1
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Alotaibi Q, Dighe M, Aldaihani S. The clinical features of OSTM1-associated malignant infantile osteopetrosis: A retrospective, single-center experience over one decade. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:459-468. [PMID: 36369659 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in OSTM1 give rise to the rarest and most lethal subtype of malignant infantile osteopetrosis (MIOP), and an improved understanding of OSTM1-associated MIOP would help with informed decision-making regarding symptom management and early palliative care referral. This retrospective study describes the clinical and laboratory features of patients with a genetic diagnosis of OSTM1 MIOP made between January 2011 and December 2021 in the Department of Pediatrics, Al-Adan Hospital, Kuwait. Twenty-two children had confirmed homozygous deletion in OSTM1 (13 females, nine males). Consanguinity was reported in almost all parents. 72.7% were diagnosed before the age of two months, most commonly incidentally with a high clinical suspicion. All 22 patients developed upper respiratory symptoms, hepatosplenomegaly, poor feeding, and had severe developmental delay. 80% of patients developed pain and/or irritability, and 40.9% were diagnosed with primary seizures. Bone fractures developed in 27% of patients, most likely iatrogenic, and some patients had hernia and gum abnormalities. The mean survival was 10.9 months. The clinical presentation, symptomatology, and mortality of our cohort were compared with other cases of OSTM1 MIOP identified through a comperhensive search of the PubMed database. The findings conclude that OSTM1 MIOP is a multi-systemic disease with distinct clinical features, of which neurological complications are the most severe and include nociplastic pain and irritability. Although orthopedic complications influence the trajectory of most patients with other forms of osteopetrosis, OSTM1 MIOP is driven by its neurological complications. Hence, OSTM1 should be regarded as a neurodegenerative disease with osteopetrosis as a comorbidity that warrants early palliative care referral.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manjiri Dighe
- Pediatric Department, Aladan Hospital, Al-Masayel, Kuwait
| | - Saad Aldaihani
- Pediatric Department, Aladan Hospital, Al-Masayel, Kuwait
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2
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Leray X, Hilton JK, Nwangwu K, Becerril A, Mikusevic V, Fitzgerald G, Amin A, Weston MR, Mindell JA. Tonic inhibition of the chloride/proton antiporter ClC-7 by PI(3,5)P2 is crucial for lysosomal pH maintenance. eLife 2022; 11:74136. [PMID: 35670560 PMCID: PMC9242644 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic luminal pH of lysosomes, maintained within a narrow range, is essential for proper degrative function of the organelle and is generated by the action of a V-type H+ ATPase, but other pathways for ion movement are required to dissipate the voltage generated by this process. ClC-7, a Cl-/H+ antiporter responsible for lysosomal Cl- permeability, is a candidate to contribute to the acidification process as part of this ‘counterion pathway’ The signaling lipid PI(3,5)P2 modulates lysosomal dynamics, including by regulating lysosomal ion channels, raising the possibility that it could contribute to lysosomal pH regulation. Here, we demonstrate that depleting PI(3,5)P2 by inhibiting the kinase PIKfyve causes lysosomal hyperacidification, primarily via an effect on ClC-7. We further show that PI(3,5)P2 directly inhibits ClC-7 transport and that this inhibition is eliminated in a disease-causing gain-of-function ClC-7 mutation. Together, these observations suggest an intimate role for ClC-7 in lysosomal pH regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Leray
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Jacob K Hilton
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Kamsi Nwangwu
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Alissa Becerril
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Vedrana Mikusevic
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Gabriel Fitzgerald
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Anowarul Amin
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Mary R Weston
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
| | - Joseph A Mindell
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
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3
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The Role of the Lysosomal Cl−/H+ Antiporter ClC-7 in Osteopetrosis and Neurodegeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030366. [PMID: 35159175 PMCID: PMC8833911 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC proteins comprise Cl− channels and anion/H+ antiporters involved in several fundamental physiological processes. ClC-7 is a lysosomal Cl−/H+ antiporter that together with its beta subunit Ostm1 has a critical role in the ionic homeostasis of lysosomes and of the osteoclasts’ resorption lacuna, although the specific underlying mechanism has so far remained elusive. Mutations in ClC-7 cause osteopetrosis, but also a form of lysosomal storage disease and neurodegeneration. Interestingly, both loss-of- and gain-of-function mutations of ClC-7 can be pathogenic, but the mechanistic implications of this finding are still unclear. This review will focus on the recent advances in our understanding of the biophysical properties of ClC-7 and of its role in human diseases with a focus on osteopetrosis and neurodegeneration.
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4
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Tang J, Shen X, Yang Y, Yang H, Qi A, Yang S, Qu K, Lan X, Huang B, Chen H. Two Different Copy Number Variations of the CLCN2 Gene in Chinese Cattle and Their Association with Growth Traits. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010041. [PMID: 35011147 PMCID: PMC8749635 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) can affect gene function and even individual phenotypic traits by changing the transcription and translation level of related genes, and it also plays an important role in species evolution. Chloride voltage-gated channel 2 (CLCN2) encodes a voltage-gated chloride channel (CLC-2), which has a wide organ distribution and is ubiquitously expressed. Based on previous studies, we hypothesize that CLCN2 could be a candidate gene involved in cell volume regulation, transepithelial transport and cell proliferation. This study aimed to explore CNVs in the CLCN2 gene and investigate its association with growth traits in four Chinese cattle breeds (Yunling cattle, Xianan cattle, Qinchuan cattle and Pinan cattle). We identified there are two copy number variation regions (CNV1: 3600 bp, including exon 2-11; CNV2: 4800 bp, including exon 21-22) of the CLCN2 gene. The statistical analysis showed that the CNV1 mutation in the YL cattle population was significantly associated with cannon circumference (p < 0.01). The CNV2 mutation in the XN cattle population had a significant effect on body slanting length, chest girth and body weight (p < 0.05). In the YL cattle, the association analysis of CLCN2 gene CNV1 and CNV2 combination with cannon circumference was significant (p < 0.01). Our results provide evidence that CNV1 and CNV2 in CLCN2 are associated with growth traits in two different cattle populations and could be used as candidate markers for cattle molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.T.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (S.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuemei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.T.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (S.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.T.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (S.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.T.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (S.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Ao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.T.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (S.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Shuling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.T.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (S.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Kaixing Qu
- Academy of Science and Technology, Chuxiong Normal University, Chuxiong 675000, China;
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.T.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (S.Y.); (X.L.)
| | - Bizhi Huang
- Yunnan Academy of Grassland and Animal Science, Kunming 650212, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (B.H.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (J.T.); (X.S.); (Y.Y.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (S.Y.); (X.L.)
