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Wang M, Li X, Wang C, Zou M, Yang J, Li XD, Guo B. Asymmetric and parallel subgenome selection co-shape common carp domestication. BMC Biol 2024; 22:4. [PMID: 38166816 PMCID: PMC10762839 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common carp (Cyprinus carpio) might best represent the domesticated allopolyploid animals. Although subgenome divergence which is well-known to be a key to allopolyploid domestication has been comprehensively characterized in common carps, the link between genetic architecture underlying agronomic traits and subgenome divergence is unknown in the selective breeding of common carps globally. RESULTS We utilized a comprehensive SNP dataset in 13 representative common carp strains worldwide to detect genome-wide genetic variations associated with scale reduction, vibrant skin color, and high growth rate in common carp domestication. We identified numerous novel candidate genes underlie the three agronomically most desirable traits in domesticated common carps, providing potential molecular targets for future genetic improvement in the selective breeding of common carps. We found that independently selective breeding of the same agronomic trait (e.g., fast growing) in common carp domestication could result from completely different genetic variations, indicating the potential advantage of allopolyploid in domestication. We observed that candidate genes associated with scale reduction, vibrant skin color, and/or high growth rate are repeatedly enriched in the immune system, suggesting that domestication of common carps was often accompanied by the disease resistance improvement. CONCLUSIONS In common carp domestication, asymmetric subgenome selection is prevalent, while parallel subgenome selection occurs in selective breeding of common carps. This observation is not due to asymmetric gene retention/loss between subgenomes but might be better explained by reduced pleiotropy through transposable element-mediated expression divergence between ohnologs. Our results demonstrate that domestication benefits from polyploidy not only in plants but also in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chongnv Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ming Zou
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, 443100, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Project for Conservation of Fishes, Institute of Chinese Sturgeon, China Three Gorges Corporation, Yichang, 443100, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Insect Pests and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Baocheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China.
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Liu Z, Jing C. Two- and three-dimensional sonographic findings of harlequin ichthyosis: case report and literature review. An Bras Dermatol 2023; 98:806-813. [PMID: 37355352 PMCID: PMC10589490 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a rare skin disorder with extremely high lethality due to a mutation of the ABCA12 gene. Because of its rarity and the often-late onset, prenatal screening for HI is extremely difficult, and most pregnant women might easily miss the period for optimal examinations. OBJECTIVE To summarize the sonographic features of HI for prenatal diagnostic purposes. METHODS The authors describe a case of HI with no family history who was diagnosed by using prenatal ultrasound scanning. The sonographic features of HI and the clinical characteristics of pregnant women were summarized by searching relevant literature over nearly two decades. RESULTS The unique sonographic presentations including peeling skin, clenched hands and clubfeet, ectropion, flat nose, fetal growth impairment, polyhydramnios and echogenic amniotic fluid may be primarily related to skin disorders in HI fetuses. The authors also identified a novel pathogenic ABCA12 gene mutation and explained the possible pathogenic mechanisms. STUDY LIMITATIONS Caution should be exercised in summarizing disease characteristics because of the small number of cases, and the authors are faced with the possibility of incomplete case searching. CONCLUSIONS HI has relatively unique sonographic features. Therefore, 2D-ultrasound combined with 3D-ultrasound may be an effective method for the prenatal diagnosis of HI. Moreover, a novel pathogenic ABCA12 gene mutation may provide important clues for future research on the etiology of HI. However, the authors consider that additional studies are needed to provide more evidence for prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesi Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Chunli Jing
- Department of Ultrasound of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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3
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Wang Y, Norum M, Oehl K, Yang Y, Zuber R, Yang J, Farine JP, Gehring N, Flötenmeyer M, Ferveur JF, Moussian B. Dysfunction of Oskyddad causes Harlequin-type ichthyosis-like defects in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008363. [PMID: 31929524 PMCID: PMC6980720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention of desiccation is a constant challenge for terrestrial organisms. Land insects have an extracellular coat, the cuticle, that plays a major role in protection against exaggerated water loss. Here, we report that the ABC transporter Oskyddad (Osy)-a human ABCA12 paralog-contributes to the waterproof barrier function of the cuticle in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We show that the reduction or elimination of Osy function provokes rapid desiccation. Osy is also involved in defining the inward barrier against xenobiotics penetration. Consistently, the amounts of cuticular hydrocarbons that are involved in cuticle impermeability decrease markedly when Osy activity is reduced. GFP-tagged Osy localises to membrane nano-protrusions within the cuticle, likely pore