from parasitic schistosome worms, the first described in any parasitic worm, and delineation of its function may be important to further understanding the basic biology of schistosome early development. Additionally, since schistosomes developed early evolutionarily, an investigation of schistosome Mef2 regulatory mechanisms could lead to a greater understanding of the development of early muscle and neurogenic development in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Milligan
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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45
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Kim PTW, Ong CJ. Differentiation of definitive endoderm from mouse embryonic stem cells. Results Probl Cell Differ 2012; 55:303-19. [PMID: 22918814 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30406-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Efficient production of definitive endoderm from embryonic stem (ES) cells opens doors to the possibilities of differentiation of endoderm-derived tissues such as the intestines, pancreas, and liver that could address the needs of people with chronic diseases involving these organs. The lessons learned from developmental biology have contributed significantly to in vitro differentiation of definitive endoderm. Gastrulation, a process that results in the production of all three embryonic germ cell layers, definitive endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm, is an important step in embryonic development. Gastrulation occurs as a result of the events that are orchestrated by the signaling pathways involving Nodal, FGF, Wnt, and BMP. Understanding these signaling pathways has led to the introduction of key ingredients such as Activin A, FGF, Wnt, and BMP to the differentiation protocols that have been able to produce definitive endoderm from ES cells. Efficient production of definitive endoderm needs to meet the specific criteria that include (a) increase in the production of markers of definitive endoderm such as Sox 17, FOXA2, GSC, and Mixl1; (b) decrease in the production of markers of primitive/visceral/parietal endoderm, Sox 7 and OCT4; and (c) decrease in the mesoderm markers (Brachyury, MEOX) and ectoderm markers (Sox1 and ZIC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T W Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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46
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Miura S, Mishina Y. Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hgs) is involved in BMP signaling through phosphorylation of SMADS and TAK1 in early mouse embryo. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2474-81. [PMID: 21953618 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate that is encoded by Hgs promotes degradation of ubiquitinated signaling molecule in the early endosome. We previously reported that a targeted mutation in Hgs results in embryonic lethality soon after gastrulation in the mouse. Here, we report that downstream target genes for BMP signaling were highly down-regulated in the Hgs mutant embryos. We also showed that Hgs is required for phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 and TAK1/p38 to transduce BMP signaling. Furthermore, we found that HGS functions to localize TAK1 in early endosome for its activation. These results suggest that HGS is critical to localize TAK1 to early endosome for transducing BMP signaling for proper development. Our data revealed a new mechanism to modify BMP signaling by Hgs during early mouse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Miura
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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47
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Windner SE, Steinbacher P, Obermayer A, Kasiba B, Zweimueller-Mayer J, Stoiber W. Distinct modes of vertebrate hypaxial muscle formation contribute to the teleost body wall musculature. Dev Genes Evol 2011; 221:167-78. [PMID: 21720828 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-011-0369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the body wall musculature in vertebrates is assumed to be initiated by direct ventral extension of the somites/myotomes. This contrasts to the formation of limb muscles and muscles involved in feeding or respiration/ventilation, which are founded by migratory muscle precursors (MMPs) distant to the somites. Here, we present evidence from morphology and expression of molecular markers proposing that the formation of the two muscle layers of the teleost body wall involves both of the above mechanisms: (1) MMPs from somites 5 and 6 found an independent muscle primordium-the so-called posterior hypaxial muscle (PHM)-which subsequently gives rise to the most anterior two segments of the medial obliquus inferioris (OI) muscle. (2) Direct epithelial extension of the hypaxial myotomes generates the OI segments from somite 7 caudalward and the entire lateral obliquus superioris (OS) muscle. The findings are discussed in relation to the evolution of hypaxial myogenic patterning including functional considerations. We hypothesise that the potential of the most anterior somites to generate migratory muscle precursors is a general vertebrate feature that has been differently utilised in the evolution in vertebrate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie E Windner
- Division of Zoology, Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Austria
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48