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (B.H.)
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5
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He H, Guzman RE, Cao D, Sierra-Marquez J, Yin F, Fahlke C, Peng J, Stauber T. The molecular and phenotypic spectrum of CLCN4-related epilepsy. Epilepsia 2021; 62:1401-1415. [PMID: 33951195 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to expand the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of CLCN4-related epilepsy and to investigate genotype-phenotype correlations. METHODS We systematically reviewed the phenotypic and genetic spectrum of newly diagnosed and previously reported patients with CLCN4-related epilepsy. Three novel variants identified in four patients reported in this study were evaluated through in silico prediction and functional analysis by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and electrophysiological measurements. RESULTS Epilepsy was diagnosed in 54.55% (24/44) of individuals with CLCN4-related disorders and was drug-resistant in most cases. Of 24 patients, 15 had epileptic encephalopathy and four died at an early age; 69.57% of patients had seizure onset within the first year of life. Myoclonic seizures are the most common seizure type, and 56.25% of patients presented multiple seizure types. Notably, seizure outcome was favorable in individuals with only one seizure type. All patients showed intellectual disability, which was severe in 65.22% of patients. Additional common features included language delay, behavioral disorders, and dysmorphic features. Five patients benefitted from treatment with lamotrigine. Most variants, which were mainly missense (79.17%), were inherited (70.83%). Whereas frameshift, intragenic deletion, or inherited variants were associated with milder phenotypes, missense or de novo variants led to more severe phenotypes. All evaluated CLCN4 variants resulted in loss of function with reduced ClC-4 currents. Nonetheless, genotype-phenotype relationships for CLCN4-related epilepsy are not straightforward, as phenotypic variability was observed in recurrent variants and within single families. SIGNIFICANCE Pathogenic CLCN4 variants contribute significantly to the genetic etiology of epilepsy. The phenotypic spectrum of CLCN4-related epilepsy includes drug-resistant seizures, cognitive and language impairment, behavioral disorders, and congenital anomalies. Notably, the mutation type and the number of seizure types correlate with the severity of the phenotype, suggesting its use for clinical prognosis. Lamotrigine can be considered a therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Raul E Guzman
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molecular and Cell Physiology, Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dezhi Cao
- Neurology Department, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Sierra-Marquez
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molecular and Cell Physiology, Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Christoph Fahlke
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-1), Molecular and Cell Physiology, Jülich Research Center, Jülich, Germany
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin Free University, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Human Medicine and Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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6
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Jacinto JG, Bolcato M, Sheahan BJ, Muscatello LV, Gentile A, Avallone G, Benazzi C. Congenital Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions in Calves: a Review. J Comp Pathol 2021; 184:84-94. [PMID: 33894884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital tumours and tumour-like lesions represent a group of rare disorders in both veterinary and human medicine that arise from tissue remnants and are detected during pregnancy or within the first 2-3 months of life. Different forms of congenital tumours and congenital tumour-like lesions have been reported in calves and their development is poorly understood. They often pose a diagnostic challenge and the referring nomenclature occasionally may be equivocal. Previous reports regarding tumour-like lesions, soft tissue tumours, vascular tumours, round cell tumours and neoplasms of the nervous, peritoneum and urogenital systems are summarized in this review, and the role of genetic factors in the development of these conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gp Jacinto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Marilena Bolcato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Luisa V Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy.
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Benazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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7
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Di Zanni E, Palagano E, Lagostena L, Strina D, Rehman A, Abinun M, De Somer L, Martire B, Brown J, Kariminejad A, Balasubramaniam S, Baynam G, Gurrieri F, Pisanti MA, De Maggio I, Abboud MR, Chiesa R, Burren CP, Villa A, Sobacchi C, Picollo A. Pathobiologic Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Osteopetrosis Derived From Structural and Functional Analysis of 14 ClC-7 Mutants. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:531-545. [PMID: 33125761 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ClC-7 is a chloride-proton antiporter of the CLC protein family. In complex with its accessory protein Ostm-1, ClC-7 localizes to lysosomes and to the osteoclasts' ruffled border, where it plays a critical role in acidifying the resorption lacuna during bone resorption. Gene inactivation in mice causes severe osteopetrosis, neurodegeneration, and lysosomal storage disease. Mutations in the human CLCN7 gene are associated with diverse forms of osteopetrosis. The functional evaluation of ClC-7 variants might be informative with respect to their pathogenicity, but the cellular localization of the protein hampers this analysis. Here we investigated the functional effects of 13 CLCN7 mutations identified in 13 new patients with severe or mild osteopetrosis and a known ADO2 mutation. We mapped the mutated amino acid residues in the homology model of ClC-7 protein, assessed the lysosomal colocalization of ClC-7 mutants and Ostm1 through confocal microscopy, and performed patch-clamp recordings on plasma-membrane-targeted mutant ClC-7. Finally, we analyzed these results together with the patients' clinical features and suggested a correlation between the lack of ClC-7/Ostm1 in lysosomes and severe neurodegeneration. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Di Zanni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica (CNR-IBF), Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Palagano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Laura Lagostena
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica (CNR-IBF), Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory, Genoa, Italy
| | - Dario Strina
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Asma Rehman
- UMB Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mario Abinun
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lien De Somer
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Justin Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Children's Hospital, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Shanti Balasubramaniam
- Department of Metabolic Medicine and Rheumatology, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, Australia.,Genetic Services of Western Australia, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute and Division of Pediatrics, School of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Notre Dame University, Fremantle, Australia
| | | | - Maria A Pisanti
- Medical Genetics Unit, "Antonio Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria De Maggio
- Medical Genetics Unit, "Antonio Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Miguel R Abboud
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Robert Chiesa
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Christine P Burren
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK.,Bristol Medical School, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Anna Villa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy.,San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy SR-Tiget, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Picollo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biofisica (CNR-IBF), Dulbecco Telethon Laboratory, Genoa, Italy
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8
