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Vlad D, Zaidem M, Perico C, Sedelnikova O, Bhattacharya S, Langdale JA. The WIP6 transcription factor TOO MANY LATERALS specifies vein type in C 4 and C 3 grass leaves. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1670-1686.e10. [PMID: 38531358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Grass leaves are invariantly strap shaped with an elongated distal blade and a proximal sheath that wraps around the stem. Underpinning this shape is a scaffold of leaf veins, most of which extend in parallel along the proximo-distal leaf axis. Differences between species are apparent both in the vein types that develop and in the distance between veins across the medio-lateral leaf axis. A prominent engineering goal is to increase vein density in leaves of C3 photosynthesizing species to facilitate the introduction of the more efficient C4 pathway. Here, we discover that the WIP6 transcription factor TOO MANY LATERALS (TML) specifies vein rank in both maize (C4) and rice (C3). Loss-of-function tml mutations cause large lateral veins to develop in positions normally occupied by smaller intermediate veins, and TML transcript localization in wild-type leaves is consistent with a role in suppressing lateral vein development in procambial cells that form intermediate veins. Attempts to manipulate TML function in rice were unsuccessful because transgene expression was silenced, suggesting that precise TML expression is essential for shoot viability. This finding may reflect the need to prevent the inappropriate activation of downstream targets or, given that transcriptome analysis revealed altered cytokinin and auxin signaling profiles in maize tml mutants, the need to prevent local or general hormonal imbalances. Importantly, rice tml mutants display an increased occupancy of veins in the leaf, providing a step toward an anatomical chassis for C4 engineering. Collectively, a conserved mechanism of vein rank specification in grass leaves has been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vlad
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Chiara Perico
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Olga Sedelnikova
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Samik Bhattacharya
- Resolve BioSciences GmbH, Alfred-Nobel-Straße 10, 40789 Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Jane A Langdale
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.
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2
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Kumar A, Verma K, Kashyap R, Joshi VJ, Sircar D, Yadav SR. Auxin-responsive ROS homeostasis genes display dynamic expression pattern during rice crown root primordia morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108307. [PMID: 38159549 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated continuously as a by-product of aerobic metabolism in plants. While excessive ROS cause oxidative stresses in cells, they act as signaling molecules when maintained at an optimum concentration through the dynamic equilibrium of ROS metabolizing mechanisms to regulate growth, development and response to environmental stress. Auxin and its crosstalk with other signaling cascades are crucial for maintaining ROS homeostasis and orchestrating root architecture but dissecting the underlying mechanism requires detailed investigation at the molecular level. Rice fibrous root system is primarily composed of shoot-derived adventitious roots (also called crown roots). Here, we uncover auxin-ROS cross-talk during initiation and growth of rice roots. Potassium iodide treatment changes ROS levels that results in an altered rice root architecture. We reveal that auxin induction recover root growth and development defects by recouping level of hydrogen peroxide. By comparing global datasets previously generated by auxin induction and laser capture microdissection-RNA sequencing, we identify the redox-related antioxidants genes from peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and thioredoxin reductase families whose expression is regulated by the auxin signaling and also display dynamic expression patterns during crown root primordia morphogenesis. The auxin-mediated differential transcriptome data were validated by quantifying expression levels of a set of genes upon auxin induction. Further, in-depth spatio-temporal expression pattern analysis by RNA in situ hybridization shows the spatially restricted expression of selected genes in the developing crown root primordia. Together, our findings uncover molecular components of auxin-ROS crosstalk involved in root organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Komal Verma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rohan Kashyap
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Vedika Jayant Joshi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India.
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3
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Dhingra Y, Lahiri M, Bhandari N, Kaur I, Gupta S, Agarwal M, Katiyar-Agarwal S. Genome-wide identification, characterization, and expression analysis unveil the roles of pseudouridine synthase (PUS) family proteins in rice development and stress response. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 29:1981-2004. [PMID: 38222285 PMCID: PMC10784261 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Pseudouridylation, the conversion of uridine (U) to pseudouridine (Ѱ), is one of the most prevalent and evolutionary conserved RNA modifications, which is catalyzed by pseudouridine synthase (PUS) enzymes. Ѱs play a crucial epitranscriptomic role by regulating attributes of cellular RNAs across diverse organisms. However, the precise biological functions of PUSs in plants remain largely elusive. In this study, we identified and characterized 21 members in the rice PUS family which were categorized into six distinct subfamilies, with RluA and TruA emerging as the most extensive. A comprehensive analysis of domain structures, motifs, and homology modeling revealed that OsPUSs possess all canonical features of true PUS proteins, essential for substrate recognition and catalysis. The exploration of OsPUS promoters revealed presence of cis-acting regulatory elements associated with hormone and abiotic stress responses. Expression analysis of OsPUS genes showed differential expression at developmental stages and under stress conditions. Notably, OsTruB3 displayed high expression in salt, heat, and drought stresses. Several OsRluA members showed induction in heat stress, while a significant decline in expression was observed for various OsTruA members in drought and salinity. Furthermore, miRNAs predicted to target OsPUSs were themselves responsive to variable stresses, adding an additional layer of regulatory complexity of OsPUSs. Study of protein-protein interaction networks provided substantial support for the potential regulatory role of OsPUSs in numerous cellular and stress response pathways. Conclusively, our study provides functional insights into the OsPUS family, contributing to a better understanding of their crucial roles in shaping the development and stress adaptation in rice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01396-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashika Dhingra
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Milinda Lahiri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Nikunj Bhandari
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Inderjit Kaur
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
| | - Shitij Gupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
- Present Address: Institute of Plant Sciences, Universität Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manu Agarwal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Surekha Katiyar-Agarwal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Marg, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, 110021 India
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4
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Garg T, Yadav M, Mushahary KKK, Kumar A, Pal V, Singh H, Jain M, Yadav SR. Spatially activated conserved auxin-transcription factor regulatory module controls de novo root organogenesis in rice. PLANTA 2023; 258:52. [PMID: 37491477 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04210-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This study reveals that the process of crown root development and auxin-induced de novo root organogenesis during in vitro plantlet regeneration share a common auxin-OsWOX10 regulatory module in rice. In the fibrous-type root system of rice, the crown roots (CR) are developed naturally from the shoot tissues. Generation of robust auxin response, followed by activation of downstream cell fate determinants and signaling pathways at the onset of crown root primordia (CRP) establishment is essential for new root initiation. During rice tissue culture, embryonic calli are induced to regenerate shoots in vitro which undergo de novo root organogenesis on an exogenous auxin-supplemented medium, but the mechanism underlying spatially restricted root organogenesis remains unknown. Here, we reveal the dynamics of progressive activation of genes involved in auxin homeostasis and signaling during initiation and outgrowth of rice crown root primordia. By comparative global dataset analysis, we identify the crown root primordia-expressed genes whose expression is also regulated by auxin signaling. In-depth spatio-temporal expression pattern analysis shows that the exogenous application of auxin induces a set of key transcription factors exclusively in the spatially positioned CRP. Further, functional analysis of rice WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 10 (OsWOX10) during in vitro plantlet regeneration from embryogenic calli shows that it promotes de novo root organogenesis from regenerated shoots. Expression of rice OsWOX10 also induces adventitious roots (AR) in Arabidopsis, independent of homologous endogenous Arabidopsis genes. Together, our findings reveal that a common auxin-transcription factor regulatory module is involved in root organogenesis under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar Garg
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Manoj Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Akshay Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Vivek Pal
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Harshita Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
- Center for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mukesh Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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5
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Tsuda K, Suzuki T, Mimura M, Nonomura KI. Comparison of constitutive promoter activities and development of maize ubiquitin promoter- and Gateway-based binary vectors for rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:139-146. [PMID: 35937527 PMCID: PMC9300420 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In transgenic experiments, we often face fundamental requirements such as overexpressing a certain gene, developing organelle markers, testing promoter activities, introducing large genomic fragments, and combinations of them. To fulfill these multiple requirements in rice, we developed simple binary vectors with or without maize ubiquitin (UBQ) promoter, Gateway cassette and fluorescent proteins. First, we compared stabilities of cauliflower mosaic virus 35S and maize UBQ promoters for constitutive gene expression in transgenic rice. We show that the 35S promoter was frequently silenced after shoot regeneration, whereas maize UBQ promoter achieved stable expression in various young tissues. Binary vectors with Gateway cassettes under the control of the UBQ promoter allowed us to develop stable organelle markers for nuclei, microtubules and P-bodies in rice. The maize UBQ promoter can be easily replaced with any promoters of interest as exemplified by reporters of mitotic cells and provascular bundles. Finally, by introducing two genomic fluorescent reporters, we showed utilities of the Gateway cassette and two selection markers in large DNA fragment transfer and sequential transformations, respectively. Thus, these binary vectors provide useful choices of transgenic experiments in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Tsuda
