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Šmeringai J, Schrumpfová PP, Pernisová M. Cytokinins - regulators of de novo shoot organogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1239133. [PMID: 37662179 PMCID: PMC10471832 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1239133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants, unlike animals, possess a unique developmental plasticity, that allows them to adapt to changing environmental conditions. A fundamental aspect of this plasticity is their ability to undergo postembryonic de novo organogenesis. This requires the presence of regulators that trigger and mediate specific spatiotemporal changes in developmental programs. The phytohormone cytokinin has been known as a principal regulator of plant development for more than six decades. In de novo shoot organogenesis and in vitro shoot regeneration, cytokinins are the prime candidates for the signal that determines shoot identity. Both processes of de novo shoot apical meristem development are accompanied by changes in gene expression, cell fate reprogramming, and the switching-on of the shoot-specific homeodomain regulator, WUSCHEL. Current understanding about the role of cytokinins in the shoot regeneration will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Šmeringai
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Petra Procházková Schrumpfová
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
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2
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Temmerman A, Marquez-Garcia B, Depuydt S, Bruznican S, De Cuyper C, De Keyser A, Boyer FD, Vereecke D, Struk S, Goormachtig S. MAX2-dependent competence for callus formation and shoot regeneration from Arabidopsis thaliana root explants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6272-6291. [PMID: 35738874 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the division of the pericycle cells initiates both lateral root development and root-derived callus formation, these developmental processes are affected differently in the strigolactone and karrikin/KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE 2 (KAI2) ligand signalling mutant more axillary growth 2 (max2). Whereas max2 produces more lateral roots than the wild type, it is defective in the regeneration of shoots from root explants. We suggest that the decreased shoot regeneration of max2 originates from delayed formation of callus primordium, yielding less callus material to regenerate shoots. Indeed, when incubated on callus-inducing medium, the pericycle cell division was reduced in max2 and the early gene expression varied when compared with the wild type, as determined by a transcriptomics analysis. Furthermore, the expression of the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN genes and of callus-induction genes was modified in correlation with the max2 phenotype, suggesting a role for MAX2 in the regulation of the interplay between cytokinin, auxin, and light signalling in callus initiation. Additionally, we found that the in vitro shoot regeneration phenotype of max2 might be caused by a defect in KAI2, rather than in DWARF14, signalling. Nevertheless, the shoot regeneration assays revealed that the strigolactone biosynthesis mutants max3 and max4 also play a minor role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Temmerman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Belen Marquez-Garcia
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Silvia Bruznican
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carolien De Cuyper
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Lardon R, Trinh HK, Xu X, Vu LD, Van De Cotte B, Pernisová M, Vanneste S, De Smet I, Geelen D. Histidine kinase inhibitors impair shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana via cytokinin signaling and SAM patterning determinants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:894208. [PMID: 36684719 PMCID: PMC9847488 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.894208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification involved in virtually all plant processes, as it mediates protein activity and signal transduction. Here, we probe dynamic protein phosphorylation during de novo shoot organogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. We find that application of three kinase inhibitors in various time intervals has different effects on root explants. Short exposures to the putative histidine (His) kinase inhibitor TCSA during the initial days on shoot induction medium (SIM) are detrimental for regeneration in seven natural accessions. Investigation of cytokinin signaling mutants, as well as reporter lines for hormone responses and shoot markers, suggests that TCSA impedes cytokinin signal transduction via AHK3, AHK4, AHP3, and AHP5. A mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteome analysis further reveals profound deregulation of Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphoproteins regulating protein modification, transcription, vesicle trafficking, organ morphogenesis, and cation transport. Among TCSA-responsive factors are prior candidates with a role in shoot apical meristem patterning, such as AGO1, BAM1, PLL5, FIP37, TOP1ALPHA, and RBR1, as well as proteins involved in polar auxin transport (e.g., PIN1) and brassinosteroid signaling (e.g., BIN2). Putative novel regeneration determinants regulated by TCSA include RD2, AT1G52780, PVA11, and AVT1C, while NAIP2, OPS, ARR1, QKY, and aquaporins exhibit differential phospholevels on control SIM. LC-MS/MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD030754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lardon