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Bose S, He H, Stauber T. Neurodegeneration Upon Dysfunction of Endosomal/Lysosomal CLC Chloride Transporters. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:639231. [PMID: 33708769 PMCID: PMC7940362 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.639231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of luminal ion concentrations is critical for the function of, and transport between intracellular organelles. The importance of the acidic pH in the compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway has been well-known for decades. Besides the V-ATPase, which pumps protons into their lumen, a variety of ion transporters and channels is involved in the regulation of the organelles' complex ion homeostasis. Amongst these are the intracellular members of the CLC family, ClC-3 through ClC-7. They localize to distinct but overlapping compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, partially with tissue-specific expression. Functioning as 2Cl−/H+ exchangers, they can support the vesicular acidification and accumulate luminal Cl−. Mutations in the encoding genes in patients and mouse models underlie severe phenotypes including kidney stones with CLCN5 and osteopetrosis or hypopigmentation with CLCN7. Dysfunction of those intracellular CLCs that are expressed in neurons lead to neuronal defects. Loss of endosomal ClC-3, which heteromerizes with ClC-4, results in neurodegeneration. Mutations in ClC-4 are associated with epileptic encephalopathy and intellectual disability. Mice lacking the late endosomal ClC-6 develop a lysosomal storage disease with reduced pain sensitivity. Human gene variants have been associated with epilepsy, and a gain-of-function mutation causes early-onset neurodegeneration. Dysfunction of the lysosomal ClC-7 leads to a lysosomal storage disease and neurodegeneration in mice and humans. Reduced luminal chloride, as well as altered calcium regulation, has been associated with lysosomal storage diseases in general. This review discusses the properties of endosomal and lysosomal Cl−/H+ exchange by CLCs and how various alterations of ion transport by CLCs impact organellar ion homeostasis and function in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shroddha Bose
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hailan He
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Human Medicine and Institute for Molecular Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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9
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He H, Cao X, Yin F, Wu T, Stauber T, Peng J. West Syndrome Caused By a Chloride/Proton Exchange-Uncoupling CLCN6 Mutation Related to Autophagic-Lysosomal Dysfunction. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2990-2999. [PMID: 33590434 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular chloride/proton exchangers of the CLC family are critically involved in the function of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. Their dysfunction leads to severe disorders including intellectual disability and epilepsy for ClC-4, Dent's disease for ClC-5, and lysosomal storage disease and osteopetrosis for ClC-7. Here, we report a de novo variant p.Glu200Ala (p.E200A; c.599A>C) of the late endosomal ClC-6, encoded by CLCN6, in a patient with West syndrome (WS), severe developmental delay, autism, movement disorder, microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, and visual impairment. Mutation of this conserved glutamate uncouples chloride transport from proton antiport by ClC-6. This affects organellar ion homeostasis and was shown to be deleterious for other CLCs. In this study, we found that upon heterologous expression, the ClC-6 E200A variant caused autophagosome accumulation and impaired the clearance of autophagosomes by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Our study provides clinical and functional support for an association between CLCN6 variants and WS. Our findings also provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of WS, suggesting an involvement of autophagic-lysosomal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan He
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Tenghui Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Medicine and Department of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Xiangya Road 87, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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10
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Mandibulofacial Dysostosis Attributed to a Recessive Mutation of CYP26C1 in Hereford Cattle. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111246. [PMID: 33105751 PMCID: PMC7690606 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In spring 2020, six Hereford calves presented with congenital facial deformities attributed to a condition we termed mandibulofacial dysostosis (MD). Affected calves shared hallmark features of a variably shortened and/or asymmetric lower mandible and bilateral skin tags present 2–10 cm caudal to the commissure of the lips. Pedigree analysis revealed a single common ancestor shared by the sire and dam of each affected calf. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of 20 animals led to the discovery of a variant (Chr26 g. 14404993T>C) in Exon 3 of CYP26C1 associated with MD. This missense mutation (p.L188P), is located in an α helix of the protein, which the identified amino acid substitution is predicted to break. The implication of this mutation was further validated through genotyping 2 additional affected calves, 760 other Herefords, and by evaluation of available WGS data from over 2500 other individuals. Only the affected individuals were homozygous for the variant and all heterozygotes had at least one pedigree tie to the suspect founder. CYP26C1 plays a vital role in tissue-specific regulation of retinoic acid (RA) during embryonic development. Dysregulation of RA can result in teratogenesis by altering the endothelin-1 signaling pathway affecting the expression of Dlx genes, critical to mandibulofacial development. We postulate that this recessive missense mutation in CYP26C1 impacts the catalytic activity of the encoded enzyme, leading to excess RA resulting in the observed MD phenotype.
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11
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Schrecker M, Korobenko J, Hite RK. Cryo-EM structure of the lysosomal chloride-proton exchanger CLC-7 in complex with OSTM1. eLife 2020; 9:e59555. [PMID: 32749217 PMCID: PMC7440919 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloride-proton exchanger CLC-7 plays critical roles in lysosomal homeostasis and bone regeneration and its mutation can lead to osteopetrosis, lysosomal storage disease and neurological disorders. In lysosomes and the ruffled border of osteoclasts, CLC-7 requires a β-subunit, OSTM1, for stability and activity. Here, we present electron cryomicroscopy structures of CLC-7 in occluded states by itself and in complex with OSTM1, determined at resolutions up to 2.8 Å. In the complex, the luminal surface of CLC-7 is entirely covered by a dimer of the heavily glycosylated and disulfide-bonded OSTM1, which serves to protect CLC-7 from the degradative environment of the lysosomal lumen. OSTM1 binding does not induce large-scale rearrangements of CLC-7, but does have minor effects on the conformation of the ion-conduction pathway, potentially contributing to its regulatory role. These studies provide insights into the role of OSTM1 and serve as a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of CLC-7 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Schrecker
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Julia Korobenko
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Richard K Hite
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
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12
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang B, Zhou J, Li T, Liu Z, Li Y, Yang M. Molecular insights into the human CLC-7/Ostm1 transporter. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb4747. [PMID: 32851177 PMCID: PMC7423370 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
CLC family proteins translocate chloride ions across cell membranes to maintain the membrane potential, regulate the transepithelial Cl- transport, and control the intravesicular pH among different organelles. CLC-7/Ostm1 is an electrogenic Cl-/H+ antiporter that mainly resides in lysosomes and osteoclast ruffled membranes. Mutations in human CLC-7/Ostm1 lead to lysosomal storage disorders and severe osteopetrosis. Here, we present the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human CLC-7/Ostm1 complex and reveal that the highly glycosylated Ostm1 functions like a lid positioned above CLC-7 and interacts extensively with CLC-7 within the membrane. Our complex structure reveals a functionally crucial domain interface between the amino terminus, TMD, and CBS domains of CLC-7. Structural analyses and electrophysiology studies suggest that the domain interaction interfaces affect the slow gating kinetics of CLC-7/Ostm1. Thus, our study deepens understanding of CLC-7/Ostm1 transporter and provides insights into the molecular basis of the disease-related mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201204, China
- Corresponding author. (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Corresponding author. (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.)
