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Selarka K, Shravage BV. Illuminating intercellular autophagy: A comprehensive review of cell non-autonomous autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 716:150024. [PMID: 38701555 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Macro-autophagy (autophagy hereafter) is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process that has long been recognized as an intracellular mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis. It involves the formation of a membraned structure called the autophagosome, which carries cargo that includes toxic protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles to the lysosome for degradation and recycling. Autophagy is primarily considered and studied as a cell-autonomous mechanism. However, recent studies have illuminated an underappreciated facet of autophagy, i.e., non-autonomously regulated autophagy. Non-autonomously regulated autophagy involves the degradation of autophagic components, including organelles, cargo, and signaling molecules, and is induced in neighboring cells by signals from primary adjacent or distant cells/tissues/organs. This review provides insight into the complex molecular mechanisms governing non-autonomously regulated autophagy, highlighting the dynamic interplay between cells within tissue/organ or distinct cell types in different tissues/organs. Emphasis is placed on modes of intercellular communication that include secreted molecules, including microRNAs, and their regulatory roles in orchestrating this phenomenon. Furthermore, we explore the multidimensional roles of non-autonomously regulated autophagy in various physiological contexts, spanning tissue development and aging, as well as its importance in diverse pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration. By studying the complexities of non-autonomously regulated autophagy, we hope to gain insights into the sophisticated intercellular dynamics within multicellular organisms, including mammals. These studies will uncover novel avenues for therapeutic intervention to modulate intercellular autophagic pathways in altered human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Selarka
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bhupendra V Shravage
- Developmental Biology Group, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India; Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India; Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India.
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2
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Kitamura A, Fujimoto A, Kawashima R, Lyu Y, Sasaki K, Hamada Y, Moriya K, Kurata A, Takahashi K, Brielmann R, Bott LC, Morimoto RI, Kinjo M. Hetero-oligomerization of TDP-43 carboxy-terminal fragments with cellular proteins contributes to proteotoxicity. Commun Biol 2024; 7:743. [PMID: 38902525 PMCID: PMC11190292 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Carboxy terminal fragments (CTFs) of TDP-43 contain an intrinsically disordered region (IDR) and form cytoplasmic condensates containing amyloid fibrils. Such condensates are toxic and associated with pathogenicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the molecular details of how the domain of TDP-43 CTFs leads to condensation and cytotoxicity remain elusive. Here, we show that truncated RNA/DNA-recognition motif (RRM) at the N-terminus of TDP-43 CTFs leads to the structural transition of the IDR, whereas the IDR itself of TDP-43 CTFs is difficult to assemble even if they are proximate intermolecularly. Hetero-oligomers of TDP-43 CTFs that have recruited other proteins are more toxic than homo-oligomers, implicating loss-of-function of the endogenous proteins by such oligomers is associated with cytotoxicity. Furthermore, such toxicity of TDP-43 CTFs was cell-nonautonomously affected in the nematodes. Therefore, misfolding and oligomeric characteristics of the truncated RRM at the N-terminus of TDP-43 CTFs define their condensation properties and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kitamura
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
- PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.
| | - Ai Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Rei Kawashima
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yidan Lyu
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kotetsu Sasaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuta Hamada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kanami Moriya
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kurata
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kazuho Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Reneé Brielmann
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Laura C Bott
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Masataka Kinjo
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Dynamics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, N21W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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Ojha S, Patil N, Jain M, Kole C, Kaushik P. Probiotics for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systemic Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041083. [PMID: 37110506 PMCID: PMC10140855 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (ND) are a group of conditions that affect the neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to their degeneration and eventually causing the loss of function in the affected areas. These disorders can be caused by a range of factors, including genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Major pathological signs of these diseases are protein misfolding, proteosomal dysfunction, aggregation, inadequate degradation, oxidative stress, free radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunctions, impaired bioenergetics, DNA damage, fragmentation of Golgi apparatus neurons, disruption of axonal transport, dysfunction of neurotrophins (NTFs), neuroinflammatory or neuroimmune processes, and neurohumoral symptoms. According to recent studies, defects or imbalances in gut microbiota can directly lead to neurological disorders through the gut-brain axis. Probiotics in ND are recommended to prevent cognitive dysfunction, which is a major symptom of these diseases. Many in vivo and clinical trials have revealed that probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus casei, etc.) are effective candidates against the progression of ND. It has been proven that the inflammatory process and oxidative stress can be modulated by modifying the gut microbiota with the help of probiotics. As a result, this study provides an overview of the available data, bacterial variety, gut-brain axis defects, and probiotics' mode of action in averting ND. A literature search on particular sites, including PubMed, Nature, and Springer Link, has identified articles that might be pertinent to this subject. The search contains the following few groups of terms: (1) Neurodegenerative disorders and Probiotics OR (2) Probiotics and Neurodegenerative disorders. The outcomes of this study aid in elucidating the relationship between the effects of probiotics on different neurodegenerative disorders. This systematic review will assist in discovering new treatments in the future, as probiotics are generally safe and cause mild side effects in some cases in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Ojha
- Cell & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Nil Patil
- Cell & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Mukul Jain
- Cell & Developmental Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | | | - Prashant Kaushik
- Instituto de Conservacióny Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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McKenzie-Coe A, Montes NS, Jones LM. Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting: A Mass Spectrometry-Based Structural Method for Studying the Higher Order Structure of Proteins. Chem Rev 2021; 122:7532-7561. [PMID: 34633178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) coupled to mass spectrometry has been successfully used to investigate a plethora of protein-related questions. The method, which utilizes hydroxyl radicals to oxidatively modify solvent-accessible amino acids, can inform on protein interaction sites and regions of conformational change. Hydroxyl radical-based footprinting was originally developed to study nucleic acids, but coupling the method with mass spectrometry has enabled the study of proteins. The method has undergone several advancements since its inception that have increased its utility for more varied applications such as protein folding and the study of biotherapeutics. In addition, recent innovations have led to the study of increasingly complex systems including cell lysates and intact cells. Technological advances have also increased throughput and allowed for better control of experimental conditions. In this review, we provide a brief history of the field of HRPF and detail recent innovations and applications in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McKenzie-Coe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Nicholas S Montes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Lisa M Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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Walker AC, Bhargava R, Vaziriyan-Sani AS, Pourciau C, Donahue ET, Dove AS, Gebhardt MJ, Ellward GL, Romeo T, Czyż DM. Colonization of the Caenorhabditis elegans gut with human enteric bacterial pathogens leads to proteostasis disruption that is rescued by butyrate. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009510. [PMID: 33956916 PMCID: PMC8101752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein conformational diseases are characterized by misfolding and toxic aggregation of metastable proteins, often culminating in neurodegeneration. Enteric bacteria influence the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the complexity of the human microbiome hinders our understanding of how individual microbes influence these diseases. Disruption of host protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, affects the onset and progression of these diseases. To investigate the effect of bacteria on host proteostasis, we used Caenorhabditis elegans expressing tissue-specific polyglutamine reporters that detect changes in the protein folding environment. We found that colonization of the C. elegans gut with enteric bacterial pathogens disrupted proteostasis in the intestine, muscle, neurons, and the gonad, while the presence of bacteria that conditionally synthesize butyrate, a molecule previously shown to be beneficial in neurodegenerative disease models, suppressed aggregation and the associated proteotoxicity. Co-colonization with this butyrogenic strain suppressed bacteria-induced protein aggregation, emphasizing the importance of microbial interaction and its impact on host proteostasis. Further experiments demonstrated that the beneficial effect of butyrate depended on the bacteria that colonized the gut and that this protective effect required SKN-1/Nrf2 and DAF-16/FOXO transcription factors. We also found that bacteria-derived protein aggregates contribute to the observed disruption of host proteostasis. Together, these results reveal the significance of enteric infection and gut dysbiosis on the pathogenesis of protein conformational diseases and demonstrate the potential of using butyrate-producing microbes as a preventative and treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C. Walker
