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Mitaka T, Ichinohe N, Tanimizu N. "Small Hepatocytes" in the Liver. Cells 2023; 12:2718. [PMID: 38067145 PMCID: PMC10705974 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature hepatocytes (MHs) in an adult rodent liver are categorized into the following three subpopulations based on their proliferative capability: type I cells (MH-I), which are committed progenitor cells that possess a high growth capability and basal hepatocytic functions; type II cells (MH-II), which possess a limited proliferative capability; and type III cells (MH-III), which lose the ability to divide (replicative senescence) and reach the final differentiated state. These subpopulations may explain the liver's development and growth after birth. Generally, small-sized hepatocytes emerge in mammal livers. The cells are characterized by being morphologically identical to hepatocytes except for their size, which is substantially smaller than that of ordinary MHs. We initially discovered small hepatocytes (SHs) in the primary culture of rat hepatocytes. We believe that SHs are derived from MH-I and play a role as hepatocytic progenitors to supply MHs. The population of MH-I (SHs) is distributed in the whole lobules, a part of which possesses a self-renewal capability, and decreases with age. Conversely, injured livers of experimental models and clinical cases showed the emergence of SHs. Studies demonstrate the involvement of SHs in liver regeneration. SHs that appeared in the injured livers are not a pure population but a mixture of two distinct origins, MH-derived and hepatic-stem-cell-derived cells. The predominant cell-derived SHs depend on the proliferative capability of the remaining MHs after the injury. This review will focus on the SHs that appeared in the liver and discuss the significance of SHs in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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2
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Unterweger IA, Klepstad J, Hannezo E, Lundegaard PR, Trusina A, Ober EA. Lineage tracing identifies heterogeneous hepatoblast contribution to cell lineages and postembryonic organ growth dynamics. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002315. [PMID: 37792696 PMCID: PMC10550115 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet the physiological demands of the body, organs need to establish a functional tissue architecture and adequate size as the embryo develops to adulthood. In the liver, uni- and bipotent progenitor differentiation into hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs), and their relative proportions, comprise the functional architecture. Yet, the contribution of individual liver progenitors at the organ level to both fates, and their specific proportion, is unresolved. Combining mathematical modelling with organ-wide, multispectral FRaeppli-NLS lineage tracing in zebrafish, we demonstrate that a precise BEC-to-hepatocyte ratio is established (i) fast, (ii) solely by heterogeneous lineage decisions from uni- and bipotent progenitors, and (iii) independent of subsequent cell type-specific proliferation. Extending lineage tracing to adulthood determined that embryonic cells undergo spatially heterogeneous three-dimensional growth associated with distinct environments. Strikingly, giant clusters comprising almost half a ventral lobe suggest lobe-specific dominant-like growth behaviours. We show substantial hepatocyte polyploidy in juveniles representing another hallmark of postembryonic liver growth. Our findings uncover heterogeneous progenitor contributions to tissue architecture-defining cell type proportions and postembryonic organ growth as key mechanisms forming the adult liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris. A. Unterweger
- University of Copenhagen, NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Copenhagen N, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Julie Klepstad
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Andalusian Center for Developmental Biology, CSIC, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Pia R. Lundegaard
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Ala Trusina
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elke A. Ober
- University of Copenhagen, NNF Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Copenhagen N, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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3
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Eom YS, Park JH, Kim TH. Recent Advances in Stem Cell Differentiation Control Using Drug Delivery Systems Based on Porous Functional Materials. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:483. [PMID: 37754897 PMCID: PMC10532449 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique characteristics of stem cells, which include self-renewal and differentiation into specific cell types, have paved the way for the development of various biomedical applications such as stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening. The establishment of effective stem cell differentiation techniques is essential for the effective application of stem cells for various purposes. Ongoing research has sought to induce stem cell differentiation using diverse differentiation factors, including chemicals, proteins, and integrin expression. These differentiation factors play a pivotal role in a variety of applications. However, it is equally essential to acknowledge the potential hazards of uncontrolled differentiation. For example, uncontrolled differentiation can give rise to undesirable consequences, including cancerous mutations and stem cell death. Therefore, the development of innovative methods to control stem cell differentiation is crucial. In this review, we discuss recent research cases that have effectively utilised porous functional material-based drug delivery systems to regulate stem cell differentiation. Due to their unique substrate properties, drug delivery systems based on porous functional materials effectively induce stem cell differentiation through the steady release of differentiation factors. These ground-breaking techniques hold considerable promise for guiding and controlling the fate of stem cells for a wide range of biomedical applications, including stem cell therapy, disease modelling, and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseuk-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea; (Y.-S.E.); (J.-H.P.)
