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Rajan AAN, Hutchins EJ. Post-transcriptional regulation as a conserved driver of neural crest and cancer-cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 89:102400. [PMID: 39032482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2024.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Cells have evolved mechanisms to migrate for diverse biological functions. A process frequently deployed during metazoan cell migration is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT, adherent epithelial cells undergo coordinated cellular transitions to mesenchymalize and reduce their intercellular attachments. This is achieved via tightly regulated changes in gene expression, which modulates cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion to allow movement. The acquisition of motility and invasive properties following EMT allows some mesenchymal cells to migrate through complex environments to form tissues during embryogenesis; however, these processes may also be leveraged by cancer cells, which often co-opt these endogenous programs to metastasize. Post-transcriptional regulation is now emerging as a major conserved mechanism by which cells modulate EMT and migration, which we discuss here in the context of vertebrate development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Arul Nambi Rajan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica J Hutchins
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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2
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Kuroda S, Lalonde RL, Mansour TA, Mosimann C, Nakamura T. Multiple embryonic sources converge to form the pectoral girdle skeleton in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6313. [PMID: 39060278 PMCID: PMC11282072 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The morphological transformation of the pectoral/shoulder girdle is fundamental to the water-to-land transition in vertebrate evolution. Although previous studies have resolved the embryonic origins of tetrapod shoulder girdles, those of fish pectoral girdles remain uncharacterized, creating a gap in the understanding of girdle transformation mechanisms from fish to tetrapods. Here, we identify the embryonic origins of the zebrafish pectoral girdle, including the cleithrum as an ancestral girdle element lost in extant tetrapods. Our combinatorial approach of photoconversion and genetic lineage tracing demonstrates that cleithrum development combines four adjoining embryonic populations. A comparison of these pectoral girdle progenitors with extinct and extant vertebrates highlights that cleithrum loss, indispensable for neck evolution, is associated with the disappearance of its unique developmental environment at the head/trunk interface. Overall, our study establishes an embryological framework for pectoral/shoulder girdle formation and provides evolutionary trajectories from their origin in water to diversification on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Kuroda
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1164, Japan.
| | - Robert L Lalonde
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas A Mansour
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Christian Mosimann
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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3
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Ahern DT, Bansal P, Faustino IV, Glatt-Deeley HR, Massey R, Kondaveeti Y, Banda EC, Pinter SF. Isogenic hiPSC models of Turner syndrome development reveal shared roles of inactive X and Y in the human cranial neural crest network. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.08.531747. [PMID: 36945647 PMCID: PMC10028916 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.08.531747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Modeling the developmental etiology of viable human aneuploidy can be challenging in rodents due to syntenic boundaries, or primate-specific biology. In humans, monosomy-X (45,X) causes Turner syndrome (TS), altering craniofacial, skeletal, endocrine, and cardiovascular development, which in contrast remain unaffected in 39,X-mice. To learn how human monosomy-X may impact early embryonic development, we turned to human 45,X and isogenic euploid induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from male and female mosaic donors. Because neural crest (NC) derived cell types are hypothesized to underpin craniofacial and cardiovascular changes in TS, we performed a highly-powered differential expression study on hiPSC-derived anterior neural crest cells (NCCs). Across three independent isogenic panels, 45,X NCCs show impaired acquisition of PAX7+SOX10+ markers, and disrupted expression of other NCC-specific genes, relative to their isogenic euploid controls. In particular, 45,X NCCs increase cholesterol biosynthesis genes while reducing transcripts that feature 5' terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) motifs, including those of ribosomal protein and nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Such metabolic pathways are also over-represented in weighted co-expression gene modules that are preserved in monogenic neurocristopathy. Importantly, these gene modules are also significantly enriched in 28% of all TS-associated terms of the human phenotype ontology. Our analysis identifies specific sex-linked genes that are expressed from two copies in euploid males and females alike and qualify as candidate haploinsufficient drivers of TS phenotypes in NC-derived lineages. This study demonstrates that isogenic hiPSC-derived NCC panels representing monosomy-X can serve as a powerful model of early NC development in TS and inform new hypotheses towards its etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy T. Ahern
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Developmental Biology, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Prakhar Bansal
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Developmental Biology, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Isaac V. Faustino
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Heather R. Glatt-Deeley
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Rachael Massey
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Developmental Biology, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Yuvabharath Kondaveeti
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Erin C. Banda
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stefan F. Pinter
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Developmental Biology, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
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4
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Bundgaard Kjellingbro K, Naranjo Freixa C, Hjorth Mikkelsen L, Heegaard S. Challenges in diagnosing canine spindle cell tumours using immunohistochemistry, illustrated by three nonpigmented malignant cases from the nictitating membrane. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:7. [PMID: 38396026 PMCID: PMC10893616 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonpigmented malignant spindle cell tumours of the membrana nictitans are rare in dogs. In twenty-three years only three cases have been diagnosed in Scandinavia. This study describes the three cases of malignant tumours of the membrana nictitans recorded by the Eye Pathology Section, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, with reference to the clinical appearance and work-up, the treatment and prognosis, and the histopathological description including immunohistochemistry. The three cases are compared to previous publications on canine tumours of the nictitating membrane. We emphasize the importance of using protocols that are adapted to the specific species such as dogs. Opposite the human tissue responses, we even need more than one marker when diagnosing melanomas in dogs. RESULTS The dogs presented were an 8-year-old Dachshund, a 12-year-old Akita and a 14-year-old Shetland Sheepdog. All three dogs were entire females. All three nictitating membrane tumours developed on the right nictitating membrane as firm or multilobulated hyperaemic masses. Two of the tumours were macroscopically nonpigmented, the third being partly pigmented on the surface and ulcerated. According to the histopathology and for two of the cases immunohistochemistry with dog-adapted protocols the diagnoses included one hemangiosarcoma and two amelanotic melanomas. Tumour regrowth developed in all three cases and repeated resections were completed 1, 2 and 3 times, respectively, with recurrence experienced within 1.5 months - 3 years. CONCLUSIONS Nonpigmented malignant spindle cell tumours of the canine membrana nictitans are rare. Treatment of choice should be complete excision with a minimal histologic tumour-free distance and in case of a recurrence a full resection of the nictitating membrane. We strongly recommend a dog-adapted protocol for immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lauge Hjorth Mikkelsen
- Eye Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 1st Floor, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 1st Floor, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Eye Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 1st Floor, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 1st Floor, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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5
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Kondoh H. The Significance of Repressive Processes in Developmental Regulation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 72:127-142. [PMID: 38509256 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Encountering a developmental process confined to a limited time window or a restricted embryonic area, one may deem that the mechanism to activate the process occurs with such precision in temporal and spatial terms. However, in many instances, the activation mechanism is initiated in a broad time and space, but the mechanism is actuated only when repressive mechanisms are lifted. Thus, the operation of repressive processes is essential for precise developmental regulation. Repressive regulations occur at various levels. The following representative repressive regulations and their consequences at various levels will be discussed: intercellular signaling, epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, and posttranscriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kondoh
- Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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6
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Gerschenfeld G, Coulpier F, Gresset A, Pulh P, Job B, Topilko T, Siegenthaler J, Kastriti ME, Brunet I, Charnay P, Topilko P. Neural tube-associated boundary caps are a major source of mural cells in the skin. eLife 2023; 12:e69413. [PMID: 38095361 PMCID: PMC10786459 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to their roles in protecting nerves and increasing conduction velocity, peripheral glia plays key functions in blood vessel development by secreting molecules governing arteries alignment and maturation with nerves. Here, we show in mice that a specific, nerve-attached cell population, derived from boundary caps (BCs), constitutes a major source of mural cells for the developing skin vasculature. Using Cre-based reporter cell tracing and single-cell transcriptomics, we show that BC derivatives migrate into the skin along the nerves, detach from them, and differentiate into pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Genetic ablation of this population affects the organization of the skin vascular network. Our results reveal the heterogeneity and extended potential of the BC population in mice, which gives rise to mural cells, in addition to previously described neurons, Schwann cells, and melanocytes. Finally, our results suggest that mural specification of BC derivatives takes place before their migration along nerves to the mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspard Gerschenfeld
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
- Sorbonne Université, Collège DoctoralParisFrance
| | - Fanny Coulpier
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
- nstitut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Inserm U955-Team 9CréteilFrance
- Genomic facility, Ecole normale supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS)ParisFrance
| | - Aurélie Gresset
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
| | - Pernelle Pulh
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
- nstitut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Inserm U955-Team 9CréteilFrance
| | - Bastien Job
- Inserm US23, AMMICA, Institut Gustave RoussyVillejuifFrance
| | - Thomas Topilko