canals. This suggests that Osy is mediating the transport of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) through the pore canals to the cuticle surface. The envelope, which is the outermost cuticle layer constituting the main barrier, is unaffected in osy mutant larvae. This contrasts with the function of Snu, another ABC transporter needed for the construction of the cuticular inward and outward barriers, that nevertheless is implicated in CHC deposition. Hence, Osy and Snu have overlapping and independent roles to establish cuticular resistance against transpiration and xenobiotic penetration. The osy deficient phenotype parallels the phenotype of Harlequin ichthyosis caused by mutations in the human abca12 gene. Thus, it seems that the cellular and molecular mechanisms of lipid barrier assembly in the skin are conserved during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Michaela Norum
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Oehl
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yang Yang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Renata Zuber
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Applied Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jing Yang
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Farine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR-CNRS 6265, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Nicole Gehring
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Flötenmeyer
- Microscopy Unit, Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean-François Ferveur
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR-CNRS 6265, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Section Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Biology Valrose, CNRS, Inserm, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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4
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Tissue-Specific Transcriptomes Reveal Gene Expression Trajectories in Two Maturing Skin Epithelial Layers in Zebrafish Embryos. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3439-3452. [PMID: 31431477 PMCID: PMC6778804 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the building blocks of many organs, including skin. The vertebrate skin initially consists of two epithelial layers, the outer periderm and inner basal cell layers, which have distinct properties, functions, and fates. The embryonic periderm ultimately disappears during development, whereas basal cells proliferate to form the mature, stratified epidermis. Although much is known about mechanisms of homeostasis in mature skin, relatively little is known about the two cell types in pre-stratification skin. To define the similarities and distinctions between periderm and basal skin epithelial cells, we purified them from zebrafish at early development stages and deeply profiled their gene expression. These analyses identified groups of genes whose tissue enrichment changed at each stage, defining gene flow dynamics of maturing vertebrate epithelia. At each of 52 and 72 hr post-fertilization (hpf), more than 60% of genes enriched in skin cells were similarly expressed in both layers, indicating that they were common epithelial genes, but many others were enriched in one layer or the other. Both expected and novel genes were enriched in periderm and basal cell layers. Genes encoding extracellular matrix, junctional, cytoskeletal, and signaling proteins were prominent among those distinguishing the two epithelial cell types. In situ hybridization and BAC transgenes confirmed our expression data and provided new tools to study zebrafish skin. Collectively, these data provide a resource for studying common and distinguishing features of maturing epithelia.
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5
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Mastrodonato V, Beznoussenko G, Mironov A, Ferrari L, Deflorian G, Vaccari T. A genetic model of CEDNIK syndrome in zebrafish highlights the role of the SNARE protein Snap29 in neuromotor and epidermal development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1211. [PMID: 30718891 PMCID: PMC6361908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous mutations in SNAP29, encoding a SNARE protein mainly involved in membrane fusion, cause CEDNIK (Cerebral Dysgenesis, Neuropathy, Ichthyosis and Keratoderma), a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome associated with short life expectancy, whose pathogenesis is unclear. Here, we report the analysis of the first genetic model of CEDNIK in zebrafish. Strikingly, homozygous snap29 mutant larvae display CEDNIK-like features, such as microcephaly and skin defects. Consistent with Snap29 role in membrane fusion during autophagy, we observe accumulation of the autophagy markers p62 and LC3, and formation of aberrant multilamellar organelles and mitochondria. Importantly, we find high levels of apoptotic cell death during early development that might play a yet uncharacterized role in CEDNIK pathogenesis. Mutant larvae also display mouth opening problems, feeding impairment and swimming difficulties. These alterations correlate with defective trigeminal nerve formation and excess axonal branching. Since the paralog Snap25 is known to promote axonal branching, Snap29 might act in opposition with, or modulate Snap25 activity during neurodevelopment. Our vertebrate genetic model of CEDNIK extends the description in vivo of the multisystem defects due to loss of Snap29 and could provide the base to test compounds that might ameliorate traits of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Mastrodonato
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Galina Beznoussenko
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexandre Mironov
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrari
- IEO, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Deflorian
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy.
