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Xiao JF, Caliri AW, Duex JE, Theodorescu D. Targetable Pathways in Advanced Bladder Cancer: FGFR Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4891. [PMID: 34638374 PMCID: PMC8507635 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the 10th most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, accounting for around 573,000 new cases and 213,000 deaths in 2020. The current standard treatment for locally advanced bladder cancer is neoadjuvant cisplatin (NAC)-based chemotherapy followed by cystectomy. The significant progress being made in the genomic and molecular understandings of bladder cancer has uncovered the genetic alterations and signaling pathways that drive bladder cancer progression. These developments have led to a dramatic increase in the evaluation of molecular agents targeting at these alterations. One example is Erdafitinib, a first-in-class FGFR inhibitor being approved as second-line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma with FGFR mutations. Immunotherapy has also been approved as second-line treatment for advanced and metastatic bladder cancer. Preclinical studies suggest targeted therapy combined with immunotherapy has the potential to markedly improve patient outcome. Given the prevalence of FGFR alternations in bladder cancer, here we review recent preclinical and clinical studies on FGFR inhibitors and analyze possible drug resistance mechanisms to these agents. We also discuss FGFR inhibitors in combination with other therapies and its potential to improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Fen Xiao
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Andrew W. Caliri
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Jason E. Duex
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; (J.-F.X.); (A.W.C.)
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
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2
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Gantert T, Henkel F, Wurmser C, Oeckl J, Fischer L, Haid M, Adamski J, Esser-von Bieren J, Klingenspor M, Fromme T. Fibroblast growth factor induced Ucp1 expression in preadipocytes requires PGE2 biosynthesis and glycolytic flux. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21572. [PMID: 33826782 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002795r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression is a characteristic of differentiated brown adipocytes and is linked to adipogenic differentiation. Paracrine fibroblast growth factor 8b (FGF8b) strongly induces Ucp1 transcription in white adipocytes independent of adipogenesis. Here, we report that FGF8b and other paracrine FGFs act on brown and white preadipocytes to upregulate Ucp1 expression via a FGFR1-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 axis, independent of adipogenesis. Transcriptomic analysis revealed an upregulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis and glycolysis upon Fgf8b treatment of preadipocytes. Oxylipin measurement by LC-MS/MS in FGF8b conditioned media identified prostaglandin E2 as a putative mediator of FGF8b induced Ucp1 transcription. RNA interference and pharmacological inhibition of the prostaglandin E2 biosynthetic pathway confirmed that PGE2 is causally involved in the control over Ucp1 transcription. Importantly, impairment of or failure to induce glycolytic flux blunted the induction of Ucp1, even in the presence of PGE2 . Lastly, a screening of transcription factors identified Nrf1 and Hes1 as required regulators of FGF8b induced Ucp1 expression. Thus, we conclude that paracrine FGFs co-regulate prostaglandin and glucose metabolism to induce Ucp1 expression in a Nrf1/Hes1-dependent manner in preadipocytes, revealing a novel regulatory network in control of Ucp1 expression in a formerly unrecognized cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gantert
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Fiona Henkel
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Wurmser
- Department of Animal Breeding, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Josef Oeckl
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Lena Fischer
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mark Haid
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Helmholtz Center Munich, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,EKFZ-Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Department of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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3
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Purushothaman S, Elewa A, Seifert AW. Fgf-signaling is compartmentalized within the mesenchyme and controls proliferation during salamander limb development. eLife 2019; 8:48507. [PMID: 31538936 PMCID: PMC6754229 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although decades of studies have produced a generalized model for tetrapod limb development, urodeles deviate from anurans and amniotes in at least two key respects: their limbs exhibit preaxial skeletal differentiation and do not develop an apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Here, we investigated how Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling regulate limb development in the axolotl. We found that Shh-expressing cells contributed to the most posterior digit, and that inhibiting Shh-signaling inhibited Fgf8 expression, anteroposterior patterning, and distal cell proliferation. In addition to lack of a morphological AER, we found that salamander limbs also lack a molecular AER. We found that amniote and anuran AER-specific Fgfs and their cognate receptors were expressed entirely in the mesenchyme. Broad inhibition of Fgf-signaling demonstrated that this pathway regulates cell proliferation across all three limb axes, in contrast to anurans and amniotes where Fgf-signaling regulates cell survival and proximodistal patterning. Salamanders are a group of amphibians that are well-known for their ability to regenerate lost limbs and other body parts. At the turn of the twentieth century, researchers used salamander embryos as models to understand the basic concepts of how limbs develop in other four-limbed animals, including amphibians, mammals and birds, which are collectively known as “tetrapods”. However, the salamander’s amazing powers of regeneration made it difficult to carry out certain experiments, so researchers switched to using the embryos of other tetrapods – namely chickens and mice – instead. Studies in chickens, later confirmed in mice and frogs, established that there are two major signaling centers that control how the limbs of tetrapod embryos form and grow: a small group of cells known as the “zone of polarizing activity” within a structure called the “limb bud mesenchyme”; and an overlying, thin ridge of cells called the “apical ectodermal ridge”. Both of these centers release potent signaling molecules that act on cells in the limbs. The cells in the zone of polarizing activity produce a molecule often called Sonic hedgehog, or Shh for short. The apical ectodermal ridge produces another group of signals commonly known as fibroblast growth factors, or simply Fgfs. Several older studies reported that salamander embryos do not have an apical ectodermal ridge suggesting that these amphibian’s limbs may form differently to other tetrapods. Yet, contemporary models in developmental biology treated salamander limbs like those of chicks and mice. To address this apparent discrepancy, Purushothaman et al. studied how the forelimbs develop in a salamander known as the axolotl. The experiments showed that, along with lacking an apical ectodermal ridge, axolotls did not produce fibroblast growth factors normally found in this tissue. Instead, these factors were only found in the limb bud mesenchyme. Purushothaman et al. also found that fibroblast growth factors played a different role in axolotls than previously reported in chick, frog and mouse embryos. On the other hand, the pattern and function of Shh activity in the axolotl limb bud was similar to that previously observed in chicks and mice. These findings show that not all limbs develop in the same way and open up questions for evolutionary biologists regarding the evolution of limbs. Future studies that examine limb development in other animals that regenerate tissues, such as other amphibians and lungfish, will help answer these questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Elewa
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, United States
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, United States
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4
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Wang J, Liu S, Li J, Yi Z. The role of the fibroblast growth factor family in bone-related diseases. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1740-1749. [PMID: 31260189 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members are important regulators of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration. The abnormal expression of certain FGF family members can cause skeletal diseases, including achondroplasia, craniosynostosis syndrome, osteoarthritis, and Kashin-Beck disease. Accumulating evidence shows that FGFs play a crucial role in the growth and proliferation of bone and in the pathogenesis of certain bone-related diseases. Here, we review the involvement of FGFs in bone-related processes and diseases; FGF1 in the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and fracture repair; FGF2, FGF9, and FGF18 in osteoarthritis; FGF6 in bone and muscle injury; FGF8 in osteoarthritis and Kashin-Beck disease; and FGF21 and FGF23 on bone regulation. These findings indicate that FGFs are targets for novel therapeutic interventions for bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China.,Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shizhang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Yi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
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5
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Hao Y, Tang S, Yuan Y, Liu R, Chen Q. Roles of FGF8 subfamily in embryogenesis and oral‑maxillofacial diseases (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 54:797-806. [PMID: 30628659 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are diffusible polypeptides released by a variety of cell types. FGF8 subfamily members regulate embryonic development processes through controlling progenitor cell growth and differentiation, and are also functional in adults in tissue repair to maintain tissue homeostasis. FGF8 family members exhibit unique binding affinities with FGF receptors and tissue distribution patterns. Increasing evidence suggests that, by regulating multiple cellular signaling pathways, alterations in the FGF8 subfamily are involved in craniofacial development, odontogenesis, tongue development and salivary gland branching morphogenesis. Aberrant FGF signaling transduction, caused by mutations as well as abnormal expression or isoform splicing, plays an important role in the development of oral diseases. Targeting FGF8 subfamily members provides a new promising strategy for the treatment of oral diseases. The aim of this review was to summarize the aberrant regulations of FGF8 subfamily members and their potential implications in oral‑maxillofacial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Shuya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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6
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Global optimization using Gaussian processes to estimate biological parameters from image data. J Theor Biol 2018; 481:233-248. [PMID: 30529487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parameter estimation is a major challenge in computational modeling of biological processes. This is especially the case in image-based modeling where the inherently quantitative output of the model is measured against image data, which is typically noisy and non-quantitative. In addition, these models can have a high computational cost, limiting the number of feasible simulations, and therefore rendering most traditional parameter estimation methods unsuitable. In this paper, we present a pipeline that uses Gaussian process learning to estimate biological parameters from noisy, non-quantitative image data when the model has a high computational cost. This approach is first successfully tested on a parametric function with the goal of retrieving the original parameters. We then apply it to estimating parameters in a biological setting by fitting artificial in-situ hybridization (ISH) data of the developing murine limb bud. We expect that this method will be of use in a variety of modeling scenarios where quantitative data is missing and the use of standard parameter estimation approaches in biological modeling is prohibited by the computational cost of the model.