- Laboratoire de Plasticité Structurale, Sorbonne Université, ICM Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225ParisFrance
| | - Julie Siegenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraUnited States
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Isabelle Brunet
- Inserm U1050, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie (CIRB), Collège de FranceParisFrance
| | - Patrick Charnay
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Université PSLParisFrance
- nstitut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Inserm U955-Team 9CréteilFrance
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7
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Liu S, Kawanishi T, Shimada A, Ikeda N, Yamane M, Takeda H, Tasaki J. Identification of an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for chemical-induced craniofacial anomalies using the transgenic zebrafish model. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:38-51. [PMID: 37531284 PMCID: PMC10614053 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are one of the most frequent birth defects worldwide and are often caused by genetic and environmental factors such as pharmaceuticals and chemical agents. Although identifying adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) is a central issue for evaluating the teratogenicity, the AOP causing craniofacial anomalies has not been identified. Recently, zebrafish has gained interest as an emerging model for predicting teratogenicity because of high throughput, cost-effectiveness and availability of various tools for examining teratogenic mechanisms. Here, we established zebrafish sox10-EGFP reporter lines to visualize cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) and have identified the AOPs for craniofacial anomalies. When we exposed the transgenic embryos to teratogens that were reported to cause craniofacial anomalies in mammals, CNCC migration and subsequent morphogenesis of the first pharyngeal arch were impaired at 24 hours post-fertilization. We also found that cell proliferation and apoptosis of the migratory CNCCs were disturbed, which would be key events of the AOP. From these results, we propose that our sox10-EGFP reporter lines serve as a valuable model for detecting craniofacial skeletal abnormalities, from early to late developmental stages. Given that the developmental process of CNCCs around this stage is highly conserved between zebrafish and mammals, our findings can be extrapolated to mammalian craniofacial development and thus help in predicting craniofacial anomalies in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Liu
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Atsuko Shimada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamane
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takeda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Junichi Tasaki
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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8
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Pajanoja C, Hsin J, Olinger B, Schiffmacher A, Yazejian R, Abrams S, Dapkunas A, Zainul Z, Doyle AD, Martin D, Kerosuo L. Maintenance of pluripotency-like signature in the entire ectoderm leads to neural crest stem cell potential. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5941. [PMID: 37741818 PMCID: PMC10518019 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the pluripotent epiblast to contribute progeny to all three germ layers is thought to be lost after gastrulation. The later-forming neural crest (NC) rises from ectoderm and it remains poorly understood how its exceptionally high stem-cell potential to generate mesodermal- and endodermal-like derivatives is obtained. Here, we monitor transcriptional changes from gastrulation to neurulation using single-cell-Multiplex-Spatial-Transcriptomics (scMST) complemented with RNA-sequencing. We show maintenance of pluripotency-like signature (Nanog, Oct4/PouV, Klf4-positive) in undecided pan-ectodermal stem-cells spanning the entire ectoderm late during neurulation with ectodermal patterning completed only at the end of neurulation when the pluripotency-like signature becomes restricted to NC, challenging our understanding of gastrulation. Furthermore, broad ectodermal pluripotency-like signature is found at multiple axial levels unrelated to the NC lineage the cells later commit to, suggesting a general role in stemness enhancement and proposing a mechanism by which the NC acquires its ability to form derivatives beyond "ectodermal-capacity" in chick and mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Pajanoja
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenny Hsin
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bradley Olinger
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Schiffmacher
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rita Yazejian
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shaun Abrams
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvydas Dapkunas
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zarin Zainul
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D Doyle
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, NIDCR Imaging Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Martin
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Intramural Research Program, Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Wang W, Li F, Wang J, Liu Z, Tian M, Wang Z, Li H, Qu J, Chen Y, Hou L. Disrupting Hedgehog signaling in melanocytes by SUFU knockout leads to ocular melanocytosis and anterior segment malformation. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050210. [PMID: 37577930 PMCID: PMC10481947 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is well known for its crucial role during development, but its specific role in individual cell lineages is less well characterized. Here, we disrupted Hh signaling specifically in melanocytes by using Cre-mediated cell-type-specific knockout of the Hh regulator suppressor of fused (Sufu). Interestingly, corresponding mice were fully pigmented and showed no developmental alterations in melanocyte numbers or distribution in skin and hair follicles. However, there were ectopic melanoblasts visible in the anterior chamber of the eye that eventually displayed severe malformation. Choroidal melanocytes remained unaltered. Surprisingly, the abnormal accumulation of anterior uveal melanoblasts was not the result of increased cell proliferation but of increased migration to ectopic locations such as the cornea. In melanoblasts in vitro, Sufu knockdown replicated the increase in cell migration without affecting proliferation and was mediated by an increased level of phosphorylated-ERK brought about by a reduction in the levels of the repressor form of GLI3. These results highlight the developmental divergence of distinct melanocyte subpopulations and may shed light on the pathogenesis of human ocular melanocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Feiyang Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zuimeng Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Meiyu Tian
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Zhenhang Wang
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Huirong Li
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jia Qu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Laboratory of Developmental Cell Biology and Disease, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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10
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Mishra-Gorur K, Barak T, Kaulen LD, Henegariu O, Jin SC, Aguilera SM, Yalbir E, Goles G, Nishimura S, Miyagishima D, Djenoune L, Altinok S, Rai DK, Viviano S, Prendergast A, Zerillo C, Ozcan K, Baran B, Sencar L, Goc N, Yarman Y, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Bilguvar K, Lifton RP, Moliterno J, Louvi A, Yuan S, Deniz E, Brueckner M, Gunel M. Pleiotropic role of TRAF7 in skull-base meningiomas and congenital heart disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214997120. [PMID: 37043537 PMCID: PMC10120005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214997120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
While somatic variants of TRAF7 (Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 7) underlie anterior skull-base meningiomas, here we report the inherited mutations of TRAF7 that cause congenital heart defects. We show that TRAF7 mutants operate in a dominant manner, inhibiting protein function via heterodimerization with wild-type protein. Further, the shared genetics of the two disparate pathologies can be traced to the common origin of forebrain meninges and cardiac outflow tract from the TRAF7-expressing neural crest. Somatic and inherited mutations disrupt TRAF7-IFT57 interactions leading to cilia degradation. TRAF7-mutant meningioma primary cultures lack cilia, and TRAF7 knockdown causes cardiac, craniofacial, and ciliary defects in Xenopus and zebrafish, suggesting a mechanistic convergence for TRAF7-driven meningiomas and developmental heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketu Mishra-Gorur
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Tanyeri Barak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Leon D. Kaulen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | | | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | | | - Ezgi Yalbir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Gizem Goles
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Sayoko Nishimura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | | | - Lydia Djenoune
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02129
| | - Selin Altinok
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Devendra K. Rai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Stephen Viviano
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Andrew Prendergast
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Cynthia Zerillo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Kent Ozcan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Burcin Baran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Leman Sencar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Nukte Goc
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Yanki Yarman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | | | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Richard P. Lifton
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Laboratory of Human Genetics and Genomics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Jennifer Moliterno
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Angeliki Louvi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Shiaulou Yuan
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02129
| | - Engin Deniz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Martina Brueckner
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Yale Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
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11
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Rockel AF, Wagner N, Spenger P, Ergün S, Wörsdörfer P. Neuro-mesodermal assembloids recapitulate aspects of peripheral nervous system development in vitro. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:1155-1165. [PMID: 37084722 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe a novel neuro-mesodermal assembloid model that recapitulates aspects of peripheral nervous system (PNS) development such as neural crest cell (NCC) induction, migration, and sensory as well as sympathetic ganglion formation. The ganglia send projections to the mesodermal as well as neural compartment. Axons in the mesodermal part are associated with Schwann cells. In addition, peripheral ganglia and nerve fibers interact with a co-developing vascular plexus, forming a neurovascular niche. Finally, developing sensory ganglia show response to capsaicin indicating their functionality. The presented assembloid model could help to uncover mechanisms of human NCC induction, delamination, migration, and PNS development. Moreover, the model could be used for toxicity screenings or drug testing. The co-development of mesodermal and neuroectodermal tissues and a vascular plexus along with a PNS allows us to investigate the crosstalk between neuroectoderm and mesoderm and between peripheral neurons/neuroblasts and endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Rockel