| | - Maojun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
- Corresponding author. (Z.L.); (Y.L.); (M.Y.)
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13
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Nanoparticle-Mediated Therapeutic Application for Modulation of Lysosomal Ion Channels and Functions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12030217. [PMID: 32131531 PMCID: PMC7150957 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Applications of nanoparticles in various fields have been addressed. Nanomaterials serve as carriers for transporting conventional drugs or proteins through lysosomes to various cellular targets. The basic function of lysosomes is to trigger degradation of proteins and lipids. Understanding of lysosomal functions is essential for enhancing the efficacy of nanoparticles-mediated therapy and reducing the malfunctions of cellular metabolism. The lysosomal function is modulated by the movement of ions through various ion channels. Thus, in this review, we have focused on the recruited ion channels for lysosomal function, to understand the lysosomal modulation through the nanoparticles and its applications. In the future, lysosomal channels-based targets will expand the therapeutic application of nanoparticles-associated drugs.
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14
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Astaburuaga R, Quintanar Haro OD, Stauber T, Relógio A. A Mathematical Model of Lysosomal Ion Homeostasis Points to Differential Effects of Cl - Transport in Ca 2+ Dynamics. Cells 2019; 8:E1263. [PMID: 31623161 PMCID: PMC6848924 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment and maintenance of ion gradients between the interior of lysosomes and the cytosol are crucial for numerous cellular and organismal functions. Numerous ion transport proteins ensure the required variation in luminal concentrations of the different ions along the endocytic pathway to fit the needs of the organelles. Failures in keeping proper ion homeostasis have pathological consequences. Accordingly, several human diseases are caused by the dysfunction of ion transporters. These include osteopetrosis, caused by the dysfunction of Cl-/H+ exchange by the lysosomal transporter ClC-7. To better understand how chloride transport affects lysosomal ion homeostasis and how its disruption impinges on lysosomal function, we developed a mathematical model of lysosomal ion homeostasis including Ca2+ dynamics. The model recapitulates known biophysical properties of ClC-7 and enables the investigation of its differential activation kinetics on lysosomal ion homeostasis. We show that normal functioning of ClC-7 supports the acidification process, is associated with increased luminal concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride, and leads to a higher Ca2+ uptake and release. Our model highlights the role of ClC-7 in lysosomal acidification and shows the existence of differential Ca2+ dynamics upon perturbations of Cl-/H+ exchange and its activation kinetics, with possible pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Astaburuaga
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Molekulares Krebsforschungzentrum (MKFZ), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Orlando Daniel Quintanar Haro
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Tobias Stauber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Human Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Angela Relógio
- Institute for Theoretical Biology (ITB), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
- Medical Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Molekulares Krebsforschungzentrum (MKFZ), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of the Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Fernandes R, Jordan CJ, Driver C. Magnetic resonance findings in a Cavalier King Charles spaniel with osteopetrosis, Chiari‐like malformation and syringomyelia. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - C J Jordan
- Tri Lake Hospital and Referral CentreLake CountryBritish ColumbiaCanada
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16
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Zhang Y, Ji D, Li L, Yang S, Zhang H, Duan X. ClC-7 Regulates the Pattern and Early Development of Craniofacial Bone and Tooth. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1387-1400. [PMID: 30867839 PMCID: PMC6401512 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CLCN7 encodes voltage-gated chloride channel 7 (ClC-7); mutations of CLCN7 lead to osteopetrosis which is characterized by increased bone mass and impaired osteoclast function. In our previous clinical practice, we noticed that osteopetrosis patients with CLCN7 mutations had some special deformities in craniofacial morphology and tooth dysplasia. It is unclear whether these phenotypes are the typical features of CLCN7 involved osteopetrosis and whether ClC-7 could regulate the development of craniofacial bone and tooth in some signaling pathways. Methods: First, we collected 80 osteopetrosis cases from the literature and compared their craniofacial and dental phenotypes. Second, four osteopetrosis pedigrees with CLCN7 mutations were recruited from our clinic for gene testing and clinical analysis of their craniofacial and dental phenotypes. Third, we used a zebrafish model with clcn7 morpholino treatment to detect the effects of ClC-7 deficiency on the development of craniofacial and dental phenotypes. General observation, whole mount alcian blue and alizarin red staining, whole mount in situ hybridization, scanning electron microscope observation, lysoSensor staining, Q-PCR and western blotting were performed to observe the in vivo characteristics of craniofacial bone and tooth changes. Fourth, mouse marrow stromal cells were further primarily cultured to detect ClC-7 related mRNA and protein changes using siRNA, Q-PCR and western blotting. Results: Over 84% of osteopetrosis patients in the literature had some typical craniofacial and tooth phenotypes, including macrocephaly, frontal bossing, and changes in shape and proportions of facial skeleton, and these unique features are more severe and frequent in autosomal recessive osteopetrosis than in autosomal dominant osteopetrosis patients. Our four pedigrees with CLCN7 mutations confirmed the aforementioned clinical features. clcn7 knockdown in zebrafish reproduced the craniofacial cartilage defects and various dental malformations combined the decreased levels of col10a1, sp7, dlx2b, eve1, and cx43. Loss of clcn7 function resulted in lysosomal storage in the brain and jaw as well as downregulated cathepsin K (CTSK). The craniofacial phenotype severity also presented a dose-dependent relationship with the levels of ClC-7 and CTSK. ClC-7/CTSK further altered the balance of TGF-β/BMP signaling pathway, causing elevated TGF-β-like Smad2 signals and reduced BMP-like Smad1/5/8 signals in clcn7 morphants. SB431542 inhibitor of TGF-β pathway partially rescued the aforementioned craniofacial bone and tooth defects of clcn7 morphants. The ClC-7 involved CTSK/BMP and SMAD changes were also confirmed in mouse bone marrow stromal cells. Conclusion: These findings highlighted the vital role of clcn7 in zebrafish craniofacial bone and tooth development and mineralization, revealing novel insights for the causation of osteopetrosis with CLCN7 mutations. The mechanism chain of ClC-7/CTSK/ TGF-β/BMP/SMAD might explain the typical craniofacial bone and tooth changes in osteopetrosis as well as pycnodysostosis patients.