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rohan Bhargava
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alfonso S. Vaziriyan-Sani
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Christine Pourciau
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emily T. Donahue
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Autumn S. Dove
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Gebhardt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Garrett L. Ellward
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tony Romeo
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Czyż
- Department of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Zanier ER, Barzago MM, Vegliante G, Romeo M, Restelli E, Bertani I, Natale C, Colnaghi L, Colombo L, Russo L, Micotti E, Fioriti L, Chiesa R, Diomede L. C. elegans detects toxicity of traumatic brain injury generated tau. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 153:105330. [PMID: 33711491 PMCID: PMC8039186 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with widespread tau pathology in about 30% of patients surviving late after injury. We previously found that TBI in mice induces the formation of an abnormal form of tau (tauTBI) which progressively spreads from the site of injury to remote brain regions. Intracerebral inoculation of TBI brain homogenates into naïve mice induced progressive tau pathology, synaptic loss and late cognitive decline, suggesting a pivotal role of tauTBI in post-TBI neurodegeneration. However, the possibility that tauTBI was a marker of TBI-associated neurodegeneration rather than a toxic driver of functional decline could not be excluded. Here we employed the nematode C. elegans as a biosensor to test the pathogenic role of TBI generated tau. The motility of this nematode depends on efficient neuromuscular transmission and is exceptionally sensitive to the toxicity of amyloidogenic proteins, providing a tractable model for our tests. We found that worms exposed to brain homogenates from chronic but not acute TBI mice, or from mice in which tauTBI had been transmitted by intracerebral inoculation, had impaired motility and neuromuscular synaptic transmission. Results were similar when worms were given brain homogenates from transgenic mice overexpressing tau P301L, a tauopathy mouse model, suggesting that TBI-induced and mutant tau have similar toxic properties. P301L brain homogenate toxicity was similar in wild-type and ptl-1 knock-out worms, indicating that the nematode tau homolog protein PTL-1 was not required to mediate the toxic effect. Harsh protease digestion to eliminate the protein component of the homogenates, pre-incubation with anti-tau antibodies or tau depletion by immunoprecipitation, abolished the toxicity. Homogenates of chronic TBI brains from tau knock-out mice were not toxic to C. elegans, whereas oligomeric recombinant tau was sufficient to impair their motility. This study indicates that tauTBI impairs motor activity and synaptic transmission in C. elegans and supports a pathogenic role of tauTBI in the long-term consequences of TBI. It also sets the groundwork for the development of a C. elegans-based platform for screening anti-tau compounds. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice induces a progressive tau pathology. Brain-injured tissue from chronic but not acute TBI mice impairs C. elegans motility. TBI tissue immunodepleted of tau or from tau knock-out mice has no toxic effect. Brain-injured tissue from TBI mice impairs neuromuscular transmission in worms. C. elegans is a tractable model for investigating tau toxicity generated by TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maria Monica Barzago
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Romeo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Restelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bertani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Carmina Natale
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Colnaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Colombo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Russo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Luana Fioriti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Chiesa
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
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Deonarine A, Walker MWG, Westerheide SD. HSF-1 displays nuclear stress body formation in multiple tissues in Caenorhabditis elegans upon stress and following the transition to adulthood. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:417-431. [PMID: 33392968 PMCID: PMC7925714 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1) regulates the heat shock response (HSR), a cytoprotective response induced by proteotoxic stresses. Data from model organisms has shown that HSF-1 also has non-stress biological roles, including roles in the regulation of development and longevity. To better study HSF-1 function, we created a C. elegans strain containing HSF-1 tagged with GFP at its endogenous locus utilizing CRISPR/Cas9-guided transgenesis. We show that the HSF-1::GFP CRISPR worm strain behaves similarly to wildtype worms in response to heat and other stresses, and in other physiological processes. HSF-1 was expressed in all tissues assayed. Immediately following the initiation of reproduction, HSF-1 formed nuclear stress bodies, a hallmark of activation, throughout the germline. Upon the transition to adulthood, of HSF-1 nuclear stress bodies appeared in most somatic cells. Genetic loss of the germline suppressed nuclear stress body formation with age, suggesting that the germline influences HSF-1 activity. Interestingly, we found that various neurons did not form nuclear stress bodies after transitioning to adulthood. Therefore, the formation of HSF-1 nuclear stress bodies upon the transition to adulthood does not occur in a synchronous manner in all cell types. In sum, these studies enhance our knowledge of the expression and activity of the aging and proteostasis factor HSF-1 in a tissue-specific manner with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Deonarine
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Matt W. G. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Sandy D. Westerheide
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
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Lee SK. Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis and Stress Responses in Caenorhabditis elegans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:279-303. [PMID: 34050871 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive regulatory pathway that alleviates protein-folding defects in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Physiological demands, environmental perturbations and pathological conditions can cause accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER and the stress signal is transmitted to the nucleus to turn on a series of genes to respond the challenge. In metazoan, the UPR pathways consisted of IRE1/XBP1, PEK-1 and ATF6, which function in parallel and downstream transcriptional activation triggers the proteostasis networks consisting of molecular chaperones, protein degradation machinery and other stress response pathways ((Labbadia J, Morimoto RI, F1000Prime Rep 6:7, 2014); (Shen X, Ellis RE, Lee K, Annu Rev Biochem 28:893-903, 2014)). The integrated responses act on to resolve the ER stress by increasing protein folding capacity, attenuating ER-loading translation, activating ER-associated proteasomal degradation (ERAD), and regulating IRE1-dependent decay of mRNA (RIDD). Therefore, the effective UPR to internal and external causes is linked to the multiple pathophysiological conditions such as aging, immunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent development in the research of the UPR includes cell-nonautonomous features of the UPR, interplay between the UPR and other stress response pathways, unconventional UPR inducers, and noncanonical UPR independent of the three major branches, originated from multiple cellular and molecular machineries in addition to ER. Caenorhabditis elegans model system has critically contributed to these unprecedented aspects of the ER UPR and broadens the possible therapeutic targets to treat the ER-stress associated human disorders and time-dependent physiological deterioration of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Caenorhabditis elegans Models to Investigate the Mechanisms Underlying Tau Toxicity in Tauopathies. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10110838. [PMID: 33187241 PMCID: PMC7697895 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the genetic, biochemical, and structural determinants underlying tau aggregation is pivotal in the elucidation of the pathogenic process driving tauopathies and the design of effective therapies. Relevant information on the molecular basis of human neurodegeneration in vivo can be obtained using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). To this end, two main approaches can be applied: the overexpression of genes/proteins leading to neuronal dysfunction and death, and studies in which proteins prone to misfolding are exogenously administered to induce a neurotoxic phenotype. Thanks to the easy generation of transgenic strains expressing human disease genes, C. elegans allows the identification of genes and/or proteins specifically associated with pathology and the specific disruptions of cellular processes involved in disease. Several transgenic strains expressing human wild-type or mutated tau have been developed and offer significant information concerning whether transgene expression regulates protein production and aggregation in soluble or insoluble form, onset of the disease, and the degenerative process. C. elegans is able to specifically react to the toxic assemblies of tau, thus developing a neurodegenerative phenotype that, even when exogenously administered, opens up the use of this assay to investigate in vivo the relationship between the tau sequence, its folding, and its proteotoxicity. These approaches can be employed to screen drugs and small molecules that can interact with the biogenesis and dynamics of formation of tau aggregates and to analyze their interactions with other cellular proteins.
