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Baglioni V, Bozza F, Lentini G, Beatrice A, Cameli N, Colacino Cinnante EM, Terrinoni A, Nardecchia F, Pisani F. Psychiatric Manifestations in Children and Adolescents with Inherited Metabolic Diseases. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2190. [PMID: 38673463 PMCID: PMC11051134 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Inherited metabolic disorders (IEMs) can be represented in children and adolescents by psychiatric disorders. The early diagnosis of IEMs is crucial for clinical outcome and treatment. The aim of this review is to analyze the most recurrent and specific psychiatric features related to IEMs in pediatrics, based on the onset type and psychiatric phenotypes. Methods: Following the PRISMA Statement, a systematic literature review was performed using a predefined algorithm to find suitable publications in scientific databases of interest. After removing duplicates and screening titles and abstracts, suitable papers were analyzed and screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, the data of interest were retrieved from the remaining articles. Results: The results of this study are reported by type of symptoms onset (acute and chronic) and by possible psychiatric features related to IEMs. Psychiatric phenomenology has been grouped into five main clinical manifestations: mood and anxiety disorders; schizophrenia-spectrum disorders; catatonia; eating disorders; and self-injurious behaviors. Conclusions: The inclusion of a variety of psychiatric manifestations in children and adolescents with different IEMs is a key strength of this study, which allowed us to explore the facets of seemingly different disorders in depth, avoiding possible misdiagnoses, with the related delay of early and appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiola Bozza
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Via dei Sabelli 108, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.B.); (G.L.); (A.B.); (N.C.); (E.M.C.C.); (A.T.); (F.N.); (F.P.)
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2
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Akintunde JK, Falomo IM, Akinbohun OM, Erinoso SO, Ugwor E, Folayan AD, Ateate AD. Naringin corrects renal failure related to Lesch-Nyhan disease in a rat model via NOS-cAMP-PKA and BDNF/TrkB pathways. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23558. [PMID: 37865952 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the effect of naringin (NAR) on HGPRT1 deficiency and hyperuricemia through NOS-cAMP-PKA and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways induced by caffeine (CAF) and KBrO3 in a rat model. Sixty-three adult male albino rats were randomly assigned into nine (n = 7) groups. Group I: control animals, Group II was treated with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 , Group III was treated with 250 mg/kg CAF, Group IV was treated with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 + 250 mg/kg CAF, Group V was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 + 100 mg/kg haloperidol, Group VI was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 + 50 mg/kg NAR, Group VII was administered with 500 mg/kg CAF + 50 mg/kg NAR, and Group VIII was administered with 100 mg/kg KBrO3 + 250 mg/kg CAF + 50 mg/kg NAR. Finally, group IX was treated with 50 mg/kg NAR. The exposure of rats to KBrO3 and CAF for 21 days induced renal dysfunction linked with Lesch-Nyhan disease. NAR obliterated renal dysfunction linked with Lesch-Nyhan disease by decreasing uric acid, renal malondialdehyde level, inhibiting the activities of arginase, and phosphodiesterase-51 (PDE-51) with corresponding upregulation of brain derived-neurotrophic factor and its receptor (BDNF-TrkB), Bcl11b, HGPRT1, and DARPP-32. Additionally, renal failure related to Lesch-Nyhan disease was remarkably corrected by NAR as shown by the reduced activities of AChE and enzymes of ATP hydrolysis (ATPase, AMPase, and ADA) with affiliated increase in the NO level. This study therefore validates NAR as nontoxic and effective chemotherapy against kidney-related Lesch-Nyhan disease by mitigating effects of toxic food additives and enzymes of ATP-hydrolysis via NOS-cAMP-PKA and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Akintunde
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Idowu M Falomo
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Oreoluwa M Akinbohun
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - S O Erinoso
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Ugwor
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Adeniyi D Folayan
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - A D Ateate
- Molecular Toxicology and Biomedical Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, College of Biosciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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3
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Jain PR, Yates M, de Celis CR, Drineas P, Jahanshad N, Thompson P, Paschou P. Multiomic approach and Mendelian randomization analysis identify causal associations between blood biomarkers and subcortical brain structure volumes. Neuroimage 2023; 284:120466. [PMID: 37995919 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in subcortical brain structure volumes have been found to be associated with several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. At the same time, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common variants associated with brain structure. In this study, we integrate these findings, aiming to identify proteins, metabolites, or microbes that have a putative causal association with subcortical brain structure volumes via a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach. This method uses genetic variants as instrument variables to identify potentially causal associations between an exposure and an outcome. The exposure data that we analyzed comprised genetic associations for 2994 plasma proteins, 237 metabolites, and 103 microbial genera. The outcome data included GWAS data for seven subcortical brain structure volumes including accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus. Eleven proteins and six metabolites were found to have a significant association with subcortical structure volumes, with nine proteins and five metabolites replicated using independent exposure data. We found causal associations between accumbens volume and plasma protease c1 inhibitor as well as strong association between putamen volume and Agouti signaling protein. Among metabolites, urate had the strongest association with thalamic volume. No significant associations were detected between the microbial genera and subcortical brain structure volumes. We also observed significant enrichment for biological processes such as proteolysis, regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum apoptotic signaling pathway, and negative regulation of DNA binding. Our findings provide insights to the mechanisms through which brain volumes may be affected in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and point to potential treatment targets for disorders that are associated with subcortical brain structure volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh R Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Madison Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Carlos Rubin de Celis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Petros Drineas
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, United States
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of South California, United States
| | - Paul Thompson
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of South California, United States
| | - Peristera Paschou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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4
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Sarel-Gallily R, Keshet G, Kinreich S, Haim-Abadi G, Benvenisty N. EpiTyping: analysis of epigenetic aberrations in parental imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation using RNA-seq. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:3881-3917. [PMID: 37914783 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00898-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold a central role in studying human development, in disease modeling and in regenerative medicine. These cells not only acquire genetic modifications when kept in culture, but they may also harbor epigenetic aberrations, mainly involving parental imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation. Here we present a detailed bioinformatic protocol for detecting such aberrations using RNA sequencing data. We provide a pipeline designed to process and analyze RNA sequencing data for the identification of abnormal biallelic expression of imprinted genes, and thus detect loss of imprinting. Furthermore, we show how to differentiate among X-chromosome inactivation, full activation and aberrant erosion of X chromosome in female hPSCs. In addition to providing bioinformatic tools, we discuss the impact of such epigenetic variations in hPSCs on their utility for various purposes. This pipeline can be used by any user with basic understanding of the Linux command line. It is available on GitHub as a software container ( https://github.com/Gal-Keshet/EpiTyping ) and produces reliable results in 1-4 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Sarel-Gallily
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gal Keshet
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Shay Kinreich
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Guy Haim-Abadi
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nissim Benvenisty
- The Azrieli Center for Stem Cells and Genetic Research, Department of Genetics, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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5
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Tokatly Latzer I, Pearl PL. Treatment of neurometabolic epilepsies: Overview and recent advances. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 142:109181. [PMID: 37001467 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The rarity and heterogeneity of neurometabolic diseases make it challenging to reach evidence-based principles for their specific treatments. Indeed, current treatments for many of these diseases remain symptomatic and supportive. However, an ongoing scientific and medical revolution has led to dramatic breakthroughs in molecular sciences and genetics, revealing precise pathophysiologic mechanisms. Accordingly, this has led to significant progress in the development of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at treating epilepsy resulting from these conditions, as well as their other manifestations. We overview recent notable treatment advancements, from vitamins, trace minerals, and diets to unique medications targeting the elemental pathophysiology at a molecular or cellular level, including enzyme replacement therapy, enzyme enhancing therapy, antisense oligonucleotide therapy, stem cell transplantation, and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Tokatly Latzer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Phillip L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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6
