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Sun Q, Zhang L, Chen T, Li N, Tan F, Gu X, Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Lu J, Qian X, Guan B, Qi J, Ye F, Chai R. AAV-mediated Gpm6b expression supports hair cell reprogramming. Cell Prolif 2024; 57:e13620. [PMID: 38400824 PMCID: PMC11216921 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Irreversible damage to hair cells (HCs) in the cochlea leads to hearing loss. Cochlear supporting cells (SCs) in the murine cochlea have the potential to differentiate into HCs. Neuron membrane glycoprotein M6B (Gpm6b) as a four-transmembrane protein is a potential regulator of HC regeneration according to our previous research. In this study, we found that AAV-ie-mediated Gpm6b overexpression promoted SC-derived organoid expansion. Enhanced Gpm6b prevented the normal decrease in SC plasticity as the cochlea develops by supporting cells re-entry cell cycle and facilitating the SC-to-HC transformation. Also, overexpression of Gpm6b in the organ of Corti through the round window membrane injection facilitated the trans-differentiation of Lgr5+ SCs into HCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that Gpm6b overexpression promotes HC regeneration and highlights a promising target for hearing repair using the inner ear stem cells combined with AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Liyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Tian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Nianci Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fangzhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Xingliang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yinyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Yicheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jie Lu
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University/Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolJiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline(Laboratory)NanjingChina
| | - Bing Guan
- Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University/Clinical Medical CollegeYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Jieyu Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Fanglei Ye
- Department of OtologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Renjie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Advanced Institute for Life and Health, Jiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's HospitalUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Co‐Innovation Center of NeuroregenerationNantong UniversityNantongChina
- Institute for Stem Cells and RegenerationChinese Academy of ScienceBeijingChina
- Southeast University Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
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Lu J, Wang M, Wang X, Meng Y, Chen F, Zhuang J, Han Y, Wang H, Liu W. A basement membrane extract-based three-dimensional culture system promotes the neuronal differentiation of cochlear Sox10-positive glial cells in vitro. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100937. [PMID: 38269057 PMCID: PMC10805941 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in the mammalian cochleae are essential for the delivery of acoustic information, and damage to SGNs can lead to permanent sensorineural hearing loss as SGNs are not capable of regeneration. Cochlear glial cells (GCs) might be a potential source for SGN regeneration, but the neuronal differentiation ability of GCs is limited and its properties are not clear yet. Here, we characterized the cochlear Sox10-positive (Sox10+) GCs as a neural progenitor population and developed a basement membrane extract-based three-dimensional (BME-3D) culture system to promote its neuronal generation capacity in vitro. Firstly, the purified Sox10+ GCs, isolated from Sox10-creER/tdTomato mice via flow cytometry, were able to form neurospheres after being cultured in the traditional suspension culture system, while significantly more neurospheres were found and the expression of stem cell-related genes was upregulated in the BME-3D culture group. Next, the BME-3D culture system promoted the neuronal differentiation ability of Sox10+ GCs, as evidenced by the increased number, neurite outgrowth, area of growth cones, and synapse density as well as the promoted excitability of newly induced neurons. Notably, the BME-3D culture system also intensified the reinnervation of newly generated neurons with HCs and protected the neurospheres and derived-neurons against cisplatin-induced damage. Finally, transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of the differentiated neurons. These findings suggest that the BME-3D culture system considerably promotes the proliferation capacity and neuronal differentiation efficiency of Sox10+ GCs in vitro, thus providing a possible strategy for the SGN regeneration study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junze Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhuang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuechen Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenwen Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shandong Provincial ENT Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, China
- Shandong Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Jinan, 250022, China
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3
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Kempfle JS, Jung DH. Experimental drugs for the prevention or treatment of sensorineural hearing loss. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:643-654. [PMID: 37598357 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2242253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sensorineural hearing loss results in irreversible loss of inner ear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. Reduced sound detection and speech discrimination can span all ages, and sensorineural hearing rehabilitation is limited to amplification with hearing aids or cochlear implants. Recent insights into experimental drug treatments for inner ear regeneration and otoprotection have paved the way for clinical trials in order to restore a more physiological hearing experience. Paired with the development of innovative minimally invasive approaches for drug delivery to the inner ear, new, emerging treatments for hearing protection and restoration are within reach. AREAS COVERED This expert opinion provides an overview of the latest experimental drug therapies to protect from and to restore sensorineural hearing loss. EXPERT OPINION The degree and type of cellular damage to the cochlea, the responsiveness of remaining, endogenous cells to regenerative treatments, and the duration of drug availability within cochlear fluids will determine the success of hearing protection or restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S Kempfle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David H Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION More than 5% of the world's population have a disabling hearing loss which can be managed by hearing aids or implanted electrical devices. However, outcomes are highly variable, and the sound perceived by recipients is far from perfect. Sparked by the discovery of progenitor cells in the cochlea and rapid progress in drug delivery to the cochlea, biological and pharmaceutical therapies are currently in development to improve the function of the cochlear implant or eliminate the need for it altogether. AREAS COVERED This review highlights progress in emerging regenerative strategies to restore hearing and adjunct therapies to augment the cochlear implant. Novel approaches include the reprogramming of progenitor cells to restore the sensory hair cell population in the cochlea, gene therapy and gene editing to treat hereditary and acquired hearing loss. A detailed review of optogenetics is also presented as a technique that could enable optical stimulation of the spiral ganglion neurons, replacing or complementing electrical stimulation. EXPERT OPINION Increasing evidence of substantial reversal of hearing loss in animal models, alongside rapid advances in delivery strategies to the cochlea and learnings from clinical trials will amalgamate into a biological or pharmaceutical therapy to replace or complement the cochlear implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Ajay
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Department of Engineering
| | | | - Rachael Richardson
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Medical Bionics Department, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Wang M, Xu L, Han Y, Wang X, Chen F, Lu J, Wang H, Liu W. Regulation of Spiral Ganglion Neuron Regeneration as a Therapeutic Strategy in Sensorineural Hearing Loss. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:829564. [PMID: 35126054 PMCID: PMC8811300 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.829564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cochlea, spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) are the primary neurons on the auditory conduction pathway that relay sound signals from the inner ear to the brainstem. However, because the SGNs lack the regeneration ability, degeneration and loss of SGNs cause irreversible sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Besides, the effectiveness of cochlear implant therapy, which is the major treatment of SNHL currently, relies on healthy and adequate numbers of intact SGNs. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to explore how to regenerate the SGNs. In recent years, a number of researches have been performed to improve the SGNs regeneration strategy, and some of them have shown promising results, including the progress of SGN regeneration from exogenous stem cells transplantation and endogenous glial cells’ reprogramming. Yet, there are challenges faced in the effectiveness of SGNs regeneration, the maturation and function of newly generated neurons as well as auditory function recovery. In this review, we describe recent advances in researches in SGNs regeneration. In the coming years, regenerating SGNs in the cochleae should become one of the leading biological strategies to recover hearing loss.