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hoang Khai Trinh
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Biotechnology Research and Development Institute, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lam Dai Vu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Van De Cotte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ive De Smet
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- HortiCell, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Avilez-Montalvo JR, Quintana-Escobar AO, Méndez-Hernández HA, Aguilar-Hernández V, Brito-Argáez L, Galaz-Ávalos RM, Uc-Chuc MA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Auxin-Cytokinin Cross Talk in Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffea canephora. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152013. [PMID: 35956493 PMCID: PMC9370429 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CK) are plant growth regulators involved in multiple physiological processes in plants. One less studied aspect is CK homeostasis (HM). The primary genes related to HM are involved in biosynthesis (IPT), degradation (CKX), and signaling (ARR). This paper demonstrates the effect of auxin (Aux) and CK and their cross talk in a Coffea canephora embryogenic system. The transcriptome and RT-qPCR suggest that Aux in pre-treatment represses biosynthesis, degradation, and signal CK genes. However, in the induction, there is an increase of genes implicated in the CK perception/signal, indicating perhaps, as in other species, Aux is repressing CK, and CK are inducing per se genes involved in its HM. This is reflected in the endogenous concentration of CK; pharmacology experiments helped study the effect of each plant growth regulator in our SE system. We conclude that the Aux–CK balance is crucial to directing somatic embryogenesis in C. canephora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johny R. Avilez-Montalvo
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Ana O. Quintana-Escobar
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Hugo A. Méndez-Hernández
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Víctor Aguilar-Hernández
- Catedrático CONACYT, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Ligia Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Miguel A. Uc-Chuc
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-999-942-83-30 (ext. 243)
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5
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Yamoune A, Cuyacot AR, Zdarska M, Hejatko J. Hormonal orchestration of root apical meristem formation and maintenance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6768-6788. [PMID: 34343283 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones are key regulators of a number of developmental and adaptive responses in plants, integrating the control of intrinsic developmental regulatory circuits with environmental inputs. Here we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying hormonal regulation of root development. We focus on key events during both embryonic and post-embryonic development, including specification of the hypophysis as a future organizer of the root apical meristem (RAM), hypophysis asymmetric division, specification of the quiescent centre (QC) and the stem cell niche (SCN), RAM maturation and maintenance of QC/SCN activity, and RAM size. We address both well-established and newly proposed concepts, highlight potential ambiguities in recent terminology and classification criteria of longitudinal root zonation, and point to contrasting results and alternative scenarios for recent models. In the concluding remarks, we summarize the common principles of hormonal control during root development and the mechanisms potentially explaining often antagonistic outputs of hormone action, and propose possible future research directions on hormones in the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Yamoune
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Abigail Rubiato Cuyacot
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Zdarska
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Integrating the Roles for Cytokinin and Auxin in De Novo Shoot Organogenesis: From Hormone Uptake to Signaling Outputs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168554. [PMID: 34445260 PMCID: PMC8395325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) is a procedure commonly used for the in vitro regeneration of shoots from a variety of plant tissues. Shoot regeneration occurs on nutrient media supplemented with the plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and auxin, which play essential roles in this process, and genes involved in their signaling cascades act as master regulators of the different phases of shoot regeneration. In the last 20 years, the genetic regulation of DNSO has been characterized in detail. However, as of today, the CK and auxin signaling events associated with shoot regeneration are often interpreted as a consequence of these hormones simply being present in the regeneration media, whereas the roles for their prior uptake and transport into the cultivated plant tissues are generally overlooked. Additionally, sucrose, commonly added to the regeneration media as a carbon source, plays a signaling role and has been recently shown to interact with CK and auxin and to affect the efficiency of shoot regeneration. In this review, we provide an integrative interpretation of the roles for CK and auxin in the process of DNSO, adding emphasis on their uptake from the regeneration media and their interaction with sucrose present in the media to their complex signaling outputs that mediate shoot regeneration.