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Jain P, Yates M, de Celis CR, Drineas P, Jahanshad N, Thompson P, Paschou P. Multiomic approach and Mendelian randomization analysis identify causal associations between blood biomarkers and subcortical brain structure volumes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.30.23287968. [PMID: 37066330 PMCID: PMC10104218 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.30.23287968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in subcortical brain structure volumes have been found to be associated with several neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. At the same time, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common variants associated with brain structure. In this study, we integrate these findings, aiming to identify proteins, metabolites, or microbes that have a putative causal association with subcortical brain structure volumes via a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach. This method uses genetic variants as instrument variables to identify potentially causal associations between an exposure and an outcome. The exposure data that we analyzed comprised genetic associations for 2,994 plasma proteins, 237 metabolites, and 103 microbial genera. The outcome data included GWAS data for seven subcortical brain structure volumes including accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, and thalamus. Eleven proteins and six metabolites were found to have a significant association with subcortical structure volumes. We found causal associations between amygdala volume and granzyme A as well as association between accumbens volume and plasma protease c1 inhibitor. Among metabolites, urate had the strongest association with thalamic volume. No significant associations were detected between the microbial genera and subcortical brain structure volumes. We also observed significant enrichment for biological processes such as proteolysis, regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum apoptotic signaling pathway, and negative regulation of DNA binding. Our findings provide insights to the mechanisms through which brain volumes may be affected in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and point to potential treatment targets for disorders that are associated with subcortical brain structure volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University
| | - Madison Yates
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University
| | | | | | - Neda Jahanshad
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of South California
| | - Paul Thompson
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of South California
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7
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Aslan A, Yuka SA. Stem Cell-Based Therapeutic Approaches in Genetic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1436:19-53. [PMID: 36735185 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2023_761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells, which can self-renew and differentiate into different cell types, have become the keystone of regenerative medicine due to these properties. With the achievement of superior clinical results in the therapeutic approaches of different diseases, the applications of these cells in the treatment of genetic diseases have also come to the fore. Foremost, conventional approaches of stem cells to genetic diseases are the first approaches in this manner, and they have brought safety issues due to immune reactions caused by allogeneic transplantation. To eliminate these safety issues and phenotypic abnormalities caused by genetic defects, firstly, basic genetic engineering practices such as vectors or RNA modulators were combined with stem cell-based therapeutic approaches. However, due to challenges such as immune reactions and inability to target cells effectively in these applications, advanced molecular methods have been adopted in ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas genome editing nucleases, which allow modular designs in stem cell-based genetic diseases' therapeutic approaches. Current studies in genetic diseases are in the direction of creating permanent treatment regimens by genomic manipulation of stem cells with differentiation potential through genome editing tools. In this chapter, the stem cell-based therapeutic approaches of various vital genetic diseases were addressed wide range from conventional applications to genome editing tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Aslan
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Selcen Arı Yuka
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Health Biotechnology Joint Research and Application Center of Excellence, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Yang L, Guo H. Case report: Early-onset renal failure as presenting sign of Lesch-Nyhan disease in infancy. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1080486. [PMID: 36601030 PMCID: PMC9806254 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1080486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a rare X-linked recessive disease caused by pathogenic mutations of the HPRT1 gene. The typical clinical manifestations include cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, dysarthria, self-injurious behavior, and gouty arthritis in children. This report describes a Chinese boy aged 2 months and 7 days with a significantly elevated uric acid concentration accompanied by renal dysfunction and, notably, brain imaging changes. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a hemizygous mutation of HPRT1 in nucleotide 508 from cytosine to thymine (c.508C > T), resulting in a nonsense mutation (p.R170X). The incidence of LND is extremely low in China, and hyperuricemia is a common clinical manifestation. Therefore, the possibility of LND should be considered in children with increased uric acid in infancy accompanied by brain imaging changes or neurological dysfunction. Moreover, genetic testing is needed to provide adequate genetic counseling to the family, and should be conducted as early as possible in such children to avoid misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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9
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Bell S, McCarty V, Peng H, Jefri M, Hettige N, Antonyan L, Crapper L, O'Leary LA, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wu H, Sutcliffe D, Kolobova I, Rosenberger TA, Moquin L, Gratton A, Popic J, Gantois I, Stumpf PS, Schuppert AA, Mechawar N, Sonenberg N, Tremblay ML, Jinnah HA, Ernst C. Lesch-Nyhan disease causes impaired energy metabolism and reduced developmental potential in midbrain dopaminergic cells. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1749-1762. [PMID: 34214487 PMCID: PMC8282463 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in HPRT1, a gene encoding a rate-limiting enzyme for purine salvage, cause Lesch-Nyhan disease which is characterized by self-injury and motor impairments. We leveraged stem cell and genetic engineering technologies to model the disease in isogenic and patient-derived forebrain and midbrain cell types. Dopaminergic progenitor cells deficient in HPRT showed decreased intensity of all developmental cell-fate markers measured. Metabolic analyses revealed significant loss of all purine derivatives, except hypoxanthine, and impaired glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. real-time glucose tracing demonstrated increased shunting to the pentose phosphate pathway for de novo purine synthesis at the expense of ATP production. Purine depletion in dopaminergic progenitor cells resulted in loss of RHEB, impairing mTORC1 activation. These data demonstrate dopaminergic-specific effects of purine salvage deficiency and unexpectedly reveal that dopaminergic progenitor cells are programmed to a high-energy state prior to higher energy demands of terminally differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Bell
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Vincent McCarty
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Huashan Peng
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Malvin Jefri
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Nuwan Hettige
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Lilit Antonyan
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Liam Crapper
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Liam A O'Leary
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Xin Zhang
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Ying Zhang
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Hanrong Wu
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Diane Sutcliffe
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ilaria Kolobova
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Thad A Rosenberger
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Luc Moquin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Alain Gratton
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Jelena Popic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ilse Gantois
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick S Stumpf
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas A Schuppert
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carl Ernst
- Psychiatric Genetics Group, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University and Douglas Hospital Research Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Frank Common Building, Room 2101.2, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
The focus of this review is the human de novo purine biosynthetic pathway. The pathway enzymes are enumerated, as well as the reactions they catalyze and their physical properties. Early literature evidence suggested that they might assemble into a multi-enzyme complex called a metabolon. The finding that fluorescently-tagged chimeras of the pathway enzymes form discrete puncta, now called purinosomes, is further elaborated in this review to include: a discussion of their assembly; the role of ancillary proteins; their locus at the microtubule/mitochondria interface; the elucidation that at endogenous levels, purinosomes function to channel intermediates from phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate to AMP and GMP; and the evidence for the purinosomes to exist as a protein condensate. The review concludes with a consideration of probable signaling pathways that might promote the assembly and disassembly of the purinosome, in particular the identification of candidate kinases given the extensive phosphorylation of the enzymes. These collective findings substantiate our current view of the de novo purine biosynthetic metabolon whose properties will be representative of how other metabolic pathways might be organized for their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Pareek