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17
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Diversity of copy number variation in the worldwide goat population. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 122:636-646. [PMID: 30401973 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats (Capra hircus) are an important farm animal species. Copy number variation (CNV) represents a major source of genomic structural variation. We investigated the diversity of CNV distribution in goats using CaprineSNP50 genotyping data generated by the ADAPTmap Project. We identified 6286 putative CNVs in 1023 samples from 50 goat breeds using PennCNV. These CNVs were merged into 978 CNV regions, spanning ~262 Mb of total length and corresponding to ~8.96% of the goat genome. We then divided the samples into six subgroups per geographic distribution and constructed a comparative CNV map. Our results revealed a population differentiation in CNV across different geographical areas, including Western Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, Alpine & Northern Europe, Madagascar, Northwestern Africa, and Southeastern Africa groups. The results of a cluster heatmap analysis based on the CNV count per individual across different groups was generally consistent with the one generated from the SNP data, likely reflecting the population history of different goat breeds. We sought to determine the gene content of these CNV events and found several important CNV-overlapping genes (e.g. EDNRA, ADAMTS20, ASIP, KDM5B, ADAM8, DGAT1, CHRNB1, CLCN7, and EXOSC4), which are involved in local adaptations such as coat color, muscle development, metabolic processes, osteopetrosis, and embryonic development. Therefore, this research generated an extensive CNV map in the worldwide population of goat, which offers novel insight into the goat genome and its functional annotation.
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18
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Jentsch TJ, Pusch M. CLC Chloride Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1493-1590. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00047.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CLC anion transporters are found in all phyla and form a gene family of eight members in mammals. Two CLC proteins, each of which completely contains an ion translocation parthway, assemble to homo- or heteromeric dimers that sometimes require accessory β-subunits for function. CLC proteins come in two flavors: anion channels and anion/proton exchangers. Structures of these two CLC protein classes are surprisingly similar. Extensive structure-function analysis identified residues involved in ion permeation, anion-proton coupling and gating and led to attractive biophysical models. In mammals, ClC-1, -2, -Ka/-Kb are plasma membrane Cl−channels, whereas ClC-3 through ClC-7 are 2Cl−/H+-exchangers in endolysosomal membranes. Biological roles of CLCs were mostly studied in mammals, but also in plants and model organisms like yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans. CLC Cl−channels have roles in the control of electrical excitability, extra- and intracellular ion homeostasis, and transepithelial transport, whereas anion/proton exchangers influence vesicular ion composition and impinge on endocytosis and lysosomal function. The surprisingly diverse roles of CLCs are highlighted by human and mouse disorders elicited by mutations in their genes. These pathologies include neurodegeneration, leukodystrophy, mental retardation, deafness, blindness, myotonia, hyperaldosteronism, renal salt loss, proteinuria, kidney stones, male infertility, and osteopetrosis. In this review, emphasis is laid on biophysical structure-function analysis and on the cell biological and organismal roles of mammalian CLCs and their role in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Jentsch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
| | - Michael Pusch
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany; and Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Genova, Italy
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19
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Parker Gaddis K, Megonigal J, Clay J, Wolfe C. Genome-wide association study for ketosis in US Jerseys using producer-recorded data. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:413-424. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Solé M, Gori AS, Faux P, Bertrand A, Farnir F, Gautier M, Druet T. Age-based partitioning of individual genomic inbreeding levels in Belgian Blue cattle. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:92. [PMID: 29273000 PMCID: PMC5741860 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Inbreeding coefficients can be estimated either from pedigree data or from genomic data, and with genomic data, they are either global or local (when the linkage map is used). Recently, we developed a new hidden Markov model (HMM) that estimates probabilities of homozygosity-by-descent (HBD) at each marker position and automatically partitions autozygosity in multiple age-related classes (based on the length of HBD segments). Our objectives were to: (1) characterize inbreeding with our model in an intensively selected population such as the Belgian Blue Beef (BBB) cattle breed; (2) compare the properties of the model at different marker densities; and (3) compare our model with other methods.