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Wagner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Spenger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Wörsdörfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Würzburg, Koellikerstraße 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Gleeson BT, Wilson LAB. Shared reproductive disruption, not neural crest or tameness, explains the domestication syndrome. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222464. [PMID: 36946116 PMCID: PMC10031412 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered neural crest cell (NCC) behaviour is an increasingly cited explanation for the domestication syndrome in animals. However, recent authors have questioned this explanation, while others cast doubt on whether domestication syndrome even exists. Here, we review published literature concerning this syndrome and the NCC hypothesis, together with recent critiques of both. We synthesize these contributions and propose a novel interpretation, arguing shared trait changes under ancient domestication resulted primarily from shared disruption of wild reproductive regimes. We detail four primary selective pathways for 'reproductive disruption' under domestication and contrast these succinct and demonstrable mechanisms with cryptic genetic associations posited by the NCC hypothesis. In support of our perspective, we illustrate numerous important ways in which NCCs contribute to vertebrate reproductive phenotypes, and argue it is not surprising that features derived from these cells would be coincidentally altered under major selective regime changes, as occur in domestication. We then illustrate several pertinent examples of Darwin's 'unconscious selection' in action, and compare applied selection and phenotypic responses in each case. Lastly, we explore the ramifications of reproductive disruption for wider evolutionary discourse, including links to wild 'self-domestication' and 'island effect', and discuss outstanding questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Thomas Gleeson
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Laura A B Wilson
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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13
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Gao Y. Using Human iPSC-Derived Peripheral Nervous System Disease Models for Drug Discovery. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 281:191-205. [PMID: 37815594 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs), with their remarkable ability to differentiate into various cell types, including peripheral nervous system cells such as neurons and glial cells, offer an excellent platform for in vitro disease modeling. These iPSC-derived disease models have proven valuable in drug discovery, as they provide more precise simulations of a patient's disease state and allow for the assessment of potential therapeutic effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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14
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Marechal E, Poliard A, Henry K, Moreno M, Legrix M, Macagno N, Mondielli G, Fauquier T, Barlier A, Etchevers HC. Multiple congenital malformations arise from somatic mosaicism for constitutively active Pik3ca signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1013001. [PMID: 36353506 PMCID: PMC9637999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1013001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent missense mutations of the PIK3CA oncogene are among the most frequent drivers of human cancers. These often lead to constitutive activation of its product p110α, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit. In addition to causing a broad range of cancers, the H1047R mutation is also found in affected tissues of a distinct set of congenital tumors and malformations. Collectively termed PIK3CA-related disorders (PRDs), these lead to overgrowth of brain, adipose, connective and musculoskeletal tissues and/or blood and lymphatic vessel components. Vascular malformations are frequently observed in PRD, due to cell-autonomous activation of PI3K signaling within endothelial cells. These, like most muscle, connective tissue and bone, are derived from the embryonic mesoderm. However, important organ systems affected in PRDs are neuroectodermal derivatives. To further examine their development, we drove the most common post-zygotic activating mutation of Pik3ca in neural crest and related embryonic lineages. Outcomes included macrocephaly, cleft secondary palate and more subtle skull anomalies. Surprisingly, Pik3ca-mutant subpopulations of neural crest origin were also associated with widespread cephalic vascular anomalies. Mesectodermal neural crest is a major source of non-endothelial connective tissue in the head, but not the body. To examine the response of vascular connective tissues of the body to constitutive Pik3ca activity during development, we expressed the mutation by way of an Egr2 (Krox20) Cre driver. Lineage tracing led us to observe new lineages that had normally once expressed Krox20 and that may be co-opted in pathogenesis, including vascular pericytes and perimysial fibroblasts. Finally, Schwann cell precursors having transcribed either Krox20 or Sox10 and induced to express constitutively active PI3K were associated with vascular and other tumors. These murine phenotypes may aid discovery of new candidate human PRDs affecting craniofacial and vascular smooth muscle development as well as the reciprocal paracrine signaling mechanisms leading to tissue overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Marechal
- INSERM, MMG, U1251, MarMaRa Institute, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Poliard
- URP 2496 Orofacial Pathologies, Imagery and Biotherapies, CNRS, GDR 2031 CREST-NET, Université Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
- School of Dentistry, Université Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Kilian Henry
- School of Dentistry, Université Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Mathias Moreno
- INSERM, MMG, U1251, MarMaRa Institute, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Mathilde Legrix
- INSERM, MMG, U1251, MarMaRa Institute, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Macagno
- INSERM, MMG, U1251, MarMaRa Institute, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Grégoire Mondielli
- INSERM, MMG, U1251, MarMaRa Institute, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Teddy Fauquier
- INSERM, MMG, U1251, MarMaRa Institute, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Barlier
- INSERM, MMG, U1251, MarMaRa Institute, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- AP-HM, MMG, MarMaRa Institute, La Conception Hospital Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Marseille, France
| | - Heather C. Etchevers
- INSERM, MMG, U1251, CNRS, GDR 2031 CREST-NET, MarMaRa Institute, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Heather C. Etchevers,
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15
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Galton R, Fejes-Toth K, Bronner ME. Co-option of the piRNA pathway to regulate neural crest specification. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn1441. [PMID: 35947657 PMCID: PMC9365273 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Across Metazoa, Piwi proteins play a critical role in protecting the germline genome through piRNA-mediated repression of transposable elements. In vertebrates, activity of Piwi proteins and the piRNA pathway was thought to be gonad specific. Our results reveal the expression of Piwil1 in a vertebrate somatic cell type, the neural crest. Piwil1 is expressed at low levels throughout the chicken neural tube, peaking in neural crest cells just before the specification event that enables epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration into the periphery. Loss of Piwil1 impedes neural crest specification and emigration. Small RNA sequencing reveals somatic piRNAs with sequence signatures of an active ping-pong loop. RNA-seq and functional experiments identify the transposon-derived gene ERNI as Piwil1's target in the neural crest. ERNI, in turn, suppresses Sox2 to precisely control the timing of neural crest specification and EMT. Our data provide mechanistic insight into a novel function of the piRNA pathway as a regulator of somatic development in a vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katalin Fejes-Toth
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Marianne E. Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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16
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Candido-Ferreira IL, Lukoseviciute M, Sauka-Spengler T. Multi-layered transcriptional control of cranial neural crest development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:1-14. [PMID: 35941042 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is an emblematic population of embryonic stem-like cells with remarkable migratory ability. These distinctive attributes have inspired the curiosity of developmental biologists for over 150 years, however only recently the regulatory mechanisms controlling the complex features of the NC have started to become elucidated at genomic scales. Regulatory control of NC development is achieved through combinatorial transcription factor binding and recruitment of associated transcriptional complexes to distal cis-regulatory elements. Together, they regulate when, where and to what extent transcriptional programmes are actively deployed, ultimately shaping ontogenetic processes. Here, we discuss how transcriptional networks control NC ontogeny, with a special emphasis on the molecular mechanisms underlying specification of the cephalic NC. We also cover emerging properties of transcriptional regulation revealed in diverse developmental systems, such as the role of three-dimensional conformation of chromatin, and how they are involved in the regulation of NC ontogeny. Finally, we highlight how advances in deciphering the NC transcriptional network have afforded new insights into the molecular basis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan L Candido-Ferreira
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Martyna Lukoseviciute
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Tatjana Sauka-Spengler
- University of Oxford, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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17
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Jaeger ZJ, Dehner C, Dehner LP. Rosette-like formations in melanocytic neoplasms: A case report and literature review. J Cutan Pathol 2022; 49:818-823. [PMID: 35679430 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Homer-Wright-like rosettes are a common finding in neural tumors but seldom seen in melanocytic nevi and melanoma. We report a case of a 23-year-old male with a compound melanocytic nevus with such rosette-like structures and summarize the current literature on this histopathological feature in melanocytic neoplasms. A symmetric, well-circumscribed, compound nevus consisting of aggregations of epithelioid melanocytes with eccentric nuclei and central eosinophilic cytoplasm, resembling Homer-Wright rosettes, was present on biopsy. Immunohistochemical stains strongly supported a melanocytic entity and were negative for NTRK1/2/3, a fusion protein potentially associated with rosette-like structures. We found 17 other cases of benign melanocytic nevi, including 9 atypical Spitz tumors and 6 Spitz nevi, and 11 malignant melanomas, including 3 Spitz melanomas and 4 metastases. We observed remarkable diversity among lesion morphologies containing rosettes, as well as level of prominence and cytology of the rosettes themselves. This case illustrates the morphologic malleability of neural-crest-derived lesions to share microscopic and phenotypic attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Jaeger
- Office of Medical Student Education, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Carina Dehner
- Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology and Dermatopathology Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Louis P Dehner
- Lauren V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology and Dermatopathology Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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18
