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Ortiz JR, Lewis SM, Ciccone MF, Chatterjee D, Henry S, Siepel A, Dos Santos CO. Single-cell transcription mapping of murine and human mammary organoids responses to female hormones. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559971. [PMID: 37808747 PMCID: PMC10557705 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
During female adolescence and pregnancy, rising levels of hormones result in a cyclic source of signals that control the development of mammary tissue. While such alterations are well understood from a whole-gland perspective, the alterations that such hormones bring to organoid cultures derived from mammary glands have yet to be fully mapped. This is of special importance given that organoids are considered suitable systems to understand cross species breast development. Here we utilized single-cell transcriptional profiling to delineate responses of murine and human normal breast organoid systems to female hormones across evolutionary distinct species. Collectively, our study represents a molecular atlas of epithelial dynamics in response to estrogen and pregnancy hormones.
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Wang Y, Tan Z, Li X, Zhang L, Pei X. RUNX2 promotes gastric cancer progression through the transcriptional activation of MGAT5 and MMP13. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1133476. [PMID: 37256183 PMCID: PMC10226684 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1133476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction RUNX2 is overexpressed in gastric cancer but the mechanism(s) through which it promotes tumor progression remain undefined. Here, we investigated the role of RUNX2 on gastric cancer pathogenesis at the molecular level. Methods The qRT-PCR and western bolt were utilized to examine the mRNA and protein levels. CCK-8, Transwell and wound healing assays were used to measure cell proliferation, invasion and migration. CHIP-PCR gel electrophoresis was used to verify RUNX2 as a transcription factor for MMP13 and MGAT5. The in vivo assay was utilized to assess tumor growth. In vivo assay was used to evaluate tumor growth, aberrant expression of RUNX2 and lung metastasis of gastric cancer. Results RUNX2 is overexpressed in MKN-45 and AGS cells. Genetic RUNX2 silencing reduced the proliferation, invasion and migration of MKN-45 and AGS cells. Analysis of the gastric cancer samples from the database revealed a significant positive correlation between MGAT5, MMP13, and RUNX2 expression. JASPAR analysis revealed that there was a potential binding site of RUNX2 in the promoter regions of MGAT5 and MMP13, and the experimental results confirmed that RUNX2 could regulate the expression of MGAT5 and MMP13 respectively. In vivo assays confirmed the aberrant expression of RUNX2 in mouse models of gastric cancer and reduced growth and lung metastasis in RUNX2 silenced xenograft tumors assessed. Conclusion Collectively, these data reveal that RUNX2 enhances MGAT5 and MMP13 expression in gastric cancer cells and represents a biomarker and potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhibo Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Pei
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Ervin EH, French R, Chang CH, Pauklin S. Inside the stemness engine: Mechanistic links between deregulated transcription factors and stemness in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 87:48-83. [PMID: 36347438 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity is largely determined by its transcriptional profile. In tumour, deregulation of transcription factor expression and/or activity enables cancer cell to acquire a stem-like state characterised by capacity to self-renew, differentiate and form tumours in vivo. These stem-like cancer cells are highly metastatic and therapy resistant, thus warranting a more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms downstream of the transcription factors that mediate the establishment of stemness state. Here, we review recent research findings that provide a mechanistic link between the commonly deregulated transcription factors and stemness in cancer. In particular, we describe the role of master transcription factors (SOX, OCT4, NANOG, KLF, BRACHYURY, SALL, HOX, FOX and RUNX), signalling-regulated transcription factors (SMAD, β-catenin, YAP, TAZ, AP-1, NOTCH, STAT, GLI, ETS and NF-κB) and unclassified transcription factors (c-MYC, HIF, EMT transcription factors and P53) across diverse tumour types, thereby yielding a comprehensive overview identifying shared downstream targets, highlighting unique mechanisms and discussing complexities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle-Helene Ervin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
| | - Rhiannon French
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
| | - Chao-Hui Chang
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LD, United Kingdom.
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Brown MS, Abdollahi B, Wilkins OM, Lu H, Chakraborty P, Ognjenovic NB, Muller KE, Jolly MK, Christensen BC, Hassanpour S, Pattabiraman DR. Phenotypic heterogeneity driven by plasticity of the intermediate EMT state governs disease progression and metastasis in breast cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj8002. [PMID: 35921406 PMCID: PMC9348802 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is frequently co-opted by cancer cells to enhance migratory and invasive cell traits. It is a key contributor to heterogeneity, chemoresistance, and metastasis in many carcinoma types, where the intermediate EMT state plays a critical tumor-initiating role. We isolate multiple distinct single-cell clones from the SUM149PT human breast cell line spanning the EMT spectrum having diverse migratory, tumor-initiating, and metastatic qualities, including three unique intermediates. Using a multiomics approach, we identify CBFβ as a key regulator of metastatic ability in the intermediate state. To quantify epithelial-mesenchymal heterogeneity within tumors, we develop an advanced multiplexed immunostaining approach using SUM149-derived orthotopic tumors and find that the EMT state and epithelial-mesenchymal heterogeneity are predictive of overall survival in a cohort of stage III breast cancer. Our model reveals previously unidentified insights into the complex EMT spectrum and its regulatory networks, as well as the contributions of epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) in tumor heterogeneity in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith S. Brown
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Behnaz Abdollahi
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Owen M. Wilkins
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Hanxu Lu
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Priyanka Chakraborty
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Nevena B. Ognjenovic
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kristen E. Muller
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Brock C. Christensen
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Saeed Hassanpour
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Diwakar R. Pattabiraman
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Othman A, Winogradzki M, Lee L, Tandon M, Blank A, Pratap J. Bone Metastatic Breast Cancer: Advances in Cell Signaling and Autophagy Related Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174310. [PMID: 34503118 PMCID: PMC8431094 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of breast cancer with nearly 70% of metastatic breast cancer patients developing bone metastasis during the course of their disease. The bone represents a dynamic microenvironment which provides a fertile soil for disseminated tumor cells, however, the mechanisms which regulate the interactions between a metastatic tumor and the bone microenvironment remain poorly understood. Recent studies indicate that during the metastatic process a bidirectional relationship between metastatic tumor cells and the bone microenvironment begins to develop. Metastatic cells display aberrant expression of genes typically reserved for skeletal development and alter the activity of resident cells within the bone microenvironment to promote tumor development, resulting in the severe bone loss. While transcriptional regulation of the metastatic process has been well established, recent findings from our and other research groups highlight the role of the autophagy and secretory pathways in interactions between resident and tumor cells during bone metastatic tumor growth. These reports show high levels of autophagy-related markers, regulatory factors of the autophagy pathway, and autophagy-mediated secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), as well as WNT5A in bone metastatic breast cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the recently elucidated mechanisms and their crosstalk with signaling pathways, and potential therapeutic targets for bone metastatic disease.