Results When using 600 K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the inbreeding coefficient (probability of sampling an HBD locus in an individual) was on average 0.303 (ranging from 0.258 to 0.375). HBD-classes associated to historical ancestors (with small segments ≤ 200 kb) accounted for 21.6% of the genome length (71.4% of the total length of the genome in HBD segments), whereas classes associated to more recent ancestors accounted for only 22.6% of the total length of the genome in HBD segments. However, these recent classes presented more individual variation than more ancient classes. Although inbreeding coefficients obtained with low SNP densities (7 and 32 K) were much lower (0.060 and 0.093), they were highly correlated with those obtained at higher density (r = 0.934 and 0.975, respectively), indicating that they captured most of the individual variation. At higher SNP density, smaller HBD segments are identified and, thus, more past generations can be explored. We observed very high correlations between our estimates and those based on homozygosity (r = 0.95) or on runs-of-homozygosity (r = 0.95). As expected, pedigree-based estimates were mainly correlated with recent HBD-classes (r = 0.56). Conclusions Although we observed high levels of autozygosity associated with small HBD segments in BBB cattle, recent inbreeding accounted for most of the individual variation. Recent autozygosity can be captured efficiently with low-density SNP arrays and relatively simple models (e.g., two HBD classes). The HMM framework provides local HBD probabilities that are still useful at lower SNP densities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12711-017-0370-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Solé
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B34 (+1) Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Ann-Stephan Gori
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B34 (+1) Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.,Awé Coopérative (Association Wallonne de l'Élevage) - Recherche et Développement, Rue des Champs Elysées 4, 5590, Ciney, Belgium
| | - Pierre Faux
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B34 (+1) Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Amandine Bertrand
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B34 (+1) Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Farnir
- BBASV, FARAH-PAD & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Quartier Vallée 2, Avenue de Cureghem, (B43 +3), 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Gautier
- INRA, UMR CBGP (Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations), Campus International de Baillarguet, 34988, Montferrier sur Lez, France.,IBD (Institut de Biologie Computationnelle), 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Tom Druet
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B34 (+1) Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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21
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Deng Z, Peng S, Zheng Y, Yang X, Zhang H, Tan Q, Liang X, Gao H, Li Y, Huang Y, Zhu L, Jacob TJC, Chen L, Wang L. Estradiol activates chloride channels via estrogen receptor-α in the cell membranes of osteoblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C162-C172. [PMID: 28468943 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00014.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen plays important roles in regulation of bone formation. Cl- channels in the ClC family are expressed in osteoblasts and are associated with bone physiology and pathology, but the relationship between Cl- channels and estrogen is not clear. In this study the action of estrogen on Cl- channels was investigated in the MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cell line. Our results show that 17β-estradiol could activate a current that reversed at a potential close to the Cl- equilibrium potential, with a sequence of anion selectivity of I- > Br- > Cl- > gluconate, and was inhibited by the Cl- channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate and 4,4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-stilbene disulfonic acid. Knockdown of ClC-3 Cl- channel expression by a specific small interfering RNA to ClC-3 attenuated activation of the 17β-estradiol-induced Cl- current. Extracellular application of membrane-impermeable 17β-estradiol-albumin conjugates activated a similar current. The estrogen-activated Cl- current could be inhibited by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist fulvestrant (ICI 182780). The selective ERα agonist, but not ERβ agonist, activated a Cl- current similar to that induced by 17β-estradiol. Silencing ERα expression prevented activation of estrogen-induced currents. Immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that ClC-3 Cl- channels and ERα were colocalized and closely related in cells. Estrogen promoted translocation of ClC-3 and ERα to the cell membrane from the nucleus. In conclusion, our findings show that Cl- channels can be activated by estrogen via ERα on the cell membrane and suggest that the ClC-3 Cl- channel may be one of the targets of estrogen in the regulation of osteoblast activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yanfang Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoya Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiuchan Tan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiechou Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tim J C Jacob
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; .,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Molecule Immunology and Antibody Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,International School, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Ciepłoch A, Rutkowska K, Oprządek J, Poławska E. Genetic disorders in beef cattle: a review. Genes Genomics 2017; 39:461-471. [PMID: 28458779 PMCID: PMC5387086 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The main purpose of present review is to describe and organize autosomal recessive disorders (arachnomelia, syndactylism, osteopetrosis, dwarfism, crooked tail syndrome, muscular hyperplasia, glycogen storage disease, protoporphyria), which occur among beef cattle, and methods that can be applied to detect these defects. Prevalence of adverse alleles in beef breeds happens due to human activity—selections of favorable features, e.g. developed muscle tissue. Unfortunately, carriers of autosomal recessive diseases are often characterized by these attributes. Fast and effective identification of individuals, that may carry faulty genes, can prevent economical losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ciepłoch
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Karolina Rutkowska
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Jolanta Oprządek
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Ewa Poławska
- Department of Animal Improvement, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
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ClC-7 Deficiency Impairs Tooth Development and Eruption. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19971. [PMID: 26829236 PMCID: PMC4734291 DOI: 10.1038/srep19971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CLCN7 gene encodes the voltage gated chloride channel 7 (ClC-7) in humans. The mutations in CLCN7 have been associated with osteopetrosis in connection to the abnormal osteoclasts functions. Previously, we found that some osteopetrosis patients with CLCN7 mutations suffered from impacted teeth and root dysplasia. Here we set up two in vivo models under a normal or an osteoclast-poor environment to investigate how ClC-7 affects tooth development and tooth eruption. Firstly, chitosan-Clcn7-siRNA nanoparticles were injected around the first maxillary molar germ of newborn mice and caused the delay of tooth eruption and deformed tooth with root dysplasia. Secondly, E13.5 molar germs infected with Clcn7 shRNA lentivirus were transplanted under the kidney capsule and presented the abnormal changes in dentin structure, periodontal tissue and cementum. All these teeth changes have been reported in the patients with CLCN7 mutation. In vitro studies of ameloblasts, odontoblasts and dental follicle cells (DFCs) were conducted to explore the involved mechanism. We found that Clcn7 deficiency affect the differentiation of these cells, as well as the interaction between DFCs and osteoclasts through RANKL/OPG pathway. We conclude that ClC-7 may affect tooth development by directly targeting tooth cells, and regulate tooth eruption through DFC mediated osteoclast pathway.