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Chen Z, Huang Y, Yu C, Liu Q, Qiu C, Wan G. Cochlear Sox2 + Glial Cells Are Potent Progenitors for Spiral Ganglion Neuron Reprogramming Induced by Small Molecules. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:728352. [PMID: 34621745 PMCID: PMC8490772 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.728352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian cochlea, spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) relay the acoustic information to the central auditory circuits. Degeneration of SGNs is a major cause of sensorineural hearing loss and severely affects the effectiveness of cochlear implant therapy. Cochlear glial cells are able to form spheres and differentiate into neurons in vitro. However, the identity of these progenitor cells is elusive, and it is unclear how to differentiate these cells toward functional SGNs. In this study, we found that Sox2+ subpopulation of cochlear glial cells preserves high potency of neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, Sox2 expression was downregulated during neuronal differentiation and Sox2 overexpression paradoxically inhibited neuronal differentiation. Our data suggest that Sox2+ glial cells are potent SGN progenitor cells, a phenotype independent of Sox2 expression. Furthermore, we identified a combination of small molecules that not only promoted neuronal differentiation of Sox2– glial cells, but also removed glial cell identity and promoted the maturation of the induced neurons (iNs) toward SGN fate. In summary, we identified Sox2+ glial subpopulation with high neuronal potency and small molecules inducing neuronal differentiation toward SGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaorong Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School, Model Animal Research Center of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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7
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McLean WJ, Hinton AS, Herby JT, Salt AN, Hartsock JJ, Wilson S, Lucchino DL, Lenarz T, Warnecke A, Prenzler N, Schmitt H, King S, Jackson LE, Rosenbloom J, Atiee G, Bear M, Runge CL, Gifford RH, Rauch SD, Lee DJ, Langer R, Karp JM, Loose C, LeBel C. Improved Speech Intelligibility in Subjects With Stable Sensorineural Hearing Loss Following Intratympanic Dosing of FX-322 in a Phase 1b Study. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e849-e857. [PMID: 33617194 PMCID: PMC8279894 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are no approved pharmacologic therapies for chronic sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The combination of CHIR99021+valproic acid (CV, FX-322) has been shown to regenerate mammalian cochlear hair cells ex vivo. The objectives were to characterize the cochlear pharmacokinetic profile of CV in guinea pigs, then measure FX-322 in human perilymph samples, and finally assess safety and audiometric effects of FX-322 in humans with chronic SNHL. STUDY DESIGNS Middle ear residence, cochlear distribution, and elimination profiles of FX-322 were assessed in guinea pigs. Human perilymph sampling following intratympanic FX-322 dosing was performed in an open-label study in cochlear implant subjects. Unilateral intratympanic FX-322 was assessed in a Phase 1b prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING Three private otolaryngology practices in the US. PATIENTS Individuals diagnosed with mild to moderately severe chronic SNHL (≤70 dB standard pure-tone average) in one or both ears that was stable for ≥6 months, medical histories consistent with noise-induced or idiopathic sudden SNHL, and no significant vestibular symptoms. INTERVENTIONS Intratympanic FX-322. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacokinetics of FX-322 in perilymph and safety and audiometric effects. RESULTS After intratympanic delivery in guinea pigs and humans, FX-322 levels in the cochlear extended high-frequency region were observed and projected to be pharmacologically active in humans. A single dose of FX-322 in SNHL subjects was well tolerated with mild, transient treatment-related adverse events (n = 15 FX-322 vs 8 placebo). Of the six patients treated with FX-322 who had baseline word recognition in quiet scores below 90%, four showed clinically meaningful improvements (absolute word recognition improved 18-42%, exceeding the 95% confidence interval determined by previously published criteria). No significant changes in placebo-injected ears were observed. At the group level, FX-322 subjects outperformed placebo group in word recognition in quiet when averaged across all time points, with a mean improvement from baseline of 18.9% (p = 0.029). For words in noise, the treated group showed a mean 1.3 dB signal-to-noise ratio improvement (p = 0.012) relative to their baseline scores while placebo-treated subjects did not (-0.21 dB, p = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS Delivery of FX-322 to the extended high-frequency region of the cochlea is well tolerated and enhances speech recognition performance in multiple subjects with stable chronic hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J. McLean
- Frequency Therapeutics, Woburn, MA & Farmington, CT
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT
| | | | | | - Alec N. Salt
- Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Jared J. Hartsock
- Department of Otolaryngology, Central Institute for the Deaf, Fay and Carl Simons Center for Hearing and Deafness, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Sam Wilson
- Frequency Therapeutics, Woburn, MA & Farmington, CT
| | | | - Thomas Lenarz
- Department of Otolaryngology and Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation “Hearing4all”, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Athanasia Warnecke
- Department of Otolaryngology and Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation “Hearing4all”, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Prenzler
- Department of Otolaryngology and Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation “Hearing4all”, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Schmitt
- Department of Otolaryngology and Cluster of Excellence of the German Research Foundation “Hearing4all”, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christina L. Runge
- Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - René H. Gifford
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Steven D. Rauch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston
| | - Daniel J. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jeffrey M. Karp
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston MA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Carl LeBel
- Frequency Therapeutics, Woburn, MA & Farmington, CT