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Kotipalli A, Banerjee R, Kasibhatla SM, Joshi R. Analysis of H3K4me3-ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq data to understand the putative role of miRNAs and their target genes in breast cancer cell lines. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e17. [PMID: 34261302 PMCID: PMC8261273 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer in women all over the world and accounts for ~25% of newly observed cancers in women. Epigenetic modifications influence differential expression of genes through non-coding RNA and play a crucial role in cancer regulation. In the present study, epigenetic regulation of gene expression by in-silico analysis of histone modifications using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) has been carried out. Histone modification data of H3K4me3 from one normal-like and four breast cancer cell lines were used to predict miRNA expression at the promoter level. Predicted miRNA promoters (based on ChIP-Seq) were used as a probe to identify gene targets. Five triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)‒specific miRNAs (miR153-1, miR4767, miR4487, miR6720, and miR-LET7I) were identified and corresponding 13 gene targets were predicted. Eight miRNA promoter peaks were predicted to be differentially expressed in at least three breast cancer cell lines (miR4512, miR6791, miR330, miR3180-3, miR6080, miR5787, miR6733, and miR3613). A total of 44 gene targets were identified based on the 3′-untranslated regions of downregulated mRNA genes that contain putative binding targets to these eight miRNAs. These include 17 and 15 genes in luminal-A type and TNBC respectively, that have been reported to be associated with breast cancer regulation. Of the remaining 12 genes, seven (A4GALT, C2ORF74, HRCT1, ZC4H2, ZNF512, ZNF655, and ZNF608) show similar relative expression profiles in large patient samples and other breast cancer cell lines thereby giving insight into predicted role of H3K4me3 mediated gene regulation via the miRNA-mRNA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Kotipalli
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune 411008, India
| | - Sunitha Manjari Kasibhatla
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune 411008, India
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune 411008, India
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7
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Li Y, Sun R, Zhao X, Sun B. RUNX2 promotes malignant progression in gastric cancer by regulating COL1A1. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:227-238. [PMID: 33896817 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-200472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is an important gene that has been implicated in the progression of human cancer. Aberrant expression of RUNX2 predicts gastric cancer (GC) metastasis. However, the molecular mechanism of RUNX2 remains unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesize that RUNX2 promotes GC metastasis by regulating the extracellular matrix component collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1). METHODS The GEPIA database and immunohistochemical staining of 60 GC tissues were used to analyse the correlations between RUNX2 or COL1A1 expression and clinicopathological features, and the Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate survival. RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect RUNX2 and COL1A1 expression in GC cells. Migration and invasion assays were performed to assess the influence of RUNX2 and COL1A1 on metastasis. RESULTS RUNX2 and COL1A1 were highly expressed at both the gene and protein levels in GC, and patients who were positive for RUNX2 and COL1A1 had shorter survival. RUNX2 and COL1A1 expression linearly correlated with each other (r= 0.15, p< 0.01) and with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis (p< 0.05). Overexpressing RUNX2in vitro enhanced COL1A1 expression and promoted GC cell invasion and migration, whereas COL1A1 knockdown inhibited the increase in cell metastatic capacity promoted by RUNX2. In vivo, GC cells overexpressing RUNX2 promoted lung metastasis, and the downregulation of COL1A1 reduced the metastasis promoted by RUNX2. CONCLUSIONS RUNX2 may promote GC metastasis by regulating COL1A1. RUNX2/COL1A1 can be employed as a novel target for therapy in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlei Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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8
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Li Y, Ge C, Franceschi RT. Role of Runx2 in prostate development and stem cell function. Prostate 2021; 81:231-241. [PMID: 33411419 PMCID: PMC7856111 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RUNX2, a critical transcription factor in bone development, is also expressed in prostate and breast where it has been linked to cancer progression and cancer stem cells. However, its role in normal prostate biology has not been previously examined. METHODS Selective growth of murine prostate epithelium under non-adherent conditions was used to enrich for stem cells. Expression of runt domain transcription factors, stem cell and prostate marker messenger RNAs (mRNAs) was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Effects of Runx2 loss and gain-of-function on prostate epithelial cells were assessed using cells isolated from Runx2loxp/loxp mice transduced with Adeno-Cre or by Adeno-Runx2 transduction of wild type cells. Cellular distribution of RUNX2 and prostate-associated proteins was assessed using immunofluorescence microscopy. In vivo Runx2 knock out was achieved by tamoxifen treatment of Nkx3.1CreERT; Runx2loxp/loxp mice. RESULTS Prostate epithelium-derived spheroids, which are enriched in stem cells, were shown to contain elevated levels of Runx2 mRNA. Spheroid formation required Runx2 since adenovirus-Cre mediated knockout of Runx2 in prostatic epithelial cells from Runx2loxp/loxp mice severely reduced spheroid formation and stem cell markers while Runx2 overexpression was stimulatory. In vivo, Runx2 was detected during early prostate development (E16.5) and in adult mice where it was present in basal and luminal cells of ventral and anterior lobes. Prostate-selective deletion of Runx2 in tamoxifen-treated Nkx3.1CreERT; Runx2loxp/loxp mice severely inhibited growth and maturation of tubules in the anterior prostate and reduced expression of stem cell markers and prostate-associated genes. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates an important role for Runx2 in prostate development that may be explained by actions in prostate epithelial stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Renny T. Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan School of Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI
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Tani M, Tanaka S, Oeda C, Azumi Y, Kawamura H, Sakaue M, Ito M. SLC37A2, a phosphorus-related molecule, increases in smooth muscle cells in the calcified aorta. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 68:23-31. [PMID: 33536709 PMCID: PMC7844665 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is major source of cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Hyperphosphatemia leads to increased intracellular phosphorus influx, which leads to an increase in osteoblast-like cells in vascular smooth muscle cell. PiT-1 transports phosphate in vascular smooth muscle cell. However, the mechanism of vascular calcification is not completely understood. This study investigated candidate phosphorus-related molecules other than PiT-1. We hypothesized that phosphorus-related molecules belonging to the solute-carrier (SLC) superfamily would be involved in vascular calcification. As a result of DNA microarray analysis, we focused on SLC37A2 and showed that mRNA expression of these cells increased on calcified aotic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC). SLC37A2 has been reported to transport both glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate and phosphate/phosphate exchanges. In vitro analysis showed that SLC37A2 expression was not affected by inflammation on AoSMC. The expression of SLC37A2 mRNA and protein increased in calcified AoSMC. In vivo analysis showed that SLC37A2 mRNA expression in the aorta of chronic kidney disease rats was correlated with osteogenic marker genes. Furthermore, SLC37A2 was expressed at the vascular calcification area in chronic kidney disease rats. As a result, we showed that SLC37A2 is one of the molecules that increase with vascular calcification in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Tani
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-Honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Sarasa Tanaka
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-Honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Chihiro Oeda
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-Honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Yuichi Azumi
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-Honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kawamura
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-Honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Motoyoshi Sakaue
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-Honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
| | - Mikiko Ito
- Graduate School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, 1-1-12 Shinzaike-Honcho, Himeji, Hyogo 670-0092, Japan
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Ran R, Harrison H, Syamimi Ariffin N, Ayub R, Pegg HJ, Deng W, Mastro A, Ottewell PD, Mason SM, Blyth K, Holen I, Shore P. A role for CBFβ in maintaining the metastatic phenotype of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2020; 39:2624-2637. [PMID: 32005976 PMCID: PMC7082223 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that drives cancer cell plasticity and is thought to play a major role in metastasis. Here we show, using MDA-MB-231 cells as a model, that the plasticity of at least some metastatic breast cancer cells is dependent on the transcriptional co-regulator CBFβ. We demonstrate that CBFβ is essential to maintain the mesenchymal phenotype of triple-negative breast cancer cells and that CBFβ-depleted cells undergo a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) and re-organise into acini-like structures, reminiscent of those formed by epithelial breast cells. We subsequently show, using an inducible CBFβ system, that the MET can be reversed, thus demonstrating the plasticity of CBFβ-mediated EMT. Moreover, the MET can be reversed by expression of the EMT transcription factor Slug whose expression is dependent on CBFβ. Finally, we demonstrate that loss of CBFβ inhibits the ability of metastatic breast cancer cells to invade bone cell cultures and suppresses their ability to form bone metastases in vivo. Together our findings demonstrate that CBFβ can determine the plasticity of the metastatic cancer cell phenotype, suggesting that its regulation in different micro-environments may play a key role in the establishment of metastatic tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Hannah Harrison
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nur Syamimi Ariffin
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Rahna Ayub
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Henry J Pegg
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Wensheng Deng
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Jishi Rd, Hongshan Qu, Wuhan Shi, Hubei Sheng, 430065, China
| | - Andrea Mastro
- Penn State University, 428 South Frear Laboratory, University Park, Philadelphia, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Penny D Ottewell
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Susan M Mason
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ingunn Holen
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Paul Shore
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Sweeney K, Cameron ER, Blyth K. Complex Interplay between the RUNX Transcription Factors and Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer: A Tango in the Night. Mol Cells 2020; 43:188-197. [PMID: 32041394 PMCID: PMC7057843 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are designed to be sensitive to a myriad of external cues so they can fulfil their individual destiny as part of the greater whole. A number of well-characterised signalling pathways dictate the cell's response to the external environment and incoming messages. In healthy, well-ordered homeostatic systems these signals are tightly controlled and kept in balance. However, given their powerful control over cell fate, these pathways, and the transcriptional machinery they orchestrate, are frequently hijacked during the development of neoplastic disease. A prime example is the Wnt signalling pathway that can be modulated by a variety of ligands and inhibitors, ultimately exerting its effects through the β-catenin transcription factor and its downstream target genes. Here we focus on the interplay between the three-member family of RUNX transcription factors with the Wnt pathway and how together they can influence cell behaviour and contribute to cancer development. In a recurring theme with other signalling systems, the RUNX genes and the Wnt pathway appear to operate within a series of feedback loops. RUNX genes are capable of directly and indirectly regulating different elements of the Wnt pathway to either strengthen or inhibit the signal. Equally, β-catenin and its transcriptional co-factors can control RUNX gene expression and together they can collaborate to regulate a large number of third party co-target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri Sweeney
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G6 BD, UK