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4
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Kuramoto Y, Takagi T, Takeda Y, Rajbhandari S, Yoshida Y, Nakagomi T, Yoshimura S. Identification of novel multipotent stem cells in mouse spinal cord following traumatic injury. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:555-568. [PMID: 35708107 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that injury-induced multipotent stem cells (iSCs) emerge in the brain after stroke. These brain-derived iSCs (B-iSCs) can differentiate into various lineages, including neurons. This study aimed to determine whether similar stem cells can be induced even after non-ischemic injuries, such as trauma to the spinal cord. We characterized these cells, mainly focusing on their stemness, multipotency, and neuronal differentiation activities. Spinal cord injury was produced using forceps in adult mice. On day 3 after spinal cord injury, samples were obtained from the injured areas. Spinal cord sections were subjected to histological analyses. Cells were isolated and assessed for proliferative activities, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, FACS, and microarray analysis. Although nerve cell morphology was disrupted within the injured spinal cord, our histological observations revealed the presence of cells expressing stem cells, such as nestin and Sox2 in these areas. In addition, cells extracted from injured areas exhibited high proliferative abilities. These cells also expressed markers of both neural stem cells (e.g., nestin, Sox2) and multipotent stem cells (e.g., Sox2, c-myc, Klf4). They differentiated into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes, as well as neuronal cells. Microarray analysis further identified similar properties between spinal cord (SC)-derived iSCs and B-iSCs. However, SC-iSCs revealed specific genes related to the regulation of stemness and neurogenesis. We identified similar features related to multipotency in SC-iSCs compared to B-iSCs, including neuronal differentiation potential. Although the differences between SC-iSCs and B-iSCs remain largely undetermined, the present study shows that iSCs can develop even after non-ischemic injuries such as trauma. This phenomenon can occur outside the brain within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kuramoto
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan, 663-8501;
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Yuki Takeda
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, Nishinomiya, Japan;
| | | | - Yasunori Yoshida
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, Nishinomiya, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, Nishinomiya, Japan.,Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan;
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5
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Berg IC, Mohagheghian E, Habing K, Wang N, Underhill GH. Microtissue Geometry and Cell-Generated Forces Drive Patterning of Liver Progenitor Cell Differentiation in 3D. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100223. [PMID: 33890430 PMCID: PMC8222189 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
3D microenvironments provide a unique opportunity to investigate the impact of intrinsic mechanical signaling on progenitor cell differentiation. Using a hydrogel-based microwell platform, arrays of 3D, multicellular microtissues in constrained geometries, including toroids and cylinders are produced. These generated distinct mechanical profiles to investigate the impact of geometry and stress on early liver progenitor cell fate using a model liver development system. Image segmentation allows the tracking of individual cell fate and the characterization of distinct patterning of hepatocytic makers to the outer shell of the microtissues, and the exclusion from the inner diameter surface of the toroids. Biliary markers are distributed throughout the interior regions of micropatterned tissues and are increased in toroidal tissues when compared with those in cylindrical tissues. Finite element models of predicted stress distributions, combined with mechanical measurements, demonstrates that intercellular tension correlates with increased hepatocytic fate, while compression correlates with decreased hepatocytic and increased biliary fate. This system, which integrates microfabrication, imaging, mechanical modeling, and quantitative analysis, demonstrates how microtissue geometry can drive patterning of mechanical stresses that regulate cell differentiation trajectories. This approach may serve as a platform for further investigation of signaling mechanisms in the liver and other developmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. Berg
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erfan Mohagheghian
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Building, 1206 W. Green St. MC 244, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Krista Habing
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Building, 1206 W. Green St. MC 244, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gregory H. Underhill
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Bioengineering, 1102 Everitt Lab, MC-278, 1406 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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6
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Freeburg SH, Goessling W. Hepatobiliary Differentiation: Principles from Embryonic Liver Development. Semin Liver Dis 2020; 40:365-372. [PMID: 32526786 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells (BECs), the two endodermal cell types of the liver, originate from progenitor cells called hepatoblasts. Based principally on in vitro data, hepatoblasts are thought to be bipotent stem cells with the potential to produce both hepatocytes and BECs. However, robust in vivo evidence for this model has only recently emerged. We examine the molecular mechanisms that stimulate hepatoblast differentiation into hepatocytes or BECs. In the absence of extrinsic cues, the default fate of hepatoblasts is hepatocyte differentiation. Inductive cues from the hepatic portal vein, however, initiate transcription factor expression in hepatoblasts, driving biliary specification. Defining the mechanisms of hepatobiliary differentiation provides important insights into congenital disorders, such as Alagille syndrome, and may help to better characterize the poorly understood hepatic lineage relationships observed during regeneration from liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott H Freeburg
