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Giacomini F, Baião Barata D, Suk Rho H, Tahmasebi Birgani Z, van Blitterswijk C, Giselbrecht S, Truckenmüller R, Habibović P. Microfluidically Aligned Collagen to Maintain the Phenotype of Tenocytes In Vitro. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303672. [PMID: 37902084 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Tendon is a highly organized tissue that transmits forces between muscle and bone. The architecture of the extracellular matrix of tendon, predominantly from collagen type I, is important for maintaining tenocyte phenotype and function. Therefore, in repair and regeneration of damaged and diseased tendon tissue, it is crucial to restore the aligned arrangement of the collagen type I fibers of the original matrix. To this end, a novel, user-friendly microfluidic piggyback platform is developed allowing the controlled patterned formation and alignment of collagen fibers simply on the bottom of culture dishes. Rat tenocytes cultured on the micropatterns of aligned fibrous collagen exhibit a more elongated morphology. The cells also show an increased expression of tenogenic markers at the gene and protein level compared to tenocytes cultured on tissue culture plastic or non-fibrillar collagen coatings. Moreover, using imprinted polystyrene replicas of aligned collagen fibers, this work shows that the fibrillar structure of collagen per se affects the tenocyte morphology, whereas the biochemical nature of collagen plays a prominent role in the expression of tenogenic markers. Beyond the controlled provision of aligned collagen, the microfluidic platform can aid in developing more physiologically relevant in vitro models of tendon and its regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Giacomini
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - David Baião Barata
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon, 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Hoon Suk Rho
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Giselbrecht
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Roman Truckenmüller
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Habibović
- Department of Instructive Biomaterials Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Lu X, Lu J, Hernigou P, Jin F. The role of macrophage polarization in tendon healing and therapeutic strategies: Insights from animal models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1366398. [PMID: 38486869 PMCID: PMC10937537 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1366398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries, a common musculoskeletal issue, usually result in adhesions to the surrounding tissue, that will impact functional recovery. Macrophages, particularly through their M1 and M2 polarizations, play a pivotal role in the inflammatory and healing phases of tendon repair. In this review, we explore the role of macrophage polarization in tendon healing, focusing on insights from animal models. The review delves into the complex interplay of macrophages in tendon pathology, detailing how various macrophage phenotypes contribute to both healing and adhesion formation. It also explores the potential of modulating macrophage activity to enhance tendon repair and minimize adhesions. With advancements in understanding macrophage behavior and the development of innovative biomaterials, this review highlights promising therapeutic strategies for tendon injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicheng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Shanghai Bio-lu Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Technology Innovation Center of Orthopedic Biomaterials, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxi Lu
- Shanghai Bio-lu Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Technology Innovation Center of Orthopedic Biomaterials, Shanghai, China
| | - Philippe Hernigou
- University Paris East, Orthopedic Hospital Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Paris, France
| | - Fangchun Jin
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Vidal L, Lopez-Garzon M, Venegas V, Vila I, Domínguez D, Rodas G, Marotta M. A Novel Tendon Injury Model, Induced by Collagenase Administration Combined with a Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel in Rats, Reproduces the Pathogenesis of Human Degenerative Tendinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1868. [PMID: 38339145 PMCID: PMC10855568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Patellar tendinopathy is a common clinical problem, but its underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood, primarily due to the absence of a representative experimental model. The most widely used method to generate such a model is collagenase injection, although this method possesses limitations. We developed an optimized rat model of patellar tendinopathy via the ultrasound-guided injection of collagenase mixed with a thermo-responsive Pluronic hydrogel into the patellar tendon of sixty male Wistar rats. All analyses were carried out at 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days post-injury. We confirmed that our rat model reproduced the pathophysiology observed in human patients through analyses of ultrasonography, histology, immunofluorescence, and biomechanical parameters. Tendons that were injured by the injection of the collagenase-Pluronic mixture exhibited a significant increase in the cross-sectional area (p < 0.01), a high degree of tissue disorganization and hypercellularity, significantly strong neovascularization (p < 0.01), important changes in the levels of types I and III collagen expression, and the organization and presence of intra-tendinous calcifications. Decreases in the maximum rupture force and stiffness were also observed. These results demonstrate that our model replicates the key features observed in human patellar tendinopathy. Collagenase is evenly distributed, as the Pluronic hydrogel prevents its leakage and thus, damage to surrounding tissues. Therefore, this model is valuable for testing new treatments for patellar tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vidal
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lopez-Garzon
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanesa Venegas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ingrid Vila
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Domínguez
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clínic and Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Marotta
- Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, 08225 Terrassa, Spain
- Bioengineering, Cell Therapy and Surgery in Congenital Malformations Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
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Huang JM, Zhao N, Hao XN, Li SY, Wei D, Pu N, Peng GH, Tao Y. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Signaling Mediated Neuroglia Activation Is Implicated in the Retinal Degeneration: A Potential Therapeutic Target to Prevent Photoreceptor Death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:29. [PMID: 38231527 PMCID: PMC10795588 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal degeneration (RD) is a large cluster of retinopathies that is characterized by the progressive photoreceptor death and visual impairments. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling has been documented to mediate the microglia activation and gliosis reaction during neurodegeneration. We intend to verify whether the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling is involved in the RD pathology. Methods A pharmacologically induced RD mice model was established. AZD8797, a CX3CR1 antagonist, was injected into the vitreous cavity of an RD model to modulate the neuroglia activation. Then, the experimental animals were subjected to functional, morphological, and behavioral analysis. Results The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling mediated neuroglia activation was implicated in the photoreceptor demise of an RD model. Intravitreal injection of AZD8797 preserved the retinal structure and enhanced the photoreceptor survival through inhibiting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 expressions. Fundus photography showed that the distribution of retinal vessel was clear, and the severity of lesions was alleviated by AZD8797. In particular, these morphological benefits could be translated into remarkable functional improvements, as evidenced by the behavioral test and electroretinogram (mf-ERG) examination. A mechanism study showed that AZD8797 mitigated the microglia activation and migration in the degenerative retinas. The Müller cell hyper-reaction and secondary gliosis response were also suppressed by AZD8797. Conclusions The neuroinflammation is implicated in the photoreceptor loss of RD pathology. Targeting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy. Future refinements of these findings may cast light into the discovery of new medications for RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Min Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Na Hao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Aggouras AN, Connizzo BK. Earlier proteoglycan turnover promotes higher efficiency matrix remodeling in MRL/MpJ tendons. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2261-2272. [PMID: 36866831 PMCID: PMC10475140 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
While most mammalian tissue regeneration is limited, the Murphy Roths Large (MRL/MpJ) mouse has been identified to regenerate several tissues, including tendon. Recent studies have indicated that this regenerative response is innate to the tendon tissue and not reliant on a systemic inflammatory response. Therefore, we hypothesized that MRL/MpJ mice may also exhibit a more robust homeostatic regulation of tendon structure in response to mechanical loading. To assess this, MRL/MpJ and C57BL/6J flexor digitorum longus tendon explants were subjected to stress-deprived conditions in vitro for up to 14 days. Explant tendon health (metabolism, biosynthesis, and composition), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, gene expression, and tendon biomechanics were assessed periodically. We found a more robust response to the loss of mechanical stimulus in the MRL/MpJ tendon explants, exhibiting an increase in collagen production and MMP activity consistent with previous in vivo studies. This greater collagen turnover was preceded by an early expression of small leucine-rich proteoglycans and proteoglycan-degrading MMP-3, promoting efficient regulation and organization of newly synthesized collagen and allowing for more efficient overall turnover in MRL/MpJ tendons. Therefore, mechanisms of MRL/MpJ matrix homeostasis may be fundamentally different from that of B6 tendons and may indicate better recovery from mechanical microdamage in MRL/MpJ tendons. We demonstrate here the utility of the MRL/MpJ model in elucidating mechanisms of efficient matrix turnover and its potential to shed light on new targets for more effective treatments for degenerative matrix changes brought about by injury, disease, or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony N. Aggouras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
| | - Brianne K. Connizzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, United States
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6
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Bautista CA, Srikumar A, Tichy ED, Qian G, Jiang X, Qin L, Mourkioti F, Dyment NA. CD206+ tendon resident macrophages and their potential crosstalk with fibroblasts and the ECM during tendon growth and maturation. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122348. [PMID: 36909235 PMCID: PMC9992419 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Resident macrophages exist in a variety of tissues, including tendon, and play context-specific roles in their tissue of residence. In this study, we define the spatiotemporal distribution and phenotypic profile of tendon resident macrophages and their crosstalk with neighboring tendon fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix (ECM) during murine tendon development, growth, and homeostasis. Fluorescent imaging of cryosections revealed that F4/80+ tendon resident macrophages reside adjacent to Col1a1-CFP+ Scx-GFP+ fibroblasts within the tendon fascicle from embryonic development (E15.5) into adulthood (P56). Through flow cytometry and qPCR, we found that these tendon resident macrophages express several well-known macrophage markers, including Adgre1 (F4/80), Mrc1 (CD206), Lyve1, and Folr2, but not Ly-6C, and express the Csf1r-EGFP ("MacGreen") reporter. The proportion of Csf1r-EGFP+ resident macrophages in relation to the total cell number increases markedly during early postnatal growth, while the density of macrophages per mm2 remains constant during this same time frame. Interestingly, proliferation of resident macrophages is higher than adjacent fibroblasts, which likely contributes to this increase in macrophage proportion. The expression profile