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Kubota M, Scheibinger M, Jan TA, Heller S. Greater epithelial ridge cells are the principal organoid-forming progenitors of the mouse cochlea. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108646. [PMID: 33472062 PMCID: PMC7847202 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, hearing loss is irreversible due to the lack of regenerative potential of non-sensory cochlear cells. Neonatal cochlear cells, however, can grow into organoids that harbor sensory epithelial cells, including hair cells and supporting cells. Here, we purify different cochlear cell types from neonatal mice, validate the composition of the different groups with single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and assess the various groups' potential to grow into inner ear organoids. We find that the greater epithelial ridge (GER), a transient cell population that disappears during post-natal cochlear maturation, harbors the most potent organoid-forming cells. We identified three distinct GER cell groups that correlate with a specific spatial distribution of marker genes. Organoid formation was synergistically enhanced when the cells were cultured at increasing density. This effect is not due to diffusible signals but requires direct cell-to-cell contact. Our findings improve the development of cell-based assays to study culture-generated inner ear cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kubota
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Mirko Scheibinger
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taha A Jan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Stefan Heller
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Rousset F, B. C. Kokje V, Sipione R, Schmidbauer D, Nacher-Soler G, Ilmjärv S, Coelho M, Fink S, Voruz F, El Chemaly A, Marteyn A, Löwenheim H, Krause KH, Müller M, Glückert R, Senn P. Intrinsically Self-renewing Neuroprogenitors From the A/J Mouse Spiral Ganglion as Virtually Unlimited Source of Mature Auditory Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:395. [PMID: 33362466 PMCID: PMC7761749 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.599152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 460 million individuals are affected by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), one of the most common human sensory disorders. In mammals, hearing loss is permanent due to the lack of efficient regenerative capacity of the sensory epithelia and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN). Sphere-forming progenitor cells can be isolated from the mammalian inner ear and give rise to inner ear specific cell types in vitro. However, the self-renewing capacities of auditory progenitor cells from the sensory and neuronal compartment are limited to few passages, even after adding powerful growth factor cocktails. Here, we provide phenotypical and functional characterization of a new pool of auditory progenitors as sustainable source for sphere-derived auditory neurons. The so-called phoenix auditory neuroprogenitors, isolated from the A/J mouse spiral ganglion, exhibit robust intrinsic self-renewal properties beyond 40 passages. At any passage or freezing-thawing cycle, phoenix spheres can be efficiently differentiated into mature spiral ganglion cells by withdrawing growth factors. The differentiated cells express both neuronal and glial cell phenotypic markers and exhibit similar functional properties as mouse spiral ganglion primary explants and human sphere-derived spiral ganglion cells. In contrast to other rodent models aiming at sustained production of auditory neurons, no genetic transformation of the progenitors is needed. Phoenix spheres therefore represent an interesting starting point to further investigate self-renewal in the mammalian inner ear, which is still far from any clinical application. In the meantime, phoenix spheres already offer an unlimited source of mammalian auditory neurons for high-throughput screens while substantially reducing the numbers of animals needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Rousset
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vivianne B. C. Kokje
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of ORL & Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Sipione
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Schmidbauer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - German Nacher-Soler
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sten Ilmjärv
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marta Coelho
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fink
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - François Voruz
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of ORL & Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoun El Chemaly
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Marteyn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Löwenheim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Müller
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rudolf Glückert
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pascal Senn
- The Inner Ear and Olfaction Lab, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of ORL & Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Kanzaki S, Toyoda M, Umezawa A, Ogawa K. Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy and Inner Ear Regeneration for Hearing Loss: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165764. [PMID: 32796705 PMCID: PMC7460950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inner and middle ear disorders are the leading cause of hearing loss, and are said to be among the greatest risk factors of dementia. The use of regenerative medicine for the treatment of inner ear disorders may offer a potential alternative to cochlear implants for hearing recovery. In this paper, we reviewed recent research and clinical applications in middle and inner ear regeneration and cell therapy. Recently, the mechanism of inner ear regeneration has gradually been elucidated. "Inner ear stem cells," which may be considered the precursors of various cells in the inner ear, have been discovered in the cochlea and vestibule. Research indicates that cells such as hair cells, neurons, and spiral ligaments may form promising targets for inner ear regenerative therapies by the transplantation of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells. In addition, it is necessary to develop tests for the clinical monitoring of cell transplantation. Real-time imaging techniques and hearing rehabilitation techniques are also being investigated, and cell therapy has found clinical application in cochlear implant techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Correspondence:
| | - Masashi Toyoda
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
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11