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McAlary L, Chew YL, Lum JS, Geraghty NJ, Yerbury JJ, Cashman NR. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Proteins, Proteostasis, Prions, and Promises. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:581907. [PMID: 33328890 PMCID: PMC7671971 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.581907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the motor neurons that innervate muscle, resulting in gradual paralysis and culminating in the inability to breathe or swallow. This neuronal degeneration occurs in a spatiotemporal manner from a point of onset in the central nervous system (CNS), suggesting that there is a molecule that spreads from cell-to-cell. There is strong evidence that the onset and progression of ALS pathology is a consequence of protein misfolding and aggregation. In line with this, a hallmark pathology of ALS is protein deposition and inclusion formation within motor neurons and surrounding glia of the proteins TAR DNA-binding protein 43, superoxide dismutase-1, or fused in sarcoma. Collectively, the observed protein aggregation, in conjunction with the spatiotemporal spread of symptoms, strongly suggests a prion-like propagation of protein aggregation occurs in ALS. In this review, we discuss the role of protein aggregation in ALS concerning protein homeostasis (proteostasis) mechanisms and prion-like propagation. Furthermore, we examine the experimental models used to investigate these processes, including in vitro assays, cultured cells, invertebrate models, and murine models. Finally, we evaluate the therapeutics that may best prevent the onset or spread of pathology in ALS and discuss what lies on the horizon for treating this currently incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke McAlary
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Yee Lian Chew
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Stephen Lum
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas John Geraghty
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin John Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil R. Cashman
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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11
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Espino JA, Zhang Z, Jones LM. Chemical Penetration Enhancers Increase Hydrogen Peroxide Uptake in C. elegans for In Vivo Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:3708-3715. [PMID: 32506919 PMCID: PMC7861136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
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Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins (FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein
footprinting method that covalently labels solvent-accessible amino acids by photolysis
of hydrogen peroxide. Recently, we expanded the use of FPOP for in vivo
(IV-FPOP) covalent labeling in C. elegans. In initial IV-FPOP studies,
545 proteins were oxidatively modified in all body systems within the worm. Here, with
the use of chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs), we increased the number of modified
proteins as well as the number of modifications per protein to gain more structural
information. CPEs aid in the delivery of hydrogen peroxide inside C.
elegans by disturbing the highly ordered lipid bilayer of the worm cuticle
without affecting worm viability. IV-FPOP experiments performed using the CPE azone
showed an increase in oxidatively modified proteins and peptides. This increase
correlated with greater hydrogen peroxide uptake by C. elegans
quantified using a chemical fluorophore demonstrating the efficacy of using CPEs with
IV-FPOP. Mass spectrometry proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with
identifier PXD019290.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Espino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
| | - Lisa M Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, United States
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12
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Espino JA, King CD, Jones LM, Robinson RAS. In Vivo Fast Photochemical Oxidation of Proteins Using Enhanced Multiplexing Proteomics. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7596-7603. [PMID: 32383586 PMCID: PMC7815197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In vivo fast photochemical oxidation of proteins
(IV-FPOP) is a hydroxyl radical protein footprinting method used to
study protein structure and protein–protein interactions. Oxidatively
modified proteins by IV-FPOP are analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS),
and the extent of oxidation is quantified by label-free MS. Peptide
oxidation changes yield useful information about protein structure,
due to changes in solvent accessibility. However, the sample size
necessary for animal studies requires increased sample preparation
and instrument time. Here, we report the combined application of IV-FPOP
and the enhanced multiplexing strategy combined precursor isotopic
labeling and isobaric tagging (cPILOT) for higher-throughput analysis
of oxidative modifications in C. elegans. Key differences
in the performance of label-free MS and cPILOT were identified. The
addition of oxygen (+16) was the most abundant modification identified
among all known possible FPOP modifications. This study presents IV-FPOP
coupled with enhanced multiplexing strategies such as cPILOT to increase
throughput of studies seeking to examine oxidative protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Espino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Christina D King
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Lisa M Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Renã A S Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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13
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Sandhof CA, Hoppe SO, Druffel-Augustin S, Gallrein C, Kirstein J, Voisine C, Nussbaum-Krammer C. Reducing INS-IGF1 signaling protects against non-cell autonomous vesicle rupture caused by SNCA spreading. Autophagy 2020; 16:878-899. [PMID: 31354022 PMCID: PMC7144869 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1643657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with a gradual decline of cellular proteostasis, giving rise to devastating protein misfolding diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD) or Parkinson disease (PD). These diseases often exhibit a complex pathology involving non-cell autonomous proteotoxic effects, which are still poorly understood. Using Caenorhabditis elegans we investigated how local protein misfolding is affecting neighboring cells and tissues showing that misfolded PD-associated SNCA/α-synuclein is accumulating in highly dynamic endo-lysosomal vesicles. Irrespective of whether being expressed in muscle cells or dopaminergic neurons, accumulated proteins were transmitted into the hypodermis with increasing age, indicating that epithelial cells might play a role in remote degradation when the local endo-lysosomal degradation capacity is overloaded. Cell biological and genetic approaches revealed that inter-tissue dissemination of SNCA was regulated by endo- and exocytosis (neuron/muscle to hypodermis) and basement membrane remodeling (muscle to hypodermis). Transferred SNCA conformers were, however, inefficiently cleared and induced endo-lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Remarkably, reducing INS (insulin)-IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) signaling provided protection by maintaining endo-lysosomal integrity. This study suggests that the degradation of lysosomal substrates is coordinated across different tissues in metazoan organisms. Because the chronic dissemination of poorly degradable disease proteins into neighboring tissues exerts a non-cell autonomous toxicity, this implies that restoring endo-lysosomal function not only in cells with pathological inclusions, but also in apparently unaffected cell types might help to halt disease progression.Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer disease; BM: basement membrane; BWM: body wall muscle; CEP: cephalic sensilla; CLEM: correlative light and electron microscopy; CTNS-1: cystinosin (lysosomal protein) homolog; DA: dopaminergic; DAF-2: abnormal dauer formation; ECM: extracellular matrix; FLIM: fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy; fps: frames per second; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HPF: high pressure freezing; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor 1; INS: insulin; KD: knockdown; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MVB: multivesicular body; NOC: nocodazole; PD: Parkinson disease; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RNAi: RNA interference; sfGFP: superfolder GFP; SNCA: synuclein alpha; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TNTs: tunneling nanotubes; TCSPC: time correlated single photon counting; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Alexander Sandhof
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Oliver Hoppe
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Druffel-Augustin
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gallrein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Kirstein
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Molecular Pharmacology (FMP) im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cindy Voisine
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carmen Nussbaum-Krammer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Heidelberg University (ZMBH) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Kim S, Sieburth D. FSHR-1/GPCR Regulates the Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2020; 214:409-418. [PMID: 31801834 PMCID: PMC7017012 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive response that functions to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis following mitochondrial damage. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the nervous system plays a central role in responding to mitochondrial stress by releasing endocrine signals that act upon distal tissues to activate the UPRmt The mechanisms by which mitochondrial stress is sensed by neurons and transmitted to distal tissues are not fully understood. Here, we identify a role for the conserved follicle-stimulating hormone G protein-coupled receptor, FSHR-1, in promoting UPRmt activation. Genetic deficiency of fshr-1 severely attenuates UPRmt activation and organism-wide survival in response to mitochondrial stress. FSHR-1 functions in a common genetic pathway with SPHK-1/sphingosine kinase to promote UPRmt activation, and FSHR-1 regulates the mitochondrial association of SPHK-1 in the intestine. Through tissue-specific rescue assays, we show that FSHR-1 functions in neurons to activate the UPRmt, to promote mitochondrial association of SPHK-1 in the intestine, and to promote organism-wide survival in response to mitochondrial stress. We propose that FSHR-1 functions cell nonautonomously in neurons to activate UPRmt upstream of SPHK-1 signaling in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Kim
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Derek Sieburth
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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15
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Markaki M, Tavernarakis N. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system for human diseases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 63:118-125. [PMID: 31951916 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers unique advantages that enable a comprehensive delineation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying devastating human pathologies such as stroke, ischemia and age-associated neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic models of human diseases that closely simulate several disease-related phenotypes have been established in the worm. These models allow the implementation of multidisciplinary approaches, in addition to large-scale genetic and pharmacological screenings, designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms mediating pathogenesis and to identify targets and drugs for emergent therapeutic interventions. Such strategies have already provided valuable insights, highly relevant to human health and quality of life. This article considers the potential of C. elegans as a versatile platform for systematic dissection of the molecular basis of human disease, focusing on neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Markaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece; Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece.