| | - Thomas Vaccari
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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6
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Imaging SNAP-29 in Drosophila. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30317520 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8760-3_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
SNAP-29 is expressed throughout the life cycle of fruit fly and exhibits wide tissue distribution patterns. Unlike other SNAP-25-like proteins (i.e., SNAP-25, SNAP-23/24, and SNAP-47) which primarily support exocytosis at the plasma membrane, SNAP-29 regulates various intracellular trafficking events, by partnering with proteins active in both exocytosis and endocytosis. Here we describe the protocol to localize SNAP-29 in early embryos, imaginal discs from third instar larva, and immortalized S2 cells via immunofluorescence microscopy.
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7
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Yamanishi H, Soma T, Kishimoto J, Hibino T, Ishida-Yamamoto A. Marked Changes in Lamellar Granule and Trans-Golgi Network Structure Occur during Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:352-359. [PMID: 30240698 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal lamellar granules transport various lipids, proteins, and protein inhibitors from the trans-Golgi network to the extracellular space, and play an important role in skin barrier formation. We elucidated the 3-dimensional structure of lamellar granules and the trans-Golgi network in normal human skin by focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. Reconstructed focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy 3-dimensional images revealed that the overall lamellar granule structure changed from vesicular to reticular within the second layer of the stratum granulosum. Furthermore, the trans-Golgi network was well developed within this layer and spread through the cytoplasm with branched, tubular structures that connected to lamellar granules. Our study reveals the unique overall 3-dimensional structure of lamellar granules and the trans-Golgi network within the cells of the epidermis, and provides the basis for an understanding of the skin barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsutomu Soma
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jiro Kishimoto
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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8
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Huang L, Yuan P, Yu P, Kong Q, Xu Z, Yan X, Shen Y, Yang J, Wan R, Hong K, Tang Y, Hu J. O-GlcNAc-modified SNAP29 inhibits autophagy-mediated degradation via the disturbed SNAP29-STX17-VAMP8 complex and exacerbates myocardial injury in type I diabetic rats. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3278-3290. [PMID: 30221662 PMCID: PMC6202107 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification and autophagy are associated with diabetic myocardial injury, however, the molecular mechanisms between the two processes remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the molecular regulation of autophagy by O-GlcNAc-modified synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (SNAP29) in diabetic myocardial injury. A rat model of type I diabetes was established via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg). Significant increases in the O-GlcNAc modification and accumulation of the autophagy markers microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3α II/I and P62, which suggest that autophagic flux is inhibited, were observed in rats 8 weeks following STZ induction. Subsequently, the selective O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, thiamet G, increased the level of O-GlcNAc modification, which further disrupted autophagic flux; deteriorated cardiac diastolic function, as indicated by an increased left ventricular filling peak velocity/atrial contraction flow peak velocity ratio shown by echocardiography; and exacerbated myocardial abnormalities, as characterized by cardiomyocyte disorganization and fat and interstitial fibrosis accumulation. By contrast, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, an inhibitor of glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase isomerizing 1, acted as an O-GlcNAc antagonist and reduced the level of O-GlcNAc modification, which maintained autophagic flux and improved cardiac diastolic function. In vitro, high glucose (25 mM) was used to stimulate primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Consistent with the myocardium of diabetic rats, it was also shown in the NRCMs that O-GlcNAc modification of SNAP29 negatively regulated autophagic flux. The application of the short hairpin RNA interference lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP2) and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine demonstrated that high glucose inhibited autophagy-mediated degradation rather than affected the initial stage of autophagy. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation was used to determine the role of the O-GlcNAc-modified substrate protein SNAP29, which acted as an SNAP29-syntaxin-17 (STX17)-vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) complex during disease progression. The present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to demonstrate that SNAP29 is an O-GlcNAc substrate and that an increase in O-GlcNAc-modified SNAP29 inhibits SNAP29-STX17-VAMP8 complex formation, thereby inhibiting the degradation of autophagy and exacerbating myocardial injury in type I diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qiling Kong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zixuan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yan