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Kempfle JS, Luu NNC, Petrillo M, Al-Asad R, Zhang A, Edge ASB. Lin28 reprograms inner ear glia to a neuronal fate. Stem Cells 2020; 38:890-903. [PMID: 32246510 PMCID: PMC10908373 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is irreversible and can be caused by loss of auditory neurons. Regeneration of neural cells from endogenous cells may offer a future tool to restore the auditory circuit and to enhance the performance of implantable hearing devices. Neurons and glial cells in the peripheral nervous system are closely related and originate from a common progenitor. Prior work in our lab indicated that in the early postnatal mouse inner ear, proteolipid protein 1 (Plp1) expressing glial cells could act as progenitor cells for neurons in vitro. Here, we used a transgenic mouse model to transiently overexpress Lin28, a neural stem cell regulator, in Plp1-positive glial cells. Lin28 promoted proliferation and conversion of auditory glial cells into neurons in vitro. To study the effects of Lin28 on endogenous glial cells after loss of auditory neurons in vivo, we produced a model of auditory neuropathy by selectively damaging auditory neurons with ouabain. After neural damage was confirmed by the auditory brainstem response, we briefly upregulated the Lin28 in Plp1-expressing inner ear glial cells. One month later, we analyzed the cochlea for neural marker expression by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. We found that transient Lin28 overexpression in Plp1-expressing glial cells induced expression of neural stem cell markers and subsequent conversion into neurons. This suggests the potential for inner ear glia to be converted into neurons as a regeneration therapy for neural replacement in auditory neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith S. Kempfle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ngoc-Nhi C. Luu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- University Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Petrillo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reef Al-Asad
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrea Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Albert S. B. Edge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts
- Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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12
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Xia M, Chen Y, He Y, Li H, Li W. Activation of the RhoA-YAP-β-catenin signaling axis promotes the expansion of inner ear progenitor cells in 3D culture. Stem Cells 2020; 38:860-874. [PMID: 32159914 PMCID: PMC7383802 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular mechanotransduction plays an essential role in the development and differentiation of many cell types, but if and how mechanical cues from the extracellular matrix (ECM) influence the fate determination of inner ear progenitor cells (IEPCs) remains largely unknown. In the current study, we compared the biological behavior of IEPCs in Matrigel-based suspension and encapsulated culture systems, and we found that the mechanical cues from the ECM promote the survival and expansion of IEPCs. Furthermore, we found that the mechanical cues from the ECM induced the accumulation of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) and caused the polymerization of actin cytoskeleton in IEPCs. These changes in turn resulted in increased Yes-associated protein (YAP) nuclear localization and enhanced expansion of IEPCs, at least partially through upregulating the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. We therefore provide the first demonstration that the RhoA-YAP-β-catenin signaling axis senses and transduces mechanical cues from the ECM and plays crucial roles in promoting the expansion of IEPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Xia
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzi He
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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13
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Liu LM, Zhao LP, Wu LJ, Guo L, Li WY, Chen Y. Characterization of the transcriptomes of Atoh1-induced hair cells in the mouse cochlea. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2020; 9:1-15. [PMID: 32211215 PMCID: PMC7076321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal mammalian cochlear hair cells (HCs) can be regenerated by direct transdifferentiation or by mitotic regeneration from supporting cells through many pathways, including Atoh1, Wnt, Hedgehog and Notch signaling. However, most new HCs are immature HCs. In this study we used RNA-Seq analysis to compare the differences between the transcriptomes of Atoh1 overexpression-induced new HCs and the native HCs, and to define the factors that might help to promote the maturation of new HCs. As expected, we found Atoh1-induced new HCs had obvious HC characteristics as demonstrated by the expression of HC markers such as Pou4f3 and Myosin VIIA (Myo7a). However, Atoh1-induced new HCs had significantly lower expression of genes that are related to HC function such as Slc26a5 (Prestin), Slc17a8 and Otof. We found that genes related to HC cell differentiation and maturation (Kcnma1, Myo6, Myo7a, Grxcr1, Gfi1, Wnt5a, Fgfr1, Gfi1, Fgf8 etc.) had significantly lower expression levels in new HCs compared to native HCs. In conclusion, we found a set of genes that might regulate the differentiation and maturation of new HCs, and these genes might serve as potential new therapeutic targets for functional HC regeneration and hearing recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Man Liu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200031, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhao
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University)Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ling-Jie Wu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University)Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Luo Guo
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University)Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wen-Yan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University)Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan UniversityShanghai 200031, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University)Shanghai 200031, China
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14
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Hoa M, Olszewski R, Li X, Taukulis I, Gu S, DeTorres A, Lopez IA, Linthicum FH, Ishiyama A, Martin D, Morell RJ, Kelley MW. Characterizing Adult Cochlear Supporting Cell Transcriptional Diversity Using Single-Cell RNA-Seq: Validation in the Adult Mouse and Translational Implications for the Adult Human Cochlea. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:13. [PMID: 32116546 PMCID: PMC7012811 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is a problem that impacts a significant proportion of the adult population. Cochlear hair cell (HC) loss due to loud noise, chemotherapy and aging is the major underlying cause. A significant proportion of these individuals are dissatisfied with available treatment options which include hearing aids and cochlear implants. An alternative approach to restore hearing would be to regenerate HCs. Such therapy would require a recapitulation of the complex architecture of the organ of Corti, necessitating regeneration of both mature HCs and supporting cells (SCs). Transcriptional profiles of the mature cell types in the cochlea are necessary to can provide a metric for eventual regeneration therapies. To assist in this effort, we sought to provide the first single-cell characterization of the adult cochlear SC transcriptome. We performed single-cell RNA-Seq on FACS-purified adult cochlear SCs from the LfngEGFP adult mouse, in which SCs express GFP. We demonstrate that adult cochlear SCs are transcriptionally distinct from their perinatal counterparts. We establish cell-type-specific adult cochlear SC transcriptome profiles, and we validate these expression profiles through a combination of both fluorescent immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization co-localization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of adult cochlear SCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate the relevance of these profiles to the adult human cochlea through immunofluorescent human temporal bone histopathology. Finally, we demonstrate cell cycle regulator expression in adult SCs and perform pathway analyses to identify potential mechanisms for facilitating mitotic regeneration (cell proliferation, differentiation, and eventually regeneration) in the adult mammalian cochlea. Our findings demonstrate the importance of characterizing mature as opposed to perinatal SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoa