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16
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Teo E, Ravi S, Barardo D, Kim HS, Fong S, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Tan TY, Ching J, Kovalik JP, Wenk MR, Gunawan R, Moore PK, Halliwell B, Tolwinski N, Gruber J. Metabolic stress is a primary pathogenic event in transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing pan-neuronal human amyloid beta. eLife 2019; 8:50069. [PMID: 31610847 PMCID: PMC6794093 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease affecting the elderly worldwide. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been proposed as a key event in the etiology of AD. We have previously modeled amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans strain by expressing human Aβ peptide specifically in neurons (GRU102). Here, we focus on the deeper metabolic changes associated with this Aβ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Integrating metabolomics, transcriptomics and computational modeling, we identify alterations in Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle metabolism following even low-level Aβ expression. In particular, GRU102 showed reduced activity of a rate-limiting TCA cycle enzyme, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. These defects were associated with elevation of protein carbonyl content specifically in mitochondria. Importantly, metabolic failure occurred before any significant increase in global protein aggregate was detectable. Treatment with an anti-diabetes drug, Metformin, reversed Aβ-induced metabolic defects, reduced protein aggregation and normalized lifespan of GRU102. Our results point to metabolic dysfunction as an early and causative event in Aβ-induced pathology and a promising target for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelyne Teo
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sudharshan Ravi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Barardo
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sheng Fong
- Geriatric Medicine Senior Residency Programme, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsze Yin Tan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianhong Ching
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jean-Paul Kovalik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rudiyanto Gunawan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, United States
| | - Philip K Moore
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jan Gruber
- Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Youssef K, Tandon A, Rezai P. Studying Parkinson’s disease using Caenorhabditis elegans models in microfluidic devices. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 11:186-207. [DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons (DNs) in the substantia nigra and the widespread accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, leading to motor impairments and eventual cognitive dysfunction. In-vitro cell cultures and in-vivo animal models have provided the opportunity to investigate the PD pathological hallmarks and identify different therapeutic compounds. However, PD pathogenesis and causes are still not well understood, and effective inhibitory drugs for PD are yet to be discovered. Biologically simple but pathologically relevant disease models and advanced screening technologies are needed to reveal the mechanisms underpinning protein aggregation and PD progression. For instance, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) offers many advantages for fundamental PD neurobehavioral studies including a simple, well-mapped, and accessible neuronal system, genetic homology to humans, body transparency and amenability to genetic manipulation. Several transgenic worm strains that exhibit multiple PD-related phenotypes have been developed to perform neuronal and behavioral assays and drug screening. However, in conventional worm-based assays, the commonly used techniques are equipment-intensive, slow and low in throughput. Over the past two decades, microfluidics technology has contributed significantly to automation and control of C. elegans assays. In this review, we focus on C. elegans PD models and the recent advancements in microfluidic platforms used for manipulation, handling and neurobehavioral screening of these models. Moreover, we highlight the potential of C. elegans to elucidate the in-vivo mechanisms of neuron-to-neuron protein transfer that may underlie spreading Lewy pathology in PD, and its suitability for in-vitro studies. Given the advantages of C. elegans and microfluidics technology, their integration has the potential to facilitate the investigation of disease pathology and discovery of potential chemical leads for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Youssef
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anurag Tandon
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pouya Rezai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Abstract
![]()
Protein
footprinting coupled with mass spectrometry is being increasingly
used for the study of protein interactions and conformations. The
hydroxyl radical footprinting method, fast photochemical oxidation
of proteins (FPOP), utilizes hydroxyl radicals to oxidatively modify
solvent accessible amino acids. Here, we describe the further development
of FPOP for protein structural analysis in vivo (IV-FPOP) with Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans, part
of the nematode family, are used as model systems for many human diseases.
The ability to perform structural studies in these worms would provide
insight into the role of structure in disease pathogenesis. Many parameters
were optimized for labeling within the worms including the microfluidic
flow system and hydrogen peroxide concentration. IV-FPOP was able
to modify several hundred proteins in various organs within the worms.