of tendon resident macrophages also changes with age, with increased pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression in P56 compared to P14 macrophages. In addition, the expression profile of limb tendon resident macrophages diverges from that of tail tendon resident macrophages, suggesting differential phenotypes across anatomically and functionally different tendons. As macrophages are known to communicate with adjacent fibroblasts in other tissues, we conducted ligand-receptor analysis and found potential two-way signaling between tendon fibroblasts and resident macrophages. Tendon fibroblasts express high levels of Csf1, which encodes macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) that acts on the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) on macrophages. Importantly, Csf1r-expressing resident macrophages preferentially localize to Csf1-expressing fibroblasts, supporting the "nurturing scaffold" model for tendon macrophage patterning. Lastly, we found that tendon resident macrophages express high levels of ECM-related genes, including Mrc1 (mannose receptor), Lyve1 (hyaluronan receptor), Lair1 (type I collagen receptor), Ctss (elastase), and Mmp13 (collagenase), and internalize DQ Collagen in explant cultures. Overall, our study provides insights into the potential roles of tendon resident macrophages in regulating fibroblast phenotype and the ECM during tendon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Bautista
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anjana Srikumar
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elisia D. Tichy
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Grace Qian
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xi Jiang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ling Qin
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Foteini Mourkioti
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Musculoskeletal Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathaniel A. Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Muscat S, Nichols AEC, Gira E, Loiselle AE. CCR2 is expressed by tendon resident macrophage and T cells, while CCR2 deficiency impairs tendon healing via blunted involvement of tendon-resident and circulating monocytes/macrophages. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22607. [PMID: 36250393 PMCID: PMC9593314 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201162r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During tendon healing, macrophages are thought to be a key mediator of scar tissue formation, which prevents successful functional restoration of the tendon. However, macrophages are critical for successful tendon healing as they aid in wound debridement, extracellular matrix deposition, and promote fibroblast proliferation. Recent work has sought to better define the multi-faceted functions of macrophages using depletion studies, while other studies have identified a tendon resident macrophage population. To begin to delineate the functions of tendon-resident versus circulation-derived macrophages, we examined the tendon healing phenotype in Chemokine Receptor 2 (CCR2) reporter (CCR2GFP/+ ), and knockout mice. CCR2 is a chemokine receptor primarily found on the surface of circulating bone marrow-derived monocytes, with CCR2 being an important mediator of macrophage recruitment to wound environments. Surprisingly, CCR2GFP/+ cells were present in the tendon during adult homeostasis, and single-cell RNA sequencing identified these cells as tendon-resident macrophages and T cells. During both homeostasis and healing, CCR2 knockout resulted in a substantial decrease in CCR2GFP+ cells and pan-macrophages. Additionally, loss of CCR2 resulted in reduced numbers of myofibroblasts and impeded functional recovery during late healing. This study highlights the heterogeneity of tendon-resident and recruited immune cells and their contributions following injury, and establishes an important role for CCR2 in modulating both the adult tendon cell environment and tendon healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Muscat
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Anne E C Nichols
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Emma Gira
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Zakirova E, Aimaletdinov A, Mansurova M, Titova A, Kurilov I, Rutland CS, Malanyeva A, Rizvanov A. Artificial Microvesicles: New Perspective on Healing Tendon Wounds. Cells Tissues Organs 2022; 213:24-39. [PMID: 36049461 DOI: 10.1159/000526845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons have a limited capacity to repair both naturally and following clinical interventions. Damaged tissue often presents with structural and functional differences, adversely affecting animal performance, mobility, health, and welfare. Advances in cell therapies have started to overcome some of these issues, however complications such as the formation of ectopic bone remain a complication of this technique. Regenerative medicine is therefore looking toward future therapies such as the introduction of microvesicles (MVs) derived from stem cells (SCs). The aim of the present study was to assess the characteristics of artificially derived MVs, from equine mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), when delivered to rat tendon cells in vitro and damaged tendons in vivo. The initial stages of extracting MVs from equine MSCs and identifying and characterizing the cultured tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSCs) from rat Achilles tendons were undertaken successfully. The horse MSCs and the rat tendon cells were both capable of differentiating in 3 directions: adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic pathways. The artificially derived equine MVs successfully fused with the TSC membranes, and no cytotoxic or cytostimulating effects were observed. In addition, co-cultivation of TSCs with MVs led to stimulation of cell proliferation and migration, and cytokine VEGF and fractalkine expression levels were significantly increased. These experiments are the first to show that artificially derived MVs exhibited regeneration-stimulating effects in vitro, and that fusion of cytoplasmic membranes from diploid cell lines originating from different species was possible. The experiment in vivo demonstrated the influence of MVs on synthesis of collagen I and III types in damaged tendons of rats. Explorations in vivo showed accelerated regeneration of injured tendons after introduction of the MVs into damaged areas. The results from the studies performed indicated obvious positive modifying effects following the administration of MVs. This represents the initial successful step required prior to translating this regenerative medicine technique into clinical trials, such as for tendon repair in injured horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zakirova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Aimaletdinov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Milana Mansurova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Angelina Titova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Kurilov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Albina Malanyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation,