- The Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- The Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Juesheng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wan
- The Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhu Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Schiller SA, Seebode C, Wieser GL, Goebbels S, Ruhwedel T, Horowitz M, Rapaport D, Sarig O, Sprecher E, Emmert S. Non-keratinocyte SNAP29 influences epidermal differentiation and hair follicle formation in mice. Exp Dermatol 2018; 25:647-9. [PMID: 27095090 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stina A Schiller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christina Seebode
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg L Wieser
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mia Horowitz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Debora Rapaport
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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10
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Samuelov L, Li Q, Bochner R, Najor NA, Albrecht L, Malchin N, Goldsmith T, Grafi-Cohen M, Vodo D, Fainberg G, Meilik B, Goldberg I, Warshauer E, Rogers T, Edie S, Ishida-Yamamoto A, Burzenski L, Erez N, Murray SA, Irvine AD, Shultz L, Green KJ, Uitto J, Sprecher E, Sarig O. SVEP1 plays a crucial role in epidermal differentiation. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:423-430. [PMID: 27892606 PMCID: PMC5543306 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SVEP1 is a recently identified multidomain cell adhesion protein, homologous to the mouse polydom protein, which has been shown to mediate cell-cell adhesion in an integrin-dependent manner in osteogenic cells. In this study, we characterized SVEP1 function in the epidermis. SVEP1 was found by qRT-PCR to be ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including the skin. Confocal microscopy revealed that SVEP1 is normally mostly expressed in the cytoplasm of basal and suprabasal epidermal cells. Downregulation of SVEP1 expression in primary keratinocytes resulted in decreased expression of major epidermal differentiation markers. Similarly, SVEP1 downregulation was associated with disturbed differentiation and marked epidermal acanthosis in three-dimensional skin equivalents. In contrast, the dispase assay failed to demonstrate significant differences in adhesion between keratinocytes expressing normal vs low levels of SVEP1. Homozygous Svep1 knockout mice were embryonic lethal. Thus, to assess the importance of SVEP1 for normal skin homoeostasis in vivo, we downregulated SVEP1 in zebrafish embryos with a Svep1-specific splice morpholino. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a rugged epidermis with perturbed microridge formation in the centre of the keratinocytes of morphant larvae. Transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated abnormal epidermal cell-cell adhesion with disadhesion between cells in Svep1-deficient morphant larvae compared to controls. In summary, our results indicate that SVEP1 plays a critical role during epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Samuelov
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ron Bochner
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicole A Najor
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren Albrecht
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Natalia Malchin
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tomer Goldsmith
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Meital Grafi-Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Vodo
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gilad Fainberg
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Benjamin Meilik
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Goldberg
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Emily Warshauer
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tova Rogers
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sarah Edie
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | | | | | - Noam Erez
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Alan D Irvine
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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The Molecular Revolution in Cutaneous Biology: Emerging Landscape in Genomic Dermatology: New Mechanistic Ideas, Gene Editing, and Therapeutic Breakthroughs. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:e123-e129. [PMID: 28411843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Stunning technological advances in genomics have led to spectacular breakthroughs in the understanding of the underlying defects, biological pathways and therapeutic targets of skin diseases leading to new therapeutic interventions. Next-generation sequencing has revolutionized the identification of disease-causing genes and has a profound impact in deciphering gene and protein signatures in rare and frequent skin diseases. Gene addition strategies have shown efficacy in junctional EB and in recessive dystrophic EB (RDEB). TALENs and Cripsr/Cas9 have emerged as highly efficient new tools to edit genomic sequences to creat new models and to correct or disrupt mutated genes to treat human diseases. Therapeutic approaches have not been limited to DNA modification and strategies at the mRNA, protein and cellular levels have also emerged, some of which have already proven clinical efficacy in RDEB. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of skin disorders has led to the development of specific drugs or repurposing of existing medicines as in basal cell nevus syndrome, alopecia areata, melanoma and EB simplex. These discoveries pave the way for improved targeted personalized medicine for rare and frequent diseases. It is likely that a growing number of orphan skin diseases will benefit from combinatory new therapies in a near future.