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Anthony M Pedley
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Benkovic
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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11
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Fischer JF, Mainka T, Worbe Y, Pringsheim T, Bhatia K, Ganos C. Self-injurious behaviour in movement disorders: systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:712-719. [PMID: 32430438 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-injurious behaviours (SIBs) are defined as deliberate, repetitive and persistent behaviours that are directed towards the body and lead to physical injury and are not associated with sexual arousal and without suicidal intent. In movement disorders, SIBs are typically associated with tic disorders, most commonly Tourette syndrome, and neurometabolic conditions, such as classic Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. However, beyond these well-known aetiologies, a range of other movement disorder syndromes may also present with SIBs, even though this clinical association remains less well-known. Given the scarcity of comprehensive works on this topic, here we performed a systematic review of the literature to delineate the spectrum of movement disorder aetiologies associated with SIBs. We report distinct aetiologies, which are clustered in five different categorical domains, namely, neurodevelopmental, neurometabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as disorders with characteristic structural brain changes and heterogeneous aetiologies (eg, autoimmune and drug-induced). We also provide insights in the pathophysiology of SIBs in these patients and discuss neurobiological key risk factors, which may facilitate their manifestation. Finally, we provide a list of treatments, including practical measures, such as protective devices, as well as behavioural interventions and pharmacological and neurosurgical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Mainka
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yulia Worbe
- Department of Neurophysiology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Tamara Pringsheim
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Community Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kailash Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christos Ganos
- Department of Neurology, Charité University Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Bozano A, Schiaffino A, Spessa A, Valeriani F, Mancinelli R, Micheli V, Dolcetta D. Description of the Lesch-Nyhan neurobehavioral disorder and its management through participant observation of three young individuals. JIMD Rep 2020; 52:63-71. [PMID: 32154061 PMCID: PMC7052696 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND; OMIM 300322), caused by virtually absent hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity, in its classic form is characterised by hyperuricemia, variable cognitive impairment, severe motor disorder and a characteristic behavioural disorder (Lesch-Nyhan Behavior, LNB), typically described as self-injurious behavior (SIB) and "self-mutilation." This work focuses on the latter aspect with the aim of exploring and broadening it. Methods The participant observation method was used to follow three children diagnosed with LND individually, in different contexts of daily life, always with their usual restraints and in the presence of a caregiver. Results 60 observational sessions, for over 90 total hours, led to the description of 292 LNBs, interfering with different aspects of life. Harmful behaviors could be classified into different categories, based on the life aspect affected and type of harm provoked. Antecedent conditions, consequent reactions, and emotions of the child and different management of the caregiver were recorded for each LNB. We confirmed that patients normally feel pain. Most common emotional reactions are regret and shock. As a consequence of a LNB, increased anxiety was always recorded, never satisfaction. Caregiver strategies most commonly used to stop the LNB and preventing recurrences are reported and discussed. Conclusions We are proposing a wider LNB description, beyond the classical Self-injurious behavior (SIB), stating that it is widespread and pervasive, involving every facet of the patients' life. Caregivers and operators should be aware that they might face different LNBs, and have to recognize them to find the better way to manage patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vanna Micheli
- Università di Siena and "LND Famiglie Italiane" Siena Italy
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Moro CA, Hanna-Rose W. Animal Model Contributions to Congenital Metabolic Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:225-244. [PMID: 32304075 PMCID: PMC8404832 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic model systems allow researchers to probe and decipher aspects of human disease, and animal models of disease are frequently specifically engineered and have been identified serendipitously as well. Animal models are useful for probing the etiology and pathophysiology of disease and are critical for effective discovery and development of novel therapeutics for rare diseases. Here we review the impact of animal model organism research in three examples of congenital metabolic disorders to highlight distinct advantages of model system research. First, we discuss phenylketonuria research where a wide variety of research fields and models came together to make impressive progress and where a nearly ideal mouse model has been central to therapeutic advancements. Second, we review advancements in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome research to illustrate the role of models that do not perfectly recapitulate human disease as well as the need for multiple models of the same disease to fully investigate human disease aspects. Finally, we highlight research on the GM2 gangliosidoses Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease to illustrate the important role of both engineered traditional laboratory animal models and serendipitously identified atypical models in congenital metabolic disorder research. We close with perspectives for the future for animal model research in congenital metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna A Moro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Wendy Hanna-Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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14
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Schneider EH. Microglial histamine H4R in the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease—a new actor on the stage? Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:641-645. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Vitinius F, Escherich S, Deter HC, Hellmich M, Jünger J, Petrowski K, Ladwig KH, Lambertus F, Michal M, Weber C, de Zwaan M, Herrmann-Lingen C, Ronel J, Albus C. Somatic and sociodemographic predictors of depression outcome among depressed patients with coronary artery disease - a secondary analysis of the SPIRR-CAD study. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:57. [PMID: 30717711 PMCID: PMC6360727 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depressive symptoms are common in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and are associated with an unfavourable outcome. Establishing prognostic patient profiles prior to the beginning of mental health care may facilitate higher efficacy of targeted interventions. The aim of the current study was to identify sociodemographic and somatic predictors of depression outcome among depressed patients with CAD. METHODS Based on the dataset of the multicentre SPIRR-CAD randomised controlled trial (n = 570 patients with CAD and ≥ 8 points on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)), 141 potential sociodemographic and somatic predictors of the change in the HADS-D depression score from baseline to 18-month-follow-up were derived in two different ways. We screened for univariable association with response, using either analysis of (co)variance or logistic regression, respectively, both adjusted for baseline HADS-D value and treatment group. To guard against overfitting, multivariable association was evaluated by a linear or binomial (generalised) linear model with lasso regularisation, a machine learning approach. Outcome measures were the change in continuous HADS-D depression scores, as well as three established binary criteria. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was calculated to assess possible influences of comorbidities on our results and was also entered in our machine learning approach. RESULTS Higher age (p = 0.002), unknown previous myocardial infarction (p = 0.013), and a higher heart rate variability during numeracy tests (p = .020) were univariably associated with a favourable depression outcome, whereas hyperuricemia (p ≤ 0.003), higher triglycerides (p = 0.014), NYHA class III (p ≤ 0.028), state after resuscitation (p ≤ 0.042), intake of thyroid hormones (p = 0.007), antidiabetic drugs (p = 0.015), analgesic drugs (p = 0.027), beta blockers (p = 0.035), uric acid drugs (p ≤ 0.039), and anticholinergic drugs (p = 0.045) were associated with an adverse effect on the HADS-D depression score. In all analyses, no significant differences between study arms could be found and physical comorbidities also had no significant influence on our results. CONCLUSION Our findings may contribute to identification of somatic and sociodemographic predictors of depression outcome in patients with CAD. The unexpected effects of specific medication require further clarification and further research is needed to establish a causal association between depression outcome and our predictors. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00705965 (registered 27th of June, 2008). www.isrctn.com ISRCTN76240576 (registered 27th of March, 2008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Vitinius
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Steffen Escherich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Hans-Christian Deter
- grid.412753.6Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Hellmich