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Toshiya Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Plant Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Manaki Mimura
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nonomura
- Plant Cytogenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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6
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Perico C, Tan S, Langdale JA. Developmental regulation of leaf venation patterns: monocot versus eudicots and the role of auxin. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:783-803. [PMID: 35020214 PMCID: PMC9994446 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organisation and patterning of the vascular network in land plants varies in different taxonomic, developmental and environmental contexts. In leaves, the degree of vascular strand connectivity influences both light and CO2 harvesting capabilities as well as hydraulic capacity. As such, developmental mechanisms that regulate leaf venation patterning have a direct impact on physiological performance. Development of the leaf venation network requires the specification of procambial cells within the ground meristem of the primordium and subsequent proliferation and differentiation of the procambial lineage to form vascular strands. An understanding of how diverse venation patterns are manifest therefore requires mechanistic insight into how procambium is dynamically specified in a growing leaf. A role for auxin in this process was identified many years ago, but questions remain. In this review we first provide an overview of the diverse venation patterns that exist in land plants, providing an evolutionary perspective. We then focus on the developmental regulation of leaf venation patterns in angiosperms, comparing patterning in eudicots and monocots, and the role of auxin in each case. Although common themes emerge, we conclude that the developmental mechanisms elucidated in eudicots are unlikely to fully explain how parallel venation patterns in monocot leaves are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Perico
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Sovanna Tan
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Jane A. Langdale
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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7
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Strobbe S, Verstraete J, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Metabolic engineering of rice endosperm towards higher vitamin B1 accumulation. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1253-1267. [PMID: 33448624 PMCID: PMC8196658 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a major food crop to approximately half of the human population. Unfortunately, the starchy endosperm, which is the remaining portion of the seed after polishing, contains limited amounts of micronutrients. Here, it is shown that this is particularly the case for thiamin (vitamin B1). Therefore, a tissue-specific metabolic engineering approach was conducted, aimed at enhancing the level of thiamin specifically in the endosperm. To achieve this, three major thiamin biosynthesis genes, THIC, THI1 and TH1, controlled by strong endosperm-specific promoters, were employed to obtain engineered rice lines. The metabolic engineering approaches included ectopic expression of THIC alone, in combination with THI1 (bigenic) or combined with both THI1 and TH1 (trigenic). Determination of thiamin and thiamin biosynthesis intermediates reveals the impact of the engineering approaches on endosperm thiamin biosynthesis. The results show an increase of thiamin in polished rice up to threefold compared to WT, and stable upon cooking. These findings confirm the potential of metabolic engineering to enhance de novo thiamin biosynthesis in rice endosperm tissue and aid in steering future biofortification endeavours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Strobbe
- Laboratory of Functional Plant BiologyDepartment of BiologyGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Jana Verstraete
- Laboratory of ToxicologyDepartment of BioanalysisGhent UniversityGentBelgium
| | - Christophe Stove
- Laboratory of ToxicologyDepartment of BioanalysisGhent UniversityGentBelgium
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8
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Tomescu AMF. The stele - a developmental perspective on the diversity and evolution of primary vascular architecture. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1263-1283. [PMID: 33655608 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The stele concept is one of the oldest enduring concepts in plant biology. Here, I review the history of the concept and build an argument for an updated view of steles and their evolution. Studies of stelar organization have generated a widely ranging array of definitions that determine the way we classify steles and construct scenarios about the evolution of stelar architecture. Because at the organismal level biological evolution proceeds by changes in development, concepts of structure need to be grounded in development to be relevant in an evolutionary perspective. For the stele, most traditional definitions that incorporate development have viewed it as the totality of tissues that either originate from procambium - currently the prevailing view - or are bordered by a boundary layer (e.g. endodermis). Consensus between these two perspectives can be reached by recasting the stele as a structural entity of dual nature. Following a brief review of the history of the stele concept, basic terminology related to stelar organization, and traditional classifications of the steles, I revisit boundary layers from the perspective of histogenesis as a dynamic mosaic of developmental domains. I review anatomical and molecular data to explore and reaffirm the importance of boundary layers for stelar organization. Drawing on information from comparative anatomy, developmental regulation, and the fossil record, I propose a stele concept that integrates both the boundary layer and the procambial perspectives, consistent with a dual nature of the stele. This dual stele model posits that stelar architecture is determined at the apical meristem by two major cell fate specification events: a first one that specifies a provascular domain and its boundaries, and a second event that specifies a procambial domain (which will mature into conducting tissues) from cell subpopulations of the provascular domain. If the position and extent of the developmental domains defined by the two events are determined by different concentrations of the same morphogen (most likely auxin), then the distribution of this organizer factor in the shoot apical meristem, as modulated by changes in axis size and the effect of lateral organs, can explain the different stelar configurations documented among tracheophytes. This model provides working hypotheses that incorporate assumptions and generate implications that can be tested empirically. The model also offers criteria for an updated classification of steles in line with current understanding of plant development. In this classification, steles fall into two major categories determined by the configuration of boundary layers: boundary protosteles and boundary siphonosteles, each with subtypes defined by the architecture of the vascular tissues. Validation of the dual stele model and, more generally, in-depth understanding of the regulation of stelar architecture, will necessitate targeted efforts in two areas: (i) the regulation of procambium, vascular tissue, and boundary layer specification in all extant vascular plants, considering that most of the diversity in stelar architecture is hosted by seed-free plants, which are the least explored in terms of developmental regulation; (ii) the configuration of vascular tissues and, especially, boundary layers, in as many extinct lineages as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru M F Tomescu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, 95521, U.S.A
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9
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Gong S, Ding Y, Hu S, Ding L, Chen Z, Zhu C. The role of HD-Zip class I transcription factors in plant response to abiotic stresses. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:516-525. [PMID: 30851063 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses usually affect plant growth and development, indirectly or directly causing crop production reduction and even plant death. To survive, plants utilize different mechanisms to adapt themselves to continuously changing surrounding environmental stresses. Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors are unique to the plant kingdom and divided into four different subfamilies (HD-Zip I∼IV). Many HD-Zip I members have been shown to play critical roles in the regulation of plant developmental processes, signaling networks and responses to environmental stresses. This review focuses on the role of HD-Zip I transcription factors in plant responses to various abiotic stresses, including abscisic acid-mediated stress, drought and cold stress, oxidative stress, helping to identify the potential regulatory mechanisms that alleviate abiotic stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yanfei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Lihong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
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10
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Shao J, Haider I, Xiong L, Zhu X, Hussain RMF, Övernäs E, Meijer AH, Zhang G, Wang M, Bouwmeester HJ, Ouwerkerk PBF. Functional analysis of the HD-Zip transcription factor genes Oshox12 and Oshox14 in rice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199248. [PMID: 30028850 PMCID: PMC6054374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factor family plays vital roles in plant development and morphogenesis as well as responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In barley, a recessive mutation in Vrs1 (HvHox1) changes two-rowed barley to six-rowed barley, which improves yield considerably. The Vrs1 gene encodes an HD-Zip subfamily I transcription factor. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the rice HD-Zip I genes Oshox12 and Oshox14 are the closest homologues of Vrs1. Here, we show that Oshox12 and Oshox14 are ubiquitously expressed with higher levels in developing panicles. Trans-activation assays in yeast and rice protoplasts demonstrated that Oshox12 and Oshox14 can bind to a specific DNA sequence, AH1 (CAAT(A/T)ATTG), and activate reporter gene expression. Overexpression of Oshox12 and Oshox14 in rice resulted in reduced panicle length and a dwarf phenotype. In addition, Oshox14 overexpression lines showed a deficiency in panicle exsertion. Our findings suggest that Oshox12 and Oshox14 may be involved in the regulation of panicle development. This study provides a significant advancement in understanding the functions of HD-Zip transcription factors in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxia Shao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Imran Haider
- Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Elin Övernäs
- Department of Physiological Botany, EBC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gaisheng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Wang
- Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden University European Center for Chinese Medicine and Natural Compounds, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J. Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Yasui Y, Ohmori Y, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Hirano HY. WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX4 acts as a key regulator in early leaf development in rice. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007365. [PMID: 29684018 PMCID: PMC5933814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) has long and narrow leaves with parallel veins, similar to other grasses. Relative to Arabidopsis thaliana which has oval-shaped leaves, our understanding of the mechanism of leaf development is insufficient in grasses. In this study, we show that OsWOX4, a member of the WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX gene family, plays important roles in early leaf development in rice. Inducible downregulation of OsWOX4 resulted in severe defects in leaf development, such as an arrest of vascular differentiation, a partial defect in the early cell proliferation required for midrib formation, and a failure to maintain cellular activity in general parenchyma cells. In situ analysis showed that knockdown of OsWOX4 reduced the expression of two LONELY GUY genes, which function in the synthesis of active cytokinin, in developing vascular bundles. Consistent with this, cytokinin levels were downregulated by OsWOX4 knockdown. Transcriptome analysis further showed that OsWOX4 regulates multiple genes, including those responsible for cell cycle progression and hormone action, consistent with the effects of OsWOX4 downregulation on leaf phenotypes. Collectively, these results suggest that OsWOX4 acts as a key regulator at an early stage of leaf development. Our previous work revealed that OsWOX4 is involved in the maintenance of shoot apical meristem in rice, whereas AtWOX4 is specifically associated with the maintenance of vascular stem cells in Arabidopsis. Thus, the function of the two orthologous genes seems to be diversified between rice and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasui
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohmori
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiro-Yuki Hirano
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen Y, Ma J, Miller AJ, Luo B, Wang M, Zhu Z, Ouwerkerk PBF. OsCHX14 is Involved in the K+ Homeostasis in Rice (Oryza sativa) Flowers. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1530-1543. [PMID: 27903806 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously we showed in the osjar1 mutants that the lodicule senescence which controls the closing of rice flowers was delayed. This resulted in florets staying open longer when compared with the wild type. The gene OsJAR1 is silenced in osjar1 mutants and is a key member of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. We found that K concentrations in lodicules and flowers of osjar1-2 were significantly elevated compared with the wild type, indicating that K+ homeostasis may play a role in regulating the closure of rice flowers. The cation/H+ exchanger (CHX) family from rice was screened for potential K+ transporters involved as many members of this family in Arabidopsis were exclusively or preferentially expressed in flowers. Expression profiling confirmed that among 17 CHX genes in rice, OsCHX14 was the only member that showed an expression polymorphism, not only in osjar1 mutants but also in RNAi (RNA interference) lines of OsCOI1, another key member of the JA signaling pathway. This suggests that the expression of OsCHX14 is regulated by the JA signaling pathway. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged OsCHX14 protein was preferentially localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Promoter-β-glucuronidase (GUS) analysis of transgenic rice revealed that OsCHX14 is mainly expressed in lodicules and the region close by throughout the flowering process. Characterization in yeast and Xenopus laevis oocytes verified that OsCHX14 is able to transport K+, Rb+ and Cs+ in vivo. Our data suggest that OsCHX14 may play an important role in K+ homeostasis during flowering in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Grassland Systems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jingkun Ma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bingbing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Low-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 219500, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- TNO Quality of Life, Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, PO Box 2215, 2301 CE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Pieter B F Ouwerkerk
- Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Petrik DL, Cass CL, Padmakshan D, Foster CE, Vogel JP, Karlen SD, Ralph J, Sedbrook JC. BdCESA7, BdCESA8, and BdPMT Utility Promoter Constructs for Targeted Expression to Secondary Cell-Wall-Forming Cells of Grasses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:55. [PMID: 26870070 PMCID: PMC4740387 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Utility vectors with promoters that confer desired spatial and temporal expression patterns are useful tools for studying gene and cellular function and for industrial applications. To target the expression of DNA sequences of interest to cells forming plant secondary cell walls, which generate most of the vegetative biomass, upstream regulatory sequences of the Brachypodium distachyon lignin biosynthetic gene BdPMT and the cellulose synthase genes BdCESA7 and BdCESA8 were isolated and cloned into binary vectors designed for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of monocots. Expression patterns were assessed using the β-glucuronidase gene GUSPlus and X-glucuronide staining. All three promoters showed strong expression levels in stem tissue at the base of internodes where cell wall deposition is most active, in both vascular bundle xylem vessels and tracheids, and in interfascicular tissues, with expression less pronounced in developmentally older tissues. In leaves, BdCESA7 and BdCESA8 promoter-driven expression was strongest in leaf veins, leaf margins, and trichomes; relatively weaker and patchy expression was observed in the epidermis. BdPMT promoter-driven expression was similar to the BdCESA promoters expression patterns, including strong expression in trichomes. The intensity and extent of GUS staining varied considerably between transgenic lines, suggesting that positional effects influenced promoter activity. Introducing the BdPMT and BdCESA8 Open Reading Frames into BdPMT and BdCESA8 utility promoter binary vectors, respectively, and transforming those constructs into Brachypodium pmt and cesa8 loss-of-function mutants resulted in rescue of the corresponding mutant phenotypes. This work therefore validates the functionality of these utility promoter binary vectors for use in Brachypodium and likely other grass species. The identification, in Bdcesa8-1 T-DNA mutant stems, of an 80% reduction in crystalline cellulose levels confirms that the BdCESA8 gene is a secondary-cell-wall-forming cellulose synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L. Petrik
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, NormalIL, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Cass
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, NormalIL, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Dharshana Padmakshan
- U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Cliff E. Foster
- U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - John P. Vogel
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut CreekCA, USA
| | - Steven D. Karlen
- U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - John Ralph
- U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, MadisonWI, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Wisconsin Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison, MadisonWI, USA
| | - John C. Sedbrook
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, NormalIL, USA
- U.S. Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, MadisonWI, USA
- *Correspondence: John C. Sedbrook,
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14
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Zhang Y, Verhoeff NI, Chen Z, Chen S, Wang M, Zhu Z, Ouwerkerk PBF. Functions of OsDof25 in regulation of OsC4PPDK. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 89:229-42. [PMID: 26337938 PMCID: PMC4579267 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Relative little is known about the functions of the so-called Dof zinc factors in plants. Here we report on the analysis of OsDof25 and show a function in regulation of the important C4 photosynthesis gene, OsC4PPDK in rice. Over-expression of OsDof25 enhanced the expression of OsC4PPDK in transient expression experiments by binding in a specific way to a conserved Dof binding site which was confirmed by yeast and in vitro binding studies. Expression studies using promoter GUS plants as well as qPCR experiments showed that OsDof25 expressed in different tissues including both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs and that expression of OsDof25 was partially overlapping with the OsC4PPDK gene. Conclusive evidence for a role of OsDof25 in regulation of C4PPDK came from loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments with transgenic rice, which showed that down-regulation or over-expression of OsDof25 correlated with OsC4PPDK expression and that OsDof25 has functions as transcriptional activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - N I Verhoeff
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Z Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Rd 247, Fuzhou, 350003, Fujian, China
| | - S Chen
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wusi Rd 247, Fuzhou, 350003, Fujian, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
- SU BioMedicine/TNO Quality of Life, Zernikedreef 9, P.O. Box 2215, 2301 CE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - P B F Ouwerkerk
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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15
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Blancquaert D, Van Daele J, Strobbe S, Kiekens F, Storozhenko S, De Steur H, Gellynck X, Lambert W, Stove C, Van Der Straeten D. Improving folate (vitamin B9) stability in biofortified rice through metabolic engineering. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:1076-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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16