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Saral S, Vural A, Wollenberg A, Ruzicka T. A practical approach to ichthyoses with systemic manifestations. Clin Genet 2016; 91:799-812. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Saral
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Ankara University; Ankara Turkey
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Ludwig-Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - A. Vural
- Department of Neurology; Hacettepe University; Ankara Turkey
| | - A. Wollenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Ludwig-Maximilian University; Munich Germany
| | - T. Ruzicka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Ludwig-Maximilian University; Munich Germany
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Eisenhoffer GT, Slattum G, Ruiz OE, Otsuna H, Bryan CD, Lopez J, Wagner DS, Bonkowsky JL, Chien CB, Dorsky RI, Rosenblatt J. A toolbox to study epidermal cell types in zebrafish. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:269-277. [PMID: 27149923 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia provide a crucial protective barrier for our organs and are also the sites where the majority of carcinomas form. Most studies on epithelia and carcinomas use cell culture or organisms where high-resolution live imaging is inaccessible without invasive techniques. Here, we introduce the developing zebrafish epidermis as an excellent in vivo model system for studying a living epithelium. We developed tools to fluorescently tag specific epithelial cell types and express genes in a mosaic fashion using five Gal4 lines identified from an enhancer trap screen. When crossed to a variety of UAS effector lines, we can now track, ablate or monitor single cells at sub-cellular resolution. Using photo-cleavable morpholino oligonucleotides that target gal4, we can also express genes in a mosaic fashion at specific times during development. Together, this system provides an excellent in vivo alternative to tissue culture cells, without the intrinsic concerns of culture conditions or transformation, and enables the investigation of distinct cell types within living epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- George T Eisenhoffer
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1010, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Gloria Slattum
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Oscar E Ruiz
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 1010, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Hideo Otsuna
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, 320 BPRB, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chase D Bryan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Justin Lopez
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, W100 George R. Brown Hall, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Daniel S Wagner
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, W100 George R. Brown Hall, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | - Joshua L Bonkowsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, 320 BPRB, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Chi-Bin Chien
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, 320 BPRB, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Richard I Dorsky
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, 320 BPRB, 20 South 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jody Rosenblatt
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Schiller SA, Seebode C, Wieser GL, Goebbels S, Möbius W, Horowitz M, Sarig O, Sprecher E, Emmert S. Establishment of Two Mouse Models for CEDNIK Syndrome Reveals the Pivotal Role of SNAP29 in Epidermal Differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 136:672-679. [PMID: 26747696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (SNAP29) gene cause the cerebral dysgenesis, neuropathy, ichthyosis, and keratoderma syndrome. In this study, we created total (Snap29(-/-)) as well as keratinocyte-specific (Snap29(fl/fl)/K14-Cre) Snap29 knockout mice. Both mutant mice exhibited a congenital distinct ichthyotic phenotype resulting in neonatal lethality. Mutant mice revealed acanthosis and hyperkeratosis as well as abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and increased proliferation. In addition, the epidermal barrier was severely impaired. These results indicate an essential role of SNAP29 in epidermal differentiation and barrier formation. Markedly decreased deposition of lamellar body contents in mutant mice epidermis and the observation of malformed lamellar bodies indicate severe impairments in lamellar body function due to the Snap29 knockout. We also found increased microtubule associated protein-1 light chain 3, isoform B-II levels, unchanged p62/SQSTM1 protein amounts, and strong induction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker C/EBP homologous protein in mutant mice. This emphasizes a role of SNAP29 in autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our murine models serve as powerful tools for investigating keratinocyte differentiation processes and provide insights into the essential contribution of SNAP29 to epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina A Schiller
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christina Seebode