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eInstitute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology (IMSB), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jana Jünger
- German National Institute for state examinations in Medicine, Pharmacy and Psychotherapy, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Petrowski
- 0000 0001 2111 7257grid.4488.0Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- German Research Center of Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Institute of Epidemiology, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Frank Lambertus
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Michal
- grid.410607.4Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cora Weber
- grid.412753.6Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina de Zwaan
- 0000 0000 9529 9877grid.10423.34Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christoph Herrmann-Lingen
- 0000 0001 2364 4210grid.7450.6Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen Medical Center and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joram Ronel
- 0000000123222966grid.6936.aDepartment of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technische Universitaet München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Albus
- 0000 0000 8580 3777grid.6190.eDepartment of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Oh J, Liuzzi A, Ronda L, Marchetti M, Corsini R, Folli C, Bettati S, Rhee S, Percudani R. Diatom Allantoin Synthase Provides Structural Insights into Natural Fusion Protein Therapeutics. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2237-2246. [PMID: 29874034 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Humans have lost the ability to convert urate into the more soluble allantoin with the evolutionary inactivation of three enzymes of the uricolytic pathway. Restoration of this function through enzyme replacement therapy can treat severe hyperuricemia and Lesch-Nyhan disease. Through a genomic exploration of natural gene fusions, we found that plants and diatoms independently evolved a fusion protein (allantoin synthase) complementing two human pseudogenes. The 1.85-Å-resolution crystal structure of allantoin synthase from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum provides a rationale for the domain combinations observed in the metabolic pathway, suggesting that quaternary structure is key to the evolutionary success of protein domain fusions. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation experiments indicate that a PEG-modified form of the natural fusion protein provides advantages over separate enzymes in terms of activity maintenance and manufacturing of the bioconjugate. These results suggest that the combination of different activities in a single molecular unit can simplify the production and chemical modification of recombinant proteins for multifunctional enzyme therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntaek Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anastasia Liuzzi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ronda
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Marialaura Marchetti
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Romina Corsini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Folli
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Sangkee Rhee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Riccardo Percudani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Zizzo MG, Frinchi M, Nuzzo D, Jinnah HA, Mudò G, Condorelli DF, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P, Mulè F, Belluardo N, Serio R. Altered gastrointestinal motility in an animal model of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Auton Neurosci 2017; 210:55-64. [PMID: 29305058 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the HGPRT1 gene, which encodes hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt), housekeeping enzyme responsible for recycling purines, lead to Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND). Clinical expression of LND indicates that HGprt deficiency has adverse effects on gastrointestinal motility. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate intestinal motility in HGprt knockout mice (HGprt¯). Spontaneous and neurally evoked mechanical activity was recorded in vitro as changes in isometric tension in circular muscle strips of distal colon. HGprt¯ tissues showed a lower in amplitude spontaneous activity and atropine-sensitivity neural contraction compared to control mice. The responses to carbachol and to high KCl were reduced, demonstrating a widespread impairment of contractility. L-NAME was not able in the HGprt¯ tissues to restore the large amplitude contractile activity typical of control. In HGprt¯ colon, a reduced expression of dopaminergic D1 receptor was observed together with the loss of its tonic inhibitory activity present in control-mice. The analysis of inflammatory and oxidative stress in colonic tissue of HGprt¯ mice revealed a significant increase of lipid peroxidation associated with over production of oxygen free radicals. In conclusion, HGprt deficiency in mice is associated with a decrease in colon contractility, not dependent upon reduction of acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus or hyperactivity of inhibitory signalling. By contrast the increased levels of oxidative stress could partially explain the reduced colon motility in HGprt¯ mice. Colonic dysmotility observed in HGprt¯ mice may mimic the gastrointestinal dysfunctions symptoms of human syndrome, providing a useful animal model to elucidate the pathophysiology of this problem in the LND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Zizzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; ATeN (Advanced Technologies Network Center), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology "Alberto Monroy" (IBIM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Ugo la Malfa, 153, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Hyder A Jinnah
- Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniele F Condorelli
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, 95100 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, Pal. B, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, Pal. B, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, Pal. B, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosa Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Abstract
Onychotillomania, defined as self-induced trauma to the nail unit, either by picking or pulling at the nails, affects 0.9% of the population. It may lead to severe irreversible nail dystrophy, melanonychia, or infections. Although no large clinical trials have assessed the efficacy of treatments, cognitive-behavioral therapy, physical barrier methods, and pharmacological treatments have shown some benefits in case reports. The objective of this article is to review the prevalence, diagnostic criteria, etiology, historical and physical examination findings, pathological features, and current treatment methods. Onychotillomania remains a clinical challenge to dermatologists, pediatricians, internists, and psychiatrists in practice, as there are no evidence-based treatment methods.
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Jasinge E, Kularatnam GAM, Dilanthi HW, Vidanapathirana DM, Jayasena KLSPKM, Chandrasiri NDPD, Indika NLR, Ratnayake PD, Gunasekara VN, Fairbanks LD, Stiburkova B. Uric acid, an important screening tool to detect inborn errors of metabolism: a case series. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:454. [PMID: 28877755 PMCID: PMC5588617 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism in humans. Altered serum and urine uric acid level (both above and below the reference ranges) is an indispensable marker in detecting rare inborn errors of metabolism. We describe different case scenarios of 4 Sri Lankan patients related to abnormal uric acid levels in blood and urine. Case 1 A one-and-half-year-old boy was investigated for haematuria and a calculus in the bladder. Xanthine crystals were seen in microscopic examination of urine sediment. Low uric acid concentrations in serum and low urinary fractional excretion of uric acid associated with high urinary excretion of xanthine and hypoxanthine were compatible with xanthine oxidase deficiency. Case 2 An 8-month-old boy presented with intractable seizures, feeding difficulties, screaming episodes, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism and severe neuro developmental delay. Low uric acid level in serum, low fractional excretion of uric acid and radiological findings were consistent with possible molybdenum cofactor deficiency. Diagnosis was confirmed by elevated levels of xanthine, hypoxanthine and sulfocysteine levels in urine. Case 3 A 3-year-10-month-old boy presented with global developmental delay, failure to thrive, dystonia and self-destructive behaviour. High uric acid levels in serum, increased fractional excretion of uric acid and absent hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase enzyme level confirmed the diagnosis of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome. Case 4 A 9-year-old boy was investigated for lower abdominal pain, gross haematuria and right renal calculus. Low uric acid level in serum and increased fractional excretion of uric acid pointed towards hereditary renal hypouricaemia which was confirmed by genetic studies. Conclusion Abnormal uric acid level in blood and urine is a valuable tool in screening for clinical conditions related to derangement of the nucleic acid metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eresha Jasinge
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Dr Danister De Silva Mawatha, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Hewa Warawitage Dilanthi
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Dr Danister De Silva Mawatha, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | - Dinesha Maduri Vidanapathirana
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Dr Danister De Silva Mawatha, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Neluwa Liyanage Ruwan Indika
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Dr Danister De Silva Mawatha, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - Blanka Stiburkova