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Yu B, Li H, Chen J, He Z, Sun H, Yang G, Shang C, Wang X, Li C, Chen Y, Hu Y. Extensively expanded murine-induced hepatic stem cells maintain high-efficient hepatic differentiation potential for repopulation of injured livers. Liver Int 2020; 40:2293-2304. [PMID: 32394491 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Shortage of donor hepatocytes limits hepatocyte transplantation for clinical application. Induced hepatic stem cells (iHepSCs) have capacities of self-renewal and bipotential differentiations. Here, we investigated whether iHepSCs could be extensively expanded, and whether they could differentiate into sufficient functional hepatocytes as donors for transplantation therapy after their extensive expansions. METHODS Murine extensively expanded iHepSCs (50-55 passages) were induced to differentiate into iHepSC-Heps under a chemically defined condition. iHepSC-Heps were proved for carrying morphological hepatocyte characters and hepatocytic functions including low-density lipoprotein uptake, glycogen storage, CLF secretion, ICG uptake and release, Alb secretion, urea synthesis and metabolism-relative gene expressions respectively. Next, both iHepSCs and iHepSC-Heps were transplanted into Fah-/- mice respectively. Both liver repopulation and alleviation of liver function were compared between two transplantation groups. RESULTS Murine iHepSCs still maintained the capacities of self-renewal and bipotential differentiations after extensive expansion. The efficiency for the functional hepatocyte differentiation from extensively expanded iHepSCs reached to 72.64%. Transplantations of both extensively expanded iHepSCs and iHepSC-Heps resulted in liver engraftment in Fah-/- mice. Survival rate of Fah-/- mice recipients and level of liver repopulation were 50% and 20.32 ± 4.58% respectively in iHepSC-Heps group, while 33% and 10.4 ± 4.3% in iHepSCs group. CONCLUSIONS Extensively expanded iHepSCs can efficiently differentiate into hepatocytes in chemical defined medium. Transplantation of iHepSC-Heps was more effective and more efficient than transplantation of iHepSCs in Fah-/- mice. Our results suggested an innovative system to obtain sufficient hepatocytes through hepatic differentiation of iHepSCs generated by lineage reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P. R. China.,Department of Hepatic Surgery V, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hengyu Li
- Department of General Surgery IV, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhiying He
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangshun Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery V, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Changzhen Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Research Center for Laboratory Animal Science, Inner Mongolia University, Huhhot, P.R. China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Hepatoscience Section, Cell Lab Tech Incorporation, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
| | - Chuanjiang Li
- Division of Hepatobiliopancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yajin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Navy Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, P. R. China
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8
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Yasen A, Li W, Maimaitinijiati Y, Aini A, Ran B, Wang H, Tuxun T, Shao Y, Aji T, Wen H. Direct effects of transforming growth factor-β1 signaling on the differentiation fate of fetal hepatic progenitor cells. Regen Med 2020; 15:1719-1733. [PMID: 32772793 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate direct roles of TGF-β1 signaling in the differentiation process of fetal hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). Materials & methods: Exogenous TGF-β1 and SB431542 were added into fetal HPCs. Then, SB431542 was intraperitoneally injected into pregnant mice for 8 days. Results: Fetal HPCs treated with TGF-β1 differentiated into cholangiocytes. However, hepatocyte marker was highly expressed after inhibiting TGF-β1 signaling. In vivo, hematopoietic cells were gradually replaced with liver cells and TGF-β1 expression was evidently decreased as fetal liver developed. Inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling caused increase of ALB+ cells, but CK19 expression was more obvious in control mice livers. Conclusion: TGF-β1 signaling may play decisive roles in fetal HPCs differentiation into functional hepatocytes or cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimaiti Yasen
- Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, PR China.,Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Wending Li
- Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | | | - Abudusalamu Aini
- Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830011, PR China
| | - Bo Ran
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Hui Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- Department of Liver & Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830054, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention & Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 393 Xin Yi Road, Urumqi 830011, PR China
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9
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Yin Y, Kong D, He K, Xia Q. Regeneration and activation of liver progenitor cells in liver cirrhosis. Genes Dis 2020; 8:623-628. [PMID: 34291133 PMCID: PMC8278536 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is characterized as the progress of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous bands in response to chronic hepatic injury and causes portal hypertension and end-stage hepatic disease. Following liver injury, liver progenitor cells (LPCs) can be activated and differentiate into hepatocytes in order to awaken liver regeneration and reach homeostasis. Recent research has uncovered some new sources of LPCs. Here, we update the mechanisms of LPCs-mediated liver regeneration in cirrhosis by introducing the origin of LPCs and LPCs’ niche with a discussion of the influence of LPC-related cells. This article analyzes the mechanism of regeneration and activation of LPCs in cirrhosis in recent years aiming to provide help for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanze Yin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Defu Kong
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, 9713, the Netherlands
| | - Kang He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Liver Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
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10
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Soares-da-Silva F, Peixoto M, Cumano A, Pinto-do-Ó P. Crosstalk Between the Hepatic and Hematopoietic Systems During Embryonic Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:612. [PMID: 32793589 PMCID: PMC7387668 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) generated during embryonic development are able to maintain hematopoiesis for the lifetime, producing all mature blood lineages. HSC transplantation is a widely used cell therapy intervention in the treatment of hematologic, autoimmune and genetic disorders. Its use, however, is hampered by the inability to expand HSCs ex vivo, urging for a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating their physiological expansion. In the adult, HSCs reside in the bone marrow, in specific microenvironments that support stem cell maintenance and differentiation. Conversely, while developing, HSCs are transiently present in the fetal liver, the major hematopoietic site in the embryo, where they expand. Deeper insights on the dynamics of fetal liver composition along development, and on how these different cell types impact hematopoiesis, are needed. Both, the hematopoietic and hepatic fetal systems have been extensively studied, albeit independently. This review aims to explore their concurrent establishment and evaluate to what degree they may cross modulate their respective development. As insights on the molecular networks that govern physiological HSC expansion accumulate, it is foreseeable that strategies to enhance HSC proliferation will be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Soares-da-Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Lymphocytes and Immunity Unit, Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Márcia Peixoto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Lymphocytes and Immunity Unit, Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ana Cumano