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Georg L Wieser
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mia Horowitz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Sarig
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Sprecher
- Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany; Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Lam PY, Mangos S, Green JM, Reiser J, Huttenlocher A. In vivo imaging and characterization of actin microridges. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115639. [PMID: 25629723 PMCID: PMC4309568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin microridges form labyrinth like patterns on superficial epithelial cells across animal species. This highly organized assembly has been implicated in mucus retention and in the mechanical structure of mucosal surfaces, however the mechanisms that regulate actin microridges remain largely unknown. Here we characterize the composition and dynamics of actin microridges on the surface of zebrafish larvae using live imaging. Microridges contain phospho-tyrosine, cortactin and VASP, but not focal adhesion kinase. Time-lapse imaging reveals dynamic changes in the length and branching of microridges in intact animals. Transient perturbation of the microridge pattern occurs before cell division with rapid re-assembly during and after cytokinesis. Microridge assembly is maintained with constitutive activation of Rho or inhibition of myosin II activity. However, expression of dominant negative RhoA or Rac alters microridge organization, with an increase in distance between microridges. Latrunculin A treatment and photoconversion experiments suggest that the F-actin filaments are actively treadmilling in microridges. Accordingly, inhibition of Arp2/3 or PI3K signaling impairs microridge structure and length. Taken together, actin microridges in zebrafish represent a tractable in vivo model to probe pattern formation and dissect Arp2/3-mediated actin dynamics in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-ying Lam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Steve Mangos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Julie M. Green
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Discovery in genetic skin disease: the impact of high throughput genetic technologies. Genes (Basel) 2014; 5:615-34. [PMID: 25093584 PMCID: PMC4198921 DOI: 10.3390/genes5030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen considerable advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of skin disease, as a consequence of high throughput sequencing technologies including next generation sequencing and whole exome sequencing. We have now determined the genes underlying several monogenic diseases, such as harlequin ichthyosis, Olmsted syndrome, and exfoliative ichthyosis, which have provided unique insights into the structure and function of the skin. In addition, through genome wide association studies we now have an understanding of how low penetrance variants contribute to inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, and how they contribute to underlying pathophysiological disease processes. In this review we discuss strategies used to unravel the genes underlying both monogenic and complex trait skin diseases in the last 10 years and the implications on mechanistic studies, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
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Colonna V, Ayub Q, Chen Y, Pagani L, Luisi P, Pybus M, Garrison E, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C, Abecasis GR, Auton A, Brooks LD, DePristo MA, Durbin RM, Handsaker RE, Kang HM, Marth GT, McVean GA. Human genomic regions with exceptionally high levels of population differentiation identified from 911 whole-genome sequences. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R88. [PMID: 24980144 PMCID: PMC4197830 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-6-r88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population differentiation has proved to be effective for identifying loci under geographically localized positive selection, and has the potential to identify loci subject to balancing selection. We have previously investigated the pattern of genetic differentiation among human populations at 36.8 million genomic variants to identify sites in the genome showing high frequency differences. Here, we extend this dataset to include additional variants, survey sites with low levels of differentiation, and evaluate the extent to which highly differentiated sites are likely to result from selective or other processes. RESULTS We demonstrate that while sites with low differentiation represent sampling effects rather than balancing selection, sites showing extremely high population differentiation are enriched for positive selection events and that one half may be the result of classic selective sweeps. Among these, we rediscover known examples, where we actually identify the established functional SNP, and discover novel examples including the genes ABCA12, CALD1 and ZNF804, which we speculate may be linked to adaptations in skin, calcium metabolism and defense, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We identify known and many novel candidate regions for geographically restricted positive selection, and suggest several directions for further research.