- Institute of Rheumatology, Prague, Czech Republic and Institute of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Zennaro C, Tonon F, Zarattini P, Clai M, Corbelli A, Carraro M, Marchetti M, Ronda L, Paredi G, Rastaldi MP, Percudani R. The renal phenotype of allopurinol-treated HPRT-deficient mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173512. [PMID: 28282408 PMCID: PMC5345830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess of uric acid is mainly treated with xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors, also called uricostatics because they block the conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine into urate. Normally, accumulation of upstream metabolites is prevented by the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) enzyme. The recycling pathway, however, is impaired in the presence of HPRT deficiency, as observed in Lesch-Nyhan disease. To gain insights into the consequences of purine accumulation with HPRT deficiency, we investigated the effects of the XO inhibitor allopurinol in Hprt-lacking (HPRT-/-) mice. Allopurinol was administered in the drinking water of E12-E14 pregnant mothers at dosages of 150 or 75 μg/ml, and mice sacrificed after weaning. The drug was well tolerated by wild-type animals and heterozygous HPRT+/- mice. Instead, a profound alteration of the renal function was observed in the HPRT-/- model. Increased hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations were found in the blood. The kidneys showed a yellowish appearance, diffuse interstitial nephritis, with dilated tubules, inflammatory and fibrotic changes of the interstitium. There were numerous xanthine tubular crystals, as determined by HPLC analysis. Oil red O staining demonstrated lipid accumulation in the same location of xanthine deposits. mRNA analysis showed increased expression of adipogenesis-related molecules as well as profibrotic and proinflammatory pathways. Immunostaining showed numerous monocyte-macrophages and overexpression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in the tubulointerstitium. In vitro, addition of xanthine to tubular cells caused diffuse oil red O positivity and modification of the cell phenotype, with loss of epithelial features and appearance of mesenchymal characteristics, similarly to what was observed in vivo. Our results indicate that in the absence of HPRT, blockade of XO by allopurinol causes rapidly developing renal failure due to xanthine deposition within the mouse kidney. Xanthine seems to be directly involved in promoting lipid accumulation and subsequent phenotype changes of tubular cells, with activation of inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zennaro
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Tonon
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Zarattini
- Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Milan Clai
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corbelli
- Unit of Bio-imaging, Department of Cardiovascular Research, IRCCS Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy
| | - Michele Carraro
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Luca Ronda
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Paredi
- Department of Pharmacy and SITEIA, PARMA Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rastaldi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
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An unusual case of renal failure: Answers. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:79-80. [PMID: 26754040 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bell S, Kolobova I, Crapper L, Ernst C. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Models, Theories, and Therapies. Mol Syndromol 2016; 7:302-311. [PMID: 27920633 PMCID: PMC5131334 DOI: 10.1159/000449296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare X-linked disorder caused by mutations in HPRT1, an important enzyme in the purine salvage pathway. Symptoms of LNS include dystonia, gout, intellectual disability, and self-mutilation. Despite having been characterized over 50 years ago, it remains unclear precisely how deficits in hypoxanthine and guanine recycling can lead to such a profound neurological phenotype. Several studies have proposed different hypotheses regarding the etiology of this disease, and several treatments have been tried in patients, though none have led to a satisfactory explanation of the disease. New technologies such as next-generation sequencing, optogenetics, genome editing, and induced pluripotent stem cells provide a unique opportunity to map the precise sequential pathways leading from genotype to phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carl Ernst
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Hospital Research Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Que., Canada
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Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is a rare inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase-1. Few reports on behavioral aspects especially self-injurious behavior in LNS patients are available. We report a case of LNS in an 8-year-old male child, who presented with characteristic self-injurious behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyakam Mohapatra
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Alok Jyoti Sahoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Mental Health Institute, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India
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Meek S, Thomson AJ, Sutherland L, Sharp MGF, Thomson J, Bishop V, Meddle SL, Gloaguen Y, Weidt S, Singh-Dolt K, Buehr M, Brown HK, Gill AC, Burdon T. Reduced levels of dopamine and altered metabolism in brains of HPRT knock-out rats: a new rodent model of Lesch-Nyhan Disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25592. [PMID: 27185277 PMCID: PMC4869022 DOI: 10.1038/srep25592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is a severe neurological disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), an enzyme required for efficient recycling of purine nucleotides. Although this biochemical defect reconfigures purine metabolism and leads to elevated levels of the breakdown product urea, it remains unclear exactly how loss of HPRT activity disrupts brain function. As the rat is the preferred rodent experimental model for studying neurobiology and diseases of the brain, we used genetically-modified embryonic stem cells to generate an HPRT knock-out rat. Male HPRT-deficient rats were viable, fertile and displayed normal caged behaviour. However, metabolomic analysis revealed changes in brain biochemistry consistent with disruption of purine recycling and nucleotide metabolism. Broader changes in brain biochemistry were also indicated by increased levels of the core metabolite citrate and reduced levels of lipids and fatty acids. Targeted MS/MS analysis identified reduced levels of dopamine in the brains of HPRT-deficient animals, consistent with deficits noted previously in human LND patients and HPRT knock-out mice. The HPRT-deficient rat therefore provides a new experimental platform for future investigation of how HPRT activity and disruption of purine metabolism affects neural function and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Alison J. Thomson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Matthew G. F. Sharp
- Central Bioresearch Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Julie Thomson
- Central Bioresearch Services, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Valerie Bishop
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Simone L. Meddle
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Yoann Gloaguen
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Bearsden, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Stefan Weidt
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Campus, Bearsden, G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Karamjit Singh-Dolt
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Mia Buehr
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Helen K. Brown
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Andrew C. Gill
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland,
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland,
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Mrug S, Mrug M. Uric acid excretion predicts increased aggression in urban adolescents. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:144-148. [PMID: 27180134 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of uric acid have been linked with impulsive and disinhibited behavior in clinical and community populations of adults, but no studies have examined uric acid in relation to adolescent aggression. This study examined the prospective role of uric acid in aggressive behavior among urban, low income adolescents, and whether this relationship varies by gender. A total of 84 adolescents (M age 13.36years; 50% male; 95% African American) self-reported on their physical aggression at baseline and 1.5years later. At baseline, the youth also completed a 12-h (overnight) urine collection at home which was used to measure uric acid excretion. After adjusting for baseline aggression and age, greater uric acid excretion predicted more frequent aggressive behavior at follow up, with no significant gender differences. The results suggest that lowering uric acid levels may help reduce youth aggression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2(nd) Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
| | - Michal Mrug
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2(nd) Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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Human neural crest cells contribute to coat pigmentation in interspecies chimeras after in utero injection into mouse embryos. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1570-5. [PMID: 26811475 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525518113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) represents multipotent cells that arise at the interphase between ectoderm and prospective epidermis of the neurulating embryo. The NC has major clinical relevance because it is involved in both inherited and acquired developmental abnormalities. The aim of this study was to establish an experimental platform that would allow for the integration of human NC cells (hNCCs) into the gastrulating mouse embryo. NCCs were derived from pluripotent mouse, rat, and human cells and microinjected into embryonic-day-8.5 embryos. To facilitate integration of the NCCs, we used recipient embryos that carried a c-Kit mutation (W(sh)/W(sh)), which leads to a loss of melanoblasts and thus eliminates competition from the endogenous host cells. The donor NCCs migrated along the dorsolateral migration routes in the recipient embryos. Postnatal mice derived from injected embryos displayed pigmented hair, demonstrating differentiation of the NCCs into functional melanocytes. Although the contribution of human cells to pigmentation in the host was lower than that of mouse or rat donor cells, our results indicate that hNCCs, injected in utero, can integrate into the embryo and form mature functional cells in the animal. This mouse-human chimeric platform allows for a new approach to study NC development and diseases.