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Zhou WK, Qu Y, Liu YM, Gao MJ, Tang CY, Huang L, Du Q, Yin J. The abnormal phosphorylation of the Rac1, Lim-kinase 1, and Cofilin proteins in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8548-8557. [PMID: 35322726 PMCID: PMC9161833 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2051882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 can affect the migration of neural crest cells by regulating the polymerization of actin and the membrane formation process. But the role of the Rac1 signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR) remains unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism of the abnormal protein phosphorylation of Rac1, Lim-kinase 1 (Limk1) and Cofilin involved in the pathogenesis of HSCR. The protein phosphorylation levels of these proteins were detected by Western blot in 30 samples of HSCR narrow segment, 30 samples of transitional segment tissues, and 14 samples of normal intestinal tissues. Subsequently, in the SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line, a Rac1, Limk1, and Cofilin inhibitor group, a Rac1 overexpression group (PDGF-BB group), a Rac1 overexpression group + a Limk1 inhibitor group (P-B group), a Rac1 overexpression group + a Cofilin inhibitor group (P-C group) were established. The results showed that the expressions of p-Rac1, p-Limk1, and p-Cofilin in HSCR narrow segment and transitional segment were lower than those in normal intestine (p < 0.05). The expression levels of p-Rac1, p-Limk1, and p-Cofilin in the relative inhibitor group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05), and the proliferation and migration levels in the control group and Rac1 overexpression group were significantly higher than those in the Rac1, Limk1, and Cofilin inhibitor group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the decreased phosphorylation of the Rac1/Limk1/Cofilin signaling pathway in HSCR could inhibit the proliferation and migration of SH-SY5Y cells, and this might be associated with the pathogenesis of HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Kang Zhou
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic & Urological Surgery II Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yuan-Mei Liu
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic & Urological Surgery II Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ming-Juan Gao
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic & Urological Surgery II Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cheng-Yan Tang
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic & Urological Surgery II Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic & Urological Surgery II Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qing Du
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic & Urological Surgery II Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jia Yin
- Department of Pediatric General, Thoracic & Urological Surgery II Ward, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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19
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Lasser M, Bolduc J, Murphy L, O'Brien C, Lee S, Girirajan S, Lowery LA. 16p12.1 Deletion Orthologs are Expressed in Motile Neural Crest Cells and are Important for Regulating Craniofacial Development in Xenopus laevis. Front Genet 2022; 13:833083. [PMID: 35401697 PMCID: PMC8987115 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.833083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) associated with neurodevelopmental disorders are characterized by extensive phenotypic heterogeneity. In particular, one CNV was identified in a subset of children clinically diagnosed with intellectual disabilities (ID) that results in a hemizygous deletion of multiple genes at chromosome 16p12.1. In addition to ID, individuals with this deletion display a variety of symptoms including microcephaly, seizures, cardiac defects, and growth retardation. Moreover, patients also manifest severe craniofacial abnormalities, such as micrognathia, cartilage malformation of the ears and nose, and facial asymmetries; however, the function of the genes within the 16p12.1 region have not been studied in the context of vertebrate craniofacial development. The craniofacial tissues affected in patients with this deletion all derive from the same embryonic precursor, the cranial neural crest, leading to the hypothesis that one or more of the 16p12.1 genes may be involved in regulating neural crest cell (NCC)-related processes. To examine this, we characterized the developmental role of the 16p12.1-affected gene orthologs, polr3e, mosmo, uqcrc2, and cdr2, during craniofacial morphogenesis in the vertebrate model system, Xenopus laevis. While the currently-known cellular functions of these genes are diverse, we find that they share similar expression patterns along the neural tube, pharyngeal arches, and later craniofacial structures. As these genes show co-expression in the pharyngeal arches where NCCs reside, we sought to elucidate the effect of individual gene depletion on craniofacial development and NCC migration. We find that reduction of several 16p12.1 genes significantly disrupts craniofacial and cartilage formation, pharyngeal arch migration, as well as NCC specification and motility. Thus, we have determined that some of these genes play an essential role during vertebrate craniofacial patterning by regulating specific processes during NCC development, which may be an underlying mechanism contributing to the craniofacial defects associated with the 16p12.1 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Bolduc
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Luke Murphy
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Caroline O'Brien
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Sangmook Lee
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Alfred B. Nobel Section of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Laura Anne Lowery,
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20
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Petrova ES, Kolos EA. Current Views on Perineurial Cells: Unique Origin, Structure, Functions. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302201001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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21
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Noncanonical roles of p53 in cancer stemness and their implications in sarcomas. Cancer Lett 2022; 525:131-145. [PMID: 34742870 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the prominent tumor suppressor p53, well known for its canonical role as the "guardian of the genome", is found in almost half of human cancers. More recently, p53 has been suggested to be a crucial regulator of stemness, orchestrating the differentiation of embryonal and adult stem cells, suppressing reprogramming into induced pluripotent stem cells, or inhibiting cancer stemness (i.e., cancer stem cells, CSCs), which underlies the development of therapy-resistant tumors. This review addresses these noncanonical roles of p53 and their implications in sarcoma initiation and progression. Indeed, dysregulation of p53 family proteins is a common event in sarcomas and is associated with poor survival. Additionally, emerging studies have demonstrated that loss of wild-type p53 activity hinders the terminal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and leads to the development of aggressive sarcomas. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of aberrant p53 in sarcoma development and stemness and further describes therapeutic approaches to restore normal p53 activity as a promising anti-CSC strategy to treat refractory sarcomas.
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22
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Cerrizuela S, Vega-Lopez GA, Méndez-Maldonado K, Velasco I, Aybar MJ. The crucial role of model systems in understanding the complexity of cell signaling in human neurocristopathies. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1537. [PMID: 35023327 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are useful to study the molecular, cellular, and morphogenetic mechanisms underlying normal and pathological development. Cell-based study models have emerged as an alternative approach to study many aspects of human embryonic development and disease. The neural crest (NC) is a transient, multipotent, and migratory embryonic cell population that generates a diverse group of cell types that arises during vertebrate development. The abnormal formation or development of the NC results in neurocristopathies (NCPs), which are characterized by a broad spectrum of functional and morphological alterations. The impaired molecular mechanisms that give rise to these multiphenotypic diseases are not entirely clear yet. This fact, added to the high incidence of these disorders in the newborn population, has led to the development of systematic approaches for their understanding. In this article, we have systematically reviewed the ways in which experimentation with different animal and cell model systems has improved our knowledge of NCPs, and how these advances might contribute to the development of better diagnostic and therapeutic tools for the treatment of these pathologies. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Congenital Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrizuela
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A Vega-Lopez
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular del Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural crest is a transient structure present in early embryogenesis. Cephalic neural crest cells migrate into the pharyngeal arches and the frontonasal process that becomes the forehead and midfacial structures. They also contribute to forming the media of the arteries of the circle of Willis and their branches. The cardiac neural crest produces vascular smooth muscle cells in the ascending aorta, cardiac septum and coronary arteries. METHODS In this review, we evaluate the role of the neural crest in moyamoya disease and the pathological implications from the concurrence of moyamoya disease and cardiovascular diseases from the point of view of neural crest cell distributions. RESULTS Midline craniofacial and central nervous system anomalies with eye anomalies, morning glory disc anomaly in patients with moyamoya disease can both be explained as a subtype of cephalic neurocristopathy. Further, the association between moyamoya disease and cardiac manifestations (congenital cardiac defects and coronary artery disease) have also been reported. Both the cephalic neural crest and cardiac neural crest contribute to these concurrent arterial diseases, as cardio-cephalic neurocristopathy. CONCLUSION The concept of cephalic/cardio-cephalic neurocristopathy provides a new perspective to understanding the underlying aetiological associations and to developing future therapeutic approaches for concomitant moyamoya disease and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ota
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Japan
| | - Masaki Komiyama
- Department of Neurointervention, Osaka City General Hospital, Japan
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24
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Morrison JA, McLennan R, Teddy JM, Scott AR, Kasemeier-Kulesa JC, Gogol MM, Kulesa PM. Single-cell reconstruction with spatial context of migrating neural crest cells and their microenvironments during vertebrate head and neck formation. Development 2021; 148:273452. [PMID: 35020873 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of multipotent neural crest cell differentiation and invasion as cells travel throughout the vertebrate embryo remain unclear. Here, we preserve spatial information to derive the transcriptional states of migrating neural crest cells and the cellular landscape of the first four chick cranial to cardiac branchial arches (BA1-4) using label-free, unsorted single-cell RNA sequencing. The faithful capture of branchial arch-specific genes led to identification of novel markers of migrating neural crest cells and 266 invasion genes common to all BA1-4 streams. Perturbation analysis of a small subset of invasion genes and time-lapse imaging identified their functional role to regulate neural crest cell behaviors. Comparison of the neural crest invasion signature to other cell invasion phenomena revealed a shared set of 45 genes, a subset of which showed direct relevance to human neuroblastoma cell lines analyzed after exposure to the in vivo chick embryonic neural crest microenvironment. Our data define an important spatio-temporal reference resource to address patterning of the vertebrate head and neck, and previously unidentified cell invasion genes with the potential for broad impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Morrison
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jessica M Teddy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Allison R Scott
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | | | | | - Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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25