- Auditory Restoration and Development Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rafal Olszewski
- Auditory Restoration and Development Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Auditory Restoration and Development Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ian Taukulis
- Auditory Restoration and Development Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shoujun Gu
- Auditory Restoration and Development Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alvin DeTorres
- Auditory Restoration and Development Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ivan A Lopez
- National Temporal Bone Laboratory at UCLA, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Inner Ear Laboratory, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Fred H Linthicum
- National Temporal Bone Laboratory at UCLA, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Inner Ear Laboratory, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Akira Ishiyama
- National Temporal Bone Laboratory at UCLA, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Inner Ear Laboratory, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Martin
- Biomedical Research Informatics Office, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert J Morell
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew W Kelley
- Laboratory of Cochlear Development, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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15
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Johnson Chacko L, Sergi C, Eberharter T, Dudas J, Rask-Andersen H, Hoermann R, Fritsch H, Fischer N, Glueckert R, Schrott-Fischer A. Early appearance of key transcription factors influence the spatiotemporal development of the human inner ear. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:459-471. [PMID: 31788757 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Expression patterns of transcription factors leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), SRY (sex-determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2), and GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3) in the developing human fetal inner ear were studied between the gestation weeks 9 and 12. Further development of cochlear apex between gestational weeks 11 and 16 (GW11 and GW16) was examined using transmission electron microscopy. LGR5 was evident in the apical poles of the sensory epithelium of the cochlear duct and the vestibular end organs at GW11. Immunostaining was limited to hair cells of the organ of Corti by GW12. TAK1 was immune positive in inner hair cells of the organ of Corti by GW12 and colocalized with p75 neurotrophic receptor expression. Expression for SOX2 was confined primarily to the supporting cells of utricle at the earliest stage examined at GW9. Intense expression for GATA3 was presented in the cochlear sensory epithelium and spiral ganglia at GW9. Expression of GATA3 was present along the midline of both the utricle and saccule in the zone corresponding to the striolar reversal zone where the hair cell phenotype switches from type I to type II. The spatiotemporal gradient of the development of the organ of Corti was also evident with the apex of the cochlea forming by GW16. It seems that highly specific staining patterns of several transcriptions factors are critical in guiding the genesis of the inner ear over development. Our findings suggest that the spatiotemporal gradient in cochlear development extends at least until gestational week 16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejo Johnson Chacko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 8440 112 St, NW, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Theresa Eberharter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jozsef Dudas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helge Rask-Andersen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology, Uppsala University Hospital, SE-751 85, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Romed Hoermann
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Division of Clinical & Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Fritsch
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Division of Clinical & Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natalie Fischer
- University Clinics Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- University Clinics Innsbruck, Tirol Kliniken, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anneliese Schrott-Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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16
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Novel insights into inner ear development and regeneration for targeted hearing loss therapies. Hear Res 2019; 397:107859. [PMID: 31810596 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2019.107859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans. Despite the global scale of the problem, only limited treatment options are available today. The mammalian inner ear is a highly specialized postmitotic organ, which lacks proliferative or regenerative capacity. Since the discovery of hair cell regeneration in non-mammalian species however, much attention has been placed on identifying possible strategies to reactivate similar responses in humans. The development of successful regenerative approaches for hearing loss strongly depends on a detailed understanding of the mechanisms that control human inner ear cellular specification, differentiation and function, as well as on the development of robust in vitro cellular assays, based on human inner ear cells, to study these processes and optimize therapeutic interventions. We summarize here some aspects of inner ear development and strategies to induce regeneration that have been investigated in rodents. Moreover, we discuss recent findings in human inner ear development and compare the results with findings from animal models. Finally, we provide an overview of strategies for in vitro generation of human sensory cells from pluripotent and somatic progenitors that may provide a platform for drug development and validation of therapeutic strategies in vitro.