- Lymphocytes and Immunity Unit, Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
- INSERM U1223, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Perpetua Pinto-do-Ó
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Thakur A, Wong JCH, Wang EY, Lotto J, Kim D, Cheng JC, Mingay M, Cullum R, Moudgil V, Ahmed N, Tsai SH, Wei W, Walsh CP, Stephan T, Bilenky M, Fuglerud BM, Karimi MM, Gonzalez FJ, Hirst M, Hoodless PA. Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4-Alpha Is Essential for the Active Epigenetic State at Enhancers in Mouse Liver. Hepatology 2019; 70:1360-1376. [PMID: 30933372 PMCID: PMC6773525 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-fate determination is influenced by interactions between master transcription factors (TFs) and cis-regulatory elements. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4A), a liver-enriched TF, acts as a master controller in specification of hepatic progenitor cells by regulating a network of TFs to control onset of hepatocyte cell fate. Using analysis of genome-wide histone modifications, DNA methylation, and hydroxymethylation in mouse hepatocytes, we show that HNF4A occupies active enhancers in hepatocytes and is essential for active histone and DNA signatures, especially acetylation of lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27ac) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). In mice lacking HNF4A protein in hepatocytes, we observed a decrease in both H3K27ac and hydroxymethylation at regions bound by HNF4A. Mechanistically, HNF4A-associated hydroxymethylation (5hmC) requires its interaction with ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 3 (TET3), a protein responsible for oxidation from 5mC to 5hmC. Furthermore, HNF4A regulates TET3 expression in liver by directly binding to an enhancer region. Conclusion: In conclusion, we identified that HNF4A is required for the active epigenetic state at enhancers that amplifies transcription of genes in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Thakur
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Jasper C. H. Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Evan Y. Wang
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Donghwan Kim
- Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 2089
| | - Jung-Chien Cheng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Matthew Mingay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cullum
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Vaishali Moudgil
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Nafeel Ahmed
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Shu-Huei Tsai
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Wei Wei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Colum P. Walsh
- Genomic Medicine Research Group, Centre for Molecular Biosciences, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Tabea Stephan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3
| | - Misha Bilenky
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bettina M. Fuglerud
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 0316
| | | | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda MD 2089
| | - Martin Hirst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Michael Smith Laboratories Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada,Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pamela A. Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V5Z 1L3,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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12
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Feizi Z, Zahmatkesh E, Farzaneh Z, Piryaei A, Gramignoli R, Nussler AK, Baharvand H, Vosough M. Prenatal liver stromal cells: Favorable feeder cells for long‐term culture of hepatic progenitor cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16624-16633. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Feizi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Piryaei
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Andreas K. Nussler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center Tübingen Eberhard Karls University Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology University of Science and Culture Tehran Iran
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR Tehran Iran
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13
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FGF signal is not required for hepatoblast differentiation of human iPS cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3713. [PMID: 30842525 PMCID: PMC6403225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40305-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells are expected to be utilized in pharmaceutical research and regenerative medicine. In general, human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells through definitive endoderm cells and hepatoblast-like cells using various growth factors that are essential for liver development. Although recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are widely used in the hepatoblast differentiation, hepatoblast differentiation process has not been fully modified. In this study, we examined the roles of BMPs and FGFs in the hepatoblast differentiation from human iPS cells. Surprisingly, the gene expression levels of hepatoblast markers were upregulated by the removal of FGFs. In addition, the percentages of hepatoblast markers-positive cells were increased by the removal of FGFs. Furthermore, the hepatocyte differentiation potency was also significantly increased by the removal of FGFs. To examine whether FGF signals are completely unnecessary for the hepatoblast differentiation, the expression levels of endogenous FGF ligands and receptors were examined. The definitive endoderm cells highly expressed the FGF ligand, FGF2, and the FGF receptor, FGFR1. To examine the role of endogenous FGF signals, an FGFR inhibitor was treated during the hepatoblast differentiation. The hepatoblast differentiation was promoted by using FGFR inhibitor, suggesting that endogenous FGF signals are also unnecessary for the hepatoblast differentiation. In conclusion, we found that FGF signals are not essential for hepatoblast differentiation. We believe that our finding will be useful for generating functional hepatocyte-like cells for medical applications.