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Compagnucci C, Martinus K, Griffin J, Depew MJ. Programmed Cell Death Not as Sledgehammer but as Chisel: Apoptosis in Normal and Abnormal Craniofacial Patterning and Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:717404. [PMID: 34692678 PMCID: PMC8531503 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.717404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of craniofacial development involves an complex, intricate, genetically controlled and tightly regulated spatiotemporal series of reciprocal inductive and responsive interactions among the embryonic cephalic epithelia (both endodermal and ectodermal) and the cephalic mesenchyme — particularly the cranial neural crest (CNC). The coordinated regulation of these interactions is critical both ontogenetically and evolutionarily, and the clinical importance and mechanistic sensitivity to perturbation of this developmental system is reflected by the fact that one-third of all human congenital malformations affect the head and face. Here, we focus on one element of this elaborate process, apoptotic cell death, and its role in normal and abnormal craniofacial development. We highlight four themes in the temporospatial elaboration of craniofacial apoptosis during development, namely its occurrence at (1) positions of epithelial-epithelial apposition, (2) within intra-epithelial morphogenesis, (3) during epithelial compartmentalization, and (4) with CNC metameric organization. Using the genetic perturbation of Satb2, Pbx1/2, Fgf8, and Foxg1 as exemplars, we examine the role of apoptosis in the elaboration of jaw modules, the evolution and elaboration of the lambdoidal junction, the developmental integration at the mandibular arch hinge, and the control of upper jaw identity, patterning and development. Lastly, we posit that apoptosis uniquely acts during craniofacial development to control patterning cues emanating from core organizing centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Compagnucci
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCO, Berlin, Germany.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kira Martinus
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCO, Berlin, Germany
| | - John Griffin
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Depew
- Institute for Cell and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCO, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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26
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Ki SM, Jeong HS, Lee JE. Primary Cilia in Glial Cells: An Oasis in the Journey to Overcoming Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:736888. [PMID: 34658775 PMCID: PMC8514955 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.736888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have been associated with defects in primary cilia, which are cellular organelles involved in diverse cellular processes and homeostasis. Several types of glial cells in both the central and peripheral nervous systems not only support the development and function of neurons but also play significant roles in the mechanisms of neurological disease. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on investigating the role of primary cilia in neurons. Accordingly, the interest of recent studies has expanded to elucidate the role of primary cilia in glial cells. Correspondingly, several reports have added to the growing evidence that most glial cells have primary cilia and that impairment of cilia leads to neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we aimed to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cilia formation and the disease-related functions of cilia, which are common or specific to each glial cell. Moreover, we have paid close attention to the signal transduction and pathological mechanisms mediated by glia cilia in representative neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we expect that this field of research will clarify the mechanisms involved in the formation and function of glial cilia to provide novel insights and ideas for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Mi Ki
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hui Su Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Medical Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
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27
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Advances in Cardiac Development and Regeneration Using Zebrafish as a Model System for High-Throughput Research. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9040040. [PMID: 34698193 PMCID: PMC8544412 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and worldwide. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cardiac development and regeneration will improve diagnostic and therapeutic interventions against heart disease. In this direction, zebrafish is an excellent model because several processes of zebrafish heart development are largely conserved in humans, and zebrafish has several advantages as a model organism. Zebrafish transcriptomic profiles undergo alterations during different stages of cardiac development and regeneration which are revealed by RNA-sequencing. ChIP-sequencing has detected genome-wide occupancy of histone post-translational modifications that epigenetically regulate gene expression and identified a locus with enhancer-like characteristics. ATAC-sequencing has identified active enhancers in cardiac progenitor cells during early developmental stages which overlap with occupancy of histone modifications of active transcription as determined by ChIP-sequencing. CRISPR-mediated editing of the zebrafish genome shows how chromatin modifiers and DNA-binding proteins regulate heart development, in association with crucial signaling pathways. Hence, more studies in this direction are essential to improve human health because they answer fundamental questions on cardiac development and regeneration, their differences, and why zebrafish hearts regenerate upon injury, unlike humans. This review focuses on some of the latest studies using state-of-the-art technology enabled by the elegant yet simple zebrafish.
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28
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Arrigo AB, Lin JHI. Endocytic Protein Defects in the Neural Crest Cell Lineage and Its Pathway Are Associated with Congenital Heart Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8816. [PMID: 34445520 PMCID: PMC8396181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking is an under-appreciated pathway in cardiac development. Several genes related to endocytic trafficking have been uncovered in a mutagenic ENU screen, in which mutations led to congenital heart defects (CHDs). In this article, we review the relationship between these genes (including LRP1 and LRP2) and cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) during cardiac development. Mice with an ENU-induced Lrp1 mutation exhibit a spectrum of CHDs. Conditional deletion using a floxed Lrp1 allele with different Cre drivers showed that targeting neural crest cells with Wnt1-Cre expression replicated the full cardiac phenotypes of the ENU-induced Lrp1 mutation. In addition, LRP1 function in CNCCs is required for normal OFT lengthening and survival/expansion of the cushion mesenchyme, with other cell lineages along the NCC migratory path playing an additional role. Mice with an ENU-induced and targeted Lrp2 mutation demonstrated the cardiac phenotype of common arterial trunk (CAT). Although there is no impact on CNCCs in Lrp2 mutants, the loss of LRP2 results in the depletion of sonic hedgehog (SHH)-dependent cells in the second heart field. SHH is known to be crucial for CNCC survival and proliferation, which suggests LRP2 has a non-autonomous role in CNCCs. In this article, other endocytic trafficking proteins that are associated with CHDs that may play roles in the NCC pathway during development, such as AP1B1, AP2B1, FUZ, MYH10, and HECTD1, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo B. Arrigo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
| | - Jiuann-Huey Ivy Lin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA;
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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29
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The Cardiac Neural Crest Cells in Heart Development and Congenital Heart Defects. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8080089. [PMID: 34436231 PMCID: PMC8397082 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8080089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a multipotent and temporarily migratory cell population stemming from the dorsal neural tube during vertebrate embryogenesis. Cardiac neural crest cells (NCCs), a specified subpopulation of the NC, are vital for normal cardiovascular development, as they significantly contribute to the pharyngeal arch arteries, the developing cardiac outflow tract (OFT), cardiac valves, and interventricular septum. Various signaling pathways are shown to orchestrate the proper migration, compaction, and differentiation of cardiac NCCs during cardiovascular development. Any loss or dysregulation of signaling pathways in cardiac NCCs can lead to abnormal cardiovascular development during embryogenesis, resulting in abnormalities categorized as congenital heart defects (CHDs). This review focuses on the contributions of cardiac NCCs to cardiovascular formation, discusses cardiac defects caused by a disruption of various regulatory factors, and summarizes the role of multiple signaling pathways during embryonic development. A better understanding of the cardiac NC and its vast regulatory network will provide a deeper insight into the mechanisms of the associated abnormalities, leading to potential therapeutic advancements.
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30
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Fleury V, Peaucelle A, Abourachid A, Plateau O. Second-order division in sectors as a prepattern for sensory organs in vertebrate development. Theory Biosci 2021; 141:141-163. [PMID: 34128197 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-021-00350-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We present in vivo observations of chicken embryo development which show that the early chicken embryo presents a principal structure made out of concentric rings and a secondary structure composed of radial sectors. During development, physical forces deform the main rings into axially directed, antero-posterior tubes, while the sectors roll up to form cylinders that are perpendicular to the antero-posterior axis. As a consequence, the basic structure of the chicken embryo is a series of encased antero-posterior tubes (gut, neural tube, body envelope, amnion, chorion) decorated with smaller orifices (ear duct, eye stalk, nasal duct, gills, mouth) forming at right angles to the main body axis. We argue that the second-order divisions reflect the early pattern of cell cleavage, and that the transformation of radial and orthoradial lines into a body with sensory organs is a generic biophysical mechanism more general than the chicken embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Fleury
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université de Paris/CNRS, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Alexis Peaucelle
- UMR 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Anick Abourachid
- Laboratoire Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 MNHN, CNRS, CP 55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Olivia Plateau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, UMR 7057, Université de Paris/CNRS, 10 rue Alice Domont et Léonie Duquet, 75013, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution, UMR 7179 MNHN, CNRS, CP 55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75231, Paris cedex 05, France.,Département de Géosciences, Université de Fribourg, Ch. du Musée 6, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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31
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Olmsted ZT, Paluh JL. Stem Cell Neurodevelopmental Solutions for Restorative Treatments of the Human Trunk and Spine. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:667590. [PMID: 33981202 PMCID: PMC8107236 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.667590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to reliably repair spinal cord injuries (SCI) will be one of the greatest human achievements realized in regenerative medicine. Until recently, the cellular path to this goal has been challenging. However, as detailed developmental principles are revealed in mouse and human models, their application in the stem cell community brings trunk and spine embryology into efforts to advance human regenerative medicine. New models of posterior embryo development identify neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) as a major bifurcation point in generating the spinal cord and somites and is leading to production of cell types with the full range of axial identities critical for repair of trunk and spine disorders. This is coupled with organoid technologies including assembloids, circuitoids, and gastruloids. We describe a paradigm for applying developmental principles towards the goal of cell-based restorative therapies to enable reproducible and effective near-term clinical interventions.