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- Glasgow Veterinary School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G6 BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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12
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Lie-a-ling M, Mevel R, Patel R, Blyth K, Baena E, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. RUNX1 Dosage in Development and Cancer. Mol Cells 2020; 43:126-138. [PMID: 31991535 PMCID: PMC7057845 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor RUNX1 first came to prominence due to its involvement in the t(8;21) translocation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Since this discovery, RUNX1 has been shown to play important roles not only in leukemia but also in the ontogeny of the normal hematopoietic system. Although it is currently still challenging to fully assess the different parameters regulating RUNX1 dosage, it has become clear that the dose of RUNX1 can greatly affect both leukemia and normal hematopoietic development. It is also becoming evident that varying levels of RUNX1 expression can be used as markers of tumor progression not only in the hematopoietic system, but also in non-hematopoietic cancers. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the effects of RUNX1 dosage in normal development of both hematopoietic and epithelial tissues and their associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lie-a-ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Renaud Mevel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Rahima Patel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Esther Baena
- Cancer Research UK Prostate Oncobiology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK10 TG, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Macclesfield, SK0 4TG, UK
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13
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Bolf EL, Gillis NE, Barnum MS, Beaudet CM, Yu GY, Tomczak JA, Stein JL, Lian JB, Stein GS, Carr FE. The Thyroid Hormone Receptor-RUNX2 Axis: A Novel Tumor Suppressive Pathway in Breast Cancer. Discov Oncol 2019; 11:34-41. [PMID: 31865591 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-019-00373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer is refractory to conventional therapies and is an end-stage disease. RUNX2 is a transcription factor that becomes oncogenic when aberrantly expressed in multiple tumor types, including breast cancer, supporting tumor progression and metastases. Our previous work demonstrated that the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) inhibits RUNX2 expression and tumorigenic characteristics in thyroid cells. As TRβ is a tumor suppressor, we investigated the compelling question whether TRβ also regulates RUNX2 in breast cancer. The Cancer Genome Atlas indicates that TRβ expression is decreased in the most aggressive basal-like subtype of breast cancer. We established that modulated levels of TRβ results in corresponding changes in the high levels of RUNX2 expression in metastatic, basal-like breast cells. The MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer cell line exhibits low expression of TRβ and high levels of RUNX2. Increased expression of TRβ decreased RUNX2 levels. The thyroid hormone-mediated suppression of RUNX2 is TRβ specific as TRα overexpression failed to alter RUNX2 expression. Consistent with these findings, knockdown of TRβ in non-tumor MCF10A mammary epithelial-like cells results in an increase in RUNX2 and RUNX2 target genes. Mechanistically, TRβ directly interacts with the proximal promoter of RUNX2 through a thyroid hormone response element to reduce promoter activity. The TRβ suppression of the oncogene RUNX2 is a signaling pathway shared by thyroid and breast cancers. Our findings provide a novel mechanism for TRβ-mediated tumor suppression in breast cancers. This pathway may be common to many solid tumors and impact treatment for metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Bolf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Noelle E Gillis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Michael S Barnum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Caitlin M Beaudet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Grace Y Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jennifer A Tomczak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Janet L Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jane B Lian
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Gary S Stein
- University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Frances E Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,University of Vermont Cancer Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Mutated or dysregulated transcription factors represent a unique class of drug targets that mediate aberrant gene expression, including blockade of differentiation and cell death gene expression programmes, hallmark properties of cancers. Transcription factor activity is altered in numerous cancer types via various direct mechanisms including chromosomal translocations, gene amplification or deletion, point mutations and alteration of expression, as well as indirectly through non-coding DNA mutations that affect transcription factor binding. Multiple approaches to target transcription factor activity have been demonstrated, preclinically and, in some cases, clinically, including inhibition of transcription factor-cofactor protein-protein interactions, inhibition of transcription factor-DNA binding and modulation of levels of transcription factor activity by altering levels of ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasome degradation or by inhibition of regulators of transcription factor expression. In addition, several new approaches to targeting transcription factors have recently emerged including modulation of auto-inhibition, proteolysis targeting chimaeras (PROTACs), use of cysteine reactive inhibitors, targeting intrinsically disordered regions of transcription factors and combinations of transcription factor inhibitors with kinase inhibitors to block the development of resistance. These innovations in drug development hold great promise to yield agents with unique properties that are likely to impact future cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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15
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Mevel R, Draper JE, Lie-A-Ling M, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. RUNX transcription factors: orchestrators of development. Development 2019; 146:dev148296. [PMID: 31488508 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors orchestrate many different aspects of biology, including basic cellular and developmental processes, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In this Primer, we introduce the molecular hallmarks of the three mammalian RUNX genes, RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3, and discuss the regulation of their activities and their mechanisms of action. We then review their crucial roles in the specification and maintenance of a wide array of tissues during embryonic development and adult homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Mevel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Julia E Draper
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
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16
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Hong D, Fritz AJ, Gordon JA, Tye CE, Boyd JR, Tracy KM, Frietze SE, Carr FE, Nickerson JA, Van Wijnen AJ, Imbalzano AN, Zaidi SK, Lian JB, Stein JL, Stein GS. RUNX1-dependent mechanisms in biological control and dysregulation in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:8597-8609. [PMID: 30515788 PMCID: PMC6395522 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The RUNX1 transcription factor has recently been shown to be obligatory for normal development. RUNX1 controls the expression of genes essential for proper development in many cell lineages and tissues including blood, bone, cartilage, hair follicles, and mammary glands. Compromised RUNX1 regulation is associated with many cancers. In this review, we highlight evidence for RUNX1 control in both invertebrate and mammalian development and recent novel findings of perturbed RUNX1 control in breast cancer that has implications for other solid tumors. As RUNX1 is essential for definitive hematopoiesis, RUNX1 mutations in hematopoietic lineage cells have been implicated in the etiology of several leukemias. Studies of solid tumors have revealed a context-dependent function for RUNX1 either as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. These RUNX1 functions have been reported for breast, prostate, lung, and skin cancers that are related to cancer subtypes and different stages of tumor development. Growing evidence suggests that RUNX1 suppresses aggressiveness in most breast cancer subtypes particularly in the early stage of tumorigenesis. Several studies have identified RUNX1 suppression of the breast cancer epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Most recently, RUNX1 repression of cancer stem cells and tumorsphere formation was reported for breast cancer. It is anticipated that these new discoveries of the context-dependent diversity of RUNX1 functions will lead to innovative therapeutic strategies for the intervention of cancer and other abnormalities of normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Hong
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J Fritz
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jonathan A Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Coralee E Tye
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joseph R Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Kirsten M Tracy
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Seth E Frietze
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Frances E. Carr
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | | | - Andre J. Van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anthony N. Imbalzano
- Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Sayyed K. Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Jane B. Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Janet L. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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17
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Kawane T, Qin X, Jiang Q, Miyazaki T, Komori H, Yoshida CA, Matsuura-Kawata VKDS, Sakane C, Matsuo Y, Nagai K, Maeno T, Date Y, Nishimura R, Komori T. Runx2 is required for the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors and induces proliferation by regulating Fgfr2 and Fgfr3. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13551. [PMID: 30202094 PMCID: PMC6131145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Runx2 and Sp7 are essential transcription factors for osteoblast differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors remain unclear. The early onset of Runx2 expression caused limb defects through the Fgfr1–3 regulation by Runx2. To investigate the physiological role of Runx2 in the regulation of Fgfr1–3, we compared osteoblast progenitors in Sp7−/− and Runx2−/− mice. Osteoblast progenitors accumulated and actively proliferated in calvariae and mandibles of Sp7−/− but not of Runx2−/− mice, and the number of osteoblast progenitors and their proliferation were dependent on the gene dosage of Runx2 in Sp7−/− background. The expression of Fgfr2 and Fgfr3, which were responsible for the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors, was severely reduced in Runx2−/− but not in Sp7−/− calvariae. Runx2 directly regulated Fgfr2 and Fgfr3, increased the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors, and augmented the FGF2-induced proliferation. The proliferation of Sp7−/− osteoblast progenitors was enhanced and strongly augmented by FGF2, and Runx2 knockdown reduced the FGF2-induced proliferation. Fgfr inhibitor AZD4547 abrogated all of the enhanced proliferation. These results indicate that Runx2 is required for the proliferation of osteoblast progenitors and induces proliferation, at least partly, by regulating Fgfr2 and Fgfr3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kawane
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Xin Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Hisato Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Carolina Andrea Yoshida
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | | | - Chiharu Sakane
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsuo
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nagai
- Transfusion and Cell Therapy Unit, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takafumi Maeno
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Date
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.,Department of Molecular Bone Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Riko Nishimura
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan. .,Basic and Translational Research Center for Hard Tissue Disease, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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18