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de los Reyes BG, Mohanty B, Yun SJ, Park MR, Lee DY. Upstream regulatory architecture of rice genes: summarizing the baseline towards genus-wide comparative analysis of regulatory networks and allele mining. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 8:14. [PMID: 25844119 PMCID: PMC4385054 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-015-0041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dissecting the upstream regulatory architecture of rice genes and their cognate regulator proteins is at the core of network biology and its applications to comparative functional genomics. With the rapidly advancing comparative genomics resources in the genus Oryza, a reference genome annotation that defines the various cis-elements and trans-acting factors that interface each gene locus with various intrinsic and extrinsic signals for growth, development, reproduction and adaptation must be established to facilitate the understanding of phenotypic variation in the context of regulatory networks. Such information is also important to establish the foundation for mining non-coding sequence variation that defines novel alleles and epialleles across the enormous phenotypic diversity represented in rice germplasm. This review presents a synthesis of the state of knowledge and consensus trends regarding the various cis-acting and trans-acting components that define spatio-temporal regulation of rice genes based on representative examples from both foundational studies in other model and non-model plants, and more recent studies in rice. The goal is to summarize the baseline for systematic upstream sequence annotation of the rapidly advancing genome sequence resources in Oryza in preparation for genus-wide functional genomics. Perspectives on the potential applications of such information for gene discovery, network engineering and genomics-enabled rice breeding are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bijayalaxmi Mohanty
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
| | - Song Joong Yun
- />Department of Crop Science and Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Chonju, 561-756 Korea
| | - Myoung-Ryoul Park
- />School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Dong-Yup Lee
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576 Singapore
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17
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Belamkar V, Weeks NT, Bharti AK, Farmer AD, Graham MA, Cannon SB. Comprehensive characterization and RNA-Seq profiling of the HD-Zip transcription factor family in soybean (Glycine max) during dehydration and salt stress. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:950. [PMID: 25362847 PMCID: PMC4226900 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factor family is one of the largest plant specific superfamilies, and includes genes with roles in modulation of plant growth and response to environmental stresses. Many HD-Zip genes are characterized in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and members of the family are being investigated for abiotic stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), poplar (Populus trichocarpa) and cucumber (Cucmis sativus). Findings in these species suggest HD-Zip genes as high priority candidates for crop improvement. RESULTS In this study we have identified members of the HD-Zip gene family in soybean cv. 'Williams 82', and characterized their expression under dehydration and salt stress. Homology searches with BLASTP and Hidden Markov Model guided sequence alignments identified 101 HD-Zip genes in the soybean genome. Phylogeny reconstruction coupled with domain and gene structure analyses using soybean, Arabidopsis, rice, grape (Vitis vinifera), and Medicago truncatula homologues enabled placement of these sequences into four previously described subfamilies. Of the 101 HD-Zip genes identified in soybean, 88 exist as whole-genome duplication-derived gene pairs, indicating high retention of these genes following polyploidy in Glycine ~13 Mya. The HD-Zip genes exhibit ubiquitous expression patterns across 24 conditions that include 17 tissues of soybean. An RNA-Seq experiment performed to study differential gene expression at 0, 1, 6 and 12 hr soybean roots under dehydration and salt stress identified 20 differentially expressed (DE) genes. Several of these DE genes are orthologs of genes previously reported to play a role under abiotic stress, implying conservation of HD-Zip gene functions across species. Screening of HD-Zip promoters identified transcription factor binding sites that are overrepresented in the DE genes under both dehydration and salt stress, providing further support for the role of HD-Zip genes in abiotic stress responses. CONCLUSIONS We provide a thorough description of soybean HD-Zip genes, and identify potential candidates with probable roles in dehydration and salt stress. Expression profiles generated for all soybean genes, under dehydration and salt stress, at four time points, will serve as an important resource for the soybean research community, and will aid in understanding plant responses to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Belamkar
- />Interdepartmental Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- />Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Nathan T Weeks
- />United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Arvind K Bharti
- />National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA
| | - Andrew D Farmer
- />National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA
| | - Michelle A Graham
- />Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- />United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Steven B Cannon
- />Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
- />United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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18
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Xiao Y, Chen Y, Charnikhova T, Mulder PPJ, Heijmans J, Hoogenboom A, Agalou A, Michel C, Morel JB, Dreni L, Kater MM, Bouwmeester H, Wang M, Zhu Z, Ouwerkerk PBF. OsJAR1 is required for JA-regulated floret opening and anther dehiscence in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 86:19-33. [PMID: 24947835 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are important phytohormones regulating reproductive development. We used two recessive rice Tos17 alleles of OsJAR1, osjar1-2 and osjar1-3, to study the biological function of jasmonates in rice anthesis. The florets of both osjar1 alleles stayed open during anthesis because the lodicules, which control flower opening in rice, were not withering on time. Furthermore, dehiscence of the anthers filled with viable pollen, was impaired, resulting in lower fertility. In situ hybridization and promoter GUS transgenic analysis confirmed OsJAR1 expression in these floral tissues. Flower opening induced by exogenous applied methyl jasmonate was impaired in osjar1 plants and was restored in a complementation experiment with transgenics expressing a wild type copy of OsJAR1 controlled by a rice actin promoter. Biochemical analysis showed that OsJAR1 encoded an enzyme conjugating jasmonic acid (JA) to at least Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Trp and Val and both osjar1 alleles had substantial reduction in content of JA-Ile, JA-Leu and JA-Val in florets. We conclude that OsJAR1 is a JA-amino acid synthetase that is required for optimal flower opening and closing and anther dehiscence in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Xiao
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Chen Y, Sun A, Wang M, Zhu Z, Ouwerkerk PBF. Functions of the CCCH type zinc finger protein OsGZF1 in regulation of the seed storage protein GluB-1 from rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 84:621-34. [PMID: 24282069 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glutelins are the most abundant storage proteins in rice grain and can make up to 80 % of total protein content. The promoter region of GluB-1, one of the glutelin genes in rice, has been intensively used as a model to understand regulation of seed-storage protein accumulation. In this study, we describe a zinc finger gene of the Cys3His1 (CCCH or C3H) class, named OsGZF1, which was identified in a yeast one-hybrid screening using the core promoter region of GluB-1 as bait and cDNA expression libraries prepared from developing rice panicles and grains as prey. The OsGZF1 protein binds specifically to the bait sequence in yeast and this interaction was confirmed in vitro. OsGZF1 is predominantly expressed in a confined domain surrounding the scutellum of the developing embryo and is localised in the nucleus. Transient expression experiments demonstrated that OsGZF1 can down-regulate a GluB-1-GUS (β-glucuronidase) reporter and OsGZF1 was also able to significantly reduce activation conferred by RISBZ1 which is a known strong GluB-1 activator. Furthermore, down-regulation of OsGZF1 by an RNAi approach increased grain nitrogen concentration. We propose that OsGZF1 has a function in regulating the GluB-1 promoter and controls accumulation of glutelins during grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Sylvius Laboratory, Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Kuijt SJ, Greco R, Agalou A, Shao J, ‘t Hoen CC, Övernäs E, Osnato M, Curiale S, Meynard D, van Gulik R, Maraschin SDF, Atallah M, de Kam RJ, Lamers GE, Guiderdoni E, Rossini L, Meijer AH, Ouwerkerk PB. Interaction between the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR and KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX families of transcription factors. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1952-66. [PMID: 24532604 PMCID: PMC3982755 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) genes are important regulators of meristem function, and a complex network of transcription factors ensures tight control of their expression. Here, we show that members of the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) family act as players in this network. A yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) one-hybrid screen with the upstream sequence of the KNOX gene Oskn2 from rice (Oryza sativa) resulted in isolation of OsGRF3 and OsGRF10. Specific binding to a region in the untranslated leader sequence of Oskn2 was confirmed by yeast and in vitro binding assays. ProOskn2:β-glucuronidase reporter expression was down-regulated by OsGRF3 and OsGRF10 in vivo, suggesting that these proteins function as transcriptional repressors. Likewise, we found that the GRF protein BGRF1 from barley (Hordeum vulgare) could act as a repressor on an intron sequence in the KNOX gene Hooded/Barley Knotted3 (Bkn3) and that AtGRF4, AtGRF5, and AtGRF6 from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) could repress KNOTTED-LIKE FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA2 (KNAT2) promoter activity. OsGRF overexpression phenotypes in rice were consistent with aberrant meristematic activity, showing reduced formation of tillers and internodes and extensive adventitious root/shoot formation on nodes. These effects were associated with down-regulation of endogenous Oskn2 expression by OsGRF3. Conversely, RNA interference silencing of OsGRF3, OsGRF4, and OsGRF5 resulted in dwarfism, delayed growth and inflorescence formation, and up-regulation of Oskn2. These data demonstrate conserved interactions between the GRF and KNOX families of transcription factors in both monocot and dicot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adamantia Agalou
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Jingxia Shao
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Corine C.J. ‘t Hoen
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | | | - Michela Osnato
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Serena Curiale
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Donaldo Meynard
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Robert van Gulik
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Simone de Faria Maraschin
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | | | | | - Gerda E.M. Lamers
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Emmanuel Guiderdoni
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Laura Rossini
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
| | - Annemarie H. Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (S.J.H.K., R.G., A.A., J.S., C.C.J.‘t.H., R.v.G., S.d.F.M., M.A., R.J.d.K., G.E.M.L., A.H.M., P.B.F.O.)