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17
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Roccio M, Edge ASB. Inner ear organoids: new tools to understand neurosensory cell development, degeneration and regeneration. Development 2019; 146:146/17/dev177188. [PMID: 31477580 DOI: 10.1242/dev.177188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic interventions for hearing loss requires fundamental knowledge about the signaling pathways controlling tissue development as well as the establishment of human cell-based assays to validate therapeutic strategies ex vivo Recent advances in the field of stem cell biology and organoid culture systems allow the expansion and differentiation of tissue-specific progenitors and pluripotent stem cells in vitro into functional hair cells and otic-like neurons. We discuss how inner ear organoids have been developed and how they offer for the first time the opportunity to validate drug-based therapies, gene-targeting approaches and cell replacement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Roccio
- Inner Ear Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3010, Switzerland
| | - Albert S B Edge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Eaton-Peabody Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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18
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Xia M, Ma J, Sun S, Li W, Li H. The biological strategies for hearing re-establishment based on the stem/progenitor cells. Neurosci Lett 2019; 711:134406. [PMID: 31377244 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The cochlea is the essential organ for hearing and includes both auditory sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. The discovery of inner ear stem cell brings hope to the regeneration of hair cell and spiral ganglion neuron as well as the followed hearing re-establishment. Thus the investigation on characteristics of inner ear stem/progenitor cells and related regulating clue is important to make such regeneration a reality. In addition, attempts have also been made to transplant exogenous stem cells into the inner ear to restore hearing function. In this review, we describe recent advances in the characterization of mammalian inner ear progenitor/stem cells and the mechanisms of regulating their proliferation and differentiation, and summarize studies that have used exogenous stem cells to repair damaged hair cells and neurons in the inner ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Xia
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaoyao Ma
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shan Sun
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, Shanghai, 200031, China; The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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19
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Hu Z, Tao L, Liu Z, Jiang Y, Deng X. Identification of Neural Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Auditory Cortex In Vitro. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:860-870. [PMID: 31038014 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2018.0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Auditory signals are processed in multiple central nervous system structures, including the auditory cortex (AC). Development of stem cell biology provides the opportunity to identify neural stem cells (NSCs) in the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether NSCs exist in the AC. The aim of this study is to determine the existence of NSCs in the postnatal mouse AC. To accomplish this aim, postnatal mouse AC tissues were dissected and dissociated into singular cells and small cell clumps, which were suspended in the culture medium to observe neurosphere formation. The spheres were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence to determine expression of NSC genes and proteins. In addition, AC-spheres were cultured in the presence or absence of astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) to study neural differentiation. The results show that AC-derived cells were able to proliferate to form neurospheres, which expressed multiple NSC genes and proteins, including SOX2 and NESTIN. AC-derived NSCs (AC-NSCs) differentiated into cells expressing neuronal and glial cell markers. However, the neuronal generation rate is low in the culture medium containing nerve growth factor, ∼8%. To stimulate neuronal generation, AC-NSCs were cultured in the culture medium containing ACM. In the presence of ACM, ∼29% AC-NSCs differentiated into cells expressing neuronal marker class III β-tubulin (TUJ1). It was observed that the length of neurites of AC-NSC-derived neurons in the ACM group was significantly longer than that of the control group. In addition, synaptic protein immunostaining showed significantly higher expression of synaptic proteins in the ACM group. These results suggest that ACM is able to stimulate neuronal differentiation, extension of neurites, and expression of synaptic proteins. Identifying AC-NSCs and determining effects of ACM on NSC differentiation will be important for the auditory research and other neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yiyun Jiang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Xin Deng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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20
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The Key Transcription Factor Expression in the Developing Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs: A Comprehensive Comparison of Spatial and Temporal Patterns. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:7513258. [PMID: 30410537 PMCID: PMC6205106 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7513258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inner ear formation requires that a series of cell fate decisions and morphogenetic events occur in a precise temporal and spatial pattern. Previous studies have shown that transcription factors, including Pax2, Sox2, and Prox1, play important roles during the inner ear development. However, the temporospatial expression patterns among these transcription factors are poorly understood. In the current study, we present a comprehensive description of the temporal and spatial expression profiles of Pax2, Sox2, and Prox1 during auditory and vestibular sensory organ development in mice. Using immunohistochemical analyses, we show that Sox2 and Pax2 are both expressed in the prosensory cells (the developing hair cells), but Sox2 is later restricted to only the supporting cells of the organ of Corti. In the vestibular sensory organ, however, the Pax2 expression is localized in hair cells at postnatal day 7, while Sox2 is still expressed in both the hair cells and supporting cells at that time. Prox1 was transiently expressed in the presumptive hair cells and developing supporting cells, and lower Prox1 expression was observed in the vestibular sensory organ compared to the organ of Corti. The different expression patterns of these transcription factors in the developing auditory and vestibular sensory organs suggest that they play different roles in the development of the sensory epithelia and might help to shape the respective sensory structures.
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21
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Kanzaki S. Gene Delivery into the Inner Ear and Its Clinical Implications for Hearing and Balance. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102507. [PMID: 30274337 PMCID: PMC6222543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inner ear contains many types of cell, including sensory hair cells and neurons. If these cells are damaged, they do not regenerate. Inner ear disorders have various etiologies. Some are related to aging or are idiopathic, as in sudden deafness. Others occur due to acoustic trauma, exposure to ototoxic drugs, viral infections, immune responses, or endolymphatic hydrops (Meniere's disease). For these disorders, inner ear regeneration therapy is expected to be a feasible alternative to cochlear implants for hearing recovery. Recently, the mechanisms underlying inner ear regeneration have been gradually clarified. Inner ear cell progenitors or stem cells have been identified. Factors necessary for regeneration have also been elucidated from the mechanism of hair cell generation. Inducing differentiation of endogenous stem cells or inner ear stem cell transplantation is expected. In this paper, we discuss recent approaches to hair cell proliferation and differentiation for inner ear regeneration. We discuss the future road map for clinical application. The therapies mentioned above require topical administration of transgenes or drug onto progenitors of sensory cells. Developing efficient and safe modes of administration is clinically important. In this regard, we also discuss our development of an inner ear endoscope to facilitate topical administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Kanzaki