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Stafford DA, Brunet LJ, Khokha MK, Economides AN, Harland RM. Cooperative activity of noggin and gremlin 1 in axial skeleton development. Development 2011; 138:1005-14. [PMID: 21303853 DOI: 10.1242/dev.051938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inductive signals from adjacent tissues initiate differentiation within the somite. In this study, we used mouse embryos mutant for the BMP antagonists noggin (Nog) and gremlin 1 (Grem1) to characterize the effects of BMP signaling on the specification of the sclerotome. We confirmed reduction of Pax1 and Pax9 expression in Nog mutants, but found that Nog;Grem1 double mutants completely fail to initiate sclerotome development. Furthermore, Nog mutants that also lack one allele of Grem1 exhibit a dramatic reduction in axial skeleton relative to animals mutant for Nog alone. By contrast, Pax3, Myf5 and Lbx1 expression indicates that dermomyotome induction occurs in Nog;Grem1 double mutants. Neither conditional Bmpr1a mutation nor treatment with the BMP type I receptor inhibitor dorsomorphin expands sclerotome marker expression, suggesting that BMP antagonists do not have an instructive function in sclerotome specification. Instead, we hypothesize that Nog- and Grem1-mediated inhibition of BMP is permissive for hedgehog (Hh) signal-mediated sclerotome specification. In support of this model, we found that culturing Nog;Grem1 double-mutant embryos with dorsomorphin restores sclerotome, whereas Pax1 expression in smoothened (Smo) mutants is not rescued, suggesting that inhibition of BMP is insufficient to induce sclerotome in the absence of Hh signaling. Confirming the dominant inhibitory effect of BMP signaling, Pax1 expression cannot be rescued in Nog;Grem1 double mutants by forced activation of Smo. We conclude that Nog and Grem1 cooperate to maintain a BMP signaling-free zone that is a crucial prerequisite for Hh-mediated sclerotome induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Stafford
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Center for Integrative Genomics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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49
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Nostro MC, Sarangi F, Ogawa S, Holtzinger A, Corneo B, Li X, Micallef SJ, Park IH, Basford C, Wheeler MB, Daley GQ, Elefanty AG, Stanley EG, Keller G. Stage-specific signaling through TGFβ family members and WNT regulates patterning and pancreatic specification of human pluripotent stem cells. Development 2011; 138:861-71. [PMID: 21270052 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of insulin-producing β-cells from human pluripotent stem cells is dependent on efficient endoderm induction and appropriate patterning and specification of this germ layer to a pancreatic fate. In this study, we elucidated the temporal requirements for TGFβ family members and canonical WNT signaling at these developmental stages and show that the duration of nodal/activin A signaling plays a pivotal role in establishing an appropriate definitive endoderm population for specification to the pancreatic lineage. WNT signaling was found to induce a posterior endoderm fate and at optimal concentrations enhanced the development of pancreatic lineage cells. Inhibition of the BMP signaling pathway at specific stages was essential for the generation of insulin-expressing cells and the extent of BMP inhibition required varied widely among the cell lines tested. Optimal stage-specific manipulation of these pathways resulted in a striking 250-fold increase in the levels of insulin expression and yielded populations containing up to 25% C-peptide+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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50
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Gianakopoulos PJ, Mehta V, Voronova A, Cao Y, Yao Z, Coutu J, Wang X, Waddington MS, Tapscott SJ, Skerjanc IS. MyoD directly up-regulates premyogenic mesoderm factors during induction of skeletal myogenesis in stem cells. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2517-25. [PMID: 21078671 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gain- and loss-of-function experiments have illustrated that the family of myogenic regulatory factors is necessary and sufficient for the formation of skeletal muscle. Furthermore, MyoD required cellular aggregation to induce myogenesis in P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells. To determine the mechanism by which stem cells can be directed into skeletal muscle, a time course of P19 cell differentiation was examined in the presence and absence of exogenous MyoD. By quantitative PCR, the first MyoD up-regulated transcripts were the premyogenic mesoderm factors Meox1, Pax7, Six1, and Eya2 on day 4 of differentiation. Subsequently, the myoblast markers myogenin, MEF2C, and Myf5 were up-regulated, leading to skeletal myogenesis. These results were corroborated by Western blot analysis, showing up-regulation of Pax3, Six1, and MEF2C proteins, prior to myogenin protein expression. To determine at what stage a dominant-negative MyoD/EnR mutant could inhibit myogenesis, stable cell lines were created and examined. Interestingly, the premyogenic mesoderm factors, Meox1, Pax3/7, Six1, Eya2, and Foxc1, were down-regulated, and as expected, skeletal myogenesis was abolished. Finally, to identify direct targets of MyoD in this system, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments were performed. MyoD was observed associated with regulatory regions of Meox1, Pax3/7, Six1, Eya2, and myogenin genes. Taken together, MyoD directs stem cells into the skeletal muscle lineage by binding and activating the expression of premyogenic mesoderm genes, prior to activating myoblast genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gianakopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
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