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Knapp DJ, Breese GR. The Use of Perinatal 6-Hydroxydopamine to Produce a Rodent Model of Lesch-Nyhan Disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 29:265-277. [PMID: 27029809 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lesch-Nyhan disease is a neurologically, metabolically, and behaviorally devastating condition that has eluded complete characterization and adequate treatment. While it is known that the disease is intimately associated with dysfunction of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT1) gene that codes for an enzyme of purine metabolism (hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase) and is associated with neurological, behavioral, as well as metabolic dysfunction, the mechanisms of the neurobehavioral manifestations are as yet unclear. However, discoveries over the past few decades not only have created useful novel animal models (e.g., the HPRT-deficient mouse and the serendipitously discovered perinatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA lesion model), but also have expanded into epigenetic, genomic, and proteomic approaches to better understand the mechanisms underlying this disease. The perinatal 6-OHDA model, in addition to modeling self-injury and dopamine depletion in the clinical condition, also underscores the profound importance of development in the differential course of maladaptive progression in the face of a common/single neurotoxic insult at different ages. Recent developments from clinical and basic science efforts attest to the fact that while the disease would seem to have a simple single gene defect at its core, the manifestations of this defect are profound and unexpectedly diverse. Future efforts employing the 6-OHDA model and others in the context of the novel technologies of genome editing, chemo- and opto-genetics, epigenetics, and further studies on the mechanisms of stress-induced maladaptations in brain all hold promise in taking our understanding of this disease to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin J Knapp
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - George R Breese
- School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Abstract
Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase-1 (HGPRT-1) leading to Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (LNS) is one of the important causes of self-mutilation. Hereby, we report a case of LNS in a three and half-year-old male child, who presented with characteristic self-mutilating behavior. He had history of developmental delay, difficulty in social interaction, attention deficit and features of autism. His serum blood biochemistry was normal except for low hemoglobin levels and raised serum uric acid levels. With a diagnosis of LNS, the child was treated with allopurinol. With various modalities of physical restraint, his self-mutilating behavior came under control and currently the patient is being followed up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Chandekar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences and Kasturba Hospital, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhushan Madke
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences and Kasturba Hospital, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Kar
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences and Kasturba Hospital, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nidhi Yadav
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences and Kasturba Hospital, Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India
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Jia J, Bai F, Jin Y, Santostefano KE, Ha UH, Wu D, Wu W, Terada N, Jin S. Efficient Gene Editing in Pluripotent Stem Cells by Bacterial Injection of Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease Proteins. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:913-26. [PMID: 26062981 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a powerful tool for direct protein delivery into mammalian cells and has successfully been used to deliver various exogenous proteins into mammalian cells. In the present study, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) proteins have been efficiently delivered using the P. aeruginosa T3SS into mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), human ESCs (hESCs), and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for genome editing. This bacterial delivery system offers an alternative method of TALEN delivery that is highly efficient in cleavage of the chromosomal target and presumably safer by avoiding plasmid DNA introduction. We combined the method of bacterial T3SS-mediated TALEN protein injection and transfection of an oligonucleotide template to effectively generate precise genetic modifications in the stem cells. Initially, we efficiently edited a single-base in the gfp gene of a mESC line to silence green fluorescent protein (GFP) production. The resulting GFP-negative mESC was cloned from a single cell and subsequently mutated back to a GFP-positive mESC line. Using the same approach, the gfp gene was also effectively knocked out in hESCs. In addition, a defined single-base edition was effectively introduced into the X-chromosome-linked HPRT1 gene in hiPSCs, generating an in vitro model of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. T3SS-mediated TALEN protein delivery provides a highly efficient alternative for introducing precise gene editing within pluripotent stem cells for the purpose of disease genotype-phenotype relationship studies and cellular replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Katherine E Santostefano
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Un-Hwan Ha
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Naohiro Terada
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouguang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medical and Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea; Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Dammer EB, Göttle M, Duong DM, Hanfelt J, Seyfried NT, Jinnah HA. Consequences of impaired purine recycling on the proteome in a cellular model of Lesch-Nyhan disease. Mol Genet Metab 2015; 114:570-579. [PMID: 25769394 PMCID: PMC4390545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The importance of specific pathways of purine metabolism for normal brain function is highlighted by several inherited disorders, such as Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND). In this disorder, deficiency of the purine recycling enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt), causes severe neurological and behavioral abnormalities. Despite many years of research, the mechanisms linking the defect in purine recycling to the neurobehavioral abnormalities remain unclear. In the current studies, an unbiased approach to the identification of potential mechanisms was undertaken by examining changes in protein expression in a model of HGprt deficiency based on the dopaminergic rat PC6-3 line, before and after differentiation with nerve growth factor (NGF). Protein expression profiles of 5 mutant sublines carrying different mutations affecting HGprt enzyme activity were compared to the HGprt-competent parent line using the method of stable isotopic labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) followed by denaturing gel electrophoresis with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of tryptic digests, and subsequent identification of affected biochemical pathways using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional annotation chart analysis. The results demonstrate that HGprt deficiency causes broad changes in protein expression that depend on whether the cells are differentiated or not. Several of the pathways identified reflect predictable consequences of defective purine recycling. Other pathways were not anticipated, disclosing previously unknown connections with purine metabolism and novel insights into the pathogenesis of LND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric B. Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Martin Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - John Hanfelt
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - H. A. Jinnah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Lieberman JA. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Gout Flare in the Clinic: An Office-Based Approach to Gout Management. Postgrad Med 2015; 123:151-65. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2011.11.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ortiz R, Ulrich H, Zarate CA, Machado-Vieira R. Purinergic system dysfunction in mood disorders: a key target for developing improved therapeutics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 57:117-31. [PMID: 25445063 PMCID: PMC4262688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Uric acid and purines (such as adenosine) regulate mood, sleep, activity, appetite, cognition, memory, convulsive threshold, social interaction, drive, and impulsivity. A link between purinergic dysfunction and mood disorders was first proposed a century ago. Interestingly, a recent nationwide population-based study showed elevated risk of gout in subjects with bipolar disorder (BD), and a recent meta-analysis and systematic review of placebo-controlled trials of adjuvant purinergic modulators confirmed their benefits in bipolar mania. Uric acid may modulate energy and activity levels, with higher levels associated with higher energy and BD spectrum. Several recent genetic studies suggest that the purinergic system - particularly the modulation of P1 and P2 receptor subtypes - plays a role in mood disorders, lending credence to this model. Nucleotide concentrations can be measured using brain spectroscopy, and ligands for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of adenosine (P1) receptors have been developed, thus allowing potential target engagement studies. This review discusses the key role of the purinergic system in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Focusing on this promising therapeutic target may lead to the development of therapies with antidepressant, mood stabilization, and cognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Ortiz
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Henning Ulrich
- Departament of Biochemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neuroscience, LIM27, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Muti M, Del Grande C, Musetti L, Marazziti D, Turri M, Cirronis M, Pergentini I, Corsi M, Dell'Osso L, Corsini GU. Serum uric acid levels and different phases of illness in bipolar I patients treated with lithium. Psychiatry Res 2015; 225:604-8. [PMID: 25547850 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings support the role of purinergic system dysfunction in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). The present study aimed to evaluate the pattern of serum uric acid levels in a sample of 98 BD I patients followed-up prospectively in a naturalistic study and treated with lithium monotherapy or in association with other mood stabilizers (valproate or carbamazepine), in relation to different phases of illness and to pharmacological treatment. The results showed that uric acid levels were significantly higher in patients suffering from a manic/mixed episode, than in those euthymic or during a depressive phase. Further, these levels were related to the Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar Version (CGI-BP) scale score for the severity of manic symptoms. A positive correlation was found also with male sex and with serum lithium levels. These findings suggest that a dysregulation of the purinergic system may occur during manic/mixed episodes, and they support a possible role of serum uric acid levels as a state-dependent marker of BD manic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Muti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Del Grande
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Musetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Milo Turri
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Cirronis
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Pergentini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Corsi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liliana Dell'Osso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Umberto Corsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, Pisa, Italy
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Assessment of Movement Disorders in Rodents. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Gültekin BK, Kesebir S, Kabak SG, Ergün FF, Tatlidil Yaylaci E. Are Uric Acid Levels Different from Healthy Subjects in Bipolar Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia?: Relationship Between Clinical Improvement and Episode Severity in Male Patients. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2014; 51:229-232. [PMID: 28360631 DOI: 10.4274/npa.y6827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Purinergic system dysfunction has been shown both in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and those with schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether uric acid levels in male BD patients with manic episode and schizophrenia patients with psychotic relapse differ from healthy male subjects. Secondly to assess whether uric acid levels in both patient groups correlate with episode severity and if a decrease in uric acid levels correlate with clinical improvement. METHOD A total of 55 BD patients with manic episode and 59 schizophrenic patients with psychotic relapse were evaluated at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, 3 using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and their plasma uric acid levels were measured. 60 age-matched healthy males without history of any previous or current psychiatric diagnosis and treatment constituted the control group. In order to determine plasma uric acid levels, blood samples were centrifuged at 3000 × g for 15 minutes, stored at -80°C and measured in milligrams per deciliter. RESULTS Uric acid levels in both patient groups with manic episode and psychotic relapse were found higher than in healthy controls (f=6.122, p=.027). The difference between repeated measurements of uric acid levels in BD patient group was found to be between baseline and first week measurements (after Bonferroni correction) (p<.001). No correlation was found between YMRS and PANSS scores and uric acid levels at 4 assessment times. CONCLUSION Uric acid levels in male BD and schizophrenia patients with manic episode and psychotic relapse were similar with each other, and higher than in healthy males. No correlation was found between uric acid levels and episode severity in both groups. However, for patients with BD, a decrease in uric acid levels between baseline and first week seems to be correlated with clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bülent Kadri Gültekin
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Erenköy Psychiatric Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sermin Kesebir
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Erenköy Psychiatric Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Gül Kabak
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Erenköy Psychiatric Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferzan Fikret Ergün
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Erenköy Psychiatric Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Tatlidil Yaylaci
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Erenköy Psychiatric Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Turkey
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Uric acid levels may be a biological marker for the differentiation of unipolar and bipolar disorder: the role of affective temperament. J Affect Disord 2014; 165:131-4. [PMID: 24882190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether uric acid levels are different between patients with remission period of bipolar disorder type I (BD) and patients with remission period of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS For this aim 41 patients diagnosed with BD and 30 patients diagnosed with recurrent MDD according to DSM-IV who were in remission period for at least 8 weeks were evaluated consecutively. The median age and gender distribution of the two groups were similar. Subjects with comorbid psychiatric diagnosis and/or severe medical illnesses were excluded. Affective temperament was evaluated with TEMPS-A (Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire). Plasma uric acid levels were recorded in mg/dl. RESULTS The uric acid levels of BD patients were found higher than patients with MDD and healthy controls. Additionally uric acid levels of MDD patients were lower than patients with BD and healthy subjects (F=4.183, p=0.039). A moderate correlation between hyperthymic and irritable temperament scores and uric acid levels was detected in both patient groups and in healthy controls. A negative correlation was observed between depressive temperament and uric acid levels only in MDD group. LIMITATIONS The measurements of temperament were estimated depending on the patient׳s statement. The medications that patients used were not controlled. CONCLUSION There is a purinergic dysfunction not only in BD but also in MDD patients. High uric acid levels are associated with hyperthymic and irritable temperament scores whereas low uric acid levels are associated with depressive temperament scores.