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
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9
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Gomez-Florit M, Labrador-Rached CJ, Domingues RM, Gomes ME. The tendon microenvironment: Engineered in vitro models to study cellular crosstalk. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114299. [PMID: 35436570 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a multi-faceted pathology characterized by alterations in tendon microstructure, cellularity and collagen composition. Challenged by the possibility of regenerating pathological or ruptured tendons, the healing mechanisms of this tissue have been widely researched over the past decades. However, so far, most of the cellular players and processes influencing tendon repair remain unknown, which emphasizes the need for developing relevant in vitro models enabling to study the complex multicellular crosstalk occurring in tendon microenvironments. In this review, we critically discuss the insights on the interaction between tenocytes and the other tendon resident cells that have been devised through different types of existing in vitro models. Building on the generated knowledge, we stress the need for advanced models able to mimic the hierarchical architecture, cellularity and physiological signaling of tendon niche under dynamic culture conditions, along with the recreation of the integrated gradients of its tissue interfaces. In a forward-looking vision of the field, we discuss how the convergence of multiple bioengineering technologies can be leveraged as potential platforms to develop the next generation of relevant in vitro models that can contribute for a deeper fundamental knowledge to develop more effective treatments.
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10
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ABSTRACTS (BY NUMBER). Tissue Eng Part A 2022. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2022.29025.abstracts] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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11
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Zhou Q, Wang W, Yang F, Wang H, Zhao X, Zhou Y, Fu P, Xu Y. Disulfiram Suppressed Peritendinous Fibrosis Through Inhibiting Macrophage Accumulation and Its Pro-inflammatory Properties in Tendon Bone Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:823933. [PMID: 35350176 PMCID: PMC8957921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.823933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication between macrophages and tendon cells plays a critical role in regulating the tendon-healing process. However, the potential mechanisms through which macrophages can control peritendinous fibrosis are unknown. Our data showed a strong pro-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages after a mouse tendon–bone injury. Moreover, by using a small-molecule compound library, we identified an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, disulfiram (DSF), which can significantly promote the transition of macrophage from M1 to M2 phenotype and decrease macrophage pro-inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, DSF targets gasdermin D (GSDMD) to attenuate macrophage cell pyroptosis, interleukin-1β, and high mobility group box 1 protein release. These pro-inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns are essential for regulating tenocyte and fibroblast proliferation, migration, and fibrotic activity. Deficiency or inhibition of GSDMD significantly suppressed peritendinous fibrosis formation around the injured tendon and was accompanied by increased regenerated bone and fibrocartilage compared with the wild-type littermates. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel pathway of GSDMD-dependent macrophage cell pyroptosis in remodeling fibrogenesis in tendon–bone injury. Thus, GSDMD may represent a potential therapeutic target in tendon–bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fujun Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,The Fifth People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Yiqin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaozeng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Pentzold S, Wildemann B. Mechanical overload decreases tenogenic differentiation compared to physiological load in bioartificial tendons. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:5. [PMID: 35241113 PMCID: PMC8896085 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tenocytes as specialised fibroblasts and inherent cells of tendons require mechanical load for their homeostasis. However, how mechanical overload compared to physiological load impacts on the tenogenic differentiation potential of fibroblasts is largely unknown. Methods Three-dimensional bioartificial tendons (BATs) seeded with murine fibroblasts (cell line C3H10T1/2) were subjected to uniaxial sinusoidal elongation at either overload conditions (0–16%, Ø 8%) or physiological load (0–8%, Ø 4%). This regime was applied for 2 h a day at 0.1 Hz for 7 days. Controls were unloaded, but under static tension. Results Cell survival did not differ among overload, physiological load and control BATs. However, gene expression of tenogenic and extra-cellular matrix markers (Scx, Mkx, Tnmd, Col1a1 and Col3a1) was significantly decreased in overload versus physiological load and controls, respectively. In contrast, Mmp3 was significantly increased at overload compared to physiological load, and significantly decreased under physiological load compared to controls. Mkx and Tnmd were significantly increased in BATs subjected to physiological load compared to controls. Proinflammatory interleukin-6 showed increased protein levels comparing load (both over and physiological) versus unloaded controls. Alignment of the cytoskeleton in strain direction was decreased in overload compared to physiological load, while other parameters such as nuclear area, roundness or cell density were less affected. Conclusions Mechanical overload decreases tenogenic differentiation and increases ECM remodelling/inflammation in 3D-stimulated fibroblasts, whereas physiological load may induce opposite effects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13036-022-00283-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pentzold