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32
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Kim D, Lee AE, Xu Q, Zhang Q, Le AD. Gingiva-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Potential Application in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine - A Comprehensive Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667221. [PMID: 33936109 PMCID: PMC8085523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been isolated and characterized from human gingival tissues (GMSCs). Similar to MSCs derived from other sources of tissues, e.g. bone marrow, adipose or umbilical cord, GMSCs also possess multipotent differentiation capacities and potent immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune cells through the secretion of various types of bioactive factors with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions. Uniquely, GMSCs are highly proliferative and have the propensity to differentiate into neural cell lineages due to the neural crest-origin. These properties have endowed GMSCs with potent regenerative and therapeutic potentials in various preclinical models of human disorders, particularly, some inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, skin diseases, oral and maxillofacial disorders, and peripheral nerve injuries. All types of cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, that play critical roles in cell-cell communication through their cargos containing a variety of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Like EVs released by other sources of MSCs, GMSC-derived EVs have been shown to possess similar biological functions and therapeutic effects on several preclinical diseases models as GMSCs, thus representing a promising cell-free platform for regenerative therapy. Taken together, due to the easily accessibility and less morbidity of harvesting gingival tissues as well as the potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory functions, GMSCs represent a unique source of MSCs of a neural crest-origin for potential application in tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Kim
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alisa E Lee
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qilin Xu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Qunzhou Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anh D Le
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Center of Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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33
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Stefanovic S, Etchevers HC, Zaffran S. Outflow Tract Formation-Embryonic Origins of Conotruncal Congenital Heart Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8040042. [PMID: 33918884 PMCID: PMC8069607 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anomalies in the cardiac outflow tract (OFT) are among the most frequent congenital heart defects (CHDs). During embryogenesis, the cardiac OFT is a dynamic structure at the arterial pole of the heart. Heart tube elongation occurs by addition of cells from pharyngeal, splanchnic mesoderm to both ends. These progenitor cells, termed the second heart field (SHF), were first identified twenty years ago as essential to the growth of the forming heart tube and major contributors to the OFT. Perturbation of SHF development results in common forms of CHDs, including anomalies of the great arteries. OFT development also depends on paracrine interactions between multiple cell types, including myocardial, endocardial and neural crest lineages. In this publication, dedicated to Professor Andriana Gittenberger-De Groot and her contributions to the field of cardiac development and CHDs, we review some of her pioneering studies of OFT development with particular interest in the diverse origins of the many cell types that contribute to the OFT. We also discuss the clinical implications of selected key findings for our understanding of the etiology of CHDs and particularly OFT malformations.
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34
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Höving AL, Windmöller BA, Knabbe C, Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C, Greiner JFW. Between Fate Choice and Self-Renewal-Heterogeneity of Adult Neural Crest-Derived Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662754. [PMID: 33898464 PMCID: PMC8060484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells of the neural crest (NC) vitally participate to embryonic development, but also remain in distinct niches as quiescent neural crest-derived stem cell (NCSC) pools into adulthood. Although NCSC-populations share a high capacity for self-renewal and differentiation resulting in promising preclinical applications within the last two decades, inter- and intrapopulational differences exist in terms of their expression signatures and regenerative capability. Differentiation and self-renewal of stem cells in developmental and regenerative contexts are partially regulated by the niche or culture condition and further influenced by single cell decision processes, making cell-to-cell variation and heterogeneity critical for understanding adult stem cell populations. The present review summarizes current knowledge of the cellular heterogeneity within NCSC-populations located in distinct craniofacial and trunk niches including the nasal cavity, olfactory bulb, oral tissues or skin. We shed light on the impact of intrapopulational heterogeneity on fate specifications and plasticity of NCSCs in their niches in vivo as well as during in vitro culture. We further discuss underlying molecular regulators determining fate specifications of NCSCs, suggesting a regulatory network including NF-κB and NC-related transcription factors like SLUG and SOX9 accompanied by Wnt- and MAPK-signaling to orchestrate NCSC stemness and differentiation. In summary, adult NCSCs show a broad heterogeneity on the level of the donor and the donors' sex, the cell population and the single stem cell directly impacting their differentiation capability and fate choices in vivo and in vitro. The findings discussed here emphasize heterogeneity of NCSCs as a crucial parameter for understanding their role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration and for improving their applicability in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Höving
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Beatrice A. Windmöller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes F. W. Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
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35
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Yusifov E, Dumoulin A, Stoeckli ET. Investigating Primary Cilia during Peripheral Nervous System Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3176. [PMID: 33804711 PMCID: PMC8003989 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium plays a pivotal role during the embryonic development of vertebrates. It acts as a somatic signaling hub for specific pathways, such as Sonic Hedgehog signaling. In humans, mutations in genes that cause dysregulation of ciliogenesis or ciliary function lead to severe developmental disorders called ciliopathies. Beyond its role in early morphogenesis, growing evidence points towards an essential function of the primary cilium in neural circuit formation in the central nervous system. However, very little is known about a potential role in the formation of the peripheral nervous system. Here, we investigate the presence of the primary cilium in neural crest cells and their derivatives in the trunk of developing chicken embryos in vivo. We found that neural crest cells, sensory neurons, and boundary cap cells all bear a primary cilium during key stages of early peripheral nervous system formation. Moreover, we describe differences in the ciliation of neuronal cultures of different populations from the peripheral and central nervous systems. Our results offer a framework for further in vivo and in vitro investigations on specific roles that the primary cilium might play during peripheral nervous system formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther T. Stoeckli
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (E.Y.); (A.D.)
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36
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Mahmood N, Kaya G, Zhang TT, Topple J, Howlett DC. Sonographic appearances of facial lumps in adults with a focus on cheek masses: A pictorial essay. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2021; 49:175-183. [PMID: 33295669 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mahmood
- Radiology Department, Brighton and Sussex NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Guven Kaya
- Radiology Department, Brighton and Sussex NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Ting Ting Zhang
- Radiology Department, Brighton and Sussex NHS Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Jane Topple
- Radiology Department, East Sussex University Hospitals Trust, Eastbourne, UK
| | - David C Howlett
- Radiology Department, East Sussex University Hospitals Trust, Eastbourne, UK
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37
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Roth DM, Bayona F, Baddam P, Graf D. Craniofacial Development: Neural Crest in Molecular Embryology. Head Neck Pathol 2021; 15:1-15. [PMID: 33723764 PMCID: PMC8010074 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development, one of the most complex sequences of developmental events in embryology, features a uniquely transient, pluripotent stem cell-like population known as the neural crest (NC). Neural crest cells (NCCs) originate from the dorsal aspect of the neural tube and migrate along pre-determined routes into the developing branchial arches and frontonasal plate. The exceptional rates of proliferation and migration of NCCs enable their diverse contribution to a wide variety of craniofacial structures. Subsequent differentiation of these cells gives rise to cartilage, bones, and a number of mesenchymally-derived tissues. Deficiencies in any stage of differentiation can result in facial clefts and abnormalities associated with craniofacial syndromes. A small number of conserved signaling pathways are involved in controlling NC differentiation and craniofacial development. They are used in a reiterated fashion to help define precise temporospatial cell and tissue formation. Although many aspects of their cellular and molecular control have yet to be described, it is clear that together they form intricately integrated signaling networks required for spatial orientation and developmental stability and plasticity, which are hallmarks of craniofacial development. Mutations that affect the functions of these signaling pathways are often directly or indirectly identified in congenital syndromes. Clinical applications of NC-derived mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, persistent into adulthood, hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration. Realization of NCC potential for regenerative therapies motivates understanding of the intricacies of cell communication and differentiation that underlie the complexities of NC-derived tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Marta Roth
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Francy Bayona
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Pranidhi Baddam
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Daniel Graf
- Alberta Dental Association & College Chair for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 7020N Katz Group Centre for Pharmacy & Health Research, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
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Guo S, Meng L, Liu H, Yuan L, Zhao N, Ni J, Zhang Y, Ben J, Li YP, Ma J. Trio cooperates with Myh9 to regulate neural crest-derived craniofacial development. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:4316-4334. [PMID: 33754063 PMCID: PMC7977452 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trio is a unique member of the Rho-GEF family that has three catalytic domains and is vital for various cellular processes in both physiological and developmental settings. TRIO mutations in humans are involved in craniofacial abnormalities, in which patients present with mandibular retrusion. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of Trio in neural crest cell (NCC)-derived craniofacial development, and there is still a lack of direct evidence to assign a functional role to Trio in NCC-induced craniofacial abnormalities. Methods: In vivo, we used zebrafish and NCC-specific knockout mouse models to investigate the phenotype and dynamics of NCC development in Trio morphants. In vitro, iTRAQ, GST pull-down assays, and proximity ligation assay (PLA) were used to explore the role of Trio and its potential downstream mediators in NCC migration and differentiation. Results: In zebrafish and mouse models, disruption of Trio elicited a migration deficit and impaired the differentiation of NCC derivatives, leading to craniofacial growth deficiency and mandibular retrusion. Moreover, Trio positively regulated Myh9 expression and directly interacted with Myh9 to coregulate downstream cellular signaling in NCCs. We further demonstrated that disruption of Trio or Myh9 inhibited Rac1 and Cdc42 activity, specifically affecting the nuclear export of β-catenin and NCC polarization. Remarkably, craniofacial abnormalities caused by trio deficiency in zebrafish could be partially rescued by the injection of mRNA encoding myh9, ca-Rac1, or ca-Cdc42. Conclusions: Here, we identified that Trio, interacting mostly with Myh9, acts as a key regulator of NCC migration and differentiation during craniofacial development. Our results indicate that trio morphant zebrafish and Wnt1-cre;Triofl/fl mice offer potential model systems to facilitate the study of the pathogenic mechanisms of Trio mutations causing craniofacial abnormalities.