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Ikeda Y, Zalabák D, Kubalová I, Králová M, Brenner WG, Aida M. Interpreting Cytokinin Action as Anterograde Signaling and Beyond. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641257. [PMID: 33854521 PMCID: PMC8039514 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the major phytohormones, the cytokinin exhibits unique features for its ability to positively affect the developmental status of plastids. Even early on in its research, cytokinins were known to promote plastid differentiation and to reduce the loss of chlorophyll in detached leaves. Since the discovery of the components of cytokinin perception and primary signaling, the genes involved in photosynthesis and plastid differentiation have been identified as those directly targeted by type-B response regulators. Furthermore, cytokinins are known to modulate versatile cellular processes such as promoting the division and differentiation of cells and, in concert with auxin, initiating the de novo formation of shoot apical meristem (SAM) in tissue cultures. Yet how cytokinins precisely participate in such diverse cellular phenomena, and how the associated cellular processes are coordinated as a whole, remains unclear. A plausible presumption that would account for the coordinated gene expression is the tight and reciprocal communication between the nucleus and plastid. The fact that cytokinins affect plastid developmental status via gene expression in both the nucleus and plastid is interpreted here to suggest that cytokinin functions as an initiator of anterograde (nucleus-to-plastid) signaling. Based on this viewpoint, we first summarize the physiological relevance of cytokinins to the coordination of plastid differentiation with de novo shoot organogenesis in tissue culture systems. Next, the role of endogenous cytokinins in influencing plastid differentiation within the SAM of intact plants is discussed. Finally, a presumed plastid-derived signal in response to cytokinins for coupled nuclear gene expression is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Ikeda
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - David Zalabák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivona Kubalová
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Michaela Králová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Wolfram G. Brenner
- General and Applied Botany, Institute of Biology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mitsuhiro Aida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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8
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Hallmark HT, Rashotte AM. Cytokinin isopentenyladenine and its glucoside isopentenyladenine-9G delay leaf senescence through activation of cytokinin-associated genes. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00292. [PMID: 33364544 PMCID: PMC7751127 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are well-known as a class of phytohormones capable of delaying senescence in detached leaves. However, CKs are often treated as a monolithic group of compounds even though dozens of CK species are present in plants with varied degrees of reported biological activity. One specific type of CK, isopentenyladenine base (iP), has been demonstrated as having roles in delaying leaf senescence, inhibition of root growth, and promoting shoot regeneration. However, its N-glucosides isopentenyladenine-7- and -9-glucoside (iP7G, iP9G) have remained understudied and thought of as inactive cytokinins for several decades, despite their relatively high concentrations in plants such as the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we show that iP and one of its glucosides, iP9G, are capable of delaying senescence in leaves, though the glucosides having little to no activity in other bioassays. Additionally, we performed the first transcriptomic study of iP-delayed cotyledon senescence which shows that iP is capable of upregulating photosynthetic genes and downregulating catabolic genes in detached cotyledons. Transcriptomic analysis also shows iP9G has limited effects on gene expression, but that the few affected genes are CK-related and are similar to those seen from iP effects during senescence as seen for the type-A response regulator ARR6. These findings suggest that iP9G functions as an active CK during senescence.
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9
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Terceros GC, Resentini F, Cucinotta M, Manrique S, Colombo L, Mendes MA. The Importance of Cytokinins during Reproductive Development in Arabidopsis and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218161. [PMID: 33142827 PMCID: PMC7662338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization and seed formation are fundamental events in the life cycle of flowering plants. The seed is a functional unit whose main purpose is to propagate the plant. The first step in seed development is the formation of male and female gametophytes and subsequent steps culminate in successful fertilization. The detailed study of this process is highly relevant because it directly impacts human needs, such as protecting biodiversity and ensuring sustainable agriculture to feed the increasing world population. Cytokinins comprise a class of phytohormones that play many important roles during plant growth and development and in recent years, the role of this class of phytohormones during reproduction has become clear. Here, we review the role of cytokinins during ovule, pollen and seed formation at the genetic and molecular levels. The expansion of knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms that control plant reproduction is extremely important to optimise seed production.