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Britt Wildemann
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
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13
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Crosio G, Huang A. Innate and adaptive immune system cells implicated in tendon healing and disease. Eur Cell Mater 2022; 43:39-52. [PMID: 35178698 PMCID: PMC9526522 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v043a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons perform a critical function in the musculoskeletal system by integrating muscle with skeleton and enabling force transmission. Damage or degeneration of these tissues lead to impaired structure and function, which often persist despite surgical intervention. While the immune response and inflammation are important drivers of both tendon healing and disease progression, there have been relatively few studies of the diverse immune cell types that may regulate these processes in these tissues. To date, most of the studies have focused on macrophages, but emerging research indicate that other immune cell types may also play a role in tendon healing, either by regulating the immune environment or through direct interactions with resident tenocytes. The present review synthesises the literature on innate and adaptive immune system cells that have been implicated in tendon healing or disease, in the context of animal injury models, human clinical samples or in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Crosio
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY 10027,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, NY, NY 10032
| | - A.H. Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, NY, NY 10032,Corresponding author: Alice H. Huang, PhD, William Black Building, 650 W 168th Street, Room 1408, NY, NY 10032, Tel: 212-305-5564,
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14
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Russo V, El Khatib M, Prencipe G, Citeroni MR, Faydaver M, Mauro A, Berardinelli P, Cerveró-Varona A, Haidar-Montes AA, Turriani M, Di Giacinto O, Raspa M, Scavizzi F, Bonaventura F, Stöckl J, Barboni B. Tendon Immune Regeneration: Insights on the Synergetic Role of Stem and Immune Cells during Tendon Regeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030434. [PMID: 35159244 PMCID: PMC8834336 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon disorders represent a very common pathology in today’s population, and tendinopathies that account 30% of tendon-related injuries, affect yearly millions of people which in turn cause huge socioeconomic and health repercussions worldwide. Inflammation plays a prominent role in the development of tendon pathologies, and advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms during the inflammatory state have provided additional insights into its potential role in tendon disorders. Different cell compartments, in combination with secreted immune modulators, have shown to control and modulate the inflammatory response during tendinopathies. Stromal compartment represented by tenocytes has shown to display an important role in orchestrating the inflammatory response during tendon injuries due to the interplay they exhibit with the immune-sensing and infiltrating compartments, which belong to resident and recruited immune cells. The use of stem cells or their derived secretomes within the regenerative medicine field might represent synergic new therapeutical approaches that can be used to tune the reaction of immune cells within the damaged tissues. To this end, promising opportunities are headed to the stimulation of macrophages polarization towards anti-inflammatory phenotype together with the recruitment of stem cells, that possess immunomodulatory properties, able to infiltrate within the damaged tissues and improve tendinopathies resolution. Indeed, the comprehension of the interactions between tenocytes or stem cells with the immune cells might considerably modulate the immune reaction solving hence the inflammatory response and preventing fibrotic tissue formation. The purpose of this review is to compare the roles of distinct cell compartments during tendon homeostasis and injury. Furthermore, the role of immune cells in this field, as well as their interactions with stem cells and tenocytes during tendon regeneration, will be discussed to gain insights into new ways for dealing with tendinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Russo
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Mohammad El Khatib
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Prencipe
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Rita Citeroni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Melisa Faydaver
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Annunziata Mauro
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Paolo Berardinelli
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Adrián Cerveró-Varona
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Arlette A. Haidar-Montes
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Maura Turriani
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Oriana Di Giacinto
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Marcello Raspa
- National Research Council (CNR), Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (IBBC), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- National Research Council (CNR), Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (IBBC), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Bonaventura
- National Research Council (CNR), Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology (IBBC), 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Italy; (M.R.); (F.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Centre for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Barbara Barboni
- Unit of Basic and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences and Agro-Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (V.R.); (M.E.K.); (M.R.C.); (M.F.); (A.M.); (P.B.); (A.C.-V.); (A.A.H.-M.); (M.T.); (O.D.G.); (B.B.)