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Morelli E, Ginefra P, Mastrodonato V, Beznoussenko GV, Rusten TE, Bilder D, Stenmark H, Mironov AA, Vaccari T. Multiple functions of the SNARE protein Snap29 in autophagy, endocytic, and exocytic trafficking during epithelial formation in Drosophila. Autophagy 2014; 10:2251-68. [PMID: 25551675 PMCID: PMC4502674 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.981913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How autophagic degradation is linked to endosomal trafficking routes is little known. Here we screened a collection of uncharacterized Drosophila mutants affecting membrane transport to identify new genes that also have a role in autophagy. We isolated a loss of function mutant in Snap29 (Synaptosomal-associated protein 29 kDa), the gene encoding the Drosophila homolog of the human protein SNAP29 and have characterized its function in vivo. Snap29 contains 2 soluble NSF attachment protein receptor (SNARE) domains and a asparagine-proline-phenylalanine (NPF motif) at its N terminus and rescue experiments indicate that both SNARE domains are required for function, whereas the NPF motif is in part dispensable. We find that Snap29 interacts with SNARE proteins, localizes to multiple trafficking organelles, and is required for protein trafficking and for proper Golgi apparatus morphology. Developing tissue lacking Snap29 displays distinctive epithelial architecture defects and accumulates large amounts of autophagosomes, highlighting a major role of Snap29 in autophagy and secretion. Mutants for autophagy genes do not display epithelial architecture or secretion defects, suggesting that the these alterations of the Snap29 mutant are unlikely to be caused by the impairment of autophagy. In contrast, we find evidence of elevated levels of hop-Stat92E (hopscotch-signal transducer and activator of transcription protein at 92E) ligand, receptor, and associated signaling, which might underlie the epithelial defects. In summary, our findings support a role of Snap29 at key steps of membrane trafficking, and predict that signaling defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of cerebral dysgenesis, neuropathy, ichthyosis, and palmoplantar keratoderma (CEDNIK), a human congenital syndrome due to loss of Snap29.
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Key Words
- Atg, autophagy-related
- CEDNIK, cerebral dysgenesis, neuropathy, ichthyosis, and palmoplantar keratoderma
- CFP, cyan fluorescent protein
- E(spl)mβ-HLH, enhancer of split mβ, helix-loop-helix
- EM, electron microscopy
- ESCRT, endosomal sorting complex required for transport
- FE, follicular epithelium
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- MENE, mutant eye no eclosion
- MVB, multivesicular body
- N, Notch
- NECD, N extracellular domain
- NPF, asparagine-proline-phenylalanine
- Notch
- SNARE
- SNARE, soluble NSF attachment protein receptor
- Snap29
- Snap29, synaptosomal-associated protein 29 kDa
- Socs36E, suppressor of cytokine signaling at 36E
- Syb, Synaptobrevin
- Syx, syntaxin
- V-ATPase, vacuolar H+-ATPase
- Vamp, vesicle-associated membrane protein
- Vps25, vacuolar protein sorting 25
- WT, wild type
- autophagy
- dome
- dome, domeless
- histone H3, His3
- hop-Stat92E, hopscotch-signal transducer and activator of transcription protein at 92E
- os, outstretched
- ref(2)P, refractory to sigma P
- trafficking
- usnp
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morelli
- IFOM - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; University of California; Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine; Oslo University Hospital; Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Vaccari
- IFOM - The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology; Milan, Italy
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Ceramide synthesis in the epidermis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:422-34. [PMID: 23988654 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis and in particular its outermost layer the stratum corneum provides terrestrial vertebrates with a pivotal defensive barrier against water loss, xenobiotics and harmful pathogens. A vital demand for this epidermal permeability barrier is the lipid-enriched lamellar matrix that embeds the enucleated corneocytes. Ceramides are the major components of these highly ordered intercellular lamellar structures, in which linoleic acid- and protein-esterified ceramides are crucial for structuring and maintaining skin barrier integrity. In this review, we describe the fascinating diversity of epidermal ceramides including 1-O-acylceramides. We focus on epidermal ceramide biosynthesis emphasizing its metabolic and topological requirements and discuss enzymes that may be involved in α- and ω-hydroxylation. Finally, we turn to epidermal ceramide regulation, highlighting transcription factors and liposensors recently described to play crucial roles in modulating skin lipid metabolism and epidermal barrier homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier.