- Department of Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE–752 36 Uppsala, Sweden (E.Ö.)
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy (M.O., S.C., L.R.); and
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Genetic Improvement and Adaptation of Plants, 34398, Montpellier cedex 5, France (D.M., E.G.)
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Chu H, Liang W, Li J, Hong F, Wu Y, Wang L, Wang J, Wu P, Liu C, Zhang Q, Xu J, Zhang D. A CLE-WOX signalling module regulates root meristem maintenance and vascular tissue development in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:5359-5369. [PMID: 24043854 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-related (CLE) proteins belong to a small peptide family conserved in plants. Recent studies in Arabidopsis and rice have revealed a key role for CLEs in mediating cell-cell communication and stem cell maintenance during plant development, but how CLE signalling controls root development in the rice remains largely unknown. Here it is shown that exogenous application of a synthetic dodeca-amino acid peptide corresponding to the CLE motif of the rice FON2-LIKE CLE PROTEIN2 (FCP2p) protein or overexpression of FCP2 terminates root apical meristem (RAM) activity and impairs late metaxylem formation. FCP2p treatment suppresses the expression of the rice QUIESCENT-CENTER-SPECIFIC HOMEOBOX (QHB) gene, a putative orthologue of Arabidopsis WUSCHEL (WUS)-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) gene, in both quiescent centre and late metaxylem cells; whereas inducible overexpression of QHB reduces the sensitivity of rice to FCP2p treatment. These results together suggest that in rice RAM maintenance and late metaxylem development are probably controlled by the mutual regulation between FCP2 and QHB. Moreover, a cross-species peptide treatment experiment in Arabidopsis implies that FCP2 has both evolutionarily conserved and species-specific roles in root development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangwei Chu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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22
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Seago JL, Fernando DD. Anatomical aspects of angiosperm root evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:223-38. [PMID: 23299993 PMCID: PMC3698381 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Anatomy had been one of the foundations in our understanding of plant evolutionary trends and, although recent evo-devo concepts are mostly based on molecular genetics, classical structural information remains useful as ever. Of the various plant organs, the roots have been the least studied, primarily because of the difficulty in obtaining materials, particularly from large woody species. Therefore, this review aims to provide an overview of the information that has accumulated on the anatomy of angiosperm roots and to present possible evolutionary trends between representatives of the major angiosperm clades. SCOPE This review covers an overview of the various aspects of the evolutionary origin of the root. The results and discussion focus on angiosperm root anatomy and evolution covering representatives from basal angiosperms, magnoliids, monocots and eudicots. We use information from the literature as well as new data from our own research. KEY FINDINGS The organization of the root apical meristem (RAM) of Nymphaeales allows for the ground meristem and protoderm to be derived from the same group of initials, similar to those of the monocots, whereas in Amborellales, magnoliids and eudicots, it is their protoderm and lateral rootcap which are derived from the same group of initials. Most members of Nymphaeales are similar to monocots in having ephemeral primary roots and so adventitious roots predominate, whereas Amborellales, Austrobaileyales, magnoliids and eudicots are generally characterized by having primary roots that give rise to a taproot system. Nymphaeales and monocots often have polyarch (heptarch or more) steles, whereas the rest of the basal angiosperms, magnoliids and eudicots usually have diarch to hexarch steles. CONCLUSIONS Angiosperms exhibit highly varied structural patterns in RAM organization; cortex, epidermis and rootcap origins; and stele patterns. Generally, however, Amborellales, magnoliids and, possibly, Austrobaileyales are more similar to eudicots, and the Nymphaeales are strongly structurally associated with the monocots, especially the Acorales.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Seago
- Department of Biological Sciences, SUNY at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126, USA.
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23
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Sakuma S, Pourkheirandish M, Hensel G, Kumlehn J, Stein N, Tagiri A, Yamaji N, Ma JF, Sassa H, Koba T, Komatsuda T. Divergence of expression pattern contributed to neofunctionalization of duplicated HD-Zip I transcription factor in barley. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:939-948. [PMID: 23293955 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) spikes are developmentally switched from two-rowed to six-rowed by a single recessive gene, six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1), which encodes a homeodomain-leucine zipper I class transcription factor. Vrs1 is a paralog of HvHox2 and both were generated by duplication of an ancestral gene. HvHox2 is conserved among cereals, whereas Vrs1 acquired its current function during the evolution of barley. It was unclear whether divergence of expression pattern or protein function accounted for the functionalization of Vrs1. Here, we conducted a comparative analysis of protein functions and gene expression between HvHox2 and Vrs1 to clarify the functionalization mechanism. We revealed that the transcriptional activation activity of HvHOX2 and VRS1 was conserved. In situ hybridization analysis showed that HvHox2 is localized in vascular bundles in developing spikes, whereas Vrs1 is expressed exclusively in the pistil, lemma, palea and lodicule of lateral spikelets. The transcript abundance of Vrs1 was > 10-fold greater than that of HvHox2 during the pistil developmental stage, suggesting that the essential function of Vrs1 is to inhibit gynoecial development. We demonstrated the quantitative function of Vrs1 using RNAi transgenic plants and Vrs1 expression variants. Expression analysis of six-rowed spike mutants that are nonallelic to vrs1 showed that Vrs1 expression was up-regulated by Vrs4, whereas HvHox2 expression was not. These data demonstrate that the divergence of gene expression pattern contributed to the neofunctionalization of Vrs1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sakuma
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Mohammad Pourkheirandish
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Jochen Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Nils Stein
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Hidenori Sassa
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Takato Koba
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8510, Japan
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-non-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan
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24
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Zhang S, Haider I, Kohlen W, Jiang L, Bouwmeester H, Meijer AH, Schluepmann H, Liu CM, Ouwerkerk PBF. Function of the HD-Zip I gene Oshox22 in ABA-mediated drought and salt tolerances in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 80:571-85. [PMID: 23109182 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Oshox22 belongs to the homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) family I of transcription factors, most of which have unknown functions. Here we show that the expression of Oshox22 is strongly induced by salt stress, abscisic acid (ABA), and polyethylene glycol treatment (PEG), and weakly by cold stress. Trans-activation assays in yeast and transient expression analyses in rice protoplasts demonstrated that Oshox22 is able to bind the CAAT(G/C)ATTG element and acts as a transcriptional activator that requires both the HD and Zip domains. Rice plants homozygous for a T-DNA insertion in the promoter region of Oshox22 showed reduced Oshox22 expression and ABA content, decreased sensitivity to ABA, and enhanced tolerance to drought and salt stresses at the seedling stage. In contrast, transgenic rice over-expressing Oshox22 showed increased sensitivity to ABA, increased ABA content, and decreased drought and salt tolerances. Based on these results, we conclude that Oshox22 affects ABA biosynthesis and regulates drought and salt responses through ABA-mediated signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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25
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Huang J, Che S, Jin L, Qin F, Wang G, Ma N. The physiological mechanism of a drooping leaf2 mutation in rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:757-765. [PMID: 21497711 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we characterized a classic rice (Oryza sativa) drooping leaf2 mutant (named dl2). The dl2 allele affects both the midrib development and the total leaf venation pattern. Leaf anatomy results revealed the central vein lacks both clear cells and the adaxial small vascular bundle in dl2 mutant, which seemed to cause the drooping leaf phenotype. The dl2 leaves contain more small veins, and the size of the vascular cylinder in dl2 leaf is also altered. Furthermore, similar anatomy alteration was found in the dl2 roots. A reduction in the number of xylem and phloem poles in the central vascular cylinder in dl2 roots was observed and the diameter of cortical cell is also reduced. In addition, the alterations of the vegetative development such as the longer leaf blade and fewer adventitious and lateral roots were also observed in dl2. The physiological mechanism underlying the morphological and vascular alterations of dl2 was further studied. The result demonstrated that the dl2 vascular patterning distortions are strictly associated with a defective PAT (polar auxin transport) activity and sensitivity to different classes of polar auxin transport inhibitors. Finally, the drooping leaf phenotype of dl2 is coupled to a defective response to auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400044, China.