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10
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Antoniadi I, Novák O, Gelová Z, Johnson A, Plíhal O, Simerský R, Mik V, Vain T, Mateo-Bonmatí E, Karady M, Pernisová M, Plačková L, Opassathian K, Hejátko J, Robert S, Friml J, Doležal K, Ljung K, Turnbull C. Cell-surface receptors enable perception of extracellular cytokinins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4284. [PMID: 32855409 PMCID: PMC7453015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are mobile multifunctional plant hormones with roles in development and stress resilience. Although their Histidine Kinase receptors are substantially localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, cellular sites of cytokinin perception and importance of spatially heterogeneous cytokinin distribution continue to be debated. Here we show that cytokinin perception by plasma membrane receptors is an effective additional path for cytokinin response. Readout from a Two Component Signalling cytokinin-specific reporter (TCSn::GFP) closely matches intracellular cytokinin content in roots, yet we also find cytokinins in extracellular fluid, potentially enabling action at the cell surface. Cytokinins covalently linked to beads that could not pass the plasma membrane increased expression of both TCSn::GFP and Cytokinin Response Factors. Super-resolution microscopy of GFP-labelled receptors and diminished TCSn::GFP response to immobilised cytokinins in cytokinin receptor mutants, further indicate that receptors can function at the cell surface. We argue that dual intracellular and surface locations may augment flexibility of cytokinin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gelová
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Simerský
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Mik
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Vain
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Chr. Hansen, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Mateo-Bonmatí
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Hejátko
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Colin Turnbull
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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11
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Huo R, Liu Z, Yu X, Li Z. The Interaction Network and Signaling Specificity of Two-Component System in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144898. [PMID: 32664520 PMCID: PMC7402358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-component systems (TCS) in plants have evolved into a more complicated multi-step phosphorelay (MSP) pathway, which employs histidine kinases (HKs), histidine-containing phosphotransfer proteins (HPts), and response regulators (RRs) to regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. How plants perceive the external signals, then integrate and transduce the secondary signals specifically to the desired destination, is a fundamental characteristic of the MSP signaling network. The TCS elements involved in the MSP pathway and molecular mechanisms of signal transduction have been best understood in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this review, we focus on updated knowledge on TCS signal transduction in Arabidopsis. We first present a brief description of the TCS elements; then, the protein–protein interaction network is established. Finally, we discuss the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the specificity of the MSP signaling at the mRNA and protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Huo
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Zhenning Liu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Zongyun Li
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics & Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
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12
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Barrera-Rojas CH, Rocha GHB, Polverari L, Pinheiro Brito DA, Batista DS, Notini MM, da Cruz ACF, Morea EGO, Sabatini S, Otoni WC, Nogueira FTS. miR156-targeted SPL10 controls Arabidopsis root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration via cytokinin responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:934-950. [PMID: 31642910 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Root growth is modulated by different factors, including phytohormones, transcription factors, and microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNA156 and its targets, the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes, define an age-dependent pathway that controls several developmental processes, including lateral root emergence. However, it remains unclear whether miR156-regulated SPLs control root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration. Here, we show that MIR156 and SPL genes have opposing expression patterns during the progression of primary root (PR) growth in Arabidopsis, suggesting that age cues may modulate root development. Plants with high miR156 levels display reduced meristem size, resulting in shorter primary root (PRs). Conversely, plants with reduced miR156 levels show higher meristem activity. Importantly, loss of function of SPL10 decreases meristem activity, while SPL10 de-repression increases it. Meristem activity is regulated by SPL10 probably through the reduction of cytokinin responses, via the modulation of type-B ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR1(ARR1) expression. We also show that SPL10 de-repression in the PRs abolishes de novo shoot regenerative capacity by attenuating cytokinin responses. Our results reveal a cooperative regulation of root meristem activity and root-derived de novo shoot regeneration by integrating age cues with cytokinin responses via miR156-targeted SPL10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernán Barrera-Rojas
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Bioscience Institute, State University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Henrique Braga Rocha
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Polverari
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Armando Pinheiro Brito
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Batista
- Department of Plant Biology, Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory-BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcela M Notini
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Ferreira da Cruz
- Department of Plant Biology, Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory-BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Edna Gicela Ortiz Morea
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Bioscience Institute, State University of Sao Paulo, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Department of Plant Biology, Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory-BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabio Tebaldi Silveira Nogueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Plant Development, Department of Biological Sciences, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Cerbantez-Bueno VE, Zúñiga-Mayo VM, Reyes-Olalde JI, Lozano-Sotomayor P, Herrera-Ubaldo H, Marsch-Martinez N, de Folter S. Redundant and Non-redundant Functions of the AHK Cytokinin Receptors During Gynoecium Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:568277. [PMID: 33117412 PMCID: PMC7575793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.568277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin is crucial for plant growth and development. The site of action of cytokinin in the plant is dependent on the expression of the cytokinin receptors. In Arabidopsis, there are three cytokinin receptors that present some overlap in expression pattern. Functional studies demonstrated that the receptors play highly redundant roles but also have specialized functions. Here, we focus on gynoecium development, which is the female reproductive part of the plant. Cytokinin signaling has been demonstrated to be important for reproductive development, positively affecting seed yield and fruit production. Most of these developmental processes are regulated by cytokinin during early gynoecium development. While some information is available, there is a gap in knowledge on cytokinin function and especially on the cytokinin receptors during early gynoecium development. Therefore, we studied the expression patterns and the role of the cytokinin receptors during gynoecium development. We found that the three receptors are expressed in the gynoecium and that they have redundant and specialized functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent E. Cerbantez-Bueno