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Tang M, Liu Y, Zhang QC, Zhang P, Wu JK, Wang JN, Ruan Y, Huang Y. Antitumor efficacy of the Runx2-dendritic cell vaccine in triple-negative breast cancer in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:2813-2822. [PMID: 30127867 PMCID: PMC6096217 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer with a poor prognosis and limited effective treatment. The rise in immunotherapeutic strategies prompted the establishment of a genetic vaccine against TNBC in vitro using a possible biological marker of TNBC. In the present study, different detection methods were used to evaluate the distribution and expression of runt-associated transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in various breast cancer cell lines. Following the development of the Runx2-dendritic cell (DC) vaccine using a lentivirus, the transfection efficacy was recorded. The T lymphocytes co-cultured with the vaccine were collected to assess the antitumor potency. Increased levels of Runx2 were expressed in breast cancer cells; however, different breast cancer cell lines expressed various levels of Runx2. Runx2 demonstrated particularly high expression in TNBC cells, compared with non-TNBC cells. A Runx2 lentivirus transfection system was successfully engineered, and Runx2 was transduced into dendritic cells whilst maintaining stable expression. The sustained and stable cytotoxic T cells induced in the transfected group had higher and more specific antitumor efficacy against TNBC, compared with the other cell lines. Runx2 may be a novel target for TNBC treatment. The Runx2-DC vaccine may induce specific and efficient antitumor effects in TNBC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Qiao-Chu Zhang
- Department of VIP, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Lingnan Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Jue-Kun Wu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ni Wang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ruan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, P.R. China
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19
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O'Grady S, Morgan MP. Microcalcifications in breast cancer: From pathophysiology to diagnosis and prognosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1869:310-320. [PMID: 29684522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of mammographic screening programmes in many countries has been linked to a marked increase in early detection and improved prognosis for breast cancer patients. Breast tumours can be detected by assessing several features in mammographic images but one of the most common are the presence of small deposits of calcium known as microcalcifications, which in many cases may be the only detectable sign of a breast tumour. In addition to their efficacy in the detection of breast cancer, the presence of microcalcifications within a breast tumour may also convey useful prognostic information. Breast tumours with associated calcifications display an increased rate of HER2 overexpression as well as decreased survival, increased risk of recurrence, high tumour grade and increased likelihood of spread to the lymph nodes. Clearly, the presence of microcalcifications in a tumour is a clinically significant finding, suggesting that a detailed understanding of their formation may improve our knowledge of the early stages of breast tumourigenesis, yet there are no reports which attempt to bring together recent basic science research findings and current knowledge of the clinical significance of microcalcifications. This review will summarise the most current understanding of the formation of calcifications within breast tissue and explore their associated clinical features and prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O'Grady
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - M P Morgan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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20
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Komori T. Runx2, an inducer of osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149:313-323. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Geter PA, Ernlund AW, Bakogianni S, Alard A, Arju R, Giashuddin S, Gadi A, Bromberg J, Schneider RJ. Hyperactive mTOR and MNK1 phosphorylation of eIF4E confer tamoxifen resistance and estrogen independence through selective mRNA translation reprogramming. Genes Dev 2017; 31:2235-2249. [PMID: 29269484 PMCID: PMC5769768 DOI: 10.1101/gad.305631.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Geter et al. show that tamoxifen resistance involves selective mRNA translational reprogramming to an anti-estrogen state by Runx2 and other mRNAs. Tamoxifen-resistant translational reprogramming is shown to be mediated by increased expression of eIF4E and its increased availability by hyperactive mTOR and to require phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser209 by increased MNK activity. The majority of breast cancers expresses the estrogen receptor (ER+) and is treated with anti-estrogen therapies, particularly tamoxifen in premenopausal women. However, tamoxifen resistance is responsible for a large proportion of breast cancer deaths. Using small molecule inhibitors, phospho-mimetic proteins, tamoxifen-sensitive and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells, a tamoxifen-resistant patient-derived xenograft model, patient tumor tissues, and genome-wide transcription and translation studies, we show that tamoxifen resistance involves selective mRNA translational reprogramming to an anti-estrogen state by Runx2 and other mRNAs. Tamoxifen-resistant translational reprogramming is shown to be mediated by increased expression of eIF4E and its increased availability by hyperactive mTOR and to require phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser209 by increased MNK activity. Resensitization to tamoxifen is restored only by reducing eIF4E expression or mTOR activity and also blocking MNK1 phosphorylation of eIF4E. mRNAs specifically translationally up-regulated with tamoxifen resistance include Runx2, which inhibits ER signaling and estrogen responses and promotes breast cancer metastasis. Silencing Runx2 significantly restores tamoxifen sensitivity. Tamoxifen-resistant but not tamoxifen-sensitive patient ER+ breast cancer specimens also demonstrate strongly increased MNK phosphorylation of eIF4E. eIF4E levels, availability, and phosphorylation therefore promote tamoxifen resistance in ER+ breast cancer through selective mRNA translational reprogramming
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A Geter
- Department of Microbiology, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Amanda W Ernlund
- Department of Microbiology, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Sofia Bakogianni
- Department of Microbiology, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Amandine Alard
- Department of Microbiology, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Rezina Arju
- Department of Microbiology, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Shah Giashuddin
- New York Presbyterian-Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York 11215, USA
| | - Abhilash Gadi
- Department of Microbiology, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jacqueline Bromberg
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016 USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 USA
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016 USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016 USA
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22
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Chuang LSH, Ito K, Ito Y. Roles of RUNX in Solid Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:299-320. [PMID: 28299665 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
All RUNX genes have been implicated in the development of solid tumors, but the role each RUNX gene plays in the different tumor types is complicated by multiple interactions with major signaling pathways and tumor heterogeneity. Moreover, for a given tissue type, the specific role of each RUNX protein is distinct at different stages of differentiation. A regulatory function for RUNX in tissue stem cells points sharply to a causal effect in tumorigenesis. Understanding how RUNX dysregulation in cancer impinges on normal biological processes is important for identifying the molecular mechanisms that lead to malignancy. It will also indicate whether restoration of proper RUNX function to redirect cell fate is a feasible treatment for cancer. With the recent advances in RUNX research, it is time to revisit the many mechanisms/pathways that RUNX engage to regulate cell fate and decide whether cells proliferate, differentiate or die.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Kosei Ito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.
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23
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Wang W, Xu ZZ, Costanzo M, Boone C, Lange CA, Myers CL. Pathway-based discovery of genetic interactions in breast cancer. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006973. [PMID: 28957314 PMCID: PMC5619706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second largest cause of cancer death among U.S. women and the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several genetic variants associated with susceptibility to breast cancer, but these still explain less than half of the estimated genetic contribution to the disease. Combinations of variants (i.e. genetic interactions) may play an important role in breast cancer susceptibility. However, due to a lack of statistical power, the current tests for genetic interactions from GWAS data mainly leverage prior knowledge to focus on small sets of genes or SNPs that are known to have an association with breast cancer. Thus, many genetic interactions, particularly among novel variants, remain understudied. Reverse-genetic interaction screens in model organisms have shown that genetic interactions frequently cluster into highly structured motifs, where members of the same pathway share similar patterns of genetic interactions. Based on this key observation, we recently developed a method called BridGE to search for such structured motifs in genetic networks derived from GWAS studies and identify pathway-level genetic interactions in human populations. We applied BridGE to six independent breast cancer cohorts and identified significant pathway-level interactions in five cohorts. Joint analysis across all five cohorts revealed a high confidence consensus set of genetic interactions with support in multiple cohorts. The discovered interactions implicated the glutathione conjugation, vitamin D receptor, purine metabolism, mitotic prometaphase, and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways as major modifiers of breast cancer risk. Notably, while many of the pathways identified by BridGE show clear relevance to breast cancer, variants in these pathways had not been previously discovered by traditional single variant association tests, or single pathway enrichment analysis that does not consider SNP-SNP interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Zack Z. Xu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | | | - Charles Boone
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol A. Lange
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Chad L. Myers
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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24
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Kim MS, Gernapudi R, Choi EY, Lapidus RG, Passaniti A. Characterization of CADD522, a small molecule that inhibits RUNX2-DNA binding and exhibits antitumor activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70916-70940. [PMID: 29050333 PMCID: PMC5642608 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The RUNX2 transcription factor promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis through interactions with a variety of cofactors that activate or repress target genes. Using a direct drug discovery approach we identified CADD522 as a small molecule that inhibits the DNA binding of the runt box domain protein, RUNX2. The current study defines the effect of CADD522 on breast cancer growth and metastasis, and addresses the mechanisms by which it exerts its anti-tumor activity. CADD522 treatment resulted in significant growth inhibition, clonogenic survival, tumorsphere formation, and invasion of breast cancer cells. CADD522 negatively regulated transcription of RUNX2 target genes such as matrix metalloproteinase-13, vascular endothelial growth factor and glucose transporter-1, but upregulated RUNX2 expression by increasing RUNX2 stability. CADD522 reduced RUNX2-mediated increases in glucose uptake and decreased the level of CBF-β and RUNX2 phosphorylation at the S451 residue. These results suggest several potential mechanisms by which CADD522 exerts an inhibitory function on RUNX2-DNA binding; interference with RUNX2 for the DNA binding pocket, inhibition of glucose uptake leading to cell cycle arrest, down-regulation of CBF-β, and reduction of S451-RUNX2 phosphorylation. The administration of CADD522 into MMTV-PyMT mice resulted in significant delay in tumor incidence and reduction in tumor burden. A significant decrease of tumor volume was also observed in a CADD522-treated human triple-negative breast cancer-patient derived xenograft model. CADD522 impaired the lung retention and outgrowth of breast cancer cells in vivo with no apparent toxicity to the mice. Therefore, by inhibiting RUNX2-DNA binding, CADD522 may represent a potential antitumor drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sook Kim
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Veteran's Health Administration Research & Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramkishore Gernapudi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eun Yong Choi
- The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rena G Lapidus
- The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antonino Passaniti
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Veteran's Health Administration Research & Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
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25