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15
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Chen M, Li Y, Xiao L, Dai G, Lu P, Rui Y. Noncanonical Wnt5a signaling regulates tendon stem/progenitor cells senescence. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:544. [PMID: 34663475 PMCID: PMC8521898 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02605-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The structural and functional properties of tendon decline with age, and these changes contribute to tendon disorder. Tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) play a vital role in tendon repair, regeneration and homeostasis maintaining. Although studies have demonstrated that tendon aging is closely associated with the altered TSPCs function on senescence, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of TSPCs senescence remain largely unknown. This study was designed to investigate the role of Wnt5a in TSPCs senescence. Methods TSPCs were isolated from 2-month-old and 20-month-old male C57BL/6 mice. The expression of Wnt5a was determined by RNA sequencing, qRT-PCR and western blotting. TSPCs were then treated with Wnt5a shRNA or recombinant Wnt5a or AG490 or IFN-γ or Ror2-siRNA. Western blotting, β-gal staining, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining and cell cycle analysis were used for confirming the role of Wnt5a in TSPCs senescence. Results We found a canonical to noncanonical Wnt signaling shift due to enhanced expression of Wnt5a in aged TSPCs. Functionally, we demonstrated that inhibition of Wnt5a attenuated TSPCs senescence, age-related cell polarity and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) expression in aged TSPCs. Mechanistically, the JAK–STAT signaling pathway was activated in aged TSPCs, while Wnt5a knockdown inhibited the JAK–STAT signaling pathway, suggesting that Wnt5a modulates TSPCs senescence via JAK–STAT signaling pathway. Moreover, knockdown of Ror2 inhibited Wnt5a-induced activation of the JAK–STAT signaling pathway, which indicates that Wnt5a potentiates JAK–STAT signaling pathway through Ror2, and Ror2 acts as the functional receptor of Wnt5a in TSPCs senescence. Conclusion Our results demonstrate a critical role of noncanonical Wnt5a signaling in TSPCs senescence, and Wnt5a could be an attractive therapeutic target for antagonizing tendon aging. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02605-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjuan Li
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longfei Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangchun Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Panpan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunfeng Rui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, No. 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Orthopaedic Trauma Institute (OTI), Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China. .,Trauma Center, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China. .,China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
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16
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Stauber T, Wolleb M, Duss A, Jaeger PK, Heggli I, Hussien AA, Blache U, Snedeker JG. Extrinsic Macrophages Protect While Tendon Progenitors Degrade: Insights from a Tissue Engineered Model of Tendon Compartmental Crosstalk. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100741. [PMID: 34494401 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tendons are among the most mechanically stressed tissues of the body, with a functional core of type-I collagen fibers maintained by embedded stromal fibroblasts known as tenocytes. The intrinsic load-bearing core compartment of tendon is surrounded, nourished, and repaired by the extrinsic peritendon, a synovial-like tissue compartment with access to tendon stem/progenitor cells as well as blood monocytes. In vitro tendon model systems generally lack this important feature of tissue compartmentalization, while in vivo models are cumbersome when isolating multicellular mechanisms. To bridge this gap, an improved in vitro model of explanted tendon core stromal tissue (mouse tail tendon fascicles) surrounded by cell-laden collagen hydrogels that mimic extrinsic tissue compartments is suggested. Using this model, CD146+ tendon stem/progenitor cell and CD45+ F4/80+ bone-marrow derived macrophage activity within a tendon injury-like niche are recapitulated. It is found that extrinsic stromal progenitors recruit to the damaged core, contribute to an overall increase in catabolic ECM gene expression, and accelerate the decrease in mechanical properties. Conversely, it is found that extrinsic bone-marrow derived macrophages in these conditions adopt a proresolution phenotype that mitigates rapid tissue breakdown by outwardly migrated tenocytes and F4/80+ "tenophages" from the intrinsic tissue core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Stauber
- Department of Orthopedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich 8008 Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics ETH Zurich Zurich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Maja Wolleb
- Department of Orthopedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich 8008 Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics ETH Zurich Zurich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Anja Duss
- Department of Orthopedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich 8008 Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics ETH Zurich Zurich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Patrick K. Jaeger
- Department of Orthopedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich 8008 Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics ETH Zurich Zurich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Irina Heggli
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology Department of Rheumatology University Hospital, University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich 8008 Switzerland