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, KEIO University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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22
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Baumgartner LS, Moore E, Shook D, Messina S, Day MC, Green J, Nandy R, Seidman M, Baumgartner JE. Safety of Autologous Umbilical Cord Blood Therapy for Acquired Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children. J Audiol Otol 2018; 22:209-222. [PMID: 30126263 PMCID: PMC6233943 DOI: 10.7874/jao.2018.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in children is associated with neurocognitive morbidity. The cause of SNHL is a loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti. There are currently no reparative treatments for SNHL. Numerous studies suggest that cord blood mononuclear cells (human umbilical cord blood, hUCB) allow at least partial restoration of SNHL by enabling repair of a damaged organ of Corti. Our objective is to determine if hUCB is a safe treatment for moderate to severe acquired SNHL in children. Subjects and. METHODS Eleven children aged 6 months to 6 years with moderate to severe acquired SNHL were treated with intravenous autologous hUCB. The cell dose ranged from 8 to 30 million cells/kg body weight. Safety was assessed by measuring systemic hemodynamics during hUCB infusion. Infusion-related toxicity was evaluated by measuring neurologic, hepatic, renal and pulmonary function before and after infusion. Auditory function, auditory verbal language assessments and MRI with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were obtained before and after treatment. RESULTS All patients survived, and there were no adverse events. No infusionrelated changes in hemodynamics occurred. No infusion-related toxicity was recorded. Five subjects experienced a reduction in auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds. Four of those 5 subjects also experienced an improvement in cochlear nerve latencies. Comparison of MRI with DTI sequences obtained before and after treatment revealed increased fractional anisotropy in the primary auditory cortex in three of five subjects with reduced ABR thresholds. Statistically significant (p<0.05) reductions in ABR thresholds were identified. CONCLUSIONS TIntravenous hUCB is feasible and safe in children with SNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ernest Moore
- Department of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of North Texas, Denton, TA, USA
| | - David Shook
- Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rajesh Nandy
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TA, USA
| | | | - James E Baumgartner
- Florida Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL, USA.,Shriner's Hospital for Children, Houston, TA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
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23
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Elliott KL, Fritzsch B, Duncan JS. Evolutionary and Developmental Biology Provide Insights Into the Regeneration of Organ of Corti Hair Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:252. [PMID: 30135646 PMCID: PMC6092489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the evolution and development of organ of Corti hair cells with a focus on their molecular differences from vestibular hair cells. Such information is needed to therapeutically guide organ of Corti hair cell development in flat epithelia and generate the correct arrangement of different hair cell types, orientation of stereocilia, and the delayed loss of the kinocilium that are all essential for hearing, while avoiding driving hair cells toward a vestibular fate. Highlighting the differences from vestibular organs and defining what is known about the regulation of these differences will help focus future research directions toward successful restoration of an organ of Corti following long-term hair cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Elliott
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Bernd Fritzsch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Jeremy S Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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24
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Pienkowski M, Adunka OF, Lichtenhan JT. Editorial: New Advances in Electrocochleography for Clinical and Basic Investigation. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:310. [PMID: 29867322 PMCID: PMC5951982 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver F Adunka
- Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jeffery T Lichtenhan
- School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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25
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You D, Guo L, Li W, Sun S, Chen Y, Chai R, Li H. Characterization of Wnt and Notch-Responsive Lgr5+ Hair Cell Progenitors in the Striolar Region of the Neonatal Mouse Utricle. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:137. [PMID: 29760650 PMCID: PMC5937014 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in hearing and balance are largely connected with hair cell (HC) loss. Although regeneration of HCs in the adult cochlea does not occur, there is still limited capacity for HC regeneration in the mammalian utricle from a distinct population of supporting cells (SCs). In response to HC damage, these Lgr5+ SCs, especially those in the striolar region, can regenerate HCs. In this study, we isolated Lgr5+ SCs and Plp1+ SCs (which originate from the striolar and extrastriolar regions, respectively) from transgenic mice by flow cytometry so as to compare the properties of these two subsets of SCs. We found that the Lgr5+ progenitors had greater proliferation and HC regeneration ability than the Plp1+ SCs and that the Lgr5+ progenitors responded more strongly to Wnt and Notch signaling than Plp1+ SCs. We then compared the gene expression profiles of the two populations by RNA-Seq and identified several genes that were significantly differentially expressed between the two populations, including genes involved in the cell cycle, transcription and cell signaling pathways. Targeting these genes and pathways might be a potential way to activate HC regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan You
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luo Guo
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Sun
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chai
- Key Laboratory for Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huawei Li
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine of NHFPC, Shanghai Engineering Research Centre of Cochlear Implant, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and The Institutes of Brain Science and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Meas SJ, Zhang CL, Dabdoub A. Reprogramming Glia Into Neurons in the Peripheral Auditory System as a Solution for Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Lessons From the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:77. [PMID: 29593497 PMCID: PMC5861218 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disabling hearing loss affects over 5% of the world’s population and impacts the lives of individuals from all age groups. Within the next three decades, the worldwide incidence of hearing impairment is expected to double. Since a leading cause of hearing loss is the degeneration of primary auditory neurons (PANs), the sensory neurons of the auditory system that receive input from mechanosensory hair cells in the cochlea, it may be possible to restore hearing by regenerating PANs. A direct reprogramming approach can be used to convert the resident spiral ganglion glial cells into induced neurons to restore hearing. This review summarizes recent advances in reprogramming glia in the CNS to suggest future steps for regenerating the peripheral auditory system. In the coming years, direct reprogramming of spiral ganglion glial cells has the potential to become one of the leading biological strategies to treat hearing impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Meas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alain Dabdoub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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27