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Jeselsohn R, Cornwell M, Pun M, Buchwalter G, Nguyen M, Bango C, Huang Y, Kuang Y, Paweletz C, Fu X, Nardone A, De Angelis C, Detre S, Dodson A, Mohammed H, Carroll JS, Bowden M, Rao P, Long HW, Li F, Dowsett M, Schiff R, Brown M. Embryonic transcription factor SOX9 drives breast cancer endocrine resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4482-E4491. [PMID: 28507152 PMCID: PMC5465894 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620993114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor (ER) drives the growth of most luminal breast cancers and is the primary target of endocrine therapy. Although ER blockade with drugs such as tamoxifen is very effective, a major clinical limitation is the development of endocrine resistance especially in the setting of metastatic disease. Preclinical and clinical observations suggest that even following the development of endocrine resistance, ER signaling continues to exert a pivotal role in tumor progression in the majority of cases. Through the analysis of the ER cistrome in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells, we have uncovered a role for an RUNX2-ER complex that stimulates the transcription of a set of genes, including most notably the stem cell factor SOX9, that promote proliferation and a metastatic phenotype. We show that up-regulation of SOX9 is sufficient to cause relative endocrine resistance. The gain of SOX9 as an ER-regulated gene associated with tamoxifen resistance was validated in a unique set of clinical samples supporting the need for the development of improved ER antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinath Jeselsohn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215;
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Breast Oncology Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - MacIntosh Cornwell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Matthew Pun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Gilles Buchwalter
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mai Nguyen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Clyde Bango
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yanan Kuang
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Cloud Paweletz
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Xiaoyong Fu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Agostina Nardone
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Carmine De Angelis
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Simone Detre
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dodson
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Nuclear Transcription Factor Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, Cambridge University, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Nuclear Transcription Factor Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, Cambridge Institute, Cambridge University, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Bowden
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Prakash Rao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Henry W Long
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Fugen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Mitchell Dowsett
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robin's Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Myles Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215;
- Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Breast Oncology Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
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26
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Vega OA, Lucero CM, Araya HF, Jerez S, Tapia JC, Antonelli M, Salazar‐Onfray F, Las Heras F, Thaler R, Riester SM, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Galindo MA. Wnt/β‐Catenin Signaling Activates Expression of the Bone‐Related Transcription Factor RUNX2 in Select Human Osteosarcoma Cell Types. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3662-3674. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Vega
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Claudia M.J. Lucero
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Hector F. Araya
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Sofia Jerez
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Julio C. Tapia
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
| | - Marcelo Antonelli
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
| | - Flavio Salazar‐Onfray
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM)Faculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
| | - Facundo Las Heras
- Department of Anatomical PathologyUniversity of Chile Clinical HospitalSantiago 8380456Chile
- Department of PathologyClinica Las CondesSantiago 7591018Chile
| | - Roman Thaler
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochester 55905Minnesota
| | - Scott M. Riester
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochester 55905Minnesota
| | - Gary S. Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and University of Vermont Cancer CenterThe Robert Larner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlington 05405Vermont
| | - Andre J. van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMayo ClinicRochester 55905Minnesota
| | - Mario A. Galindo
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of MedicineUniversity of ChileSantiago8380453Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyFaculty of Medicine, University of ChileSantiago 8380453Chile
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27
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RUNX transcription factors at the interface of stem cells and cancer. Biochem J 2017; 474:1755-1768. [PMID: 28490659 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RUNX1 transcription factor is a critical regulator of normal haematopoiesis and its functional disruption by point mutations, deletions or translocations is a major causative factor leading to leukaemia. In the majority of cases, genetic changes in RUNX1 are linked to loss of function classifying it broadly as a tumour suppressor. Despite this, several recent studies have reported the need for a certain level of active RUNX1 for the maintenance and propagation of acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells, suggesting an oncosupportive role of RUNX1. Furthermore, in solid cancers, RUNX1 is overexpressed compared with normal tissue, and RUNX factors have recently been discovered to promote growth of skin, oral, breast and ovarian tumour cells, amongst others. RUNX factors have key roles in stem cell fate regulation during homeostasis and regeneration of many tissues. Cancer cells appear to have corrupted these stem cell-associated functions of RUNX factors to promote oncogenesis. Here, we discuss current knowledge on the role of RUNX genes in stem cells and as oncosupportive factors in haematological malignancies and epithelial cancers.
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28
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Knutson TP, Truong TH, Ma S, Brady NJ, Sullivan ME, Raj G, Schwertfeger KL, Lange CA. Posttranslationally modified progesterone receptors direct ligand-specific expression of breast cancer stem cell-associated gene programs. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:89. [PMID: 28412963 PMCID: PMC5392969 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogen and progesterone are potent breast mitogens. In addition to steroid hormones, multiple signaling pathways input to estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) actions via posttranslational events. Protein kinases commonly activated in breast cancers phosphorylate steroid hormone receptors (SRs) and profoundly impact their activities. Methods To better understand the role of modified PRs in breast cancer, we measured total and phospho-Ser294 PRs in 209 human breast tumors represented on 2754 individual tissue spots within a tissue microarray and assayed the regulation of this site in human tumor explants cultured ex vivo. To complement this analysis, we assayed PR target gene regulation in T47D luminal breast cancer models following treatment with progestin (promegestone; R5020) and antiprogestins (mifepristone, onapristone, or aglepristone) in conditions under which the receptor is regulated by Lys388 SUMOylation (K388 intact) or is SUMO-deficient (via K388R mutation to mimic persistent Ser294 phosphorylation). Selected phospho-PR-driven target genes were validated by qRT-PCR and following RUNX2 shRNA knockdown in breast cancer cell lines. Primary and secondary mammosphere assays were performed to implicate phospho-Ser294 PRs, epidermal growth factor signaling, and RUNX2 in breast cancer stem cell biology. Results Phospho-Ser294 PR species were abundant in a majority (54%) of luminal breast tumors, and PR promoter selectivity was exquisitely sensitive to posttranslational modifications. Phospho-PR expression and target gene programs were significantly associated with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Consistent with our finding that activated phospho-PRs undergo rapid ligand-dependent turnover, unique phospho-PR gene signatures were most prevalent in breast tumors clinically designated as PR-low to PR-null (luminal B) and included gene sets associated with cancer stem cell biology (HER2, PAX2, AHR, AR, RUNX). Validation studies demonstrated a requirement for RUNX2 in the regulation of selected phospho-PR target genes (SLC37A2). In vitro mammosphere formation assays support a role for phospho-Ser294-PRs via growth factor (EGF) signaling as well as RUNX2 as potent drivers of breast cancer stem cell fate. Conclusions We conclude that PR Ser294 phosphorylation is a common event in breast cancer progression that is required to maintain breast cancer stem cell fate, in part via cooperation with growth factor-initiated signaling pathways and key phospho-PR target genes including SLC37A2 and RUNX2. Clinical measurement of phosphorylated PRs should be considered a useful marker of breast tumor stem cell potential. Alternatively, unique phospho-PR target gene sets may provide useful tools with which to identify patients likely to respond to selective PR modulators that block PR Ser294 phosphorylation as part of rational combination (i.e., with antiestrogens) endocrine therapies designed to durably block breast cancer recurrence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0462-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Knutson
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation) and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Thu H Truong
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation) and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Shihong Ma
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, J8.130C, Dallas, TX, 75390-9110, USA
| | - Nicholas J Brady
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Megan E Sullivan
- Department of Pathology, Evanston Hospital, University of Chicago, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Ganesh Raj
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, J8.130C, Dallas, TX, 75390-9110, USA
| | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation) and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Delivery Code 2812, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Building, 2231 6th St SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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29
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Riggio AI, Blyth K. The enigmatic role of RUNX1 in female-related cancers - current knowledge & future perspectives. FEBS J 2017; 284:2345-2362. [PMID: 28304148 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Historically associated with the aetiology of human leukaemia, the runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) gene has in recent years reared its head in an assortment of epithelial cancers. This review discusses the state-of-the-art knowledge of the enigmatic role played by RUNX1 in female-related cancers of the breast, the uterus and the ovary. The weight of evidence accumulated so far is indicative of a very context-dependent role, as either an oncogene or a tumour suppressor. This is corroborated by high-throughput sequencing endeavours which report different genetic alterations affecting the gene, including amplification, deep deletion and mutations. Herein, we attempt to dissect that contextual role by firstly giving an overview of what is currently known about RUNX1 function in these specific tumour types, and secondly by delving into connections between this transcription factor and the physiology of these female tissues. In doing so, RUNX1 emerges not only as a gene involved in female sex development but also as a crucial mediator of female hormone signalling. In view of RUNX1 now being listed as a driver gene, we believe that greater knowledge of the mechanisms underlying its functional dualism in epithelial cancers is worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
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30
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Role of Runx2 in breast cancer-mediated bone metastasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:608-614. [PMID: 28268169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer in women. The currently available treatment for breast cancer is mostly curative except when it becomes metastatic. One of the major sites for metastasis of breast cancer is the bone. Homing of the circulating tumor cells is tightly regulated including a number of factors present in the cells and their microenvironment. Runx2, a transcription factor plays an important role in osteogenesis and breast cancer mediated bone metastases. One of the recent advances in molecular therapy includes the discovery of the small, non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) and they target specific genes to reduce their expression at the post-transcriptional level. This review provides an outline of breast cancer mediated bone metastasis and summarizes the recent development on the regulation of Runx2 expression by miRNAs which can lead to novel molecular therapeutics for the same.