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7
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Kurtzeborn K, Cebrian C, Kuure S. Regulation of Renal Differentiation by Trophic Factors. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1588. [PMID: 30483151 PMCID: PMC6240607 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classically, trophic factors are considered as proteins which support neurons in their growth, survival, and differentiation. However, most neurotrophic factors also have important functions outside of the nervous system. Especially essential renal growth and differentiation regulators are glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Here we discuss how trophic factor-induced signaling contributes to the control of ureteric bud (UB) branching morphogenesis and to maintenance and differentiation of nephrogenic mesenchyme in embryonic kidney. The review includes recent advances in trophic factor functions during the guidance of branching morphogenesis and self-renewal versus differentiation decisions, both of which dictate the control of kidney size and nephron number. Creative utilization of current information may help better recapitulate renal differentiation in vitro, but it is obvious that significantly more basic knowledge is needed for development of regeneration-based renal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Kurtzeborn
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Cebrian
- Developmental Biology Division, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Satu Kuure
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- GM-Unit, Laboratory Animal Centre, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Liu H, Fang Q, Wang M, Wang W, Zhang M, Zhang D, He Y, Zhang Y, Wang H, Otero M, Ma T, Chen J. FGF8 and FGFR3 are up-regulated in hypertrophic chondrocytes: Association with chondrocyte death in deep zone of Kashin-Beck disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:184-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Lu X, Zhao ZA, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhai Y, Deng W, Yi Z, Li L. Whole-transcriptome splicing profiling of E7.5 mouse primary germ layers reveals frequent alternative promoter usage during mouse early embryogenesis. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/3/bio032508. [PMID: 29592913 PMCID: PMC5898269 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) and alternative promoter (AP) usage expand the repertories of mammalian transcriptome profiles and thus diversify gene functions. However, our knowledge about the extent and functions of AS and AP usage in mouse early embryogenesis remains elusive. Here, by performing whole-transcriptome splicing profiling with high-throughput next generation sequencing, we report that AS extensively occurs in embryonic day (E) 7.5 mouse primary germ layers, and may be involved in multiple developmental processes. In addition, numerous RNA splicing factors are differentially expressed and alternatively spliced across the three germ layers, implying the potential importance of AS machinery in shaping early embryogenesis. Notably, AP usage is remarkably frequent at this stage, accounting for more than one quarter (430/1,648) of the total significantly different AS events. Genes generating the 430 AP events participate in numerous biological processes, and include important regulators essential for mouse early embryogenesis, suggesting that AP usage is widely used and might be relevant to mouse germ layer specification. Our data underline the potential significance of AP usage in mouse gastrulation, providing a rich data source and opening another dimension for understanding the regulatory mechanisms of mammalian early development. Summary: This study seeks to capture the alternative splicing landscape during mouse gastrulation, underlining the potential importance of alternative promoter usage in mammalian early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xukun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanhua Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenbo Deng
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhaohong Yi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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10
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Estienne A, Price CA. The fibroblast growth factor 8 family in the female reproductive tract. Reproduction 2018; 155:R53-R62. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several growth factor families have been shown to be involved in the function of the female reproductive tract. One subfamily of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) superfamily, namely the FGF8 subfamily (including FGF17 and FGF18), has become important as Fgf8 has been described as an oocyte-derived factor essential for glycolysis in mouse cumulus cells and aberrant expression ofFGF18has been described in ovarian and endometrial cancers. In this review, we describe the pattern of expression of these factors in normal ovaries and uteri in rodents, ruminants and humans, as well as the expression of their receptors and intracellular negative feedback regulators. Expression of these molecules in gynaecological cancers is also reviewed. The role of FGF8 and FGF18 in ovarian and uterine function is described, and potential differences between rodents and ruminants have been highlighted especially with respect to FGF18 signalling within the ovarian follicle. Finally, we identify major questions about the reproductive biology of FGFs that remain to be answered, including (1) the physiological concentrations within the ovary and uterus, (2) which cell types within the endometrial stroma and theca layer express FGFs and (3) which receptors are activated by FGF8 subfamily members in reproductive tissues.