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26
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Harris JC, Hrmova M, Lopato S, Langridge P. Modulation of plant growth by HD-Zip class I and II transcription factors in response to environmental stimuli. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 190:823-837. [PMID: 21517872 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant development is adapted to changing environmental conditions for optimizing growth. This developmental adaptation is influenced by signals from the environment, which act as stimuli and may include submergence and fluctuations in water status, light conditions, nutrient status, temperature and the concentrations of toxic compounds. The homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) I and HD-Zip II transcription factor networks regulate these plant growth adaptation responses through integration of developmental and environmental cues. Evidence is emerging that these transcription factors are integrated with phytohormone-regulated developmental networks, enabling environmental stimuli to influence the genetically preprogrammed developmental progression. Dependent on the prevailing conditions, adaptation of mature and nascent organs is controlled by HD-Zip I and HD-Zip II transcription factors through suppression or promotion of cell multiplication, differentiation and expansion to regulate targeted growth. In vitro assays have shown that, within family I or family II, homo- and/or heterodimerization between leucine zipper domains is a prerequisite for DNA binding. Further, both families bind similar 9-bp pseudopalindromic cis elements, CAATNATTG, under in vitro conditions. However, the mechanisms that regulate the transcriptional activity of HD-Zip I and HD-Zip II transcription factors in vivo are largely unknown. The in planta implications of these protein-protein associations and the similarities in cis element binding are not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Harris
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Maria Hrmova
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Sergiy Lopato
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Peter Langridge
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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27
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Qin YF, Li DD, Wu YJ, Liu ZH, Zhang J, Zheng Y, Li XB. Three cotton homeobox genes are preferentially expressed during early seedling development and in response to phytohormone signaling. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:1147-1156. [PMID: 20676891 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) proteins are transcription factors unique to plants. In this study, three cDNAs (designated as GhHB2, GhHB3 and GhHB4) encoding HD-Zip proteins were isolated from cotton cDNA library. GhHB2 gene encodes a protein of 300 amino acids, GhHB3 gene encodes a peptide with 254 amino acids, and GhHB4 gene encodes a protein of 281 amino acids. The deduced proteins, which contain the homeodomain and leucine-rich zipper motif, share relatively high similarities with the other plant HD-Zip proteins. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that GhHB3 and GhHB4 were preferentially expressed in hypocotyls and cotyledons, whereas GhHB2 gene was predominantly expressed in young stems, at relatively high levels in hypocotyls. Expressions of all the three genes were up-regulated in roots, hypocotyls and cotyledons after GA(3) treatments. Additionally, GhHB4 expression was enhanced by 6-BA treatment. A GhHB2 promoter fragment was isolated from cotton by Genome-Walking PCR. Expression of GUS gene controlled under GhHB2 promoter was examined in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Strong GUS staining was detected in cotyledon, veins of the emerging leaves and shoot apices of 5- to 15-day-old transgenic seedlings, but GUS activity became more and more weak as the seedlings further developed. In addition, the promoter activity was induced by exogenous GA, indicating that GhHB2 promoter is very active during early seedling development, and may be GA-inducible. The results suggested that the three HB genes may function in early seedling development of cotton and in response to gibberellin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Fang Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, HuaZhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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28
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Sakaguchi J, Itoh JI, Ito Y, Nakamura A, Fukuda H, Sawa S. COE1, an LRR-RLK responsible for commissural vein pattern formation in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:405-16. [PMID: 20487383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leaf veins have a complex network pattern. Formation of this vein pattern has been widely studied as a model of tissue pattern formation in plants. To understand the molecular mechanism governing the vascular patterning process, we isolated the rice mutant, commissural vein excessive1 (coe1). The coe1 mutants had short commissural vein (CV) intervals and produced clustered CVs. Application of 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid and brefeldin A decreased CV intervals, and application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid increased CV intervals in wild-type rice; however, coe1 mutants were insensitive to these chemicals. COE1 encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase, whose amino acid sequence is similar to that of brassinosteroid-insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1), and which is localized at the plasma membrane. Because of the sequence similarity of COE1 to BAK1, we also examined the involvement of brassinosteroids in CV formation. Brassinolide, an active brassinosteroid, decreased the CV intervals of wild-type rice, and brassinazole, an inhibitor of brassinosteroid biosynthesis, increased the CV intervals of wild-type rice, but coe1 mutants showed insensitivity to these chemicals. These results suggest that auxin and brassinosteroids regulate CV intervals in opposite directions, and COE1 may regulate CV intervals downstream of auxin and brassinosteroid signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sakaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanDepartment of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, JapanGraduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-Amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, JapanBioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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29
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Agalou A, Purwantomo S, Overnäs E, Johannesson H, Zhu X, Estiati A, de Kam RJ, Engström P, Slamet-Loedin IH, Zhu Z, Wang M, Xiong L, Meijer AH, Ouwerkerk PBF. A genome-wide survey of HD-Zip genes in rice and analysis of drought-responsive family members. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 66:87-103. [PMID: 17999151 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-007-9255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) genes encode transcription factors that have diverse functions in plant development and have often been implicated in stress adaptation. The HD-Zip genes are the most abundant group of homeobox (HB) genes in plants and do not occur in other eukaryotes. This paper describes the complete annotation of the HD-Zip families I, II and III from rice and compares these gene families with Arabidopsis in a phylogeny reconstruction. Orthologous pairs of rice and Arabidopsis HD-Zip genes were predicted based on neighbour joining and maximum parsimony (MP) trees with support of conserved intron-exon organization. Additionally, a number of HD-Zip genes appeared to be unique to rice. Searching of EST and cDNA databases and expression analysis using RT-PCR showed that 30 out of 31 predicted rice HD-Zip genes are expressed. Most HD-Zip genes were broadly expressed in mature plants and seedlings, but others showed more organ specific patterns. Like in Arabidopsis and other dicots, a subset of the rice HD-Zip I and II genes was found to be regulated by drought stress. We identified both drought-induced and drought-repressed HD-Zip genes and demonstrate that these genes are differentially regulated in drought-sensitive versus drought-tolerant rice cultivars. The drought-repressed HD-Zip family I gene, Oshox4, was selected for promoter-GUS analysis, showing that drought-responsiveness of Oshox4 is controlled by the promoter and that Oshox4 expression is predominantly vascular-specific. Loss-of-function analysis of Oshox4 revealed no specific phenotype, but overexpression analysis suggested a role for Oshox4 in elongation and maturation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantia Agalou
- Institute of Biology, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden University, PO Box 9505, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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30
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Konishi M, Yanagisawa S. Sequential activation of two Dof transcription factor gene promoters during vascular development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2007; 45:623-9. [PMID: 17583520 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant-specific Dof transcription factors play various roles in plants. We show the strictly regulated activity of two Dof gene promoters during procambium formation, an early process for vascular development, in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. The AtDof2.4 promoter was active in procambial cells of leaf primordia, roots and embryos, whereas the AtDof5.8 promoter activity was specifically detectable in the cells of prospective veins in leaf primordia of seedlings and cotyledons of developing embryos, and the vascular tissue of developing flower buds. The AtDof5.8 promoter but not the AtDof2.4 promoter showed strong activity in advance of perceptible procambium formation. AtDof2.4 and AtDof5.8 might function in the early but different processes for vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineko Konishi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Tracheary elements (TEs) are cells in the xylem that are highly specialized for transporting water and solutes up the plant. TEs undergo a very well-defined process of differentiation that involves specification, enlargement, patterned cell wall deposition, programmed cell death and cell wall removal. This process is coordinated such that adjacent TEs are joined together to form a continuous network. Expression studies on model systems as diverse as trees and cell cultures have contributed to providing a flood of candidate genes with potential roles in TE differentiation. Analysis of some of these genes has yielded important information on processes such as patterned secondary cell wall deposition. The current challenge is to continue this functional analysis and to use these data and build an integrated model of TE development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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32