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Voon DCC, Thiery JP. The Emerging Roles of RUNX Transcription Factors in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:471-489. [PMID: 28299674 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an evolutionary conserved morphogenetic program necessary for the shaping of the body plan during development. It is guided precisely by growth factor signaling and a dedicated network of specialised transcription factors. These are supported by other transcription factor families serving auxiliary functions during EMT, beyond their general roles as effectors of major signaling pathways. EMT transiently induces in epithelial cells mesenchymal properties, such as the loss of cell-cell adhesion and a gain in cell motility. Together, these newly acquired properties enable their migration to distant sites where they eventually give rise to adult epithelia. However, it is now recognized that EMT contributes to the pathogenesis of several human diseases, notably in tissue fibrosis and cancer metastasis. The RUNX family of transcription factors are important players in cell fate determination during development, where their spatio-temporal expression often overlaps with the occurrence of EMT. Furthermore, the dysregulation of RUNX expression and functions are increasingly linked to the aberrant induction of EMT in cancer. The present chapter reviews the current knowledge of this emerging field and the common themes of RUNX involvement during EMT, with the intention of fostering future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Jean Paul Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A-STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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32
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Rooney N, Riggio AI, Mendoza-Villanueva D, Shore P, Cameron ER, Blyth K. Runx Genes in Breast Cancer and the Mammary Lineage. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:353-368. [PMID: 28299668 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A full understanding of RUNX gene function in different epithelial lineages has been thwarted by the lethal phenotypes observed when constitutively knocking out these mammalian genes. However temporal expression of the Runx genes throughout the different phases of mammary gland development is indicative of a functional role in this tissue. A few studies have emerged describing how these genes impact on the fate of mammary epithelial cells by regulating lineage differentiation and stem/progenitor cell potential, with implications for the transformed state. The importance of the RUNX/CBFβ core factor binding complex in breast cancer has very recently been highlighted with both RUNX1 and CBFβ appearing in a comprehensive gene list of predicted breast cancer driver mutations. Nonetheless, the evidence to date shows that the RUNX genes can have dualistic outputs with respect to promoting or constraining breast cancer phenotypes, and that this may be aligned to individual subtypes of the clinical disease. We take this opportunity to review the current literature on RUNX and CBFβ in the normal and neoplastic mammary lineage while appreciating that this is likely to be the tip of the iceberg in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rooney
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | | | | | - Paul Shore
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ewan R Cameron
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
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33
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Passaniti A, Brusgard JL, Qiao Y, Sudol M, Finch-Edmondson M. Roles of RUNX in Hippo Pathway Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:435-448. [PMID: 28299672 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Runt-domain (RD) transcription factors (RUNX genes) are an important family of transcriptional mediators that interact with a variety of proteins including the Hippo pathway effector proteins, YAP and TAZ. In this chapter we focus on two examples of RUNX-TAZ/YAP interactions that have particular significance in human cancer. Specifically, recent evidence has found that RUNX2 cooperates with TAZ to promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition mediated by the soluble N-terminal ectodomain of E-Cadherin, sE-Cad. Contrastingly, in gastric cancer, RUNX3 acts as a tumor suppressor via inhibition of the YAP-TEAD complex and disruption of downstream YAP-mediated gene transcription and the oncogenic phenotype. The reports highlighted in this chapter add to the growing repertoire of instances of Hippo pathway crosstalk that have been identified in cancer. Elucidation of these increasingly complex interactions may help to identify novel strategies to target Hippo pathway dysregulation in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Passaniti
- Department of Pathology and Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and the Veterans Administration Health Service, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jessica L Brusgard
- Department of Pathology and Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and the Veterans Administration Health Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yiting Qiao
- The Mechanobiology Institute (MBI) and the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Marius Sudol
- The Mechanobiology Institute (MBI) and the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Megan Finch-Edmondson
- The Mechanobiology Institute (MBI) and the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Abstract
In this chapter we summarize the pros and cons of the notion that Runx3 is a major tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Inactivation of TSGs in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago it was suggested that RUNX3 is involved in gastric cancer development, a postulate extended later to other epithelial cancers portraying RUNX3 as a major TSG. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. In contrast, RUNX3 is overexpressed in a significant fraction of tumor cells in various human epithelial cancers and its overexpression in pancreatic cancer cells promotes their migration, anchorage-independent growth and metastatic potential. Moreover, recent high-throughput quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models have unequivocally demonstrated that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Importantly, accumulating data demonstrated that RUNX3 functions in control of immunity and inflammation, thereby indirectly influencing epithelial tumor development.
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35
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Brusgard JL, Choe M, Chumsri S, Renoud K, MacKerell AD, Sudol M, Passaniti A. RUNX2 and TAZ-dependent signaling pathways regulate soluble E-Cadherin levels and tumorsphere formation in breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28132-50. [PMID: 26320173 PMCID: PMC4695049 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity and treatment resistance drive breast cancer (BC) metastasis and recurrence. The RUNX2 transcription factor is upregulated in early stage luminal BC. However, the precise mechanism by which RUNX2 regulates an oncogenic phenotype in luminal BCs remains an enigma. We show that RUNX2 is predictive of poor overall survival in BC patients. RUNX2 associated with the TAZ transcriptional co-activator to promote a tumorigenic phenotype that was inhibited by knockdown of TAZ. RUNX2 increased endogenous TAZ translocation to the nucleus, which was prevented by inhibiting RUNX2. RUNX2/TAZ interaction was associated with ectodomain shedding of an oncogenic soluble E-Cadherin fragment (sE-Cad), which is known to cooperate with human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2/ErbB2) to increase BC growth. Neutralizing E-Cadherin antibodies or TAZ knockdown reduced the levels of sE-Cad in RUNX2-expressing BC cells and inhibited tumorsphere formation. RUNX2 expression also increased HER2-mediated tumorsphere size, which was reduced after treatment with the HER2-targeting agents Herceptin and lapatinib. These data support a novel role for RUNX2 in promoting an oncogenic phenotype in luminal BC in the context of TAZ, sE-Cad, and HER2. Using this signaling pathway to monitor BC cell oncogenic activity will accelerate the discovery of new therapeutic modalities to treat BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Brusgard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Moran Choe
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Saranya Chumsri
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Keli Renoud
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marius Sudol
- Mechanobiology Institute, Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonino Passaniti
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Veteran's Health Administration Research & Development Service, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sharma T, Radosevich JA, Pachori G, Mandal CC. A Molecular View of Pathological Microcalcification in Breast Cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2016; 21:25-40. [PMID: 26769216 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast microcalcification is a potential diagnostic indicator for non-palpable breast cancers. Microcalcification type I (calcium oxalate) is restricted to benign tissue, whereas type II (calcium hydroxyapatite) occurs both in benign as well as in malignant lesions. Microcalcification is a pathological complication of the mammary gland. Over the past few decades, much attention has been paid to exploit this property, which forms the basis for advances in diagnostic procedures and imaging techniques. The mechanism of its formation is still poorly understood. Hence, in this paper, we have attempted to address the molecular mechanism of microcalcification in breast cancer. The central theme of this communication is "how a subpopulation of heterogeneous breast tumor cells attains an osteoblast-like phenotype, and what activities drive the process of pathophysiological microcalcification, especially at the invasive or infiltrating front of breast tumors". The role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) along with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in manipulating this pathological process has been highlighted. Therefore, this review offers a novel insight into the mechanism underlying the development of microcalcification in breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - James A Radosevich
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Geeta Pachori
- Department of Pathology, J.L.N Medical College, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305001, India
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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Illendula A, Gilmour J, Grembecka J, Tirumala VSS, Boulton A, Kuntimaddi A, Schmidt C, Wang L, Pulikkan JA, Zong H, Parlak M, Kuscu C, Pickin A, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Mishra L, Adli M, Castilla LH, Rajewski RA, Janes KA, Guzman ML, Bonifer C, Bushweller JH. Small Molecule Inhibitor of CBFβ-RUNX Binding for RUNX Transcription Factor Driven Cancers. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:117-131. [PMID: 27428424 PMCID: PMC4919611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors have traditionally been viewed with skepticism as viable drug targets, but they offer the potential for completely novel mechanisms of action that could more effectively address the stem cell like properties, such as self-renewal and chemo-resistance, that lead to the failure of traditional chemotherapy approaches. Core binding factor is a heterodimeric transcription factor comprised of one of 3 RUNX proteins (RUNX1-3) and a CBFβ binding partner. CBFβ enhances DNA binding of RUNX subunits by relieving auto-inhibition. Both RUNX1 and CBFβ are frequently mutated in human leukemia. More recently, RUNX proteins have been shown to be key players in epithelial cancers, suggesting the targeting of this pathway could have broad utility. In order to test this, we developed small molecules which bind to CBFβ and inhibit its binding to RUNX. Treatment with these inhibitors reduces binding of RUNX1 to target genes, alters the expression of RUNX1 target genes, and impacts cell survival and differentiation. These inhibitors show efficacy against leukemia cells as well as basal-like (triple-negative) breast cancer cells. These inhibitors provide effective tools to probe the utility of targeting RUNX transcription factor function in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Illendula
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jane Gilmour
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Adam Boulton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aravinda Kuntimaddi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Charles Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John A Pulikkan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hongliang Zong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahmut Parlak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anna Pickin