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Abstract
Perception of the environment in vertebrates relies on a variety of neurosensory mini-organs. These organs develop via a multi-step process that includes placode induction, cell differentiation, patterning and innervation. Ultimately, cells derived from one or more different tissues assemble to form a specific mini-organ that exhibits a particular structure and function. The initial building blocks of these organs are epithelial cells that undergo rearrangements and interact with neighbouring tissues, such as neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells and sensory neurons, to construct a functional sensory organ. In recent years, advances in in vivo imaging methods have allowed direct observation of these epithelial cells, showing that they can be displaced within the epithelium itself via several modes. This Review focuses on the diversity of epithelial cell behaviours that are involved in the formation of small neurosensory organs, using the examples of dental placodes, hair follicles, taste buds, lung neuroendocrine cells and zebrafish lateral line neuromasts to highlight both well-established and newly described modes of epithelial cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Kapsimali
- Institute of Biology of the Ecole Normale Supérieure, IBENS, Paris 75005, France .,INSERM U1024, Paris 75005, France.,CNRS UMR 8197, Paris 75005, France
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12
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Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family of ligands and receptor tyrosine kinases is required throughout embryonic and postnatal development and also regulates multiple homeostatic functions in the adult. Here, Brewer et al. review the mechanisms of Fgf signaling by focusing on genetic strategies that enable in vivo analysis. The fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) family of ligands and receptor tyrosine kinases is required throughout embryonic and postnatal development and also regulates multiple homeostatic functions in the adult. Aberrant Fgf signaling causes many congenital disorders and underlies multiple forms of cancer. Understanding the mechanisms that govern Fgf signaling is therefore important to appreciate many aspects of Fgf biology and disease. Here we review the mechanisms of Fgf signaling by focusing on genetic strategies that enable in vivo analysis. These studies support an important role for Erk1/2 as a mediator of Fgf signaling in many biological processes but have also provided strong evidence for additional signaling pathways in transmitting Fgf signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Brewer
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Pierre Mazot
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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13
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Harada H, Sato T, Nakamura H. Fgf8 signaling for development of the midbrain and hindbrain. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:437-45. [PMID: 27273073 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we review how midbrain and hindbrain are specified. Otx2 and Gbx2 are expressed from the early phase of development, and their expression abuts at the midbrain hindbrain boundary (MHB), where Fgf8 expression is induced, and functions as an organizing molecule for the midbrain and hindbrain. Fgf8 induces En1 and Pax2 expression at the region where Otx2 is expressed to specify midbrain. Fgf8 activates Ras-ERK pathway to specify hindbrain. Downstream of ERK, Pea3 specifies isthmus (rhombomere 0, r0), and Irx2 may specify r1, where the cerebellum is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekiyo Harada
- Genetics and Development Division, Toronto Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.,Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Harukazu Nakamura
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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14
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15
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Shimizu O, Yasumitsu T, Shiratsuchi H, Oka S, Watanabe T, Saito T, Yonehara Y. Immunolocalization of FGF-2, -7, -8, -10 and FGFR-1-4 during regeneration of the rat submandibular gland. J Mol Histol 2015; 46:421-9. [PMID: 26173945 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-015-9631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) play important roles in the development of the submandibular gland. Although regeneration of submandibular glands follows a similar process to their development, it is unknown how FGFs and FGFRs are distributed during regeneration of submandibular gland. The aim of this study was to determine the localization of FGFs and FGFRs during such regenerative processes. After 7 days' obstruction, the submandibular glands were collected at days 0, 1, 3, 7, 11 and 14 after duct release to study regeneration. The regenerative processes of the submandibular gland were investigated by immunohistochemistry for FGF-2, 7, 8, 10 and FGFR-1-4. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that FGF-2 was moderately expressed in the epithelial cells of duct-like structures (DLS) and newly formed acinar cells (NFAC) at days 0-7, and strongly in intercalated duct (ICD) at control gland and Day 7-14. FGF-7 was localized moderately in NFAC and DLS. FGF-8 was localized moderately in the epithelial cells of DLS during regeneration. Strong positive immunoreactions for FGF-10 were found in NFAC and the epithelial cells of DLS during regeneration, as well as the ICD and lateral surfaces of the maturing acinar cells (MAC). FGFR-1 was expressed moderately in the ICD, and weakly in the NFAC and MAC. Positive immunoreactions for FGFR-2 were not observed during regeneration. Additionally, FGFR-4 was detected strongly in the ICD and slightly in NFAC. These findings suggest that FGF-2, -7, -8 and -10 play important roles in NFAC, MAC, and DLS through FGFR-1 and -4 during regeneration of submandibular gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Shimizu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan,
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Sun C, Li Y, Taylor SE, Mao X, Wilkinson MC, Fernig DG. HaloTag is an effective expression and solubilisation fusion partner for a range of fibroblast growth factors. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1060. [PMID: 26137434 PMCID: PMC4485707 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins such as the fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) is the key to establishing their function in cell communication. The production of recombinant FGFs in E. coli is limited, however, due to expression and solubility problems. HaloTag has been used as a fusion protein to introduce a genetically-encoded means for chemical conjugation of probes. We have expressed 11 FGF proteins with an N-terminal HaloTag, followed by a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease cleavage site to allow release of the FGF protein. These were purified by heparin-affinity chromatography, and in some instances by further ion-exchange chromatography. It was found that HaloTag did not adversely affect the expression of FGF1 and FGF10, both of which expressed well as soluble proteins. The N-terminal HaloTag fusion was found to enhance the expression and yield of FGF2, FGF3 and FGF7. Moreover, whereas FGF6, FGF8, FGF16, FGF17, FGF20 and FGF22 were only expressed as insoluble proteins, their N-terminal HaloTag fusion counterparts (Halo-FGFs) were soluble, and could be successfully purified. However, cleavage of Halo-FGF6, -FGF8 and -FGF22 with TEV resulted in aggregation of the FGF protein. Measurement of phosphorylation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and of cell growth demonstrated that the HaloTag fusion proteins were biologically active. Thus, HaloTag provides a means to enhance the expression of soluble recombinant proteins, in addition to providing a chemical genetics route for covalent tagging of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changye Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Sarah E Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Xianqing Mao
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg
| | - Mark C Wilkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David G Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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17
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. The Fibroblast Growth Factor signaling pathway. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:215-66. [PMID: 25772309 PMCID: PMC4393358 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1327] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The signaling component of the mammalian Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) family is comprised of eighteen secreted proteins that interact with four signaling tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs). Interaction of FGF ligands with their signaling receptors is regulated by protein or proteoglycan cofactors and by extracellular binding proteins. Activated FGFRs phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues that mediate interaction with cytosolic adaptor proteins and the RAS-MAPK, PI3K-AKT, PLCγ, and STAT intracellular signaling pathways. Four structurally related intracellular non-signaling FGFs interact with and regulate the family of voltage gated sodium channels. Members of the FGF family function in the earliest stages of embryonic development and during organogenesis to maintain progenitor cells and mediate their growth, differentiation, survival, and patterning. FGFs also have roles in adult tissues where they mediate metabolic functions, tissue repair, and regeneration, often by reactivating developmental signaling pathways. Consistent with the presence of FGFs in almost all tissues and organs, aberrant activity of the pathway is associated with developmental defects that disrupt organogenesis, impair the response to injury, and result in metabolic disorders, and cancer. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of MedicineSt. Louis, MO, USA
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Correspondence to:
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto UniversitySakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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18
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Fantauzzo KA, Soriano P. Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: regulating neural crest development one phosphate at a time. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:135-82. [PMID: 25662260 PMCID: PMC4363133 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) bind to a subset of growth factors on the surface of cells and elicit responses with broad roles in developmental and postnatal cellular processes. Receptors in this subclass consist of an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain harboring a catalytic tyrosine kinase and regulatory sequences that are phosphorylated either by the receptor itself or by various interacting proteins. Once activated, RTKs bind signaling molecules and recruit effector proteins to mediate downstream cellular responses through various intracellular signaling pathways. In this chapter, we highlight the role of a subset of RTK families in regulating the activity of neural crest cells (NCCs) and the development of their derivatives in mammalian systems. NCCs are migratory, multipotent cells that can be subdivided into four axial populations, cranial, cardiac, vagal, and trunk. These cells migrate throughout the vertebrate embryo along defined pathways and give rise to unique cell types and structures. Interestingly, individual RTK families often have specific functions in a subpopulation of NCCs that contribute to the diversity of these cells and their derivatives in the mammalian embryo. We additionally discuss current methods used to investigate RTK signaling, including genetic, biochemical, large-scale proteomic, and biosensor approaches, which can be applied to study intracellular signaling pathways active downstream of this receptor subclass during NCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Fantauzzo