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Göttle M, Prudente CN, Fu R, Sutcliffe D, Pang H, Cooper D, Veledar E, Glass JD, Gearing M, Visser JE, Jinnah HA. Loss of dopamine phenotype among midbrain neurons in Lesch-Nyhan disease. Ann Neurol 2014; 76:95-107. [PMID: 24891139 PMCID: PMC4827147 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND) is caused by congenital deficiency of the purine recycling enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt). Affected patients have a peculiar neurobehavioral syndrome linked with reductions of dopamine in the basal ganglia. The purpose of the current studies was to determine the anatomical basis for the reduced dopamine in human brain specimens collected at autopsy. METHODS Histopathological studies were conducted using autopsy tissue from 5 LND cases and 6 controls. Specific findings were replicated in brain tissue from an HGprt-deficient knockout mouse using immunoblots, and in a cell model of HGprt deficiency by flow-activated cell sorting (FACS). RESULTS Extensive histological studies of the LND brains revealed no signs suggestive of a degenerative process or other consistent abnormalities in any brain region. However, neurons of the substantia nigra from the LND cases showed reduced melanization and reduced immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. In the HGprt-deficient mouse model, immunohistochemical stains for TH revealed no obvious loss of midbrain dopamine neurons, but quantitative immunoblots revealed reduced TH expression in the striatum. Finally, 10 independent HGprt-deficient mouse MN9D neuroblastoma lines showed no signs of impaired viability, but FACS revealed significantly reduced TH immunoreactivity compared to the control parent line. INTERPRETATION These results reveal an unusual phenomenon in which the neurochemical phenotype of dopaminergic neurons is not linked with a degenerative process. They suggest an important relationship between purine recycling pathways and the neurochemical integrity of the dopaminergic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Frank S, Skryabin BV, Greber B. A modified TALEN-based system for robust generation of knock-out human pluripotent stem cell lines and disease models. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:773. [PMID: 24206569 PMCID: PMC3840567 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) have emerged as a tool for enabling targeted gene editing and disruption in difficult systems, such as human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The modular architecture of TAL effectors theoretically enables targeting of any genomic locus and several cloning systems for custom TALEN assembly have recently been established. However, there is a lack of versatile TALEN expression systems applicable to hPSCs. RESULTS Here, we extend an existing TALE assembly system by a dual set of expression vectors for efficient application of TALEN technology in hPSCs. This is characterized by improved TALEN architecture as well as antibiotic resistance and fluorescent reporter cassettes, thus enabling enrichment for transfected cells. Improved functionality of the combined system was demonstrated by targeted disruption of the HPRT1 gene to create isogenic disease models of Lesch-Nyhan-Syndrome. Using female hPSCs, homozygous disruption of HPRT1 occurred at efficiencies of up to 15%. Differentiating isogenic knock-out cells both into central nervous system (CNS) as well as into sensory-like neurons recapitulated previously described phenotypes based on patient-specific induced PSCs and extended these findings to non-CNS neurons, respectively. CONCLUSION The combined vector system allows for flexible and affordable generation of knock-out hPSCs lines, thus enabling investigation of developmental processes as well as the generation of isogenic disease models without the need for patient material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Boris Greber
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany.
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Göttle M, Burhenne H, Sutcliffe D, Jinnah HA. Purine metabolism during neuronal differentiation: the relevance of purine synthesis and recycling. J Neurochem 2013; 127:805-18. [PMID: 23859490 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purines are a class of small organic molecules that are essential for all cells. They play critical roles in neuronal differentiation and function. Their importance is highlighted by several inherited disorders of purine metabolism, such as Lesch-Nyhan disease, which is caused by a deficiency of the purine salvage enzyme, hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGprt). Despite the known importance of purines in the nervous system, knowledge regarding their metabolism in neurons is limited. In the current studies, purine pools and their metabolism were examined in rat PC6-3 cells, a PC12 pheochromocytoma subclone that undergoes robust differentiation with nerve growth factor. The results were compared with five new independent PC6-3 subclones with defective purine recycling because of different mutations affecting HGprt enzyme activity. The results demonstrate an increase in most purines and in energy state following neuronal differentiation, as well as specific abnormalities when purine recycling is lost. The loss of HGprt-mediated purine recycling also is associated with significant loss of dopamine and related metabolites in the mutant PC6-3 lines, suggesting an important connection between purine and dopamine pathways. These results provide insights into how purine pools and metabolism change with neuronal differentiation, and how specific enzyme defects may cause neuronal dysfunction. Differentiation of dopaminergic PC6-3 cells is accompanied by increased purine pools and energy state. The lack of a functional purine recycling pathway causes purine limitation in both undifferentiated and differentiated cells, as well as profound loss of dopamine content. The results imply an unknown mechanism by which intracellular purine levels regulate dopamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Göttle
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Purinergic system in the treatment of bipolar disorder: uric acid levels as a screening test in mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32:735-6. [PMID: 22926622 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e318268391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mekhoubad S, Bock C, de Boer AS, Kiskinis E, Meissner A, Eggan K. Erosion of dosage compensation impacts human iPSC disease modeling. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:595-609. [PMID: 22560080 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although distinct human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines can display considerable epigenetic variation, it has been unclear whether such variability impacts their utility for disease modeling. Here, we show that although low-passage female hiPSCs retain the inactive X chromosome of the somatic cell they are derived from, over time in culture they undergo an "erosion" of X chromosome inactivation (XCI). This erosion of XCI is characterized by loss of XIST expression and foci of H3-K27-trimethylation, as well as transcriptional derepression of genes on the inactive X that cannot be reversed by either differentiation or further reprogramming. We specifically demonstrate that erosion of XCI has a significant impact on the use of female hiPSCs for modeling Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. However, our finding that most genes subject to XCI are derepressed by this erosion of XCI suggests that it should be a significant consideration when selecting hiPSC lines for modeling any disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shila Mekhoubad