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yunpeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lauren Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lucio H Castilla
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Roger A Rajewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Monica L Guzman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John H Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Tandon M, Chen Z, Othman AH, Pratap J. Role of Runx2 in IGF-1Rβ/Akt- and AMPK/Erk-dependent growth, survival and sensitivity towards metformin in breast cancer bone metastasis. Oncogene 2016; 35:4730-40. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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May M, Mosto J, Vazquez PM, Gonzalez P, Rojas P, Gass H, Lanari C, Molinolo AA. Nuclear staining of fgfr-2/stat-5 and runx-2 in mucinous breast cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 100:39-44. [PMID: 26551078 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mucinous carcinoma (MBC) is a rare subtype of breast cancer characterized by the production of variable amounts of mucin, with a prognosis better than that of non-mucinous carcinomas (NMBC). The aim of this project was to evaluate the expression of STAT-5, RUNX-2, and FGFR-2 in a cohort of MBC and compare it with that of NMBC using standard immunohistochemistry. STAT-5 and RUNX-2 are two transcription factors with cytoplasmic and/or nuclear localization that have been related to FGFR-2, a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor that can interact with STAT-5 and with PR in the nuclei of breast cancer cells. Membranous, cytoplasmic, and nuclear staining were evaluated and expressed as the percentage of stained cells (0-100%) multiplied by the staining intensity (0-3), thus obtaining an index ranging from 0 to 300. Nuclear and/or cytoplasmic immunoreactivity of the three proteins were detected in a high number of NMBC. Nuclear FGFR-2 staining correlated with nuclear STAT-5 (p<0.05) and nuclear RUNX-2 (p<0.01) in both tumor types; however MBC had a significant higher expression of nuclear FGFR-2 (p<0.01) and RUNX-2 (p<0.05) than that of NMBC, and displayed positive immunoreactivity of the 3 proteins in 70.8% of the cases. These results suggest that these proteins may have a role in the progression of the mucinous phenotype, in which nuclear STAT-5 may inhibit RUNX-2 prometastatic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- María May
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián Mosto
- Breast Pathology Consultant in Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Pedro Gonzalez
- Magdalena V de Martinez Hospital, General Pacheco, Tigre, Argentina
| | - Paola Rojas
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gass
- Magdalena V de Martinez Hospital, General Pacheco, Tigre, Argentina
| | - Claudia Lanari
- Laboratory of Hormonal Carcinogenesis, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Department of Pathology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, USA.
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40
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Ferrari N, Riggio AI, Mason S, McDonald L, King A, Higgins T, Rosewell I, Neil JC, Smalley MJ, Sansom OJ, Morris J, Cameron ER, Blyth K. Runx2 contributes to the regenerative potential of the mammary epithelium. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15658. [PMID: 26489514 PMCID: PMC4614940 DOI: 10.1038/srep15658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although best known for its role in bone development and associated structures the transcription factor RUNX2 is expressed in a wide range of lineages, including those of the mammary gland. Previous studies have indicated that Runx2 can regulate aspects of mammary cell function and influence the properties of cancer cells. In this study we investigate the role of Runx2 in the mammary stem/progenitor population and its relationship with WNT signalling. Results show that RUNX2 protein is differentially expressed throughout embryonic and adult development of the murine mammary gland with high levels of expression in mammary stem-cell enriched cultures. Importantly, functional analysis reveals a role for Runx2 in mammary stem/progenitor cell function in in vitro and in vivo regenerative assays. Furthermore, RUNX2 appears to be associated with WNT signalling in the mammary epithelium and is specifically upregulated in mouse models of WNT-driven breast cancer. Overall our studies reveal a novel function for Runx2 in regulating mammary epithelial cell regenerative potential, possibly acting as a downstream target of WNT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Ferrari
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Alessandra I. Riggio
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Susan Mason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Laura McDonald
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Ayala King
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Theresa Higgins
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY
| | - Ian Rosewell
- Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3LD
| | - James C. Neil
- University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - Matthew J. Smalley
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
| | - Joanna Morris
- University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD
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41
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Dittmer J. The role of the transcription factor Ets1 in carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:20-38. [PMID: 26392377 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ets1 belongs to the large family of the ETS domain family of transcription factors and is involved in cancer progression. In most carcinomas, Ets1 expression is linked to poor survival. In breast cancer, Ets1 is primarily expressed in the triple-negative subtype, which is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Ets1 contributes to the acquisition of cancer cell invasiveness, to EMT (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition), to the development of drug resistance and neo-angiogenesis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the functions of Ets1 in carcinoma progression and on the mechanisms that regulate Ets1 activity in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Dittmer
- Clinic for Gynecology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
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42
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Browne G, Taipaleenmäki H, Bishop NM, Madasu SC, Shaw LM, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB. Runx1 is associated with breast cancer progression in MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice and its depletion in vitro inhibits migration and invasion. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2522-32. [PMID: 25802202 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Runx1 is a transcription factor essential for definitive hematopoiesis, and genetic abnormalities in Runx1 cause leukemia. Runx1 is functionally promiscuous and acts as either an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in certain epithelial cancers. Recent evidence suggests that Runx1 is an important factor in breast cancer, however, its role remains ambiguous. Here, we addressed whether Runx1 has a specific pathological role during breast cancer progression and show that Runx1 has an oncogenic function. We observed elevated Runx1 expression in a subset of human breast cancers. Furthermore, throughout the course of disease progression in a classical mouse model of breast cancer (i.e., the MMTV-PyMT transgenic model), Runx1 expression increases in the primary site (mammary gland) and is further upregulated in tumors and distal lung metastatic lesions. Ex vivo studies using tumor epithelial cells derived from these mice express significantly higher levels of Runx1 than normal mammary epithelial cells. The tumor cells exhibit increased rates of migration and invasion, indicative of an aggressive cancer phenotype. Inhibition of Runx1 expression using RNA interference significantly abrogates these cancer-relevant phenotypic characteristics. Importantly, our data establish that Runx1 contributes to murine mammary tumor development and malignancy and potentially represents a key disease-promoting and prognostic factor in human breast cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Browne
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Hanna Taipaleenmäki
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Heisenberg-Group for Molecular Skeletal Biology, Department of Trauma, Hand & Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicole M Bishop
- Microscopy Imaging Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Sharath C Madasu
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Biochemistry and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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43
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Tandon M, Chen Z, Pratap J. Role of Runx2 in crosstalk between Mek/Erk and PI3K/Akt signaling in MCF-10A cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:2208-17. [PMID: 25147082 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crosstalk among mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidyl inositol 3' kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways integrates extracellular cues to regulate mammary epithelial cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The runt-related transcription factor, Runx2, is expressed in normal mammary epithelium and promotes differentiation, however, its function in regulation of the MAPK and PI3K signaling crosstalk is not known. We determined the function of Runx2 expression in growth factor-mediated phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt, key downstream kinases in MAPK and PI3K pathway crosstalk in MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells. The Runx2-mediated alterations in cell signaling and associated changes in phenotype were determined by real-time quantitative PCR, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry approaches. The results revealed that ectopic Runx2 expression differentially downregulates the growth factor (EGF vs. IGF or insulin)-induced pErk1/2 and pAkt levels. Additionally, the ectopic Runx2 expression increases FOXO1 levels, cell cycle G1 stage and promotes survival of MCF-10A cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Runx2 expression increases EGF-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (pEGFR) and relieves Mek/Erk-mediated negative regulation of pEGFR and pAkt levels. Altogether, our results identify functions of Runx2 in MAPK and PI3K signaling crosstalk in MCF-10A cells that could be critical in understanding the mammary epithelial cell growth and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tandon
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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44
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Interpretation of immunohistochemistry data of tumor should consider microenvironmental factors. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4467-77. [PMID: 25753476 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of tumor surrounding microenvironment is often neglected when immunohistochemistry is performed to investigate tumor properties and search biomarkers of cancer. This study was designed to evaluate whether the influence of tumor microenvironment on biological features of tumor cells should be taken into account for interpretation of the immunohistochemistry data of tumor specimens. In this study, we showed an example by using three tumor cell lines (HeLa, WSU-HN6, and Tca83) to establish tumor-caused bone destruction models in nude mice and then to investigate the influence of bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) on biological features of tumor cells. Immunohistochemistry results showed that, compared with tumor cells located outside of BMM, tumor cells located inside of BMM presented huge differences in the expression of inflammation-related proteins including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor-associated factor protein-6 (TRAF-6), phosphorylated-NF-κB p65 (p-p65), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-11, matrix metalloproteinases including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13; and osteogenesis-related proteins including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteocalcin (OCN) in all the models. However, when we compared the cell line pair derived from different sites (outside and inside of BMM, respectively) of the same HeLa tumor sample by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry, the differences aforementioned in tumor tissues were not found. In addition, we verified that normal human bone marrow could not cause the above changes detected in vivo. Our results suggested that tumor-modified microenvironment could give the new biological features of the invaded tumor cells. Therefore, we should consider the influence of the surrounding microenvironment on tumor cells when we analyze tumor properties using immunohistochemistry.