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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19
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Zeidler C, Woelfle J, Draaken M, Mughal SS, Große G, Hilger AC, Dworschak GC, Boemers TM, Jenetzky E, Zwink N, Lacher M, Schmidt D, Schmiedeke E, Grasshoff-Derr S, Märzheuser S, Holland-Cunz S, Schäfer M, Bartels E, Keppler K, Palta M, Leonhardt J, Kujath C, Rißmann A, Nöthen MM, Reutter H, Ludwig M. Heterozygous FGF8 mutations in patients presenting cryptorchidism and multiple VATER/VACTERL features without limb anomalies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:750-9. [PMID: 25131394 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acronym VATER/VACTERL association describes the combination of at least three of the following cardinal features: vertebral defects, anorectal malformations, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula with or without esophageal atresia, renal malformations, and limb defects. Although fibroblast growth factor-8 (FGF8) mutations have mainly found in patients with Kallmann syndrome, mice with a hypomorphic Fgf8 allele or complete gene invalidation display, aside from gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency, parts or even the entire spectrum of human VATER/VACTERL association. METHODS We performed FGF8 gene analysis in 49 patients with VATER/VACTERL association and 27 patients presenting with a VATER/VACTERL-like phenotype (two cardinal features). RESULTS We identified two heterozygous FGF8 mutations in patients displaying either VATER/VACTERL association (p.Gly29_Arg34dup) or a VATER/VACTERL-like phenotype (p.Pro26Leu) without limb anomalies. Whereas the duplication mutation has not been reported before, p.Pro26Leu was once observed in a Kallmann syndrome patient. Both our patients had additional bilateral cryptorchidism, a key phenotypic feature in males with FGF8 associated Kallmann syndrome. Each mutation was paternally inherited. Besides delayed puberty in both and additional unilateral cryptorchidism in one of the fathers, they were otherwise healthy. Serum hormone levels downstream the gonadotropin-releasing hormone in both patients and their fathers were within normal range. CONCLUSION Our results suggest FGF8 mutations to contribute to the formation of the VATER/VACTERL association. Further studies are needed to support this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zeidler
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) regulate important biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation during development and tissue repair. Over the past decades, numerous pathological conditions and developmental syndromes have emerged as a consequence of deregulation in the FGFRs signaling network. This review aims to provide an overview of FGFR family, their complex signaling pathways in tumorigenesis, and the current development and application of therapeutics targeting the FGFRs signaling for treatment of refractory human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hung Tiong
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Li Yen Mah
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, International Medical University, 126 Jalan 19/155B, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Xu B, Noohi S, Shin JS, Tan SL, Taketo T. Bi-directional communication with the cumulus cells is involved in the deficiency of XY oocytes in the components essential for proper second meiotic spindle assembly. Dev Biol 2013; 385:242-52. [PMID: 24247007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The oocyte becomes competent for embryonic development by involving mutual communication with cumulus cells (CCs) during folliculogenesis. How this communication takes place under physiological conditions is not fully understood. Current study examined oocyte-CCs communication in the XY sex-revered female mouse. We have previously found that the XY oocyte is defective in its cytoplasm, causing abnormal MII-spindle assembly and a failure in embryonic development. Our present study showed that transcript levels of Pfkp, Pkm2 and Ldh1 involved in glycolysis were lower in the CCs surrounding XY oocytes than in those surrounding XX oocytes. ATP contents in XY oocytes were also lower than those in XX oocytes, suggesting that lower glycolytic gene expression in CCs resulted in lower ATP contents in the enclosed oocyte. Co-culture of oocytectomized CC-oocyte complexes (COCs) with denuded oocytes showed that XY oocytes were less efficient than XX oocytes in promoting glycolytic gene expression in CCs. Furthermore, both glycolytic gene expression levels in CCs and ATP contents in oocytes of XY COCs increased to similar levels to those of XX COCs after culture for 20h in the presence of milrinone (=preincubation), which prevented spontaneous oocyte maturation. By increasing ATP levels in XY oocytes by either COC preincubation or ATP microinjection into oocytes prior to in vitro maturation, an improvement in MII-spindle assembly was observed. We conclude that the XY oocyte produces lesser amounts of paracrine factors that affect its companion CCs, which in turn make the ooplasm deficient in its components, including ATP, essential for MII-spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozeng Xu
- Departments of Surgery and Biology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Saeid Noohi
- Departments of Surgery and Biology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Jonghyun S Shin
- Departments of Surgery and Biology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1
| | - Seang Lin Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1; Montreal Reproductive Center, 2110 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, Canada H4A 3J3
| | - Teruko Taketo
- Departments of Surgery and Biology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1A1; Montreal Reproductive Center, 2110 Decarie Blvd, Montreal, QC, Canada H4A 3J3.
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22
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Wang W, Chen X, Li T, Li Y, Wang R, He D, Luo W, Li X, Wu X. Screening a phage display library for a novel FGF8b-binding peptide with anti-tumor effect on prostate cancer. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1156-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Candiello J, Singh SS, Task K, Kumta PN, Banerjee I. Early differentiation patterning of mouse embryonic stem cells in response to variations in alginate substrate stiffness. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:9. [PMID: 23570553 PMCID: PMC3643844 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been implicated to have tremendous impact in regenerative therapeutics of various diseases, including Type 1 Diabetes. Upon generation of functionally mature ESC derived islet-like cells, they need to be implanted into diabetic patients to restore the loss of islet activity. Encapsulation in alginate microcapsules is a promising route of implantation, which can protect the cells from the recipient’s immune system. While there has been a significant investigation into islet encapsulation over the past decade, the feasibility of encapsulation and differentiation of ESCs has been less explored. Research over the past few years has identified the cellular mechanical microenvironment to play a central role in phenotype commitment of stem cells. Therefore it will be important to design the encapsulation material to be supportive to cellular functionality and maturation. Results This work investigated the effect of stiffness of alginate substrate on initial differentiation and phenotype commitment of murine ESCs. ESCs grown on alginate substrates tuned to similar biomechanical properties of native pancreatic tissue elicited both an enhanced and incrementally responsive differentiation towards endodermal lineage traits. Conclusions The insight into these biophysical phenomena found in this study can be used along with other cues to enhance the differentiation of embryonic stem cells toward a specific lineage fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Candiello
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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24
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Goetz R, Mohammadi M. Exploring mechanisms of FGF signalling through the lens of structural biology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:166-80. [PMID: 23403721 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) mediate a broad range of functions in both the developing and adult organism. The accumulated wealth of structural information on the FGF signalling pathway has begun to unveil the underlying molecular mechanisms that modulate this system to generate a myriad of distinct biological outputs in development, tissue homeostasis and metabolism. At the ligand and receptor level, these mechanisms include alternative splicing of the ligand (FGF8 subfamily) and the receptor (FGFR1-FGFR3), ligand homodimerization (FGF9 subfamily), site-specific proteolytic cleavage of the ligand (FGF23), and interaction of the ligand and the receptor with heparan sulphate cofactor and Klotho co-receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Goetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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25
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Holland LZ. Evolution of new characters after whole genome duplications: insights from amphioxus. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:101-9. [PMID: 23291260 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Additional copies of genes resulting from two whole genome duplications at the base of the vertebrates have been suggested as enabling the evolution of vertebrate-specific structures such as neural crest, a midbrain/hindbrain organizer and neurogenic placodes. These structures, however, did not evolve entirely de novo, but arose from tissues already present in an ancestral chordate. This review discusses the evolutionary history of co-option of old genes for new roles in vertebrate development as well as the relative contributions of changes in cis-regulation and in protein structure. Particular examples are the FoxD, FGF8/17/18 and Pax2/5/8 genes. Comparisons with invertebrate chordates (amphioxus and tunicates) paint a complex picture with co-option of genes into new structures occurring both after and before the whole genome duplications. In addition, while cis-regulatory changes are likely of primary importance in evolution of vertebrate-specific structures, changes in protein structure including alternative splicing are non-trivial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA.