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14
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Jang M, Kleber A, Ruckelshausen T, Betzholz R, Manz A. Differentiation of the human liver progenitor cell line (HepaRG) on a microfluidic-based biochip. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:482-494. [PMID: 30746894 DOI: 10.1002/term.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HepaRG is a bipotent stem cell line that can be differentiated towards hepatocyte-like and biliary-like cells. The entire cultivation process requires 1 month and relies on the addition of 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the culture. Our motivation in this research is to differentiate HepaRG cells (progenitor cells and undifferentiated cells) towards hepatocyte-like cells by minimizing the cultivation time and without using DMSO treatment by instead using a microfluidic device combined with the following strategies: (a) comparison of extracellular matrices (matrigel and collagen I), (b) types of flow (one or both sides), and (c) effects of DMSO. Our results demonstrate that matrigel promotes the differentiation of progenitor cells towards hepatocytes and biliary-like cells. Moreover, the frequent formation of HepaRG cell clusters was observed by a supply of both sides of flow, and the cell viability and liver specific functions were influenced by DMSO. Finally, differentiated HepaRG progenitor cells cultured in a microfluidic device for 14 days without DMSO treatment yielded 70% of hepatocyte-like cells with a highly polarized organization that reacted to stimulation with IL-6 to produce C-reactive protein (CRP). This culture model has high potential for investigating cell differentiation and liver pathophysiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jang
- Department of system engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Microfluidics group, KIST Europe, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Astrid Kleber
- Rhineland Palantinate Centre of Excellence for climate Change Impacts, Trippstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Ruckelshausen
- Dynamic Biomaterial group, INM - Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Service and Support group, PicoQuant, Rudower Chaussee 29, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Betzholz
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Andreas Manz
- Department of system engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Microfluidics group, KIST Europe, Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Fine Tuning of Hepatocyte Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Growth Factor vs. Small Molecule-Based Approaches. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5968236. [PMID: 30805010 PMCID: PMC6362496 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5968236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are being utilized in diverse areas of studies such as development and disease modeling, cell replacement therapy, or drug toxicity testing because of their potential to be differentiated into any cell type in the body. The directed differentiation of hESCs into hepatocytes could provide an invaluable source of liver cells for various liver-based applications. Therefore, several protocols have been established in the past for hESC-hepatocyte differentiation based on the knowledge of signaling pathways and growth factors involved in different stages of embryonic hepatogenesis. Although successful derivation of hepatocytes has been achieved through these protocols, the efficiency is not always ideal. Herein, we have tested several combinations of published protocols, for example, growth factor vs. small molecule and different time durations of treatment for definitive endoderm (DE) induction and further hepatocyte differentiation to develop an efficient DE induction and hepatocyte differentiation in a highly reproducible manner based on the stage-specific marker expression and functional analysis.