The method successfully probed solvent accessibility similarily to
in vitro FPOP, demonstrating its potential for use as a structural
technique in a multiorgan system. The coupling of the method with
mass spectrometry allows for amino-acid-residue-level structural information,
a higher resolution than currently available in vivo methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Espino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Lisa M Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
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19
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Ibrahim RB, Liu YT, Yeh SY, Tsai JW. Contributions of Animal Models to the Mechanisms and Therapies of Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:338. [PMID: 31001136 PMCID: PMC6454033 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis) is a fatal systemic disease caused by amyloid deposits of misfolded transthyretin, leading to familial amyloid polyneuropathy and/or cardiomyopathy, or a rare oculoleptomeningeal amyloidosis. A good model system that mimic the disease phenotype is crucial for the development of drugs and treatments for this devastating degenerative disorder. The present models using fruit flies, worms, rodents, non-human primates and induced pluripotent stem cells have helped researchers understand important disease-related mechanisms and test potential therapeutic options. However, the challenge of creating an ideal model still looms, for these models did not recapitulates all symptoms, particularly neurological presentation, of ATTR amyloidosis. Recently, knock-in techniques was used to generate two humanized ATTR mouse models, leading to amyloid deposition in the nerves and neuropathic manifestation in these models. This review gives a recent update on the milestone, progress, and challenges in developing different models for ATTR amyloidosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridwan Babatunde Ibrahim
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Tsen Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center and Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Yu Yeh
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center and Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Xu Y, Park Y. Application of Caenorhabditis elegans for Research on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 23:275-281. [PMID: 30675455 PMCID: PMC6342542 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.4.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans is a versatile model organism that has been applied to research involving obesity, aging, and neurodegenerative diseases. C. elegans has many advantages over traditional animal models, including ease of handling, a short lifespan, a fully sequenced genome, ease of genetic manipulation, and a high similarity to human disease-related genes. With established C. elegans models of human disease, C. elegans provides a great platform for studying disease pathologies, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is characterized by the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins involved in the pathologies of many diseases. ER stress can lead to activation of the unfolded and misfolded protein response, a mechanism that attenuates ER stress and recovers ER homeostasis. The current review gives an introduction to C. elegans and ER stress, along with the pathological role of ER stress in disease and the application of worm models in ER stress-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia Xu
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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21
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Madhivanan K, Greiner ER, Alves-Ferreira M, Soriano-Castell D, Rouzbeh N, Aguirre CA, Paulsson JF, Chapman J, Jiang X, Ooi FK, Lemos C, Dillin A, Prahlad V, Kelly JW, Encalada SE. Cellular clearance of circulating transthyretin decreases cell-nonautonomous proteotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7710-E7719. [PMID: 30061394 PMCID: PMC6099907 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801117115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-autonomous and cell-nonautonomous mechanisms of neurodegeneration appear to occur in the proteinopathies, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, how neuronal toxicity is generated from misfolding-prone proteins secreted by nonneuronal tissues and whether modulating protein aggregate levels at distal locales affects the degeneration of postmitotic neurons remains unknown. We generated and characterized animal models of the transthyretin (TTR) amyloidoses that faithfully recapitulate cell-nonautonomous neuronal proteotoxicity by expressing human TTR in the Caenorhabditis elegans muscle. We identified sensory neurons with affected morphological and behavioral nociception-sensing impairments. Nonnative TTR oligomer load and neurotoxicity increased following inhibition of TTR degradation in distal macrophage-like nonaffected cells. Moreover, reducing TTR levels by RNAi or by kinetically stabilizing natively folded TTR pharmacologically decreased TTR aggregate load and attenuated neuronal dysfunction. These findings reveal a critical role for in trans modulation of aggregation-prone degradation that directly affects postmitotic tissue degeneration observed in the proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayalvizhi Madhivanan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Erin R Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Miguel Alves-Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal
| | - David Soriano-Castell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Nirvan Rouzbeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Carlos A Aguirre
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Johan F Paulsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Xin Jiang
- Misfolding Diagnostics, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Felicia K Ooi
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Carolina Lemos
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4150-171 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Veena Prahlad
- Department of Biology, Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jeffery W Kelly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sandra E Encalada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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22
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23
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Maulik M, Mitra S, Hunter S, Hunstiger M, Oliver SR, Bult-Ito A, Taylor BE. Sir-2.1 mediated attenuation of α-synuclein expression by Alaskan bog blueberry polyphenols in a transgenic model of Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10216. [PMID: 29976995 PMCID: PMC6033853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and accumulation of cellular protein aggregates are pathological hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration. One such protein is α-synuclein, which when misfolded, forms aggregates and disrupts normal cellular functions of the neurons causing Parkinson's disease. Nutritional interventions abundant in pharmacologically potent polyphenols have demonstrated a therapeutic role for combating protein aggregation associated with neurodegeneration. The current study hypothesized that Alaskan bog blueberry (Vaccinum uliginosum), which is high in polyphenolic content, will reduce α-synuclein expression in a model of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). We observed that blueberry extracts attenuated α-synuclein protein expression, improved healthspan in the form of motility and restored lipid content in the transgenic strain of C. elegans expressing human α-synuclein. We also found reduced gene expression levels of sir-2.1 (ortholog of mammalian Sirtuin 1) in blueberry treated transgenic animals indicating that the beneficial effects of blueberries could be mediated through partial reduction of sirtuin activity. This therapeutic effect of the blueberries was attributed to its xenohormetic properties. The current results highlight the role of Alaskan blueberries in mediating inhibition of sir-2.1 as a novel therapeutic approach to improving pathologies of protein misfolding diseases. Finally, our study warrants further investigation of the structure, and specificity of such small molecules from indigenous natural compounds and its role as sirtuin regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Maulik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Swarup Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Research Institution on Addictions, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Skyler Hunter
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Moriah Hunstiger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - S Ryan Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Abel Bult-Ito
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Barbara E Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences and College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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Suresh SN, Verma V, Sateesh S, Clement JP, Manjithaya R. Neurodegenerative diseases: model organisms, pathology and autophagy. J Genet 2018; 97:679-701. [PMID: 30027903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A proteostasis view of neurodegeneration (ND) identifies protein aggregation as a leading causative reason for damage seen at the cellular and organ levels. While investigative therapies that aim at dissolving aggregates have failed, and the promises of silencing expression of ND associated pathogenic proteins or the deployment of engineered induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are still in the horizon, emerging literature suggests degrading aggregates through autophagy-related mechanisms hold the current potential for a possible cure. Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is an intracellular degradative pathway where superfluous or unwanted cellular cargoes (such as peroxisomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, intracellular bacteria and misfolded protein aggregates) are wrapped in double membrane vesicles called autophagosomes that eventually fuses with lysosomes for their degradation. The selective branch of autophagy that deals with identification, capture and degradation of protein aggregates is called aggrephagy. Here, we cover the workings of aggrephagy detailing its selectivity towards aggregates. The diverse cellular adaptors that bridge the aggregates with the core autophagy machinery in terms of autophagosome formation are discussed. In ND, essential protein quality control mechanisms fail as the constituent components also find themselves trapped in the aggregates. Thus, although cellular aggrephagy has the potential to be upregulated, its dysfunction further aggravates the pathogenesis. This phenomenonwhen combined with the fact that neurons can neither dilute out the aggregates by cell division nor the dead neurons can be replaced due to low neurogenesis, makes a compelling case for aggrephagy pathway as a potential therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Suresh
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, India.
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V363I and V363A mutated tau affect aggregation and neuronal dysfunction differently in C. elegans. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:226-234. [PMID: 29936232 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene have been linked to a heterogeneous group of progressive neurodegenerative disorders commonly called tauopathies. From patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with distinct atypical clinical phenotypes, we recently identified two new mutations on the same codon, in position 363 of the MAPT gene, which resulted in the production of Val-to-Ala (tauV363A) or Val-to-Ile (tauV363I) mutated tau. These substitutions specifically affected microtubule polymerization and propensity of tau to aggregate in vitro suggesting that single amino acid modification may dictate the fate of the neuropathology. To clarify whether tauV363A and tauV363I affect protein misfolding differently in vivo driving certain phenotypes, we generated new transgenic C. elegans strains. Human 2N4R tau carrying the mutation was expressed in all the neurons of worms. The behavioral defects, misfolding and proteotoxicity caused by the tauV363A and tauV363I mutated proteins were compared to that induced by the expression of wild-type tau (tauwt). Pan-neuronal expression of human 2N4R tauWT in worms resulted in a neuromuscular defect with characteristics of a neurodegenerative phenotype. This defect was worsened by the expression of mutated proteins which drive distinct neuronal dysfunctions and synaptic impairments involving, in transgenic worms expressing tauV363A (V363A) also a pharyngeal defect never linked before to other mutations. The two mutations differently affected the tau phosphorylation and misfolding propensities: tauV363I was highly phosphorylated on epitopes corresponding to Thr231 and Ser202/Thr205, and accumulated as insoluble tau assemblies whereas tauV363A showed a greater propensity to form soluble oligomeric assemblies. These findings uphold the role of a single amino acid substitution in specifically affecting the ability of tau to form soluble and insoluble assemblies, opening up new perspectives in the pathogenic mechanism underlying tauopathies.