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Perny M, Ting CC, Kleinlogel S, Senn P, Roccio M. Generation of Otic Sensory Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in 3D Culture. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:409. [PMID: 29311837 PMCID: PMC5742223 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral hearing process taking place in the cochlea mainly depends on two distinct sensory cell types: the mechanosensitive hair cells and the spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). The first respond to the mechanical stimulation exerted by sound pressure waves on their hair bundles by releasing neurotransmitters and thereby activating the latter. Loss of these sensorineural cells is associated with permanent hearing loss. Stem cell-based approaches aiming at cell replacement or in vitro drug testing to identify potential ototoxic, otoprotective, or regenerative compounds have lately gained attention as putative therapeutic strategies for hearing loss. Nevertheless, they rely on efficient and reliable protocols for the in vitro generation of cochlear sensory cells for their implementation. To this end, we have developed a differentiation protocol based on organoid culture systems, which mimics the most important steps of in vivo otic development, robustly guiding mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) toward otic sensory neurons (OSNs). The stepwise differentiation of mESCs toward ectoderm was initiated using a quick aggregation method in presence of Matrigel in serum-free conditions. Non-neural ectoderm was induced via activation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and concomitant inhibition of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling to prevent mesendoderm induction. Preplacodal and otic placode ectoderm was further induced by inhibition of BMP signaling and addition of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Delamination and differentiation of SGNs was initiated by plating of the organoids on a 2D Matrigel-coated substrate. Supplementation with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) was used for further maturation until 15 days of in vitro differentiation. A large population of neurons with a clear bipolar morphology and functional excitability was derived from these cultures. Immunostaining and gene expression analysis performed at different time points confirmed the transition trough the otic lineage and final expression of the key OSN markers. Moreover, the stem cell-derived OSNs exhibited functional electrophysiological properties of native SGNs. Our established in vitro model of OSNs development can be used for basic developmental studies, for drug screening or for the exploration of their regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Perny
- Neuroinfection Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Chia Ting
- Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Pascal Senn
- Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Geneva (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marta Roccio
- Laboratory of Inner Ear Research, Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Cluster for Regenerative Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Mittal R, Nguyen D, Patel AP, Debs LH, Mittal J, Yan D, Eshraghi AA, Van De Water TR, Liu XZ. Recent Advancements in the Regeneration of Auditory Hair Cells and Hearing Restoration. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:236. [PMID: 28824370 PMCID: PMC5534485 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosensory responses of hearing and balance are mediated by receptors in specialized neuroepithelial sensory cells. Any disruption of the biochemical and molecular pathways that facilitate these responses can result in severe deficits, including hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction. Hearing is affected by both environmental and genetic factors, with impairment of auditory function being the most common neurosensory disorder affecting 1 in 500 newborns, as well as having an impact on the majority of elderly population. Damage to auditory sensory cells is not reversible, and if sufficient damage and cell death have taken place, the resultant deficit may lead to permanent deafness. Cochlear implants are considered to be one of the most successful and consistent treatments for deaf patients, but only offer limited recovery at the expense of loss of residual hearing. Recently there has been an increased interest in the auditory research community to explore the regeneration of mammalian auditory hair cells and restoration of their function. In this review article, we examine a variety of recent therapies, including genetic, stem cell and molecular therapies as well as discussing progress being made in genome editing strategies as applied to the restoration of hearing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Desiree Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Amit P. Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Luca H. Debs
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas R. Van De Water
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
| | - Xue Z. Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
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29
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Ouji Y, Sakagami M, Omori H, Higashiyama S, Kawai N, Kitahara T, Wanaka A, Yoshikawa M. Efficient induction of inner ear hair cell-like cells from mouse ES cells using combination of Math1 transfection and conditioned medium from ST2 stromal cells. Stem Cell Res 2017; 23:50-56. [PMID: 28689068 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We sought to establish a more efficient technique for induction of inner ear hair cell-like cells (HC-like cells) from embryonic stem cells (ES cells) by using a combination of two previously reported methods; ST2 stromal cell-conditioned medium, known to be favorable for HC-like cell induction (HIST2 method), and ES cells with transfer of the Math1 gene (Math1-ES cells). Math1-ES cells carrying Tet-inducible Math1 were cultured for 14days with doxycycline in conditioned medium from cultures of ST2 stromal cells following formation of 4-day embryoid bodies (EBs). Although each of the previously introduced methods have been reported to induce approximately 20% HC-like cells and 10% HC-like cells in their respective populations in EB outgrowths at the end of the culture periods, the present combined method was able to generate approximately 30% HC-like cells expressing HC-related markers (myosin6, myosin7a, calretinin, α9AchR, Brn3c), which showed remarkable formation of stereocilia-like structures. Analysis of expressions of marker genes specific for cochlear (Lmod3, Emcn) and vestibular (Dnah5, Ptgds) cells indicated that our HIST2 method may lead to induction of cochlear- and vestibular-type cells. In addition, continuous Math1 induction by doxycycline without use of the HIST2 method preferentially induced cochlear markers with negligible effects on vestibular marker induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiteru Ouji
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
| | - Masaharu Sakagami
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroko Omori
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Higashiyama
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Central Instrumentation Laboratory, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikazu Kawai
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kitahara
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Akio Wanaka
- Department of Second Anatomy, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Masahide Yoshikawa
- Department of Pathogen, Infection and Immunity, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
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30
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Kretzschmar K, Clevers H. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in adult mammalian epithelial stem cells. Dev Biol 2017; 428:273-282. [PMID: 28526587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adult stem cells self-renew and replenish differentiated cells in various organs and tissues throughout a mammal's life. Over the last 25 years an ever-growing body of knowledge has unraveled the essential regulation of adult mammalian epithelia by the canonical Wnt signaling with its key intracellular effector β-catenin. In this review, we discuss the principles of the signaling pathway and its role in adult epithelial stem cells of the intestine and skin during homeostasis and tumorigenesis. We further highlight the research that led to the identification of new stem cell markers and methods to study adult stem cells ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kretzschmar
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Netherlands, UMC Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Princess Máxima Centre for Pediatric Oncology, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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31
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Mittal R, Debs LH, Nguyen D, Patel AP, Grati M, Mittal J, Yan D, Eshraghi AA, Liu XZ. Signaling in the Auditory System: Implications in Hair Cell Regeneration and Hearing Function. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2710-2721. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Luca H. Debs
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Desiree Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Amit P. Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - M'hamed Grati
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Denise Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
| | - Xue Zhong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology; University of Miami Miller School of Medicine; Miami Florida
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