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16
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Aimaiti Y, Jin X, Shao Y, Wang W, Li D. Hepatic stellate cells regulate hepatic progenitor cells differentiation via the TGF-β1/Jagged1 signaling axis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:9283-9296. [PMID: 30317614 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play an important microenvironmental role in hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) differentiation fate. To reveal the specific mechanism of HSCs induced by transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling in HPCs differentiation process, we used Knockin and knockdown technologies induced by lentivirus to upregulate or downregulate TGF-β1 level in mouse HSCs (mHSCs) (mHSCs-TGF-β1 or mHSCs-TGF-βR1sih3). Primary mouse HPCs (mHPCs) were isolated and were cocultured with mHSCs-TGF-β1 and mHSCs-TGF-βR1sih3 for 7 days. Differentiation of mHPCs was detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunofluorence in vitro. mHPCs-E14.5 cell lines and differently treated mHSCs were cotransplanted into mice spleens immediately after establishment of acute liver injury model for animal studies. Engraftment and differentiation of transplanted cells as well as liver function recovery were measured at the seventh day via different methods. mHSCs-TGF-β1 were transformed into myofibroblasts and highly expressed Jagged1, but that expression was reduced after blockage of TGF-β1 signaling. mHPCs highly expressed downstream markers of Jagged1/Notch signaling and cholangiocyte markers (CK19, SOX9, and Hes1) after coculture with mHSCs-TGF-β1 in vitro. In contrast, mature hepatocyte marker (ALB) was upregulated in mHPCs in coculture conditions with mHSCs-TGF-βR1sih3. At the seventh day of cell transplantation assay, mHPCs-E 14.5 engrafted and differentiated into cholangiocytes after cotransplanting with TGF-β1-knockin mHSCs, but the cells had a tendency to differentiate into hepatocytes when transplanted with TGF-βR1-knockdown mHSCs, which corresponded to in vitro studies. HSCs play an important role in regulating HPCs differentiation into cholangiocytes via the TGF-β1/Jagged1 signaling axis. However, HPCs have a tendency to differentiate into hepatocytes after blockage of TGF-β1 signaling in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasen Aimaiti
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory on Pathogenesis Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dewei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Yang L, Li LC, Wang X, Wang WH, Wang YC, Xu CR. The contributions of mesoderm-derived cells in liver development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 92:63-76. [PMID: 30193996 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver is an indispensable organ for metabolism and drug detoxification. The liver consists of endoderm-derived hepatobiliary lineages and various mesoderm-derived cells, and interacts with the surrounding tissues and organs through the ventral mesentery. Liver development, from hepatic specification to liver maturation, requires close interactions with mesoderm-derived cells, such as mesothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, mesenchymal cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells. These cells affect liver development through precise signaling events and even direct physical contact. Through the use of new techniques, emerging studies have recently led to a deeper understanding of liver development and its related mechanisms, especially the roles of mesodermal cells in liver development. Based on these developments, the current protocols for in vitro hepatocyte-like cell induction and liver-like tissue construction have been optimized and are of great importance for the treatment of liver diseases. Here, we review the roles of mesoderm-derived cells in the processes of liver development, hepatocyte-like cell induction and liver-like tissue construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lin-Chen Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China
| | - Wei-Hua Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan-Chun Wang
- Haidian Maternal & Child Health Hospital, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Cheng-Ran Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, China.
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18
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Ilic Z, Mondal TK, Guest I, Crawford DR, Sell S. Participation of liver stem cells in cholangiocarcinogenesis after aflatoxin B1 exposure of glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout mice. Tumour Biol 2018; 40:1010428318777344. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428318777344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1, arguably the most potent human carcinogen, induces liver cancer in humans, rats, trout, ducks, and so on, but adult mice are totally resistant. This resistance is because of a detoxifying enzyme, mouse glutathione S-transferase A3, which binds to and inactivates aflatoxin B1 epoxide, preventing the epoxide from binding to DNA and causing mutations. Glutathione S-transferase A3 or its analog has not been detected in any of the sensitive species, including humans. The generation of a glutathione S-transferase A3 knockout (represented as KO or -/-) mice has allowed us to study the induction of liver cancer in mice by aflatoxin B1. In contrast to the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas in other species, aflatoxin B1 induces cholangiocarcinomas in GSTA3-/- mice. In other species and in knockout mice, the induction of liver cancer is preceded by extensive proliferation of small oval cells, providing additional evidence that oval cells are bipolar stem cells and may give rise to either hepatocellular carcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma depending on the nature of the hepatocarcinogen and the species of animal. The recent development of mouse oval cell lines in our laboratory from aflatoxin B1-treated GSTA3-/- mice should provide a new venue for study of the properties and potential of putative mouse liver stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Ilic
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Tapan K Mondal
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Ian Guest
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | - Stewart Sell
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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19