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26
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Jaramillo M, Singh SS, Velankar S, Kumta PN, Banerjee I. Inducing endoderm differentiation by modulating mechanical properties of soft substrates. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:1-12. [PMID: 23008262 DOI: 10.1002/term.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Early embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation is marked by the formation of three germ layers from which all tissues types arise. Conventionally, ESCs are differentiated by altering their chemical microenvironment. Recently however, it was established that a mechanical microenvironment can also contribute towards cellular phenotype commitment. In this study, we report how the cellular mechanical microenvironment of soft substrates affects the differentiation and phenotypic commitment of ESCs. Mouse ESCs were cultured in a fibrin hydrogel matrix in 2D and 3D cultures. The gelation characteristics of the substrates were modulated by systematically altering the fibrinogen concentration and the fibrinogen-thrombin crosslinking ratio. Analysis of the ESCs cultured on different substrate conditions clearly illustrated the strong influence that substrate physical characteristics assert on cellular behaviours. Specifically, it was found that ESCs had a higher proliferation rate in gels of lower stiffness. Early differentiation events were studied by analyzing the gene and protein expression levels of early germ layer markers. Our results revealed that lower substrate stiffness elicited stronger upregulation of endoderm related genes Sox17, Afp and Hnf4 compared to stiffer substrates. While both 2D and 3D cultures showed a similar response, the effects were much stronger in 3D culture. These results suggest that physical cues can be used to modulate ESC differentiation into clinically relevant tissues such as liver and pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jaramillo
- Bioengineering Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 15261
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27
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Huettl RE, Haehl T, Huber AB. Fasciculation and guidance of spinal motor axons in the absence of FGFR2 signaling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41095. [PMID: 22815929 PMCID: PMC3398880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, fibroblast growth factors (FGF) are essential for early patterning events along the anterior-posterior axis, conferring positional identity to spinal motor neurons by activation of different Hox codes. In the periphery, signaling through one of four fibroblast growth factor receptors supports the development of the skeleton, as well as induction and maintenance of extremities. In previous studies, FGF receptor 2 (FGFR2) was found to interact with axon bound molecules involved in axon fasciculation and extension, thus rendering this receptor an interesting candidate for the promotion of proper peripheral innervation. However, while the involvement of FGFR2 in limb bud induction has been extensively studied, its role during axon elongation and formation of distinct nervous projections has not been addressed so far. We show here that motor neurons in the spinal cord express FGFR2 and other family members during the establishment of motor connections to the forelimb and axial musculature. Employing a conditional genetic approach to selectively ablate FGFR2 from motor neurons we found that the patterning of motor columns and the expression patterns of other FGF receptors and Sema3A in the motor columns of mutant embryos are not altered. In the absence of FGFR2 signaling, pathfinding of motor axons is intact, and also fasciculation, distal advancement of motor nerves and gross morphology and positioning of axonal projections are not altered. Our findings therefore show that FGFR2 is not required cell-autonomously in motor neurons during the formation of initial motor projections towards limb and axial musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa-Eva Huettl
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Teresa Haehl
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrea B. Huber
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Elo T, Sipilä P, Valve E, Kujala P, Toppari J, Poutanen M, Härkönen P. Fibroblast Growth Factor 8b Causes Progressive Stromal and Epithelial Changes in the Epididymis and Degeneration of the Seminiferous Epithelium in the Testis of Transgenic Mice1. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:157, 1-12. [DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.097352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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29
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Beenken A, Eliseenkova AV, Ibrahimi OA, Olsen SK, Mohammadi M. Plasticity in interactions of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) N terminus with FGF receptors underlies promiscuity of FGF1. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:3067-78. [PMID: 22057274 PMCID: PMC3270963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.275891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific alternative splicing in the second half of Ig-like domain 3 (D3) of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-3 (FGFR1 to -3) generates epithelial FGFR1b-FGFR3b and mesenchymal FGFR1c-FGFR3c splice isoforms. This splicing event establishes a selectivity filter to restrict the ligand binding specificity of FGFRb and FGFRc isoforms to mesenchymally and epithelially derived fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), respectively. FGF1 is termed the "universal FGFR ligand" because it overrides this specificity barrier. To elucidate the molecular basis for FGF1 cross-reactivity with the "b" and "c" splice isoforms of FGFRs, we determined the first crystal structure of FGF1 in complex with an FGFRb isoform, FGFR2b, at 2.1 Å resolution. Comparison of the FGF1-FGFR2b structure with the three previously published FGF1-FGFRc structures reveals that plasticity in the interactions of the N-terminal region of FGF1 with FGFR D3 is the main determinant of FGF1 cross-reactivity with both isoforms of FGFRs. In support of our structural data, we demonstrate that substitution of three N-terminal residues (Gly-19, His-25, and Phe-26) of FGF2 (a ligand that does not bind FGFR2b) for the corresponding residues of FGF1 (Phe-16, Asn-22, and Tyr-23) enables the FGF2 triple mutant to bind and activate FGFR2b. These findings taken together with our previous structural data on receptor binding specificity of FGF2, FGF8, and FGF10 conclusively show that sequence divergence at the N termini of FGFs is the primary regulator of the receptor binding specificity and promiscuity of FGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Beenken
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Anna V. Eliseenkova
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Omar A. Ibrahimi
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Shaun K. Olsen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- From the Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
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Falk A, Koch P, Kesavan J, Takashima Y, Ladewig J, Alexander M, Wiskow O, Tailor J, Trotter M, Pollard S, Smith A, Brüstle O. Capture of neuroepithelial-like stem cells from pluripotent stem cells provides a versatile system for in vitro production of human neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29597. [PMID: 22272239 PMCID: PMC3260177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide new prospects for studying human neurodevelopment and modeling neurological disease. In particular, iPSC-derived neural cells permit a direct comparison of disease-relevant molecular pathways in neurons and glia derived from patients and healthy individuals. A prerequisite for such comparative studies are robust protocols that efficiently yield standardized populations of neural cell types. Here we show that long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial-like stem cells (lt-NES cells) derived from 3 hESC and 6 iPSC lines in two independent laboratories exhibit consistent characteristics including i) continuous expandability in the presence of FGF2 and EGF; ii) stable neuronal and glial differentiation competence; iii) characteristic transcription factor profile; iv) hindbrain specification amenable to regional patterning; v) capacity to generate functionally mature human neurons. We further show that lt-NES cells are developmentally distinct from fetal tissue-derived radial glia-like stem cells. We propose that lt-NES cells provide an interesting tool for studying human neurodevelopment and may serve as a standard system to facilitate comparative analyses of hESC and hiPSC-derived neural cells from control and diseased genetic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Falk
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Koch
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jaideep Kesavan
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yasuhiro Takashima
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Ladewig
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Alexander
- Institute of Human Genetics, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ole Wiskow
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jignesh Tailor