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Fan X, Masamsetti VP, Sun JQ, Engholm-Keller K, Osteil P, Studdert J, Graham ME, Fossat N, Tam PP. TWIST1 and chromatin regulatory proteins interact to guide neural crest cell differentiation. eLife 2021; 10:62873. [PMID: 33554859 PMCID: PMC7968925 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein interaction is critical molecular regulatory activity underlining cellular functions and precise cell fate choices. Using TWIST1 BioID-proximity-labeling and network propagation analyses, we discovered and characterized a TWIST-chromatin regulatory module (TWIST1-CRM) in the neural crest cells (NCC). Combinatorial perturbation of core members of TWIST1-CRM: TWIST1, CHD7, CHD8, and WHSC1 in cell models and mouse embryos revealed that loss of the function of the regulatory module resulted in abnormal differentiation of NCCs and compromised craniofacial tissue patterning. Following NCC delamination, low level of TWIST1-CRM activity is instrumental to stabilize the early NCC signatures and migratory potential by repressing the neural stem cell programs. High level of TWIST1 module activity at later phases commits the cells to the ectomesenchyme. Our study further revealed the functional interdependency of TWIST1 and potential neurocristopathy factors in NCC development. Shaping the head and face during development relies on a complex ballet of molecular signals that orchestrates the movement and specialization of various groups of cells. In animals with a backbone for example, neural crest cells (NCCs for short) can march long distances from the developing spine to become some of the tissues that form the skull and cartilage but also the pigment cells and nervous system. NCCs mature into specific cell types thanks to a complex array of factors which trigger a precise sequence of binary fate decisions at the right time and place. Amongst these factors, the protein TWIST1 can set up a cascade of genetic events that control how NCCs will ultimately form tissues in the head. To do so, the TWIST1 protein interacts with many other molecular actors, many of which are still unknown. To find some of these partners, Fan et al. studied TWIST1 in the NCCs of mice and cells grown in the lab. The experiments showed that TWIST1 interacted with CHD7, CHD8 and WHSC1, three proteins that help to switch genes on and off, and which contribute to NCCs moving across the head during development. Further work by Fan et al. then revealed that together, these molecular actors are critical for NCCs to form cells that will form facial bones and cartilage, as opposed to becoming neurons. This result helps to show that there is a trade-off between NCCs forming the face or being part of the nervous system. One in three babies born with a birth defect shows anomalies of the head and face: understanding the exact mechanisms by which NCCs contribute to these structures may help to better predict risks for parents, or to develop new approaches for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Fan
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - V Pragathi Masamsetti
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jane Qj Sun
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kasper Engholm-Keller
- Synapse Proteomics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pierre Osteil
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joshua Studdert
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark E Graham
- Synapse Proteomics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicolas Fossat
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Patrick Pl Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
The orbit houses and protects the ocular globe and the supporting structures, and occupies a strategic position below the anterior skull base and adjacent to the paranasal sinuses. Its embryologic origins are inextricably intertwined with those of the central nervous system, skull base, and face. Although the orbit contains important contributions from four germ cell layers (surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm, neural crest, and mesoderm), a significant majority originate from the neural crest cells. The bones of the orbit, face, and anterior cranial vault are mostly neural crest in origin. The majority of the bones of the skull base are formed through endochondral ossification, whereas the cranial vault is formed through intramembranous ossification. Familiarity with the embryology and fetal development of the orbit can aid in understanding its anatomy, as well as many developmental anomalies and pathologic conditions that affect the orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond I Cho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Alon Kahana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan; Consultants in Ophthalmic and Facial Plastic Surgery, P.C., Southfield, Michigan, United States
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41
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Galea GL, Zein MR, Allen S, Francis-West P. Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:414-449. [PMID: 33314394 PMCID: PMC7986209 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair. Compares and contrasts Endochondral and intramembranous bone development Reviews embryonic origins of different bones Describes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of positioning skeletal elements. Describes mechanisms of skeletal growth with a focus on the generation of skeletal shape
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L Galea
- Developmental Biology and Cancer, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Mohamed R Zein
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Steven Allen
- Comparative Bioveterinary Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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42
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Costa R, Muccioli S, Brillo V, Bachmann M, Szabò I, Leanza L. Mitochondrial dysfunction interferes with neural crest specification through the FoxD3 transcription factor. Pharmacol Res 2020; 164:105385. [PMID: 33348025 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest is an important group of cells with pluripotency and migratory ability that is crucially involved in tissue and cell specification during development. Craniofacial shaping, sensory neurons, body asymmetry, and pigmentation are linked to neural crest functionality. Despite its prominent role in embryogenesis, neural crest specification as well as the possible part mitochondria play in such a process remains unclarified. Mitochondria are important organelles not only for respiration, but also for regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Modulation of mitochondrial fitness and depletion of mitochondrial ATP synthesis has been shown to down-regulate Wnt signaling, both in vitro and in vivo. Since Wnt signaling is one of the crucial players during neural crest induction/specification, we hypothesized a signaling cascade connecting mitochondria to embryonic development and neural crest migration and differentiation. Here, by using pharmacological and genetic modulators of mitochondrial function, we provide evidence that a crosstalk between mitochondrial energy homeostasis and Wnt signaling is important in the development of neural crest-derived tissues. Furthermore, our results highlight the possibility to modulate neural crest cell specification by tuning mitochondrial metabolism via FoxD3, an important transcription factor that is regulated by Wnt. FoxD3 ensures the correct embryonic development and contributes to the maintenance of cell stemness and to the induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In summary, our work offers new insights into the molecular mechanism of action of FoxD3 and demonstrates that mitochondrial fitness is linked to the regulation of this important transcription factor via Wnt signaling in the context of neural crest specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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43
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Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. A Fateful Decision: Tgif1 and Cardiac Neural Crest Identity. Dev Cell 2020; 53:255-256. [PMID: 32369738 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells have different developmental potencies at different levels along the body axis of the embryo. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Gandhi et al. identify transcription factors that define one subtype of neural crest, the cardiac crest, and demonstrate their ability to reprogram trunk into cardiac crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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44
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Diener J, Sommer L. Reemergence of neural crest stem cell-like states in melanoma during disease progression and treatment. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:522-533. [PMID: 33258291 PMCID: PMC7980219 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest of all skin cancers due to its high metastatic potential. In recent years, advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have contributed to a remarkable progress in the treatment of metastatic disease. However, intrinsic or acquired resistance to such therapies remains a major obstacle in melanoma treatment. Melanoma disease progression, beginning from tumor initiation and growth to acquisition of invasive phenotypes and metastatic spread and acquisition of treatment resistance, has been associated with cellular dedifferentiation and the hijacking of gene regulatory networks reminiscent of the neural crest (NC)—the developmental structure which gives rise to melanocytes and hence melanoma. This review summarizes the experimental evidence for the involvement of NC stem cell (NCSC)‐like cell states during melanoma progression and addresses novel approaches to combat the emergence of stemness characteristics that have shown to be linked with aggressive disease outcome and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Diener
- University of Zurich, Institute of Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Sommer
- University of Zurich, Institute of Anatomy, Zürich, Switzerland
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45
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Seal S, Monsoro-Burq AH. Insights Into the Early Gene Regulatory Network Controlling Neural Crest and Placode Fate Choices at the Neural Border. Front Physiol 2020; 11:608812. [PMID: 33324244 PMCID: PMC7726110 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.608812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) cells and cranial placodes are two ectoderm-derived innovations in vertebrates that led to the acquisition of a complex head structure required for a predatory lifestyle. They both originate from the neural border (NB), a portion of the ectoderm located between the neural plate (NP), and the lateral non-neural ectoderm. The NC gives rise to a vast array of tissues and cell types such as peripheral neurons and glial cells, melanocytes, secretory cells, and cranial skeletal and connective cells. Together with cells derived from the cranial placodes, which contribute to sensory organs in the head, the NC also forms the cranial sensory ganglia. Multiple in vivo studies in different model systems have uncovered the signaling pathways and genetic factors that govern the positioning, development, and differentiation of these tissues. In this literature review, we give an overview of NC and placode development, focusing on the early gene regulatory network that controls the formation of the NB during early embryonic stages, and later dictates the choice between the NC and placode progenitor fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Seal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Anne H Monsoro-Burq
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 3347, INSERM U1021, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie Research Division, PSL Research University, Orsay Cedex, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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46
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Modeling tumors of the peripheral nervous system associated with Neurofibromatosis type 1: Reprogramming plexiform neurofibroma cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 49:102068. [PMID: 33160273 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.102068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexiform neurofibromas (pNFs) are benign tumors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that can progress towards a deadly soft tissue sarcoma termed malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). pNFs appear during development in the context of the genetic disease Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) due to the complete loss of the NF1 tumor suppressor gene in a cell of the neural crest (NC) - Schwann cell (SC) axis of differentiation. NF1(-/-) cells from pNFs can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that exhibit an increased proliferation rate and maintain full iPSC properties. Efficient protocols for iPSC differentiation towards NC and SC exist and thus NC cells can be efficiently obtained from NF1(-/-) iPSCs and further differentiated towards SCs. In this review, we will focus on the iPSC modeling of pNFs, including the reprogramming of primary pNF-derived cells, the properties of pNF-derived iPSCs, the capacity to differentiate towards the NC-SC lineage, and how well iPSC-derived NF1(-/-) SC spheroids recapitulate pNF-derived primary SCs. The potential uses of NF1(-/-) iPSCs in pNF modeling and a future outlook are discussed.