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Tanimizu N, Ichinohe N, Mitaka T. Intrahepatic bile ducts guide establishment of the intrahepatic nerve network in developing and regenerating mouse liver. Development 2018; 145:dev.159095. [PMID: 29615468 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial organs consist of multiple tissue structures, such as epithelial sheets, blood vessels and nerves, which are spatially organized to achieve optimal physiological functions. The hepatic nervous system has been implicated in physiological functions and regeneration of the liver. However, the processes of development and reconstruction of the intrahepatic nerve network and its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neural class III β-tubulin (TUBB3)+ nerve fibers are not distributed in intrahepatic tissue at embryonic day 17.5; instead, they gradually extend along the periportal tissue, including intrahepatic bile ducts (IHBDs), after birth. Nerve growth factor (Ngf) expression increased in biliary epithelial cells (BECs) and mesenchymal cells next to BECs before nerve fiber extension, and Ngf was upregulated by hairy enhancer of slit 1 (Hes family bHLH transcription factor 1; Hes1). Ectopic NGF expression in mature hepatocytes induced nerve fiber extension into the parenchymal region, from where these fibers are normally excluded. Furthermore, after BECs were damaged by the administration of 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane, the nerve network appeared shrunken; however, it was reconstructed after IHBD regeneration, which depended on the NGF signal. These results suggest that IHBDs guide the extension of nerve fibers by secreting NGF during nerve fiber development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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20
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Wei W, Lotto J, Hoodless PA. Expression patterns of Yes-associated protein 1 in the developing mouse liver. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 29:10-17. [PMID: 29627454 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway regulates many cellular processes, but has been specifically associated with control organ size and tumor growth. Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a transcriptional cofactor, in the Hippo pathway, that regulates gene expression when localized in the nucleus. Elevated expression of YAP1 in adult mouse liver leads to hepatomegaly and can cause hepatocellular carcinoma; while the loss of function studies reveal its importance in regulating cholangiocyte development. Here, we report the expression of YAP1 in mouse embryonic and postnatal hepatic cells, using AFP-GFP transgenic mice to identify the hepatocyte lineage. At embryonic day (E) 8.5, YAP1 is highly expressed in the endoderm, but is not present in the nucleus. Between E9.5-12.5, hepatic cells display low levels of nuclear and non-nuclear YAP1. The nuclear expression of YAP1 is first detected in a small subset of hepatic cells starting at E13.5 when the hepatoblasts begin to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. At E18.5, nuclear YAP1 is nearly undetectable in hepatoblasts and hepatocytes, but enriched within the nuclei of cholangiocytes. These levels remain similar postnatally, consistent with the role of YAP1 in cholangiocyte specification and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jeremy Lotto
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada; Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Pamela A Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada; Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics and the School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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21
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Pellat A, Vaquero J, Fouassier L. Role of ErbB/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases in cholangiocyte biology. Hepatology 2018; 67:762-773. [PMID: 28671339 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The ErbB/HER family comprises four distinct tyrosine kinase receptors, EGFR/ErbB1/HER1, ErbB2/HER2, ErbB3/HER3, and ErbB4/HER4, which trigger intracellular signals at the origin of essential cellular functions, including differentiation, proliferation, survival, and migration. Epithelial cells, named cholangiocytes, that line intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts, contribute substantially to biliary secretory functions and bile transport. Although ErbB receptors have been widely studied in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignancy of the biliary tract, knowledge of these receptors in biliary epithelium physiology and in non-malignant cholangiopathies is far from complete. Current knowledge suggests a role for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cholangiocyte specification and proliferation, and in hepatocyte transdifferentiation into cholangiocytes during liver regeneration to restore biliary epithelium integrity. High expression and activation of EGFR and/or ErbB2 were recently demonstrated in biliary lithiasis and primary sclerosing cholangitis, two cholangiopathies regarded as risk factors for CCA. In CCA, ErbB receptors are frequently overexpressed, leading to tumor progression and low prognosis. Anti-ErbB therapies were efficient only in preclinical trials and have suggested the existence of resistance mechanisms with the need to identify predictive factors of therapy response. This review aims to compile the current knowledge on the functions of ErbB receptors in physiology and physiopathology of the biliary epithelium. (Hepatology 2018;67:762-773).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pellat
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Javier Vaquero
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France.,FONDATION ARC, Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
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22
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A unique microenvironment in the developing liver supports the expansion of megakaryocyte progenitors. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1854-1866. [PMID: 29296832 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016003541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fetal liver is the site of a major expansion of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool and is also a privileged organ to study megakaryocyte progenitor differentiation. We identified in the mouse fetal liver at day 13.5 a discrete stromal cell population harboring a CD45-TER119-CD31-CD51+VCAM-1+PDGFRα- (V+P-) phenotype that lacked colony-forming unit fibroblast activity and harbored an hepatocyte progenitor signature. This previously undescribed V+P- population efficiently supported megakaryocyte production from mouse bone marrow HSC and human peripheral blood HSC-myeloid progenitors cultured in the presence of limited cytokine concentrations. Megakaryocytes obtained in V+P- cocultures were polyploid, positive for CD41/CD42c, and efficiently produced proplatelets. Megakaryocyte production appeared to be mediated by an expansion of the progenitor compartment through HSC-stromal cell contact. In conclusion, the fetal liver contains a unique cellular microenvironment that could represent a platform for the discovery of regulators of megakaryopoiesis.