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Trotter
- Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Pollard
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Austin Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Thiagarajan RD, Cloonan N, Gardiner BB, Mercer TR, Kolle G, Nourbakhsh E, Wani S, Tang D, Krishnan K, Georgas KM, Rumballe BA, Chiu HS, Steen JA, Mattick JS, Little MH, Grimmond SM. Refining transcriptional programs in kidney development by integration of deep RNA-sequencing and array-based spatial profiling. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:441. [PMID: 21888672 PMCID: PMC3180702 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The developing mouse kidney is currently the best-characterized model of organogenesis at a transcriptional level. Detailed spatial maps have been generated for gene expression profiling combined with systematic in situ screening. These studies, however, fall short of capturing the transcriptional complexity arising from each locus due to the limited scope of microarray-based technology, which is largely based on "gene-centric" models. Results To address this, the polyadenylated RNA and microRNA transcriptomes of the 15.5 dpc mouse kidney were profiled using strand-specific RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to a depth sufficient to complement spatial maps from pre-existing microarray datasets. The transcriptional complexity of RNAs arising from mouse RefSeq loci was catalogued; including 3568 alternatively spliced transcripts and 532 uncharacterized alternate 3' UTRs. Antisense expressions for 60% of RefSeq genes was also detected including uncharacterized non-coding transcripts overlapping kidney progenitor markers, Six2 and Sall1, and were validated by section in situ hybridization. Analysis of genes known to be involved in kidney development, particularly during mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, showed an enrichment of non-coding antisense transcripts extended along protein-coding RNAs. Conclusion The resulting resource further refines the transcriptomic cartography of kidney organogenesis by integrating deep RNA sequencing data with locus-based information from previously published expression atlases. The added resolution of RNA-Seq has provided the basis for a transition from classical gene-centric models of kidney development towards more accurate and detailed "transcript-centric" representations, which highlights the extent of transcriptional complexity of genes that direct complex development events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathi D Thiagarajan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St, Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
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Sunmonu NA, Li K, Li JYH. Numerous isoforms of Fgf8 reflect its multiple roles in the developing brain. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1722-6. [PMID: 21506104 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Soluble growth factors play an important role in the coordination and integration of cell proliferation, differentiation, fate determination, and morphogenesis during development of multicellular organisms. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a large family of polypeptide growth factors that are present in organisms ranging from nematodes to humans. RNA alternative splicing of FGFs and their receptors further enhances the complexity of this ligand-receptor system. The mouse Fgf8 gene produces eight splice variants, which encode isoform proteins with different N-termini and distinct receptor-binding affinity and biological activity. In this article, we review the roles of Fgf8 in vertebrate development and summarize the recent findings on the in vivo function of different Fgf8 splice variants. We propose that multiple Fgf8 isoform proteins act in concert to regulate the overall function of Fgf8 and account for the diverse and essential role of Fgf8 during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Abimbola Sunmonu
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-6403, USA
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Glatt SJ, Cohen OS, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. Dysfunctional gene splicing as a potential contributor to neuropsychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2011; 156B:382-92. [PMID: 21438146 PMCID: PMC3082621 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing is a major mechanism by which the proteomic diversity of eukaryotic genomes is amplified. Much akin to neuropsychiatric disorders themselves, alternative splicing events can be influenced by genetic, developmental, and environmental factors. Here, we review the evidence that abnormalities of splicing may contribute to the liability toward these disorders. First, we introduce the phenomenon of alternative splicing and describe the processes involved in its regulation. We then review the evidence for specific splicing abnormalities in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including psychotic disorders (schizophrenia), affective disorders (bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder), suicide, substance abuse disorders (cocaine abuse and alcoholism), and neurodevelopmental disorders (autism). Next, we provide a theoretical reworking of the concept of "gene-focused" epidemiologic and neurobiologic investigations. Lastly, we suggest potentially fruitful lines for future research that should illuminate the nature, extent, causes, and consequences of alternative splicing abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Glatt
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; Medical Genetics Research Center; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY 13210; U.S.A,To whom correspondence should be addressed: SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Weiskotten Hall, Room 3283, Syracuse, NY 13210, U.S.A., , Facsimile: (315) 464-7744, Telephone: (315) 464-7742
| | - Ori S. Cohen
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; Medical Genetics Research Center; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY 13210; U.S.A
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology & Neurobiology Laboratory (PsychGENe Lab); Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences & Neuroscience and Physiology; Medical Genetics Research Center; SUNY Upstate Medical University; Syracuse, NY 13210; U.S.A
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Center for Behavioral Genomics; Department of Psychiatry; Institute of Genomic Medicine; University of California, San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive; La Jolla, CA 92039; U.S.A, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System; 3350 La Jolla Village Drive; San Diego, CA 92161; U.S.A, Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics; Harvard Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry; 25 Shattuck Street; Boston, MA 02115; U.S.A
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Peterslund JM, Serup P. Activation of FGFR(IIIc) isoforms promotes activin-induced mesendoderm development in mouse embryonic stem cells and reduces Sox17 coexpression in EpCAM+ cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 6:262-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Stromal activation associated with development of prostate cancer in prostate-targeted fibroblast growth factor 8b transgenic mice. Neoplasia 2011; 12:915-27. [PMID: 21076617 DOI: 10.1593/neo.10776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Expression of fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF-8) is commonly increased in prostate cancer. Experimental studies have provided evidence that it plays a role in prostate tumorigenesis and tumor progression. To study how increased FGF-8 affects the prostate, we generated and analyzed transgenic (TG) mice expressing FGF-8b under the probasin promoter that targets expression to prostate epithelium. Prostates of the TG mice showed an increased size and changes in stromal and epithelial morphology progressing from atypia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mouse PIN, mPIN) lesions to tumors with highly variable phenotype bearing features of adenocarcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and sarcoma. The development of mPIN lesions was preceded by formation of activated stroma containing increased proportion of fibroblastic cells, rich vasculature, and inflammation. The association between advancing stromal and epithelial alterations was statistically significant. Microarray analysis and validation with quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed that expression of osteopontin and connective tissue growth factor was markedly upregulated in TG mouse prostates compared with wild type prostates. Androgen receptor staining was decreased in transformed epithelium and in hypercellular stroma but strongly increased in the sarcoma-like lesions. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that disruption of FGF signaling pathways by increased epithelial production of FGF-8b leads to strongly activated and atypical stroma, which precedes development of mPIN lesions and prostate cancer with mixed features of adenocarcinoma and sarcoma in the prostates of TG mice. The results suggest that increased FGF-8 in human prostate may also contribute to prostate tumorigenesis by stromal activation.