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47
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Perera SN, Kerosuo L. On the road again: Establishment and maintenance of stemness in the neural crest from embryo to adulthood. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2020; 39:7-25. [PMID: 33017496 PMCID: PMC7821161 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unique to vertebrates, the neural crest (NC) is an embryonic stem cell population that contributes to a greatly expanding list of derivatives ranging from neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, facial cartilage and bone, pigment cells of the skin to secretory cells of the endocrine system. Here, we focus on what is specifically known about establishment and maintenance of NC stemness and ultimate fate commitment mechanisms, which could help explain its exceptionally high stem cell potential that exceeds the "rules set during gastrulation." In fact, recent discoveries have shed light on the existence of NC cells that coexpress commonly accepted pluripotency factors like Nanog, Oct4/PouV, and Klf4. The coexpression of pluripotency factors together with the exceptional array of diverse NC derivatives encouraged us to propose a new term "pleistopotent" (Greek for abundant, a substantial amount) to be used to reflect the uniqueness of the NC as compared to other post-gastrulation stem cell populations in the vertebrate body, and to differentiate them from multipotent lineage restricted stem cells. We also discuss studies related to the maintenance of NC stemness within the challenging context of being a transient and thus a constantly changing population of stem cells without a permanent niche. The discovery of the stem cell potential of Schwann cell precursors as well as multiple adult NC-derived stem cell reservoirs during the past decade has greatly increased our understanding of how NC cells contribute to tissues formed after its initial migration stage in young embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surangi N Perera
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura Kerosuo
- Neural Crest Development and Disease Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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48
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van Beelen ESA, van der Valk WH, de Groot JCMJ, Hensen EF, Locher H, van Benthem PPG. Migration and fate of vestibular melanocytes during the development of the human inner ear. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:411-432. [PMID: 33075185 PMCID: PMC7894185 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanocytes are present in various parts of the inner ear, including the stria vascularis in the cochlea and the dark cell areas in the vestibular organs, where they contribute to endolymph homeostasis. Developmental studies describing the distribution of vestibular melanocytes are scarce, especially in humans. In this study, we investigated the distribution and maturation of the vestibular melanocytes in relation to the developing dark cell epithelium in inner ear specimens from week 5 to week 14 of development and in surgical specimens of the adult ampulla. Vestibular melanocytes were located around the utricle and the ampullae of the semicircular canals before week 7 and were first seen underneath the transitional zones and dark cell areas between week 8 and week 10. At week 10, melanocytes made intimate contact with epithelial cells, interrupting the local basement membrane with their dendritic processes. At week 11, most melanocytes were positioned under the dark cell epithelia. No melanocytes were seen around or in the saccule during all investigated developmental stages. The dark cell areas gradually matured and showed an adult immunohistochemical profile of the characteristic ion transporter protein Na+/K+‐ATPase α1 by week 14. Furthermore, we investigated the expression of the migration‐related proteins ECAD, PCAD, KIT, and KITLG in melanocytes and dark cell epithelium. This is the first study to describe the spatiotemporal distribution of vestibular melanocytes during the human development and thereby contributes to understanding normal vestibular function and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying vestibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S A van Beelen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H van der Valk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - John C M J de Groot
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F Hensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Heiko Locher
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Paul G van Benthem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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49
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George RM, Maldonado-Velez G, Firulli AB. The heart of the neural crest: cardiac neural crest cells in development and regeneration. Development 2020; 147:147/20/dev188706. [PMID: 33060096 DOI: 10.1242/dev.188706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac neural crest cells (cNCCs) are a migratory cell population that stem from the cranial portion of the neural tube. They undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migrate through the developing embryo to give rise to portions of the outflow tract, the valves and the arteries of the heart. Recent lineage-tracing experiments in chick and zebrafish embryos have shown that cNCCs can also give rise to mature cardiomyocytes. These cNCC-derived cardiomyocytes appear to be required for the successful repair and regeneration of injured zebrafish hearts. In addition, recent work examining the response to cardiac injury in the mammalian heart has suggested that cNCC-derived cardiomyocytes are involved in the repair/regeneration mechanism. However, the molecular signature of the adult cardiomyocytes involved in this repair is unclear. In this Review, we examine the origin, migration and fates of cNCCs. We also review the contribution of cNCCs to mature cardiomyocytes in fish, chick and mice, as well as their role in the regeneration of the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani M George
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Gabriel Maldonado-Velez
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
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50
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Introduction to phacomatoses (neurocutaneous disorders) in childhood. Childs Nerv Syst 2020; 36:2229-2268. [PMID: 32940773 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Dutch ophthalmologist, Jan van der Hoeve, first introduced the terms phakoma/phakomata (from the old Greek word "ϕαχοσ" = lentil, spot, lens-shaped) to define similar retinal lesions recorded in tuberous sclerosis (1920) and in neurofibromatosis (1923). He later applied this concept: (a) to similar lesions in other organs (e.g. brain, heart and kidneys) (1932) and (b) to other disorders (i.e. von Hippel-Lindau disease and Sturge-Weber syndrome) (1933), and coined the term phakomatoses. At the same time, the American neurologist Paul Ivan Yakovlev and psychiatrist Riley H. Guthrie (1931) established the key role of nervous systems and skin manifestations in these conditions and proposed to name them neurocutaneous syndromes (or ectodermoses, to explain the pathogenesis). The Belgian pathologist, Ludo van Bogaert, came to similar conclusions (1935), but used the term neuro-ectodermal dysplasias. In the 1980s, the American paediatric neurologist Manuel R. Gomez introduced the concept of "hamartia/hamartoma" instead of phakoma/phakomata. "Genodermatoses" and "neurocristopathies" were alternative terms still used to define these conditions. Nowadays, however, the most acclaimed terms are "phacomatoses" and "neurocutaneous disorders", which are used interchangeably. Phacomatoses are a heterogeneous group of conditions (mainly) affecting the skin (with congenital pigmentary/vascular abnormalities and/or tumours), the central and peripheral nervous system (with congenital abnormalities and/or tumours) and the eye (with variable abnormalities). Manifestations may involve many other organs or systems including the heart, vessels, lungs, kidneys and bones. Pathogenically, they are explained by interplays between intra- and extra-neuronal signalling pathways encompassing receptor-to-protein and protein-to-protein cascades involving RAS, MAPK/MEK, ERK, mTOR, RHOA, PI3K/AKT, PTEN, GNAQ and GNA11 pathways, which shed light also to phenotypic variability and overlapping. We hereby review the history, classification, genomics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, surveillance protocols and therapies, in phacomatoses: (1) predisposing to development of tumours (i.e. the neurofibromatoses and allelic/similar disorders and schwannomatosis; tuberous sclerosis complex; Gorlin-Goltz and Lhermitte-Duclos-Cowden syndromes); (2) with vascular malformations (i.e. Sturge-Weber and Klippel-Trenaunay syndromes; megalencephaly/microcephaly-capillary malformation syndromes; CLOVES, Wyburn-Mason and mixed vascular nevus syndromes; blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome; hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia); (3) with vascular tumours (von Hippel-Lindau disease; PHACE(S)); (4) with pigmentary/connective tissue mosaicism (incontinentia pigmenti; pigmentary/Ito mosaicism; mTOR-related megalencephaly/focal cortical dysplasia/pigmentary mosaicism; RHOA-related ectodermal dysplasia; neurocutaneous melanocytosis; epidermal/papular spilus/Becker nevi syndromes; PENS and LEOPARD syndromes; encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis; lipoid proteinosis); (5) with dermal dysplasia (cerebellotrigeminal dermal dysplasia); and (6) with twin spotting or similar phenomena (phacomatosis pigmentovascularis and pigmentokeratotica; and cutis tricolor).
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