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Akiyama M. The roles of ABCA12 in epidermal lipid barrier formation and keratinocyte differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:435-40. [PMID: 23954554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters form a large superfamily of transporters that bind and hydrolyze ATP to transport various molecules across limiting membranes or into vesicles. The ABCA subfamily members are thought to transport lipid materials. ABCA12 is a keratinocyte transmembrane lipid transporter protein associated with the transport of lipids via lamellar granules. ABCA12 is considered to transport lipids including ceramides to form extracellular lipid layers in the stratum corneum of the epidermis, which is essential for skin barrier function. ABCA12 mutations are known to underlie the three major types of autosomal recessive congenital ichthyoses: harlequin ichthyosis, lamellar ichthyosis and congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma. ABCA12 mutations result in defective lipid transport via lamellar granules in the keratinocytes, leading to ichthyosis phenotypes from malformation of the stratum corneum lipid barrier. Studies on ABCA12-deficient bioengineered models have revealed that lipid transport by ABCA12 is required for keratinocyte differentiation and epidermal morphogenesis. Defective lipid transport due to loss of ABCA12 function leads to the accumulation of intracellular lipids, including glucosylceramides and gangliosides, in the epidermal keratinocytes. The accumulation of gangliosides seems to result in the apoptosis of Abca12(-/-) keratinocytes. It was reported that AKT activation occurs in Abca12(-/-) granular-layer keratinocytes, which suggests that AKT activation serves to prevent the cell death of Abca12(-/-) keratinocytes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled The Important Role of Lipids in the Epidermis and their Role in the Formation and Maintenance of the Cutaneous Barrier. Guest Editors: Kenneth R. Feingold and Peter Elias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Akiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho 65, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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Abstract
Heritable skin diseases represent a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations due to mutations in ∼500 different genes. A number of model systems have been developed to advance our understanding of the pathomechanisms of genodermatoses. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a freshwater vertebrate, has a well-characterized genome, the expression of which can be easily manipulated. The larvae develop rapidly, with all major organs having largely developed by 5-6 days post-fertilization, including the skin which consists at that stage of the epidermis comprising two cell layers and separated from the dermal collagenous matrix by a basement membrane zone. Here, we describe the use of morpholino-based antisense oligonucleotides to knockdown the expression of specific genes in zebrafish and to examine the consequent knockdown efficiency and skin phenotypes. Zebrafish can provide a useful model system to study heritable skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Li
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Harlequin ichthyosis: ABCA12 mutations underlie defective lipid transport, reduced protease regulation and skin-barrier dysfunction. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:281-8. [PMID: 22864982 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a devastating autosomal recessive congenital skin disease. It has been vital to elucidate the biological importance of the protein ABCA12 in skin-barrier permeability, following the discovery that ABCA12 gene mutations can result in this rare disease. ATP-binding cassette transporter A12 (ABCA12) is a member of the subfamily of ATP-binding cassette transporters and functions to transport lipid glucosylceramides (GlcCer) to the extracellular space through lamellar granules (LGs). GlcCer are hydrolysed into hydroxyceramides extracellularly and constitute a portion of the extracellular lamellar membrane, lipid envelope and lamellar granules. In HI skin, loss of function of ABCA12 due to null mutations results in impaired lipid lamellar membrane formation in the cornified layer, leading to defective permeability of the skin barrier. In addition, abnormal lamellar granule formation (distorted shape, reduced in number or absent) could further cause aberrant production of LG-associated desquamation enzymes, which are likely to contribute to the impaired skin barrier in HI. This article reviews current opinions on the patho-mechanisms of ABCA12 action in HI and potential therapeutic interventions based on targeted molecular therapy and gene therapy strategies.
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