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Interpretation of the FGF8 morphogen gradient is regulated by endocytic trafficking. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:153-8. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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37
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Lui VWY, Yau DMS, Cheung CSF, Wong SCC, Chan AKC, Zhou Q, Wong EYL, Lau CPY, Lam EKY, Hui EP, Hong B, Hui CWC, Chan ASK, Ng PKS, Ng YK, Lo KW, Tsang CM, Tsui SKW, Tsao SW, Chan ATC. FGF8b oncogene mediates proliferation and invasion of Epstein–Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells: implication for viral-mediated FGF8b upregulation. Oncogene 2010; 30:1518-30. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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38
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Ota S, Tonou-Fujimori N, Tonou-Fujimori N, Nakayama Y, Ito Y, Kawamura A, Yamasu K. FGF receptor gene expression and its regulation by FGF signaling during early zebrafish development. Genesis 2010; 48:707-16. [PMID: 20960516 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The expression of all four fgfr genes was extensively examined throughout early embryogenesis of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). fgfr1 alone was expressed maternally throughout the blastoderm, and then zygotically in the anterior neural plate and presomitic mesoderm. fgfr4 expression was first detected in late blastulae and was gradually restricted to the brain. fgfr2 and fgfr3 expression were initiated in early and late gastrulae, respectively; fgfr2 was expressed in the anterior neural plate and somitic mesoderm, whereas fgfr3 was activated in the axial mesoderm and then in the midbrain and somitic mesoderm. During somitogenesis, each of these fgfr genes was expressed in a characteristic manner in the brain. Using an FGF signal inhibitor, dominant-negative FGF receptors and fgf8.1/fgf8a mutants, we found that fgfr expression is directly or indirectly regulated by FGF signaling during epiboly and at the end of somitogenesis, revealing the presence of an autoregulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ota
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
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Toyoda R, Assimacopoulos S, Wilcoxon J, Taylor A, Feldman P, Suzuki-Hirano A, Shimogori T, Grove EA. FGF8 acts as a classic diffusible morphogen to pattern the neocortex. Development 2010; 137:3439-48. [PMID: 20843859 DOI: 10.1242/dev.055392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gain- and loss-of-function experiments have demonstrated that a source of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 regulates anterior to posterior (A/P) patterning in the neocortical area map. Whether FGF8 controls patterning as a classic diffusible morphogen has not been directly tested. We report evidence that FGF8 diffuses through the mouse neocortical primordium from a discrete source in the anterior telencephalon, forms a protein gradient across the entire A/P extent of the primordium, and acts directly at a distance from its source to determine area identity. FGF8 immunofluorescence revealed FGF8 protein distributed in an A/P gradient. Fate-mapping experiments showed that outside the most anterior telencephalon, neocortical progenitor cells did not express Fgf8, nor were they derived from Fgf8-expressing cells, suggesting that graded distribution of FGF8 results from protein diffusion from the anterior source. Supporting this conclusion, a dominant-negative high-affinity FGF8 receptor captured endogenous FGF8 at a distance from the FGF8 source. New FGF8 sources introduced by electroporation showed haloes of FGF8 immunofluorescence indicative of FGF8 diffusion, and surrounding cells reacted to a new source of FGF8 by upregulating different FGF8-responsive genes in concentric domains around the source. Reducing endogenous FGF8 with the dominant-negative receptor in the central neocortical primordium induced cells to adopt a more posterior area identity, demonstrating long-range area patterning by FGF8. These observations support FGF8 as a classic diffusible morphogen in neocortex, thereby guiding future studies of neocortical pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Toyoda
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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40
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Yu S, Poe B, Schwarz M, Elliot SA, Albertine KH, Fenton S, Garg V, Moon AM. Fetal and postnatal lung defects reveal a novel and required role for Fgf8 in lung development. Dev Biol 2010; 347:92-108. [PMID: 20727874 PMCID: PMC5133699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor, FGF8, has been shown to be essential for vertebrate cardiovascular, craniofacial, brain and limb development. Here we report that Fgf8 function is required for normal progression through the late fetal stages of lung development that culminate in alveolar formation. Budding, lobation and branching morphogenesis are unaffected in early stage Fgf8 hypomorphic and conditional mutant lungs. Excess proliferation during fetal development disrupts distal airspace formation, mesenchymal and vascular remodeling, and Type I epithelial cell differentiation resulting in postnatal respiratory failure and death. Our findings reveal a previously unknown, critical role for Fgf8 function in fetal lung development and suggest that this factor may also contribute to postnatal alveologenesis. Given the high number of premature infants with alveolar dysgenesis and lung dysplasia, and the accumulating evidence that short-term benefits of available therapies may be outweighed by long-term detrimental effects on postnatal alveologenesis, the therapeutic implications of identifying a factor or pathway that can be targeted to stimulate normal alveolar development are profound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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41
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Holland LZ, Short S. Alternative splicing in development and function of chordate endocrine systems: a focus on Pax genes. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:22-34. [PMID: 21558185 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing has facilitated an understanding of gene networks but has also shown that they are only a small part of the answer to the question of how genes translate into a functional organism. Much of the answer lies in epigenetics-heritable traits not directly encoded by the genome. One such phenomenon is alternative splicing, which affects over 75% of protein coding genes and greatly amplifies the number of proteins. Although it was postulated that alternative splicing and gene duplication are inversely proportional and, therefore, have similar effects on the size of the proteome, for ancient duplications such as occurred in the Pax family of transcription factors, that is not necessarily so. The importance of alternative splicing in development and physiology is only just coming to light. However, several techniques for studying isoform functions both in vitro and in vivo have been recently developed. As examples of what is known and what is yet to be discovered, this review focuses on the evolution and roles of the Pax family of transcription factors in development and on alternative splicing of endocrine genes and the factors that regulate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA.
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42
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Fgf8b-containing spliceforms, but not Fgf8a, are essential for Fgf8 function during development of the midbrain and cerebellum. Dev Biol 2009; 338:183-92. [PMID: 19968985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The single Fgf8 gene in mice produces eight protein isoforms (Fgf8a-h) with different N-termini by alternative splicing. Gain-of-function studies have demonstrated that Fgf8a and Fgf8b have distinct activities in the developing midbrain and hindbrain (MHB) due to their different binding affinities with FGF receptors. Here we have performed loss-of-function analyses to determine the in vivo requirement for these two Fgf8 spliceforms during MHB development. We showed that deletion of Fgf8b-containing spliceforms (b, d, f and h) leads to loss of multiple key regulatory genes, including Fgf8 itself, in the MHB region. Therefore, specific inactivation of Fgf8b-containing spliceforms, similar to the loss of Fgf8, in MHB progenitors results in deletion of the midbrain, isthmus, and cerebellum. We also created a splice-site mutation abolishing Fgf8a-containing spliceforms (a, c, e, and g). Mice lacking Fgf8a-containing spliceforms exhibit growth retardation and postnatal lethality, and the phenotype is variable in different genetic backgrounds, suggesting that the Fgf8a-containing spliceforms may play a role in modulating the activity of Fgf8. Surprisingly, no discernable defect was detected in the midbrain and cerebellum of Fgf8a-deficient mice. To determine if Fgf17, which is expressed in the MHB region and possesses similar activities to Fgf8a based on gain-of-function studies, may compensate for the loss of Fgf8a, we generated Fgf17 and Fgf8a double mutant mice. Mice lacking both Fgf8a-containing spliceforms and Fgf17 display the same defect in the posterior midbrain and anterior cerebellum as Fgf17 mutant mice. Therefore, Fgf8b-containing spliceforms, but not Fgf8a, are essential for the function of Fgf8 during the development of the midbrain and cerebellum.