| | - Amro A. Hussien
- Department of Orthopedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich 8008 Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics ETH Zurich Zurich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Blache
- Department of Orthopedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich 8008 Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics ETH Zurich Zurich 8093 Switzerland
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Jess G. Snedeker
- Department of Orthopedics Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich Lengghalde 5 Zurich 8008 Switzerland
- Institute for Biomechanics ETH Zurich Zurich 8093 Switzerland
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17
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Markworth JF, Sugg KB, Sarver DC, Maddipati KR, Brooks SV. Local shifts in inflammatory and resolving lipid mediators in response to tendon overuse. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21655. [PMID: 34042218 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100078r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tendon inflammation has been implicated in both adaptive connective tissue remodeling and overuse-induced tendinopathy. Lipid mediators control both the initiation and resolution of inflammation, but their roles within tendon are largely unknown. Here, we profiled local shifts in intratendinous lipid mediators via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in response to synergist ablation-induced plantaris tendon overuse. Sixty-four individual lipid mediators were detected in homogenates of plantaris tendons from ambulatory control rats. This included many bioactive metabolites of the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and epoxygenase (CYP) pathways. Synergist ablation induced a robust inflammatory response at day 3 post-surgery characterized by epitenon infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages (MΦ), heightened expression of inflammation-related genes, and increased intratendinous concentrations of the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 . By day 7, MΦ became the predominant myeloid cell type in tendon and there were further delayed increases in other COX metabolites including prostaglandins D2 , F2α , and I2 . Specialized pro-resolving mediators including protectin D1, resolvin D2 and D6, as well as related pathway markers of D-resolvins (17-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid), E-resolvins (18-hydroxy-eicosapentaenoic acid), and lipoxins (15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid) were also increased locally in response to tendon overuse, as were anti-inflammatory fatty acid epoxides of the CYP pathway (eg, epoxy-eicosatrienoic acids). Nevertheless, intratendinous prostaglandins remained markedly increased even following 28 days of tendon overuse together with a lingering MΦ presence. These data reveal a delayed and prolonged local inflammatory response to tendon overuse characterized by an overwhelming predominance of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and a relative lack of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Markworth
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristoffer B Sugg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dylan C Sarver
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Krishna Rao Maddipati
- Department of Pathology, Lipidomics Core Facility, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Susan V Brooks
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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18
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Atta G, Schroedl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Spitzer G, Traweger A, Heindl LM, Tempfer H. Scleraxis expressing scleral cells respond to inflammatory stimulation. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:123-132. [PMID: 33966129 PMCID: PMC8397666 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The sclera is an ocular tissue rich of collagenous extracellular matrix, which is built up and maintained by relatively few, still poorly characterized fibroblast-like cells. The aims of this study are to add to the characterization of scleral fibroblasts and to examine the reaction of these fibroblasts to inflammatory stimulation in an ex vivo organotypic model. Scleras of scleraxis-GFP (SCX-GFP) mice were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR for the expression of the tendon cell associated marker genes scleraxis (SCX), mohawk and tenomodulin. In organotypic tissue culture, explanted scleras of adult scleraxis GFP reporter mice were exposed to 10 ng/ml recombinant interleukin 1-ß (IL1-ß) and IL1-ß in combination with dexamethasone. The tissue was then analyzed by immunofluorescence staining of the inflammation- and fibrosis-associated proteins IL6, COX-2, iNOS, connective tissue growth factor, MMP2, MMP3, and MMP13 as well as for collagen fibre degradation using a Collagen Hybridizing Peptide (CHP) binding assay. The mouse sclera displayed a strong expression of scleraxis promoter-driven GFP, indicating a tendon cell-like phenotype, as well as expression of scleraxis, tenomodulin and mohawk mRNA. Upon IL1-ß stimulation, SCX-GFP+ cells significantly upregulated the expression of all proteins analysed. Moreover, IL1-ß stimulation resulted in significant collagen degradation. Adding the corticosteroid dexamethasone significantly reduced the response to IL1-ß stimulation. Collagen degradation was significantly enhanced in the IL1-ß group. Dexamethasone demonstrated a significant rescue effect. This work provides insights into the characteristics of scleral cells and establishes an ex vivo model of scleral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Atta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gabriel Spitzer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Düsseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria. .