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24
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Sartelet A, Harland C, Tamma N, Karim L, Bayrou C, Li W, Ahariz N, Coppieters W, Georges M, Charlier C. A stop-gain in the laminin, alpha 3 gene causes recessive junctional epidermolysis bullosa in Belgian Blue cattle. Anim Genet 2015; 46:566-70. [PMID: 26370913 DOI: 10.1111/age.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Four newborn purebred Belgian Blue calves presenting a severe form of epidermolysis bullosa were recently referred to our heredo-surveillance platform. SNP array genotyping followed by autozygosity mapping located the causative gene in a 8.3-Mb interval on bovine chromosome 24. Combining information from (i) whole-genome sequencing of an affected calf, (ii) transcriptomic data from a panel of tissues and (iii) a list of functionally ranked positional candidates pinpointed a private G to A nucleotide substitution in the LAMA3 gene that creates a premature stop codon (p.Arg2609*) in exon 60, truncating 22% of the corresponding protein. The LAMA3 gene encodes the alpha 3 subunit of the heterotrimeric laminin-332, a key constituent of the lamina lucida that is part of the skin basement membrane connecting epidermis and dermis layers. Homozygous loss-of-function mutations in this gene are known to cause severe junctional epidermolysis bullosa in human, mice, horse, sheep and dog. Overall, our data strongly support the causality of the identified gene and mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sartelet
- Bovine Clinic, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Chad Harland
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nico Tamma
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Latifa Karim
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,GIGA-Genomic platform, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Calixte Bayrou
- Department of Pathology, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Wanbo Li
- Bovine Clinic, FARAH and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Naima Ahariz
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,GIGA-Genomic platform, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Wouter Coppieters
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.,GIGA-Genomic platform, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Michel Georges
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carole Charlier
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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25
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Guo J, Bervoets TJM, Henriksen K, Everts V, Bronckers ALJJ. Null mutation of chloride channel 7 (Clcn7) impairs dental root formation but does not affect enamel mineralization. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 363:361-70. [PMID: 26346547 PMCID: PMC4735262 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ClC-7, located in late endosomes and lysosomes, is critical for the function of osteoclasts. Secretion of Cl(-) by the ruffled border of osteoclasts enables H(+) secretion by v-H(+)-ATPases to dissolve bone mineral. Mice lacking ClC-7 show altered lysosomal function that leads to severe lysosomal storage. Maturation ameloblasts are epithelial cells with a ruffled border that secrete Cl(-) as well as endocytose and digest large quantities of enamel matrix proteins during formation of dental enamel. We tested the hypothesis that ClC-7 in maturation ameloblasts is required for intracellular digestion of matrix fragments to complete enamel mineralization. Craniofacial bones and developing teeth in Clcn7(-/-) mice were examined by micro-CT, immunohistochemistry, quantified histomorphometry and electron microscopy. Osteoclasts and ameloblasts in wild-type mice stained intensely with anti-ClC-7 antibody but not in Clcn7(-/-) mice. Craniofacial bones in Clcn7(-/-) mice were severely osteopetrotic and contained 1.4- to 1.6-fold more bone volume, which was less mineralized than the wild-type littermates. In Clcn7(-/-) mice maturation ameloblasts and osteoclasts highly expressed Ae2 as in wild-type mice. However, teeth failed to erupt, incisors were much shorter and roots were disfigured. Molars formed a normal dental crown. In compacted teeth, dentin was slightly less mineralized, enamel did not retain a matrix and mineralized fairly normal. We concluded that ClC-7 is essential for osteoclasts to resorb craniofacial bones to enable tooth eruption and root development. Disruption of Clcn7 reduces bone and dentin mineral density but does not affect enamel mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU-University of Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,School of Stomatology/Dental Clinic, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Mailbox 97, Binwen Road 548, Binjiang District, 310053, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Theodore J M Bervoets
- Department Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU-University of Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research A/S, Hovedgade 207, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Vincent Everts
- Department Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU-University of Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius L J J Bronckers
- Department Oral Cell Biology, Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU-University of Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Mole SE, Cotman SL. Genetics of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (Batten disease). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2237-41. [PMID: 26026925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders that affect children and adults and are grouped together by similar clinical features and the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material. More than a dozen genes containing over 430 mutations underlying human NCLs have been identified. These genes encode lysosomal enzymes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN10, CLN13), a soluble lysosomal protein (CLN5), a protein in the secretory pathway (CLN11), two cytoplasmic proteins that also peripherally associate with membranes (CLN4, CLN14), and many transmembrane proteins with different subcellular locations (CLN3, CLN6, CLN7, CLN8, CLN12). For most NCLs, the function of the causative gene has not been fully defined. Most of the mutations in these genes are associated with a typical disease phenotype, but some result in variable disease onset, severity, and progression, including distinct clinical phenotypes. There remain disease subgroups with unknown molecular genetic backgrounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Mole
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Institute of Child Health and Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Susan L Cotman
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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27
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Alekov AK. Mutations associated with Dent's disease affect gating and voltage dependence of the human anion/proton exchanger ClC-5. Front Physiol 2015; 6:159. [PMID: 26042048 PMCID: PMC4436585 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dent's disease is associated with impaired renal endocytosis and endosomal acidification. It is linked to mutations in the membrane chloride/proton exchanger ClC-5; however, a direct link between localization in the protein and functional phenotype of the mutants has not been established until now. Here, two Dent's disease mutations, G212A and E267A, were investigated using heterologous expression in HEK293T cells, patch-clamp measurements and confocal imaging. WT and mutant ClC-5 exhibited mixed cell membrane and vesicular distribution. Reduced ion currents were measured for both mutants and both exhibited reduced capability to support endosomal acidification. Functionally, mutation G212A was capable of mediating anion/proton antiport but dramatically shifted the activation of ClC-5 toward more depolarized potentials. The shift can be explained by impeded movements of the neighboring gating glutamate Gluext, a residue that confers major part of the voltage dependence of ClC-5 and serves as a gate at the extracellular entrance of the anion transport pathway. Cell surface abundance of E267A was reduced by ~50% but also dramatically increased gating currents were detected for this mutant and accordingly reduced probability to undergoing cycles associated with electrogenic ion transport. Structurally, the gating alternations correlate to the proximity of E267A to the proton glutamate Gluin that serves as intracellular gate in the proton transport pathway and regulates the open probability of ClC-5. Remarkably, two other mammalian isoforms, ClC-3 and ClC-4, also differ from ClC-5 in gating characteristics affected by the here investigated disease-causing mutations. This evolutionary specialization, together with the functional defects arising from mutations G212A and E267A, demonstrate that the complex gating behavior exhibited by most of the mammalian CLC transporters is an important determinant of their cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexi K Alekov
- Institut für Neurophysiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Hannover, Germany
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28