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Miyagawa S, Moon A, Haraguchi R, Inoue C, Harada M, Nakahara C, Suzuki K, Matsumaru D, Kaneko T, Matsuo I, Yang L, Taketo MM, Iguchi T, Evans SM, Yamada G. Dosage-dependent hedgehog signals integrated with Wnt/beta-catenin signaling regulate external genitalia formation as an appendicular program. Development 2009; 136:3969-78. [PMID: 19906864 PMCID: PMC2778744 DOI: 10.1242/dev.039438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic appendicular structures, such as the limb buds and the developing external genitalia, are suitable models with which to analyze the reciprocal interactions of growth factors in the regulation of outgrowth. Although several studies have evaluated the individual functions of different growth factors in appendicular growth, the coordinated function and integration of input from multiple signaling cascades is poorly understood. We demonstrate that a novel signaling cascade governs formation of the embryonic external genitalia [genital tubercle (GT)]. We show that the dosage of Shh signal is tightly associated with subsequent levels of Wnt/beta-catenin activity and the extent of external genitalia outgrowth. In Shh-null mouse embryos, both expression of Wnt ligands and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling activity are downregulated. beta-catenin gain-of-function mutation rescues defective GT outgrowth and Fgf8 expression in Shh-null embryos. These data indicate that Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in the distal urethral epithelium acts downstream of Shh signaling during GT outgrowth. The current data also suggest that Wnt/beta-catenin regulates Fgf8 expression via Lef/Tcf binding sites in a 3' conserved enhancer. Fgf8 induces phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and cell proliferation in the GT mesenchyme in vitro, yet Fgf4/8 compound-mutant phenotypes indicate dispensable functions of Fgf4/8 and the possibility of redundancy among multiple Fgfs in GT development. Our results provide new insights into the integration of growth factor signaling in the appendicular developmental programs that regulate external genitalia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Miyagawa
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Global COE ‘Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit’, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Anne Moon
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurobiology and Anatomy, and Human Genetics, University of Utah, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ryuma Haraguchi
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Chie Inoue
- Graduate School of Molecular and Genomic Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masayo Harada
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Global COE ‘Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit’, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Chiaki Nakahara
- Graduate School of Molecular and Genomic Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Global COE ‘Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit’, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Graduate School of Molecular and Genomic Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Takehito Kaneko
- Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Isao Matsuo
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Lei Yang
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Makoto M. Taketo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Sylvia M. Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gen Yamada
- Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Global COE ‘Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit’, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
- Graduate School of Molecular and Genomic Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Lammi J, Aarnisalo P. FGF-8 stimulates the expression of NR4A orphan nuclear receptors in osteoblasts. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 295:87-93. [PMID: 18809462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nurr1, NGFI-B, and Nor1 form the NR4A subfamily of orphan nuclear receptors. The NR4A receptors are immediate early genes that can be rapidly induced in response to a variety of stimuli in many cell types, for example, in osteoblasts. Nurr1 regulates the differentiation of osteoblasts and the expression of several osteoblastic genes. Fibroblast growth factor 8b (FGF-8b) regulates osteoblastic differentiation. We show here that treatment of preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells or mouse bone marrow mesenchymal cells with FGF-8b induces the expression of NR4A receptors rapidly and in a dose-dependent manner. This induction involves mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K), and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. FGF-8b stimulates the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. This effect is enhanced by overexpression of Nurr1 and NGFI-B whereas it is abolished by a dominant negative Nurr1 variant. In conclusion, FGF-8b induces the expression of NR4A orphan nuclear receptors that are involved in mediating the growth promoting effect of FGF-8b in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Lammi
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Lagha M, Kormish JD, Rocancourt D, Manceau M, Epstein JA, Zaret KS, Relaix F, Buckingham ME. Pax3 regulation of FGF signaling affects the progression of embryonic progenitor cells into the myogenic program. Genes Dev 2008; 22:1828-37. [PMID: 18593883 DOI: 10.1101/gad.477908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pax3/7-dependent stem cells play an essential role in skeletal muscle development. We now show that Fgfr4 lies genetically downstream from Pax3 and is a direct target. In chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip experiments, Pax3 binds to a sequence 3' of the Fgfr4 gene that directs Pax3-dependent expression at sites of myogenesis in transgenic mouse embryos. The activity of this regulatory element is also partially dependent on E-boxes, targets of the myogenic regulatory factors, which are expressed as progenitor cells enter the myogenic program. Other FGF signaling components, notably Sprouty1, are also regulated by Pax3. In vivo manipulation of Sprouty expression reveals that FGF signaling affects the balance between Pax-positive progenitor cells and committed myoblasts. These results provide new insight into the Pax-initiated regulatory network that modulates stem cell maintenance versus tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Lagha
- CNRS URA 2578, Department of Developmental Biology, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France
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Abstract
Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) are polypeptides with diverse activities in development and physiology. The mammalian Fgf family can be divided into the intracellular Fgf11/12/13/14 subfamily (iFGFs), the hormone-like Fgf15/21/23 subfamily (hFGFs), and the canonical Fgf subfamilies, including Fgf1/2/5, Fgf3/4/6, Fgf7/10/22, Fgf8/17/18, and Fgf9/16/20. However, all Fgfs are evolutionarily related. We propose that an Fgf13-like gene is the ancestor of the iFgf subfamily and the most likely evolutionary ancestor of the entire Fgf family. Potential ancestors of the canonical and hFgf subfamilies, Fgf4-, Fgf5-, Fgf8-, Fgf9-, Fgf10-, and Fgf15-like, appear to have derived from an Fgf13-like ancestral gene. Canonical FGFs function in a paracrine manner, while hFGFs function in an endocrine manner. We conclude that the ancestral Fgfs for these subfamilies acquired this functional diversity before the evolution of vertebrates. During the evolution of early vertebrates, the Fgf subfamilies further expanded to contain three or four members in each subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Itoh
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan.
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Nakamura H, Sato T, Suzuki-Hirano A. Isthmus organizer for mesencephalon and metencephalon. Dev Growth Differ 2008; 50 Suppl 1:S113-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2008.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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48
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Matsui H, Sakabe M, Sakata H, Yanagawa N, Ikeda K, Yamagishi T, Nakajima Y. Induction of initial heart α-actin, smooth muscle α-actin, in chick pregastrula epiblast: The role of hypoblast and fibroblast growth factor-8. Dev Growth Differ 2008; 50:143-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2008.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Inoue F, Parvin MS, Yamasu K. Transcription of fgf8 is regulated by activating and repressive cis-elements at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary in zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 2008; 316:471-86. [PMID: 18280464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fgf8 is expressed in the isthmic region of the developing brain, serving an organizing function in vertebrate embryos. We previously identified S4.2 downstream to the zebrafish fgf8 gene as a regulatory region that drives transcription in the anterior hindbrain. Here, we investigated the mechanism of fgf8 regulation by the S4.2 region during development. Reporter analyses in embryos revealed that S4.2 closely recapitulates fgf8 expression in the anteriormost hindbrain during somitogenesis. This region contains a sequence highly conserved in fgf8 of diverse vertebrates. Further analyses of S4.2 revealed a 342-bp core region composed of three subregions (#2, #3, and #4). Regions #3 and #4 drove expression broadly in the brain from the midbrain to r5 of the hindbrain, whereas a 28-bp sequence in #2 repressed ectopic expression in the midbrain and in r2 to r5. The enhancer function of S4.2 was absent in pax2a mutant embryos, while it was activated ectopically by pax2a misexpression in the hindbrain. We identified two sites in the core region that are bound by Pax2a in vitro and in vivo, the disruption of which abrogated the S4.2 activity. Thus, fgf8 expression in the anteriormost hindbrain involves activation and repression, with Pax2a as a pivotal regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumitaka Inoue
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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Valta MP, Tuomela J, Bjartell A, Valve E, Väänänen HK, Härkönen P. FGF-8 is involved in bone metastasis of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:22-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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