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Zhuang X, Jiang J, Li J, Ma Q, Xu Y, Xue Y, Xu Z, Chong K. Over-expression of OsAGAP, an ARF-GAP, interferes with auxin influx, vesicle trafficking and root development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 48:581-91. [PMID: 17059407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Development and organogenesis in both dicot and monocot plants are highly dependent on polar auxin transport (PAT), which requires the proper asymmetric localization of both auxin influx and efflux carriers. In the model dicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the trafficking and localization of auxin efflux facilitators such as PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) are mediated by GNOM, a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family of small GTPases, but molecular regulators of the auxin influx facilitators remain unknown. Here, we show that over-expression of OsAGAP, an ARF-GTPase-activating protein (ARF-GAP) in rice, impaired PAT and interfered with both primary and lateral root development. The lateral root phenotype could be rescued by the membrane-permeable auxin 1-naphthyl acetic acid, but not by indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) or by 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid, which require influx facilitators to enter the cells. OsAGAP-over-expressing plants had alterations in vesicle trafficking and localization of the presumptive A. thaliana auxin-influx carrier AUX1, but not in the localization of the auxin efflux facilitators. Together, our data suggest that OsAGAP has a specific role in regulating vesicle trafficking pathways such as the auxin influx pathway, which in turn controls auxin-dependent root growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Molecular Environmental Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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33
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Iwamoto M, Higo K. Accumulation of sense-antisense transcripts of the rice catalase gene CatB under dark conditions requires signals from shoots. Gene 2006; 377:186-94. [PMID: 16753273 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Revised: 04/15/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The amount of mRNA of the Oryza sativa L., cv. Nipponbare (rice) catalase gene, CatB, was decreased in the roots of intact seedlings kept in continuous darkness (DD). In contrast, sense and antisense unspliced CatB transcripts accumulated in the same tissue. Both strands cover the entire CatB-coding region, and form double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The results of RNA dot-blot hybridization analysis using low molecular weight RNAs suggested that the sense and antisense CatB transcripts were more stable under DD conditions than under a light-dark regimen (LD). After shifting the lighting conditions from DD to LD, both the sense and antisense CatB transcripts were hardly detected, and the amount of CatB mRNA was restored. From these results, the antisense CatB transcripts might play a role in suppressing the normal processing of sense CatB transcript and also CatB protein synthesis by dsRNA formation, under conditions unsuitable for plant growth such as DD. This study indicates that signals transmitted from shoots are associated with the accumulation of sense and antisense CatB transcripts in roots under DD conditions, and that auxin is one of the possible signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Iwamoto
- Plant Physiology Department, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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34
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Floyd SK, Zalewski CS, Bowman JL. Evolution of class III homeodomain-leucine zipper genes in streptophytes. Genetics 2006; 173:373-88. [PMID: 16489224 PMCID: PMC1461458 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.054239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Land plants underwent tremendous evolutionary change following the divergence of the ancestral lineage from algal relatives. Several important developmental innovations appeared as the embryophyte clade diversified, leading to the appearance of new organs and tissue types. To understand how these changes came about, we need to identify the fundamental genetic developmental programs that are responsible for growth, patterning, and differentiation and describe how these programs were modified and elaborated through time to produce novel morphologies. Class III homeodomain-leucine zipper (class III HD-Zip) genes, identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, provide good candidates for basic land plant patterning genes. We show that these genes may have evolved in a common ancestor of land plants and their algal sister group and that the gene family has diversified as land plant lineages have diversified. Phylogenetic analysis, expression data from nonflowering lineages, and evidence from Arabidopsis and other flowering plants indicate that class III HD-Zip genes acquired new functions in sporophyte apical growth, vascular patterning and differentiation, and leaf development. Modification of expression patterns that accompanied diversification of class III HD-Zip genes likely played an important role in the evolution of land plant form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Floyd
- Section of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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35
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Wang YJ, Li YD, Luo GZ, Tian AG, Wang HW, Zhang JS, Chen SY. Cloning and characterization of an HDZip I gene GmHZ1 from soybean. PLANTA 2005; 221:831-43. [PMID: 15754189 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-1496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
By using cDNA-AFLP, we analyzed a recombinant inbred line population of soybean that was derived from a soybean mosaic virus (SMV) resistant cultivar Kefeng No.1 and a susceptible cultivar Nannong 1138-2. One hundred and eight fragments showing polymorphism between SMV resistant and susceptible pools were identified. One fragment w27 was 96 bp in length and showed homology to homeobox ggth with a coding region of 738 bp, encoding a protein of 245 amino acids. The genomic sequence analysis defined an intron of 521 bp in the coding region. GmHZ1 was characterized by the presence of a homeodomain (HD) with a closely linked leucine zipper motif (Zip). Southern blot analysis indicated that there was a single copy of GmHZ1 in the soybean genome. When inoculated with SMV strain N3, resistant and susceptible varieties showed reduced and increased expression of the GmHZ1, respectively. The fusion protein of GmHZ1 with GFP was targeted only in nucleus. Yeast two hybrid studies revealed that the GmHZ1 had transcriptional activation activity and can form homodimer. GmHZ1 can bind two 9-bp pseudopalindromic elements (CAAT(A/T)ATTG and CAAT(C/G)ATTG) with different affinity. Using GUS as a reporter gene, GmHZ1 was proved to be a transcriptional activator and enhanced GUS expression by binding with the two elements in plant cells. These results indicate that the GmHZ1 may have a transcriptional activator function in plant response to SMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Wang
- The National Plant Gene Reasearch Center (Beijing), National Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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36
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Scarpella E, Meijer AH. Pattern formation in the vascular system of monocot and dicot plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2004; 164:209-242. [PMID: 33873557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant vascular tissues are organised in continuous strands, the longitudinal and radial patterns of which are intimately linked to the signals that direct plant architecture as a whole. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying vascular tissue patterning is expected to shed light on patterning events beyond those that organise the vascular system, and thus represents a central issue in plant developmental biology. A number of recent advances, reviewed here, are leading to a more precise definition of the signals that control the formation of vascular tissues and their integration into a larger organismal context. Contents Summary 209 I. Introduction 209 II. The plant vascular system 210 III. Ontogeny of the vascular tissues 210 IV. Procambium development 210 V. The organisation of the vascular tissues 212 VI. The regulation of longitudinal vascular pattern formation 214 VII. The regulation of radial vascular pattern formation 220 VIII. Genetic screens for vascular development mutants 231 IX. Genes involved in vascular development identified through reverse genetics approaches 235 X. Conclusions and perspectives 235 Note added at the revision stage 236 Acknowledgements 236 References 236.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto ON, Canada M5S 3B2
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton AB, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Insitute of Biology, Leiden University, Clusius Laboratory, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Fukuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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38