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Victor M. Zúñiga-Mayo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Mexico
| | - J. Irepan Reyes-Olalde
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Paulina Lozano-Sotomayor
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (UGA-LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Stefan de Folter,
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14
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Shin J, Bae S, Seo PJ. De novo shoot organogenesis during plant regeneration. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:63-72. [PMID: 31504722 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit remarkable regeneration capacity, ensuring developmental plasticity. In vitro tissue culture techniques are based on plant regeneration ability and facilitate production of new organs and even the whole plant from explants. Plant somatic cells can be reprogrammed to form a pluripotent cell mass called the callus. A portion of pluripotent callus cells gives rise to a fertile shoot via de novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO). Here, we reconstitute the shoot regeneration process with four phases, namely pluripotency acquisition, shoot promeristem formation, establishment of the confined shoot progenitor, and shoot outgrowth. Additionally, other biological processes, including cell cycle progression and reactive oxygen species metabolism, which further contribute to successful completion of DNSO, are also summarized. Overall, this study highlights recent advances in the molecular and cellular events involved in DNSO, as well as the regulatory mechanisms behind key steps of DNSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonhyung Bae
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Héricourt F, Larcher M, Chefdor F, Koudounas K, Carqueijeiro I, Lemos Cruz P, Courdavault V, Tanigawa M, Maeda T, Depierreux C, Lamblin F, Glévarec G, Carpin S. New Insight into HPts as Hubs in Poplar Cytokinin and Osmosensing Multistep Phosphorelays: Cytokinin Pathway Uses Specific HPts. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120591. [PMID: 31835814 PMCID: PMC6963366 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have previously identified proteins in poplar which belong to an osmosensing (OS) signaling pathway, called a multistep phosphorelay (MSP). The MSP comprises histidine-aspartate kinases (HK), which act as membrane receptors; histidine phosphotransfer (HPt) proteins, which act as phosphorelay proteins; and response regulators (RR), some of which act as transcription factors. In this study, we identified the HK proteins homologous to the Arabidopsis cytokinin (CK) receptors, which are first partners in the poplar cytokinin MSP, and focused on specificity of these two MSPs (CK and OS), which seem to share the same pool of HPt proteins. Firstly, we isolated five CK HKs from poplar which are homologous to Arabidopsis AHK2, AHK3, and AHK4, namely, HK2, HK3a, HK3b, HK4a, HK4b. These HKs were shown to be functional kinases, as observed in a functional complementation of a yeast HK deleted strain. Moreover, one of these HKs, HK4a, was shown to have kinase activity dependent on the presence of CK. Exhaustive interaction tests between these five CK HKs and the 10 HPts characterized in poplar were performed using two-hybrid and BiFC experiments. The resulting partnership was compared to that previously identified between putative osmosensors HK1a/1b and HPt proteins. Finally, in planta coexpression analysis of genes encoding these potential partners revealed that almost all HPts are coexpressed with CK HKs in four different poplar organs. Overall, these results allowed us to unravel the common and specific partnerships existing between OS and CK MSP in Populus.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Héricourt
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Mélanie Larcher
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Françoise Chefdor
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Konstantinos Koudounas
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Pamela Lemos Cruz
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Vincent Courdavault
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Mirai Tanigawa
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan; (M.T.); (T.M.)
| | - Christiane Depierreux
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Frédéric Lamblin
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
| | - Gaëlle Glévarec
- BBV, University of Tours, EA 2106, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; (K.K.); (I.C.); (P.L.C.); (V.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Sabine Carpin
- LBLGC, University of Orléans, EA1207, INRA, USC1328, rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France; (F.H.); (M.L.); (F.C.); (C.D.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-3849-4804
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16
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Cammarata J, Roeder AH, Scanlon MJ. Cytokinin and CLE signaling are highly intertwined developmental regulators across tissues and species. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 51:96-104. [PMID: 31280129 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The control of cell identity and differentiation is critical for proper development. In plants, cell identity is largely determined by a cell's spatial context, which is communicated in the form of varying abundances of hormones. Two classes of hormones, the classical phytohormone cytokinin and the small CLE peptide hormones, are potent regulators of cell division and cell differentiation. While a relationship between these two classes of hormones is well-established at developing shoot tips, recent evidence suggests that CLE and cytokinin signaling converge on the same developmental processes across many different contexts and in widely divergent species. Here, we review evidence predominately from Arabidopsis thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens that supports a general model where CLE and cytokinin signaling are highly intertwined developmental regulators with antagonistic functions in shoots and synergistic functions in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cammarata
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, United States; Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, United States
| | - Adrienne Hk Roeder
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, United States; Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, United States
| | - Michael J Scanlon
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, United States
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17
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Shimotohno A, Scheres B. Topology of regulatory networks that guide plant meristem activity: similarities and differences. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 51:74-80. [PMID: 31102928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants adapt their morphology in response to variable environmental conditions such as nitrate availability, drought, and temperature shifts. Three crucial aspects to this developmental plasticity are the control of initiation, identity and activity of meristems. At the cellular level, the activity of meristems is controlled by balancing self-renewal in stem cells, amplifying divisions in their daughter cells, and cell differentiation. Recent studies in plants have uncovered transcription factors regulating meristem activity at cellular resolution, and regulatory networks that couple these factors with phytohormone signalling for global plant growth regulation. Here, we highlight selected recent advances in our understanding of the multidimensional transcriptional networks that regulate meristem activity and discuss emerging insights on how a selection of environmental cues impinges on these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Shimotohno
- Department of Biological Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Ben Scheres
- Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708PB, The Netherlands; Rijk Zwaan Research and Development, Fijnaart 4793 RS, The Netherlands.