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Best KT, Nichols AEC, Knapp E, Hammert WC, Ketonis C, Jonason JH, Awad HA, Loiselle AE. NF-κB activation persists into the remodeling phase of tendon healing and promotes myofibroblast survival. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/658/eabb7209. [PMID: 33203721 PMCID: PMC7717665 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb7209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although inflammation is necessary during the early phases of tissue repair, persistent inflammation contributes to fibrosis. Acute tendon injuries often heal through a fibrotic mechanism, which impedes regeneration and functional recovery. Because inflammation mediated by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling is implicated in this process, we examined the spatial, temporal, and cell type-specific activation profile of canonical NF-κB signaling during tendon healing. NF-κB signaling was maintained through all phases of tendon healing in mice, including the remodeling phase, and tenocytes and myofibroblasts from the Scleraxis (Scx) lineage were the predominant populations that retained NF-κB activation into the late stages of repair. We confirmed persistent NF-κB activation in myofibroblasts in human tendon scar tissue. Deleting the canonical NF-κB kinase, IKKβ, in Scx-lineage cells in mice increased apoptosis and the deposition of the matrix protein periostin during the late stages of tendon repair, suggesting that persistent NF-κB signaling may facilitate myofibroblast survival and fibrotic progression. Consistent with this, myofibroblasts in human tendon scar samples displayed enhanced prosurvival signaling compared to control tissue. Together, these data suggest that NF-κB may contribute to fibrotic tendon healing through both inflammation-dependent and inflammation-independent functions, such as NF-κB-mediated cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T Best
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Anne E C Nichols
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Emma Knapp
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Warren C Hammert
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Constantinos Ketonis
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jennifer H Jonason
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Hani A Awad
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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20
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Grabert K, Sehgal A, Irvine KM, Wollscheid-Lengeling E, Ozdemir DD, Stables J, Luke GA, Ryan MD, Adamson A, Humphreys NE, Sandrock CJ, Rojo R, Verkasalo VA, Mueller W, Hohenstein P, Pettit AR, Pridans C, Hume DA. A Transgenic Line That Reports CSF1R Protein Expression Provides a Definitive Marker for the Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:3154-3166. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Sunwoo JY, Eliasberg CD, Carballo CB, Rodeo SA. The role of the macrophage in tendinopathy and tendon healing. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:1666-1675. [PMID: 32190920 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The role of the macrophage is an area of emerging interest in tendinopathy and tendon healing. The macrophage has been found to play a key role in regulating the healing process of the healing tendon. The specific function of the macrophage depends on its functional phenotype. While the M1 macrophage phenotype exhibits a phagocytic and proinflammatory function, the M2 macrophage phenotype is associated with the resolution of inflammation and tissue deposition. Several studies have been conducted on animal models looking at enhancing or suppressing macrophage function, targeting specific phenotypes. These studies include the use of exogenous biological and pharmacological substances and more recently the use of transgenic and genetically modified animals. The outcomes of these studies have been promising. In particular, enhancement of M2 macrophage activity in the healing tendon of animal models have shown decreased scar formation, accelerated healing, decreased inflammation and even enhanced biomechanical strength. Currently our understanding of the role of the macrophage in tendinopathy and tendon healing is limited. Furthermore, the roles of therapies targeting macrophages to enhance tendon healing is unclear. Clinical Significance: An increased understanding of the significance of the macrophage and its functional phenotypes in the healing tendon may be the key to enhancing tendon healing. This review will present the current literature on the function of macrophages in tendinopathy and tendon healing and the potential of therapies targeting macrophages to enhance tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Y Sunwoo
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Claire D Eliasberg
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Camila B Carballo
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Orthopaedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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22
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First person – Christine Lehner. Dis Model Mech 2019. [PMCID: PMC6918782 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.043547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
First Person is a series of interviews with the first authors of a selection of papers published in Disease Models & Mechanisms, helping early-career researchers promote themselves alongside their papers. Christine Lehner is first author on ‘Tenophages: a novel macrophage-like tendon cell population expressing CX3CL1 and CX3CR1’, published in DMM. Christine is a researcher in the lab of Andreas Traweger at Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, investigating the mechanisms leading to tendinopathies.
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