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Wang X, Cao M, Dong Y. Royal jelly promotes DAF-16-mediated proteostasis to tolerate β-amyloid toxicity in C. elegans model of Alzheimer's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54183-54193. [PMID: 27472466 PMCID: PMC5342333 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that dietary intervention may promote health and help prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently reported that bee products of royal jelly (RJ) and enzyme-treated royal jelly (eRJ) were potent to promote healthy aging in C. elegans. Here, we examined whether RJ/eRJ consumption may benefit to mitigate the AD symptom in the disease model of C. elegans. Our results showed that RJ/eRJ supplementation significantly delayed the body paralysis in AD worms, suggesting the β-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity attenuation effects of RJ/eRJ. Genetic analyses suggested that RJ/eRJ-mediated alleviation of Aβ toxicity in AD worms required DAF-16, rather than HSF-1 and SKN-1, in an insulin/IGF signaling dependent manner. Moreover, RJ/eRJ modulated the transactivity of DAF-16 and dramatically improved the protein solubility in aged worms. Given protein solubility is a hallmark of healthy proteostasis, our findings demonstrated that RJ/eRJ supplementation improved proteostasis, and this promotion depended on the transactivity of DAF-16. Collectively, the present study not only elucidated the possible anti-AD mechanism of RJ/eRJ, but also provided evidence from a practical point of view to shed light on the extensive correlation of proteostasis and the prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Min Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.,Institute for Engaged Aging, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Yuqing Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.,Institute for Engaged Aging, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
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Park SM. Hopping from One Cell to Another: Huntington's Disease Propagates. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 26:319-320. [PMID: 29302198 PMCID: PMC5746496 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.6.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,BK21 plus program, Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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Pir GJ, Choudhary B, Mandelkow E. Caenorhabditis elegans models of tauopathy. FASEB J 2017; 31:5137-5148. [PMID: 29191965 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of the tauopathies, which include the neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer disease (AD), corticobasal degeneration, frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), is the abnormal accumulation of post-translationally modified, insoluble tau. The result is a loss of neurons, decreased mental function, and complete dependence of patients on others. Aggregation of tau, which under physiologic conditions is a highly soluble protein, is thought to be central to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Indeed one of the strongest lines of evidence is the MAPT gene polymorphisms that lead to the familial forms of tauopathy. Extensive research in animal models over the years has contributed some of the most important findings regarding the pathogenesis of these diseases. Despite this, the precise molecular mechanisms that lead to abnormal tau folding, accumulation, and spreading remain unknown. Owing to the fact that most of the biochemical pathways are conserved, Caenorhabditis elegans provides an alternative approach to identify cellular mechanisms and druggable genes that operate in such disorders. Many human genes implicated in neurodegenerative diseases have counterparts in C. elegans, making it an excellent model in which to study their pathogenesis. In this article, we review some of the important findings gained from C. elegans tauopathy models.-Pir, G. J., Choudhary, B., Mandelkow, E. Caenorhabditiselegans models of tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Jeelani Pir
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; .,Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research-Cologne, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bikash Choudhary
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research-Cologne, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Mandelkow
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Metabolism Research-Cologne, Hamburg, Germany.,Caesar Research Center, Bonn, Germany
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Amanullah A, Upadhyay A, Joshi V, Mishra R, Jana NR, Mishra A. Progressing neurobiological strategies against proteostasis failure: Challenges in neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 159:1-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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A conserved mitochondrial surveillance pathway is required for defense against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006876. [PMID: 28662060 PMCID: PMC5510899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
All living organisms exist in a precarious state of homeostasis that requires constant maintenance. A wide variety of stresses, including hypoxia, heat, and infection by pathogens perpetually threaten to imbalance this state. Organisms use a battery of defenses to mitigate damage and restore normal function. Previously, we described a Caenorhabditis elegans-Pseudomonas aeruginosa assay (Liquid Killing) in which toxicity to the host is dependent upon the secreted bacterial siderophore pyoverdine. Although pyoverdine is also indispensable for virulence in mammals, its cytological effects are unclear. We used genetics, transcriptomics, and a variety of pathogen and chemical exposure assays to study the interactions between P. aeruginosa and C. elegans. Although P. aeruginosa can kill C. elegans through at least 5 different mechanisms, the defense responses activated by Liquid Killing are specific and selective and have little in common with innate defense mechanisms against intestinal colonization. Intriguingly, the defense response utilizes the phylogenetically-conserved ESRE (Ethanol and Stress Response Element) network, which we and others have previously shown to mitigate damage from a variety of abiotic stresses. This is the first report of this networks involvement in innate immunity, and indicates that host innate immune responses overlap with responses to abiotic stresses. The upregulation of the ESRE network in C. elegans is mediated in part by a family of bZIP proteins (including ZIP-2, ZIP-4, CEBP-1, and CEBP-2) that have overlapping and unique functions. Our data convincingly show that, following exposure to P. aeruginosa, the ESRE defense network is activated by mitochondrial damage, and that mitochondrial damage also leads to ESRE activation in mammals. This establishes a role for ESRE in a phylogenetically-conserved mitochondrial surveillance system important for stress response and innate immunity.
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Shape matters: the complex relationship between aggregation and toxicity in protein-misfolding diseases. Essays Biochem 2017; 60:181-190. [PMID: 27744334 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A particular subgroup of protein-misfolding diseases, comprising Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, involves amyloidogenic proteins that can form alternative pathogenic conformations with a high tendency to self-assemble into oligomeric and fibrillar species. Although misfolded proteins have been clearly linked to disease, the exact nature of the toxic species remains highly controversial. Increasing evidence suggests that there is little correlation between the occurrence of macroscopic protein deposits and toxic phenotypes in affected cells and tissues. In this article, we recap amyloid aggregation pathways, describe prion-like propagation, elaborate on detrimental interactions of protein aggregates with the cellular protein quality control system and discuss why some aggregates are toxic, whereas others seem to be beneficial. On the basis of recent studies on prion strains, we reason that the specific aggregate conformation and the resulting individual interaction with the cellular environment might be the major determinant of toxicity.
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Sapp V, Jain M, Liao R. Viewing Extrinsic Proteotoxic Stress Through the Lens of Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:294-9. [PMID: 27252164 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00047.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteotoxicity refers to toxic stress caused by misfolded proteins of extrinsic or intrinsic origin and plays an integral role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the current understanding of mechanisms underlying proteotoxicity and its contribution in the pathogenesis of amyloid cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Sapp
- Departments of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; and
| | - Mohit Jain
- Departments of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California; and
| | - Ronglih Liao
- Division of Genetics and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Exposure to the Functional Bacterial Amyloid Protein Curli Enhances Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation in Aged Fischer 344 Rats and Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34477. [PMID: 27708338 PMCID: PMC5052651 DOI: 10.1038/srep34477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Misfolded alpha-synuclein (AS) and other neurodegenerative disorder proteins display prion-like transmission of protein aggregation. Factors responsible for the initiation of AS aggregation are unknown. To evaluate the role of amyloid proteins made by the microbiota we exposed aged rats and transgenic C. elegans to E. coli producing the extracellular bacterial amyloid protein curli. Rats exposed to curli-producing bacteria displayed increased neuronal AS deposition in both gut and brain and enhanced microgliosis and astrogliosis compared to rats exposed to either mutant bacteria unable to synthesize curli, or to vehicle alone. Animals exposed to curli producing bacteria also had more expression of TLR2, IL-6 and TNF in the brain than the other two groups. There were no differences among the rat groups in survival, body weight, inflammation in the mouth, retina, kidneys or gut epithelia, and circulating cytokine levels. AS-expressing C. elegans fed on curli-producing bacteria also had enhanced AS aggregation. These results suggest that bacterial amyloid functions as a trigger to initiate AS aggregation through cross-seeding and also primes responses of the innate immune system.