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18
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Waidmann S, Ruiz Rosquete M, Schöller M, Sarkel E, Lindner H, LaRue T, Petřík I, Dünser K, Martopawiro S, Sasidharan R, Novak O, Wabnik K, Dinneny JR, Kleine-Vehn J. Cytokinin functions as an asymmetric and anti-gravitropic signal in lateral roots. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3540. [PMID: 31387989 PMCID: PMC6684572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional organ growth allows the plant root system to strategically cover its surroundings. Intercellular auxin transport is aligned with the gravity vector in the primary root tips, facilitating downward organ bending at the lower root flank. Here we show that cytokinin signaling functions as a lateral root specific anti-gravitropic component, promoting the radial distribution of the root system. We performed a genome-wide association study and reveal that signal peptide processing of Cytokinin Oxidase 2 (CKX2) affects its enzymatic activity and, thereby, determines the degradation of cytokinins in natural Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. Cytokinin signaling interferes with growth at the upper lateral root flank and thereby prevents downward bending. Our interdisciplinary approach proposes that two phytohormonal cues at opposite organ flanks counterbalance each other's negative impact on growth, suppressing organ growth towards gravity and allow for radial expansion of the root system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Waidmann
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michel Ruiz Rosquete
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Schöller
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elizabeth Sarkel
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heike Lindner
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Therese LaRue
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shanice Martopawiro
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Rashmi Sasidharan
- Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria), Autopista M-40, Km 38-Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223, Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Wybouw B, De Rybel B. Cytokinin - A Developing Story. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:177-185. [PMID: 30446307 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade tremendous advances have been made in understanding the biosynthesis, perception, and signaling pathways of the plant hormone cytokinin. It also became clear that interfering with any of these steps greatly impacts all on stages of growth and development. This has recently spurted renewed effort to understand how cytokinin signaling affects developmental processes. As a result, new insights on the role of cytokinin signaling and the downstream targets during, for example, shoot apical meristem, flower, female gametophyte, stomata and vascular development are being unraveled. In this review we aim to give a comprehensive overview of recent findings on how cytokinin influences growth and development in plants, and highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Wybouw
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Establishment of an efficient in vitro propagation system for Iris sanguinea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17100. [PMID: 30459434 PMCID: PMC6244353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Iris sanguinea is a perennial flowering plant that is typically cultivated through seeds or bulbs. However, due to limitations in conventional propagation, an alternate regeneration system using seeds was developed. The protocol included optimization of sterilization, stratification and scarification methods as iris seeds exhibit physiological dormancy. In addition to chlorine-based disinfection, alkaline or heat treatment was used to break seed dormancy and reduce contamination. When seeds were soaked in water at 80 °C overnight, and sterilized with 75% EtOH for 30 s and 4% NaOCl solution for 20 minutes, contamination was reduced to 10% and a 73.3% germination was achieved. The germinated seedlings with 2-3 leaves and radicle were used as explants to induce adventitious buds. The optimal MS medium with 0.5 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.2 mg L-1 NAA, and 1.0 mg L-1 kinetin resulted in 93.3% shoot induction and a proliferation coefficient of 5.30. Medium with 0.5 mg L-1 NAA achieved 96.4% rooting of the adventitious shoots. The survival rate was more than 90% after 30 days growth in the cultivated matrix. In conclusion, a successful regeneration system for propagation of I. sanguinea was developed using seeds, which could be utilized for large-scale propagation of irises of ecological and horticultural importance.
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