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Greco R, Ouwerkerk PBF, De Kam RJ, Sallaud C, Favalli C, Colombo L, Guiderdoni E, Meijer AH, Hoge Dagger JHC, Pereira A. Transpositional behaviour of an Ac/Ds system for reverse genetics in rice. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2003; 108:10-24. [PMID: 14513217 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1416-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Accepted: 05/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A collection of transposon Ac/ Ds enhancer trap lines is being developed in rice that will contribute to the development of a rice mutation machine for the functional analysis of rice genes. Molecular analyses revealed high transpositional activity in early generations, with 62% of the T0 primary transformants and more than 90% of their T1 progeny lines showing ongoing active transposition. About 10% of the lines displayed amplification of the Ds copy number. However, inactivation of Ds seemed to occur in about 70% of the T2 families and in the T3 generation. Southern blot analyses revealed a high frequency of germinal insertions inherited in the T1 progeny plants, and transmitted preferentially over the many other somatic inserts to later generations. The sequencing of Ds flanking sites in subsets of T1 plants indicated the independence of insertions in different T1 families originating from the same T0 line. Almost 80% of the insertion sites isolated showing homology to the sequenced genome, resided in genes or within a range at which neighbouring genes could be revealed by enhancer trapping. A strategy involving the propagation of a large number of T0 and T1 independent lines is being pursued to ensure the recovery of a maximum number of independent insertions in later generations. The inactive T2 and T3 lines produced will then provide a collection of stable insertions to be used in reverse genetics experiments. The preferential insertion of Ds in gene-rich regions and the use of lines containing multiple Ds transposons will enable the production of a large population of inserts in a smaller number of plants. Additional features provided by the presence of lox sites for site-specific recombination, or the use of different transposase sources and selectable markers, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Greco
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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39
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Ito M, Sato Y, Matsuoka M. Involvement of homeobox genes in early body plan of monocot. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 218:1-35. [PMID: 12199516 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(02)18010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox genes are known as transcriptional regulators that are involved in various aspects of developmental processes in many organisms. In plants, many types of homeobox genes have been identified, and mutational or expression pattern analyses of these genes have indicated the involvement of several classes of homeobox genes in developmental processes. The fundamental body plan of plants is established during embryogenesis, whereas morphogenetic events in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) continue after embryogenesis. Knotted1-like homeobox genes (knox genes) are preferentially expressed in both the SAM and the immature embryo. Therefore, these genes are considered to be key regulators of plant morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of knox genes and other types of homeobox genes in SAM establishment during embryogenesis and SAM maintenance after embryogenesis, mainly in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoyo Ito
- BioScience Center, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Japan
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40
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van der Graaff E, Hooykaas PJJ, Keller B. Activation tagging of the two closely linked genes LEP and VAS independently affects vascular cell number. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 32:819-830. [PMID: 12472696 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The complex dominant Arabidopsis thaliana mutant lettuce (let) shows the conversion of the leaf petiole into a leaf blade caused by an ectopic leaf blade formation. This is the result of the activation tagging of the LEAFY PETIOLE (LEP) gene encoding an AP2/EREBP-like transcription factor. Here, we report that in addition to this leafy petiole phenotype, the size of the vascular bundles is increased in all aerial organs in let as a result of an increase in the number of xylem, phloem (pro)cambial and pericycle cells. This vascular phenotype is caused by activation tagging of the two genes VASCULAR TISSUE SIZE (VAS) and LEP. These genes are closely linked and arranged in tandem. Activation tagging of LEP only caused a specific increase in the number of xylem cells. This increased xylem cell number, together with the ectopic leaf blade formation, indicates that LEP functions as a cell division-promoting factor. The activation tagging of VAS only resulted in a specific increase in phloem (pro)cambial and pericycle cells. We conclude that activation tagging of LEP and VAS results in additive phenotypes. Insertional mutants for LEP and VAS display wild-type vascular development, indicating the relevance of activation tagging for functional analysis of novel genes involved in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric van der Graaff
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Switzerland.
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41
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Scarpella E, Boot KJM, Rueb S, Meijer AH. The procambium specification gene Oshox1 promotes polar auxin transport capacity and reduces its sensitivity toward inhibition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 130:1349-60. [PMID: 12428000 PMCID: PMC166654 DOI: 10.1104/pp.009167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Revised: 06/27/2002] [Accepted: 07/12/2002] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The auxin-inducible homeobox gene Oshox1 of rice (Oryza sativa) is a positive regulator of procambial cell fate commitment, and its overexpression reduces the sensitivity of polar auxin transport (PAT) to the PAT inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). Here, we show that wild-type rice leaves formed under conditions of PAT inhibition display vein hypertrophy, reduced distance between longitudinal veins, and increased distance between transverse veins, providing experimental evidence for a role of PAT in vascular patterning in a monocot species. Furthermore, we show that Oshox1 overexpression confers insensitivity to these PAT inhibitor-induced vascular-patterning defects. Finally, we show that in the absence of any overt phenotypical change, Oshox1 overexpression specifically reduces the affinity of the NPA-binding protein toward NPA and enhances PAT and its sensitivity toward auxin. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Oshox1 promotes fate commitment of procambial cells by increasing their auxin conductivity properties and stabilizing this state against modulations of PAT by an endogenous NPA-like molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Scarpella
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Leiden University, Clusius Laboratory, P.O. Box 9505, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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42
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Holding DR, Springer PS. The vascular prepattern enhancer trap marks early vascular development in arabidopsis. Genesis 2002; 33:155-9. [PMID: 12203912 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Vascular development is a fundamental component of leaf morphogenesis, and the mechanisms that control vascular patterning are poorly understood. We report here the identification of an enhancer trap line, Vascular Prepattern (VPP), that acts as a marker for early vascular development. GUS reporter gene expression in VPP was detected in provascular cells from the earliest stages of primary midvein formation in leaf primordia and subsequently coincided with the early specification of higher order veins. GUS expression in VPP also marks the quiescent center cells of the root apical meristem at all stages of root development. VPP provides a marker for early vascular development and will be a useful tool for studying vascular patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Holding
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0124, USA
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43
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Abstract
Vascular tissues, xylem and phloem, are differentiated from meristematic cells, procambium, and vascular cambium. Auxin and cytokinin have been considered essential for vascular tissue differentiation; this is supported by recent molecular and genetic analyses. Xylogenesis has long been used as a model for study of cell differentiation, and many genes involved in late stages of tracheary element formation have been characterized. A number of mutants affecting vascular differentiation and pattern formation have been isolated in Arabidopsis. Studies of some of these mutants have suggested that vascular tissue organization within the bundles and vascular pattern formation at the organ level are regulated by positional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA.
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44
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Nishitani C, Demura T, Fukuda H. Primary phloem-specific expression of a Zinnia elegans homeobox gene. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 42:1210-1218. [PMID: 11726705 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pce156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Some plant homeobox genes are expressed specifically in vascular cells and are assumed to function in the differentiation of specific types of vascular cells. However, homeobox genes exhibiting primary phloem-specific expression have not been reported. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of vascular development, we undertook to isolate from Zinnia elegans primary phloem-specific homeobox genes that may function in phloem development. An HD-Zip type homeobox gene, ZeHB3, was isolated. This gene encodes a class I HD-Zip protein, and constitutes a gene subfamily with the Daucus carota gene CHB6, and Arabidopsis thaliana genes Athb-5, Athb-6, and Athb-16. In situ hybridization of 1-, 14- and 50-day-old plants demonstrated that ZeHB3 mRNA accumulation is restricted to a few cells destined to differentiate into phloem cells and to the immature phloem cells surrounding the sieve elements and companion cells. ZeHB3 protein was also localized to immature phloem cells. These findings clearly indicate that ZeHB3 is a novel homeobox gene that marks, and may function in, the early stages of phloem differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan.
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