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Dittmer KE, Thompson KG. Approach to Investigating Congenital Skeletal Abnormalities in Livestock. Vet Pathol 2015; 52:851-61. [PMID: 25910781 DOI: 10.1177/0300985815579999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital skeletal abnormalities may be genetic, teratogenic, or nutritional in origin; distinguishing among these different causes is essential in the management of the disease but may be challenging. In some cases, teratogenic or nutritional causes of skeletal abnormalities may appear very similar to genetic causes. For example, chondrodysplasia associated with intrauterine zinc or manganese deficiency and mild forms of hereditary chondrodysplasia have very similar clinical features and histologic lesions. Therefore, historical data are essential in any attempt to distinguish genetic and acquired causes of skeletal lesions; as many animals as possible should be examined; and samples should be collected for future analysis, such as genetic testing. Acquired causes of defects often show substantial variation in presentation and may improve with time, while genetic causes frequently have a consistent presentation. If a disease is determined to be of genetic origin, a number of approaches may be used to detect mutations, each with advantages and disadvantages. These approaches include sequencing candidate genes, single-nucleotide polymorphism array with genomewide association studies, and exome or whole genome sequencing. Despite advances in technology and increased cost-effectiveness of these techniques, a good clinical history and description of the pathology and a reliable diagnosis are still key components of any investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Dittmer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K G Thompson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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29
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Sartelet A, Li W, Pailhoux E, Richard C, Tamma N, Karim L, Fasquelle C, Druet T, Coppieters W, Georges M, Charlier C. Genome-wide next-generation DNA and RNA sequencing reveals a mutation that perturbs splicing of the phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class H gene (PIGH) and causes arthrogryposis in Belgian Blue cattle. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:316. [PMID: 25895751 PMCID: PMC4404575 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cattle populations are characterized by regular outburst of genetic defects as a result of the extensive use of elite sires. The causative genes and mutations can nowadays be rapidly identified by means of genome-wide association studies combined with next generation DNA sequencing, provided that the causative mutations are conventional loss-of-function variants. We show in this work how the combined use of next generation DNA and RNA sequencing allows for the rapid identification of otherwise difficult to identify splice-site variants. RESULTS We report the use of haplotype-based association mapping to identify a locus on bovine chromosome 10 that underlies autosomal recessive arthrogryposis in Belgian Blue Cattle. We identify 31 candidate mutations by resequencing the genome of four cases and 15 controls at ~10-fold depth. By analyzing RNA-Seq data from a carrier fetus, we observe skipping of the second exon of the PIGH gene, which we confirm by RT-PCR to be fully penetrant in tissues from affected calves. We identify - amongst the 31 candidate variants - a C-to-G transversion in the first intron of the PIGH gene (c211-10C > G) that is predicted to affect its acceptor splice-site. The resulting PIGH protein is likely to be non-functional as it lacks essential domains, and hence to cause arthrogryposis. CONCLUSIONS This work illustrates how the growing arsenal of genome exploration tools continues to accelerate the identification of an even broader range of disease causing mutations, therefore improving the management and control of genetic defects in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Sartelet
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Wanbo Li
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Eric Pailhoux
- INRA, UMR 1198, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Christophe Richard
- INRA, UMR 1198, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, F-78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Nico Tamma
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Latifa Karim
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- GIGA Genomic Platform, GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Corinne Fasquelle
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Tom Druet
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Wouter Coppieters
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
- GIGA Genomic Platform, GIGA, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Michel Georges
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Carole Charlier
- GIGA-R & Department of Animal Sciences, Unit of Animal Genomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Avenue de l'Hôpital 1, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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30
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Wen X, Lacruz RS, Paine ML. Dental and Cranial Pathologies in Mice Lacking the Cl(-) /H(+) -Exchanger ClC-7. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1502-8. [PMID: 25663454 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
ClC-7 is a 2Cl(-) /1H(+) -exchanger expressed at late endosomes and lysosomes, as well as the ruffled border of osteoclasts. ClC-7 deficiencies in mice and humans lead to impaired osteoclast function and therefore osteopetrosis. Failure of tooth eruption is also apparent in ClC-7 mutant animals, and this has been attributed to the osteoclast dysfunction and the subsequent defect in alveolar bone resorptive activity surrounding tooth roots. Ameloblasts also express ClC-7, and this study aims to determine the significance of ClC-7 in enamel formation by examining the dentitions of ClC-7 mutant mice. Micro-CT analysis revealed that the molar teeth of 3-week old ClC-7 mutant mice had no roots, and the incisors were smaller than their age-matched controls. Despite these notable developmental differences, the enamel and dentin densities of the mutant mice were comparable to those of the wild-type littermates. Scanning electron microscopy showed normal enamel crystallite and prismatic organization in the ClC-7 mutant mice, although the enamel was thinner (hypoplastic) than in controls. These results suggested that ClC-7 was not critical to enamel and dentin formation, and the observed tooth defects may be related more to a resulting alveolar bone phenotype. Micro-CT analysis also revealed abnormal features in the calvarial bones of the mutant mice. The cranial sutures in ClC-7 mutant mice remained open compared to the closed sutures seen in the control mice at 3 weeks. These data demonstrate that ClC-7 deficiency impacts the development of the dentition and calvaria, but does not significantly disrupt amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Rodrigo S Lacruz
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael L Paine
- Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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31
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Weinert S, Jabs S, Hohensee S, Chan WL, Kornak U, Jentsch TJ. Transport activity and presence of ClC-7/Ostm1 complex account for different cellular functions. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:784-91. [PMID: 24820037 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201438553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of the lysosomal ClC-7/Ostm1 2Cl(-)/H(+) exchanger causes lysosomal storage disease and osteopetrosis in humans and additionally changes fur colour in mice. Its conversion into a Cl(-) conductance in Clcn7(unc/unc) mice entails similarly severe lysosomal storage, but less severe osteopetrosis and no change in fur colour. To elucidate the basis for these phenotypical differences, we generated Clcn7(td/td) mice expressing an ion transport-deficient mutant. Their osteopetrosis was as severe as in Clcn7(-/-) mice, suggesting that the electric shunt provided by ClC-7(unc) can partially rescue osteoclast function. The normal coat colour of Clcn7(td/td) mice and their less severe neurodegeneration suggested that the ClC-7 protein, even when lacking measurable ion transport activity, is sufficient for hair pigmentation and that the conductance of ClC-7(unc) is harmful for neurons. Our in vivo structure-function analysis of ClC-7 reveals that both protein-protein interactions and ion transport must be considered in the pathogenesis of ClC-7-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Weinert
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Jabs
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Svea Hohensee
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany
| | - Wing Lee Chan
- Institut für Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Humangenetik, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas J Jentsch
- Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin (MDC), Berlin, Germany Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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