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45
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Sun SS, Zhang L, Yang J, Zhou X. Role of runt-related transcription factor 2 in signal network of tumors as an inter-mediator. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:1-7. [PMID: 25727319 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) is a member of the polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2/core-binding factor superfamily. RUNX2 is known for its contribution to osteoblast phenotype and bone formation. In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on the relationship of Runx2 with tumorigenesis. In different types of tumor cells, RUNX2 cooperates with its co-activators or co-inhibitors, and mediates the responses of cells to various signaling pathways that are hyperactive in tumors. Thus, several downstream target genes of RUNX2 are activated when RUNX2 interacts with its co-factors, leading to a variety of effects on tumor cells (epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, proliferation, and osteolytic lesion). This review focuses on the involvement of RUNX2 in tumor cells in the crosstalk of diverse signaling pathways and its multiple functions to develop optimal and feasible approaches for clinical treatment based on the functions of RUNX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Sun
- The Maxillary Facial and Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer, Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer, Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Lun Zhang
- The Maxillary Facial and Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer, Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer, Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jingxuan Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Stanton L. Young Biomedical, Research Center, BRC I264, Oklahoma City, OK 73 104, USA
| | - Xuan Zhou
- The Maxillary Facial and Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer, Institute & Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer, Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Hexi District, Tianjin 300060, China.
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46
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Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) upregulation in breast carcinoma contributes to tumor progression and predicts early tumor recurrence. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5473-83. [PMID: 25683484 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Aberrant lipid metabolism is an established hallmark of cancer cells. The recently isolated lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1), the most important enzyme in membrane biogenesis, has been currently implicated in cancer development and progression. The published literature lacks comprehensive reports on LPCAT1 expression in breast cancer and its impact on patients' outcome. We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of LPCAT1 in 80 primary breast carcinomas, 24 metastatic lymph nodes, and 30 non-neoplastic breast tissue specimens and statistically analyzed the association between LPCAT1 expression and clinicopathological variables and patients' outcome. LPCAT1 protein was significantly upregulated in primary breast carcinoma and showed a significant ascending pattern being the lowest in normal breast tissues, relatively increased in fibrocystic disease, and the highest in primary carcinoma. LPCAT1 expression was significantly higher at tumor's advancing edge and correlated positively with tumor's grade and TNM stage. Compared to primary tumor, LPCAT1 expression was significantly lower in ductal carcinoma in situ and significantly higher in metastatic lymph nodes. LPCAT1 overexpression was significantly associated with increased proliferative activity, negative estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, as well as triple-negative and HER2 disease molecular subtypes. Multivariate analysis showed that advanced stage, high grade, and LPCAT1 overexpression were independent predictors of early tumor recurrence. We conclude that LPCAT1 is implicated in breast cancer pathogenesis, evolution, and progression and appears to play a potentially crucial role as a determinant of local invasiveness and metastasis. LPCAT1 is an independent predictor of early tumor recurrence of breast carcinoma and represents a novel prognostic biomarker that reflects underlying biological alterations and thus constitutes a potentially promising target for new therapeutic strategies.
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Lotem J, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Bauer O, Hantisteanu S, Dicken J, Groner Y. Runx3 at the interface of immunity, inflammation and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:131-43. [PMID: 25641675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago claims arose that the RUNX3 member of the RUNX transcription factor family is a major TSG inactivated in gastric cancer, a postulate extended later to other cancers. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. Here we critically re-appraise this paradigm in light of recent high-throughput, quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models. Collectively, these studies unequivocally demonstrate that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Accordingly, RUNX3 is not recognized as a TSG and is not included among the 2000 cancer genes listed in the "Cancer Gene Census" or "Network for Cancer Genes" repositories. In contrast, RUNX3 does play important functions in immunity and inflammation and may thereby indirectly influence epithelial tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lotem
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Negreanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Omri Bauer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shay Hantisteanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joseph Dicken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Yang Z, Zhang B, Liu B, Xie Y, Cao X. Combined Runx2 and Snail overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4565-73. [PMID: 25608841 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of Runx2 and Snail expression in breast cancer. The expression of Runx2 and Snail in clinical specimens from 125 breast cancer patients was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed there is a link between Runx2 and Snail expression at protein levels (p = 0.007). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that Runx2 or Snail expression was correlated with shortened disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.002, p = 0.004, respectively) and overall survival (OS) (p = 0.002, p = 0.009, respectively). In addition, Runx2-positive/Snail-positive patients had the worst DFS and OS (p = 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively). In multivariate survival analysis, Runx2, Snail, and combined Runx2/Snail were still remained as independent prognostic factors for DFS (p = 0.020, p = 0.013, and p = 0.001, respectively) and OS (p = 0.027, p = 0.030 and p = 0.005, respectively). These results suggest that a combined Runx2/Snail expression could be used as a new significant prognostic biomarker for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Huanhu West Road, Hexi District, Tianjin, 300060, China
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Chang CH, Fan TC, Yu JC, Liao GS, Lin YC, Shih ACC, Li WH, Yu ALT. The prognostic significance of RUNX2 and miR-10a/10b and their inter-relationship in breast cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:257. [PMID: 25266482 PMCID: PMC4189660 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The major cancer related mortality is caused by metastasis and invasion. It is important to identify genes regulating metastasis and invasion in order to curtail metastatic spread of cancer cells. Methods This study investigated the association between RUNX2 and miR-10a/miR-10b and the risk of breast cancer relapse. Expression levels of RUNX2 and miR-10a/b in108 pairs of tumor and non-tumor tissue of breast cancer were assayed by quantitative PCR analysis and evaluated for their prognostic implications. Results The median expression levels of RUNX2 and miR-10b in tumor tissue normalized using adjacent non-tumor tissue were significantly higher in relapsed patients than in relapse-free patients. Higher expression of these three genes were significantly correlated with the hazard ratio for breast cancer recurrence (RUNX2: 3.02, 95% CI = 1.50 ~ 6.07; miR-10a: 2.31, 95% CI = 1.00 ~ 5.32; miR-10b: 3.96, 95% CI = 1.21 ~ 12.98). The joint effect of higher expression of all three genes was associated with a hazard ratio of 12.37 (95% CI = 1.62 ~ 94.55) for relapse. In a breast cancer cell line, RUNX2 silencing reduced the expression of miR-10a/b and also impaired cell motility, while RUNX2 overexpression elicited opposite effects. Conclusions These findings indicate that higher expression of RUNX2 and miR-10a/b was associated with adverse outcome of breast cancer. Expression levels of RUNX2 and miR-10a/b individually or jointly are potential prognostic factors for predicting breast cancer recurrence. Data from in vitro studies support the notion that RUNX2 promoted cell motility by upregulating miR-10a/b. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-014-0257-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Pawlowska E, Wysokiński D, Tokarz P, Piastowska-Ciesielska A, Szczepanska J, Blasiak J. Dexamethasone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduce oxidative stress-related DNA damage in differentiating osteoblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16649-64. [PMID: 25244015 PMCID: PMC4200756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of osteoblast differentiation is regulated by several factors, including RUNX2. Recent reports suggest an involvement of RUNX2 in DNA damage response (DDR), which is important due to association of differentiation with oxidative stress. In the present work we explore the influence of two RUNX2 modifiers, dexamethasone (DEX) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3), in DDR in differentiating MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts challenged by oxidative stress. The process of differentiation was associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBH) reduced the rate of differentiation. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a marker of the process of osteoblasts differentiation, increased in a time-dependent manner and TBH further increased this activity. This may indicate that additional oxidative stress, induced by TBH, may accelerate the differentiation process. The cells displayed changes in the sensitivity to TBH in the course of differentiation. DEX increased ALP activity, but 1,25-D3 had no effect on it. These results suggest that DEX might stimulate the process of preosteoblasts differentiation. Finally, we observed a protective effect of DEX and 1,25-D3 against DNA damage induced by TBH, except the day 24 of differentiation, when DEX increased the extent of TBH-induced DNA damage. We conclude that oxidative stress is associated with osteoblasts differentiation and induce DDR, which may be modulated by RUNX2-modifiers, DEX and 1,25-D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pawlowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Daniel Wysokiński
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Paulina Tokarz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - Joanna Szczepanska
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-216 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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