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Ayyadevara S, Mercanti F, Wang X, Mackintosh SG, Tackett AJ, Prayaga SVS, Romeo F, Shmookler Reis RJ, Mehta JL. Age- and Hypertension-Associated Protein Aggregates in Mouse Heart Have Similar Proteomic Profiles. Hypertension 2016; 67:1006-13. [PMID: 26975704 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are largely defined by protein aggregates in affected tissues. Aggregates contain some shared components as well as proteins thought to be specific for each disease. Aggregation has not previously been reported in the normal, aging heart or the hypertensive heart. Detergent-insoluble protein aggregates were isolated from mouse heart and characterized on 2-dimensional gels. Their levels increased markedly and significantly with aging and after sustained angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Of the aggregate components identified by high-resolution proteomics, half changed in abundance with age (392/787) or with sustained hypertension (459/824), whereas 30% (273/901) changed concordantly in both, each P<0.05. One fifth of these proteins were previously associated with age-progressive neurodegenerative or cardiovascular diseases, or both (eg, ApoE, ApoJ, ApoAIV, clusterin, complement C3, and others involved in stress-response and protein-homeostasis pathways). Because fibrosis is a characteristic of both aged and hypertensive hearts, we posited that aging of fibroblasts may contribute to the aggregates observed in cardiac tissue. Indeed, as cardiac myofibroblasts "senesced" (approached their replicative limit) in vitro, they accrued aggregates with many of the same constituent proteins observed in vivo during natural aging or sustained hypertension. In summary, we have shown for the first time that compact (detergent-insoluble) protein aggregates accumulate during natural aging, chronic hypertension, and in vitro myofibroblast senescence, sharing many common proteins. Thus, aggregates that arise from disparate causes (aging, hypertension, and replicative senescence) may have common underlying mechanisms of accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ayyadevara
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.).
| | - Federico Mercanti
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.)
| | - Xianwei Wang
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.)
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.)
| | - Alan J Tackett
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.)
| | - Sastry V S Prayaga
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.)
| | - Francesco Romeo
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.)
| | - Robert J Shmookler Reis
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.).
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- From the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (S.A., F.M., X.W., R.J.S.R., J.L.M.); Department of Geriatrics (S.A., R.J.S.R.), Division of Cardiology (F.M., X.W., S.V.S.P., J.L.M.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (S.G.M., A.J.T., R.J.S.R.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock; and Department of Cardiology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy (F.M., F.R.).
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Cornaglia M, Krishnamani G, Mouchiroud L, Sorrentino V, Lehnert T, Auwerx J, Gijs MAM. Automated longitudinal monitoring of in vivo protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disease C. elegans models. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:17. [PMID: 26858201 PMCID: PMC4746889 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While many biological studies can be performed on cell-based systems, the investigation of molecular pathways related to complex human dysfunctions - e.g. neurodegenerative diseases - often requires long-term studies in animal models. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans represents one of the best model organisms for many of these tests and, therefore, versatile and automated systems for accurate time-resolved analyses on C. elegans are becoming highly desirable tools in the field. RESULTS We describe a new multi-functional platform for C. elegans analytical research, enabling automated worm isolation and culture, reversible worm immobilization and long-term high-resolution imaging, and this under active control of the main culture parameters, including temperature. We employ our platform for in vivo observation of biomolecules and automated analysis of protein aggregation in a C. elegans model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Our device allows monitoring the growth rate and development of each worm, at single animal resolution, within a matrix of microfluidic chambers. We demonstrate the progression of individual protein aggregates, i.e. mutated human superoxide dismutase 1 - Yellow Fluorescent Protein (SOD1-YFP) fusion proteins in the body wall muscles, for each worm and over several days. Moreover, by combining reversible worm immobilization and on-chip high-resolution imaging, our method allows precisely localizing the expression of biomolecules within the worms' tissues, as well as monitoring the evolution of single aggregates over consecutive days at the sub-cellular level. We also show the suitability of our system for protein aggregation monitoring in a C. elegans Huntington disease (HD) model, and demonstrate the system's ability to study long-term doxycycline treatment-linked modification of protein aggregation profiles in the ALS model. CONCLUSION Our microfluidic-based method allows analyzing in vivo the long-term dynamics of protein aggregation phenomena in C. elegans at unprecedented resolution. Pharmacological screenings on neurodegenerative disease C. elegans models may strongly benefit from this method in the near future, because of its full automation and high-throughput potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cornaglia
- Laboratory of Microsystems, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Laurent Mouchiroud
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, EPFL, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Song P, Dong X, Liu X. A microfluidic device for automated, high-speed microinjection of Caenorhabditis elegans. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:011912. [PMID: 26958099 PMCID: PMC4769256 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has been widely used as a model organism in biological studies because of its short and prolific life cycle, relatively simple body structure, significant genetic overlap with human, and facile/inexpensive cultivation. Microinjection, as an established and versatile tool for delivering liquid substances into cellular/organismal objects, plays an important role in C. elegans research. However, the conventional manual procedure of C. elegans microinjection is labor-intensive and time-consuming and thus hinders large-scale C. elegans studies involving microinjection of a large number of C. elegans on a daily basis. In this paper, we report a novel microfluidic device that enables, for the first time, fully automated, high-speed microinjection of C. elegans. The device is automatically regulated by on-chip pneumatic valves and allows rapid loading, immobilization, injection, and downstream sorting of single C. elegans. For demonstration, we performed microinjection experiments on 200 C. elegans worms and demonstrated an average injection speed of 6.6 worm/min (average worm handling time: 9.45 s/worm) and a success rate of 77.5% (post-sorting success rate: 100%), both much higher than the performance of manual operation (speed: 1 worm/4 min and success rate: 30%). We conducted typical viability tests on the injected C. elegans and confirmed that the automated injection system does not impose significant adverse effect on the physiological condition of the injected C. elegans. We believe that the developed microfluidic device holds great potential to become a useful tool for facilitating high-throughput, large-scale worm biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Song
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Xianke Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
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Medkour Y, Svistkova V, Titorenko VI. Cell-Nonautonomous Mechanisms Underlying Cellular and Organismal Aging. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 321:259-97. [PMID: 26811290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell-autonomous mechanisms underlying cellular and organismal aging in evolutionarily distant eukaryotes have been established; these mechanisms regulate longevity-defining processes within a single eukaryotic cell. Recent findings have provided valuable insight into cell-nonautonomous mechanisms modulating cellular and organismal aging in eukaryotes across phyla; these mechanisms involve a transmission of various longevity factors between different cells, tissues, and organisms. Herein, we review such cell-nonautonomous mechanisms of aging in eukaryotes. We discuss the following: (1) how low molecular weight transmissible longevity factors modulate aging and define longevity of cells in yeast populations cultured in liquid media or on solid surfaces, (2) how communications between proteostasis stress networks operating in neurons and nonneuronal somatic tissues define longevity of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans by modulating the rates of aging in different tissues, and (3) how different bacterial species colonizing the gut lumen of C. elegans define nematode longevity by modulating the rate of organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Medkour
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Baseline physiological function of the mammalian heart is under the constant threat of environmental or intrinsic pathological insults. Cardiomyocyte proteins are thus subject to unremitting pressure to function optimally, and this depends on them assuming and maintaining proper conformation. This review explores the multiple defenses a cell may use for its proteins to assume and maintain correct protein folding and conformation. There are multiple quality control mechanisms to ensure that nascent polypeptides are properly folded and mature proteins maintain their functional conformation. When proteins do misfold, either in the face of normal or pathological stimuli or because of intrinsic mutations or post-translational modifications, they must either be refolded correctly or recycled. In the absence of these corrective processes, they may become toxic to the cell. Herein, we explore some of the underlying mechanisms that lead to proteotoxicity. The continued presence and chronic accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins can be disastrous in cardiomyocytes because these misfolded proteins can lead to aggregation or the formation of soluble peptides that are proteotoxic. This in turn leads to compromised protein quality control and precipitating a downward spiral of the cell's ability to maintain protein homeostasis. Some underlying mechanisms are discussed and the therapeutic potential of interfering with proteotoxicity in the heart is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McLendon
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH.