- The Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Mansouri A, Min W, Cole CJ, Josselyn SA, Henderson JT, van Eede M, Henkelman RM, Ackerley C, Grunebaum E, Roifman CM. Cerebellar abnormalities in purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficient mice. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 47:201-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Kinast L, von der Ohe J, Burhenne H, Seifert R. Impairment of adenylyl cyclase 2 function and expression in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient rat B103 neuroblastoma cells as model for Lesch-Nyhan disease: BODIPY-forskolin as pharmacological tool. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:671-83. [PMID: 22552731 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) deficiency results in Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND). The link between the HPRT defect and the self-injurious behavior in LND is still unknown. HPRT-deficient rat B103 neuroblastoma cells serve as a model system for LND. In B103 cell membranes, HPRT deficiency is associated with a decrease of basal and guanosine triphosphate-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity (Pinto and Seifert, J Neurochem 96:454-459, 2006). Since recombinant AC2 possesses a high basal activity, we tested the hypothesis that AC2 function and expression is impaired in HPRT deficiency. We examined AC regulation in B103 cell membranes, cAMP accumulation in intact B103 cells, AC isoform expression, and performed morphological studies. As most important pharmacological tool, we used 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene forskolin (BODIPY-FS) that inhibits recombinant AC2 but activates ACs 1 and 5 (Erdorf et al., Biochem Pharmacol 82:1673-1681, 2011). In B103 control membranes, BODIPY-FS reduced catalysis, but in HPRT(-) membranes, BODIPY-FS was rather stimulatory. 2'(3')-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl) (MANT)-nucleoside 5'-[γ-thio]triphosphates inhibit recombinant ACs 1 and 5 more potently than AC2. In B103 control membranes, MANT-guanosine 5'-[γ-thio]triphosphate inhibited catalysis in control membranes less potently than in HPRT(-) membranes. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that in HPRT deficiency, AC2 was virtually absent. In contrast, AC5 was up-regulated. Forskolin (FS) and BODIPY-FS induced cell clustering and rounding and neurite extension in B103 cells. The effects of FS and BODIPY-FS were much more prominent in control than in HPRT(-) cells, indicative for a differentiation defect in HPRT deficiency. Neither FS nor BODIPY-FS significantly changed cAMP concentrations in intact B103 cells. Collectively, our data show that HPRT deficiency in B103 cells is associated with impaired AC2 function and expression and reduced sensitivity to differentiation induced by FS and BODIPY-FS. We discuss the pathophysiological implications of our data for LND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Kinast
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical School of Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Erdorf M, von der Ohe J, Seifert R. Impaired P2X and P2Y receptor-mediated signaling in HPRT-deficient B103 neuroblastoma cells. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:311-5. [PMID: 21982803 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Defect of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) causes Lesch-Nyhan disease (LND), but the link between HPRT deficiency and the self-injurious behavior of LND is unknown. In a previous study (Pinto et al., J. Neurochem. 72 (2005) 1579-1586) we reported on a decrease in nucleotidase activity in membranes of several HPRT(-) cell lines and fibroblasts from LND patients. Since nucleotidases are involved in ATP-induced signal transduction, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that P2X and P2Y receptor-mediated signal transduction is impaired in HPRT deficiency. As model we studied rat B103 neuroblastoma cells. Compared to control cells, in HPRT(-) cells, NTP and NDP-induced Ca(2+) influx across the membrane and Ca(2+) mobilization from intracellular stores were impaired. Both P2X and P2Y receptors were involved in the responses. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed reduced expression of receptors P2X(3), P2X(5), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), P2Y(12), P2Y(13) and P2Y(14) in HPRT deficiency. Collectively, HPRT deficiency is associated with abnormal purinergic signaling, encompassing P2X and P2Y receptors and nucleotidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Erdorf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Germany
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Animal models of human genetic diseases: do they need to be faithful to be useful? Mol Genet Genomics 2011; 286:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-011-0627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Scorza CA, Cavalheiro EA. Animal models of intellectual disability: towards a translational approach. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66 Suppl 1:55-63. [PMID: 21779723 PMCID: PMC3118438 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability is a prevalent form of cognitive impairment, affecting 2-3% of the general population. It is a daunting societal problem characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills. Intellectual disability is a clinically important disorder for which the etiology and pathogenesis are still poorly understood. Moreover, although tremendous progress has been made, pharmacological intervention is still currently non-existent and therapeutic strategies remain limited. Studies in humans have a very limited capacity to explain basic mechanisms of this condition. In this sense, animal models have been invaluable in intellectual disability investigation. Certainly, a great deal of the knowledge that has improved our understanding of several pathologies has derived from appropriate animal models. Moreover, to improve human health, scientific discoveries must be translated into practical applications. Translational research specifically aims at taking basic scientific discoveries and best practices to benefit the lives of people in our communities. In this context, the challenge that basic science research needs to meet is to make use of a comparative approach to benefit the most from what each animal model can tell us. Intellectual disability results from many different genetic and environmental insults. Taken together, the present review will describe several animal models of potential intellectual disability risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Scorza
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Welin M, Egeblad L, Johansson A, Stenmark P, Wang L, Flodin S, Nyman T, Trésaugues L, Kotenyova T, Johansson I, Eriksson S, Eklund H, Nordlund P. Structural and functional studies of the human phosphoribosyltransferase domain containing protein 1. FEBS J 2010; 277:4920-30. [PMID: 21054786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) (EC 2.4.2.8) catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine and guanine to their respective nucleoside monophosphates. Human HPRT deficiency as a result of genetic mutations is linked to both Lesch-Nyhan disease and gout. In the present study, we have characterized phosphoribosyltransferase domain containing protein 1 (PRTFDC1), a human HPRT homolog of unknown function. The PRTFDC1 structure has been determined at 1.7 Å resolution with bound GMP. The overall structure and GMP binding mode are very similar to that observed for HPRT. Using a thermal-melt assay, a nucleotide metabolome library was screened against PRTFDC1 and revealed that hypoxanthine and guanine specifically interacted with the enzyme. It was subsequently confirmed that PRTFDC1 could convert these two bases into their corresponding nucleoside monophosphate. However, the catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) of PRTFDC1 towards hypoxanthine and guanine was only 0.26% and 0.09%, respectively, of that of HPRT. This low activity could be explained by the fact that PRTFDC1 has a Gly in the position of the proposed catalytic Asp of HPRT. In PRTFDC1, a water molecule at the position of the aspartic acid side chain position in HPRT might be responsible for the low activity observed by acting as a weak base. The data obtained in the present study indicate that PRTFDC1 does not have a direct catalytic role in the nucleotide salvage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Welin
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gasperini S, Stagi S, Gasperini U, Guerrini R, la Marca G, Donati MA. Orange-colored diapers as first sign of Lesch-Nyhan disease in an asymptomatic infant. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:2373-4. [PMID: 20517618 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-010-1557-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Sekli-Belaidi F, Temple-Boyer P, Gros P. Voltammetric microsensor using PEDOT-modified gold electrode for the simultaneous assay of ascorbic and uric acids. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Increased uric acid levels in drug-naïve subjects with bipolar disorder during a first manic episode. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:819-21. [PMID: 20206224 PMCID: PMC3008668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that purinergic system dysfunction may play a role in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of bipolar disorder (BPD). Uric acid is a key nitrogenous end product of purine metabolism. In addition to being a potential marker of treatment response, high levels of uric acid may represent a state marker during mania. In this study, we assessed the presence of purinergic dysfunction in 20 treatment-naïve first episode patients with BPD who were experiencing a manic episode. Patients were matched with 24 healthy controls. We found that acutely manic patients had significantly higher levels of plasma uric acid (4.85+/-1.60 mg/dL) compared to healthy controls (2.96+/-0.63 mg/dL, p<0.001; F=28.1). No association between uric acid levels with severity of manic symptoms was observed. These results support the role of purinergic system dysfunction in BPD early in the course of illness, and suggest that this phenomenon is not the result of chronicity or medication exposure. Overall, our findings suggest a novel mechanism in the pathophysiology of BPD.
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