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Amen T, Kaganovich D. Dynamic droplets: the role of cytoplasmic inclusions in stress, function, and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:401-415. [PMID: 25283146 PMCID: PMC11113435 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1740-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and other proteinopathies constitute a class of several dozen illnesses etiologically linked to pathological protein misfolding and aggregation. Because of this strong association with disease pathology, cell death, and aging, accumulation of proteins in aggregates or aggregation-associated structures (inclusions) has come to be regarded by many as a deleterious process, to be avoided if possible. Recent work has led us to see inclusion structures and disordered aggregate-like protein mixtures (which we call dynamic droplets) in a new light: not necessarily as a result of a pathological breakdown of cellular order, but as an elaborate cellular architecture regulating function and stress response. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about the role of inclusion structures in cellular homeostasis, stress response, toxicity, and disease. We will focus on possible mechanisms of aggregate toxicity, in contrast to the homeostatic function of several inclusion structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triana Amen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
- Alexander Grass Center for Bioengineering, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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41
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Nussbaum-Krammer CI, Neto MF, Brielmann RM, Pedersen JS, Morimoto RI. Investigating the spreading and toxicity of prion-like proteins using the metazoan model organism C. elegans. J Vis Exp 2015:52321. [PMID: 25591151 DOI: 10.3791/52321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are unconventional self-propagating proteinaceous particles, devoid of any coding nucleic acid. These proteinaceous seeds serve as templates for the conversion and replication of their benign cellular isoform. Accumulating evidence suggests that many protein aggregates can act as self-propagating templates and corrupt the folding of cognate proteins. Although aggregates can be functional under certain circumstances, this process often leads to the disruption of the cellular protein homeostasis (proteostasis), eventually leading to devastating diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The exact mechanisms of prion propagation and cell-to-cell spreading of protein aggregates are still subjects of intense investigation. To further this knowledge, recently a new metazoan model in Caenorhabditis elegans, for expression of the prion domain of the cytosolic yeast prion protein Sup35 has been established. This prion model offers several advantages, as it allows direct monitoring of the fluorescently tagged prion domain in living animals and ease of genetic approaches. Described here are methods to study prion-like behavior of protein aggregates and to identify modifiers of prion-induced toxicity using C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I Nussbaum-Krammer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University;
| | - Mário F Neto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University
| | - Renée M Brielmann
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University
| | - Jesper S Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University
| | - Richard I Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; and
| | - Patricia L Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
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Roth DM, Hutt DM, Tong J, Bouchecareilh M, Wang N, Seeley T, Dekkers JF, Beekman JM, Garza D, Drew L, Masliah E, Morimoto RI, Balch WE. Modulation of the maladaptive stress response to manage diseases of protein folding. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001998. [PMID: 25406061 PMCID: PMC4236052 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of protein folding arise because of the inability of an altered peptide sequence to properly engage protein homeostasis components that direct protein folding and function. To identify global principles of misfolding disease pathology we examined the impact of the local folding environment in alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD), Niemann-Pick type C1 disease (NPC1), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and cystic fibrosis (CF). Using distinct models, including patient-derived cell lines and primary epithelium, mouse brain tissue, and Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that chronic expression of misfolded proteins not only triggers the sustained activation of the heat shock response (HSR) pathway, but that this sustained activation is maladaptive. In diseased cells, maladaptation alters protein structure-function relationships, impacts protein folding in the cytosol, and further exacerbates the disease state. We show that down-regulation of this maladaptive stress response (MSR), through silencing of HSF1, the master regulator of the HSR, restores cellular protein folding and improves the disease phenotype. We propose that restoration of a more physiological proteostatic environment will strongly impact the management and progression of loss-of-function and gain-of-toxic-function phenotypes common in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Martino Roth
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Darren M. Hutt
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jiansong Tong
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Marion Bouchecareilh
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Theo Seeley
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Johanna F. Dekkers
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M. Beekman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dan Garza
- Proteostasis Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Drew
- Proteostasis Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Richard I. Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - William E. Balch
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- The Institute for Childhood and Neglected Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Combating neurodegenerative disease with chemical probes and model systems. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:911-20. [PMID: 25325702 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The disheartening results of recent clinical trials for neurodegenerative disease (ND) therapeutics underscore the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying disease biology before effective therapies can be devised. One hallmark of many NDs is a disruption in protein homeostasis. Therefore, investigating the role of protein homeostasis in these diseases is central to delineating their underlying pathobiology. Here, we review the seminal role that chemical biology has played in furthering the research on and treatment of dysfunctional protein homeostasis in NDs. We also discuss the vital and predictive role of model systems in identifying conserved homeostasis pathways and genes therein that are altered in neurodegeneration. Integrating approaches from chemical biology with the use of model systems yields a powerful toolkit with which to unravel the complexities of ND biology.
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Abstract
From unicellular organisms to humans, cells have evolved elegant systems to facilitate careful folding of proteins and the maintenance of protein homeostasis. Key modulators of protein homeostasis include a large, conserved family of proteins known as molecular chaperones, which augment the folding of nascent polypeptides and temper adverse consequences of cellular stress. However, errors in protein folding can still occur, resulting in the accumulation of misfolded proteins that strain cellular quality-control systems. In some cases, misfolded proteins can be targeted for degradation by the proteasome or via autophagy. Nevertheless, protein misfolding is a feature of many complex, genetically and clinically pleiotropic diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In recent years, substantial progress has been made in unraveling the complexity of protein folding using model systems, and we are now closer to being able to diagnose and treat the growing number of protein-folding diseases. To showcase some of these important recent advances, and also to inspire discussion on approaches to tackle unanswered questions, Disease Models & Mechanisms (DMM) presents a special collection of reviews from researchers at the cutting-edge of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, A320 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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