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23
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Chen J, Chen L, Zern MA, Theise ND, Diehl AM, Liu P, Duan Y. The diversity and plasticity of adult hepatic progenitor cells and their niche. Liver Int 2017; 37:1260-1271. [PMID: 28135758 PMCID: PMC5534384 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is a unique organ for homoeostasis with regenerative capacities. Hepatocytes possess a remarkable capacity to proliferate upon injury; however, in more severe scenarios liver regeneration is believed to arise from at least one, if not several facultative hepatic progenitor cell compartments. Newly identified pericentral stem/progenitor cells residing around the central vein is responsible for maintaining hepatocyte homoeostasis in the uninjured liver. In addition, hepatic progenitor cells have been reported to contribute to liver fibrosis and cancers. What drives liver homoeostasis, regeneration and diseases is determined by the physiological and pathological conditions, and especially the hepatic progenitor cell niches which influence the fate of hepatic progenitor cells. The hepatic progenitor cell niches are special microenvironments consisting of different cell types, releasing growth factors and cytokines and receiving signals, as well as the extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold. The hepatic progenitor cell niches maintain and regulate stem cells to ensure organ homoeostasis and regeneration. In recent studies, more evidence has been shown that hepatic cells such as hepatocytes, cholangiocytes or myofibroblasts can be induced to be oval cell-like state through transitions under some circumstance, those transitional cell types as potential liver-resident progenitor cells play important roles in liver pathophysiology. In this review, we describe and update recent advances in the diversity and plasticity of hepatic progenitor cell and their niches and discuss evidence supporting their roles in liver homoeostasis, regeneration, fibrosis and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Chen
- Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai key laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China,E-institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai key laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mark A Zern
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Neil D. Theise
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA,Corresponding Authors: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 350 East 17th Street, Baird Hall, Room 17, New York, NY 10003 USA. Tel: +1 212 420 4246, Fax: +1 212 420 4373. (N.D. Theise). Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3256 Snydeman/GSRB-1 595 La Salle Street Durham, NC 27710 USA. Tel: +1 919 684 4173, Fax: +1 919 684 4183. (A.M. Diehl). Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong district, Shanghai 201203 China. Tel: +86-21-51322059, Fax: +86 21-51322059. (P. Liu). Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tel: +1 916 703 9393, Fax: +1 916 703 9396. (Y. Duan)
| | - Ann Mae Diehl
- Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Corresponding Authors: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 350 East 17th Street, Baird Hall, Room 17, New York, NY 10003 USA. Tel: +1 212 420 4246, Fax: +1 212 420 4373. (N.D. Theise). Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3256 Snydeman/GSRB-1 595 La Salle Street Durham, NC 27710 USA. Tel: +1 919 684 4173, Fax: +1 919 684 4183. (A.M. Diehl). Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong district, Shanghai 201203 China. Tel: +86-21-51322059, Fax: +86 21-51322059. (P. Liu). Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tel: +1 916 703 9393, Fax: +1 916 703 9396. (Y. Duan)
| | - Ping Liu
- Shuguang Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Shanghai key laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China,E-institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,Corresponding Authors: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 350 East 17th Street, Baird Hall, Room 17, New York, NY 10003 USA. Tel: +1 212 420 4246, Fax: +1 212 420 4373. (N.D. Theise). Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3256 Snydeman/GSRB-1 595 La Salle Street Durham, NC 27710 USA. Tel: +1 919 684 4173, Fax: +1 919 684 4183. (A.M. Diehl). Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong district, Shanghai 201203 China. Tel: +86-21-51322059, Fax: +86 21-51322059. (P. Liu). Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tel: +1 916 703 9393, Fax: +1 916 703 9396. (Y. Duan)
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,Corresponding Authors: Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Beth Israel Medical Center of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 350 East 17th Street, Baird Hall, Room 17, New York, NY 10003 USA. Tel: +1 212 420 4246, Fax: +1 212 420 4373. (N.D. Theise). Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3256 Snydeman/GSRB-1 595 La Salle Street Durham, NC 27710 USA. Tel: +1 919 684 4173, Fax: +1 919 684 4183. (A.M. Diehl). Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 528 Zhangheng Road, Pudong district, Shanghai 201203 China. Tel: +86-21-51322059, Fax: +86 21-51322059. (P. Liu). Department of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis Medical Center, 2921 Stockton Blvd, Suite 1630, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Tel: +1 916 703 9393, Fax: +1 916 703 9396. (Y. Duan)
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24
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Goto F, Kakinuma S, Miyoshi M, Tsunoda T, Kaneko S, Sato A, Asano Y, Otani S, Azuma S, Nagata H, Kawai-Kitahata F, Murakawa M, Nitta S, Itsui Y, Nakagawa M, Asahina Y, Watanabe M. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 modulates proliferation and terminal differentiation of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:941-952. [PMID: 27670640 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells, called hepatoblasts, play central roles in liver organogenesis; however, molecular mechanisms regulating proliferation and terminal differentiation of such cells have not been completely elucidated. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) is essential for the development of stem cells in various tissues, but its function in regulating the phenotype of hepatoblasts after the mid-gestational fetal stage remains unclear. The aim of this study is to clarify a functional role for BMP-4 in proliferation and terminal differentiation of murine hepatoblasts in mid-gestational fetal livers. METHODS A functional role for BMP-4 in proliferation and terminal differentiation of murine hepatoblasts was validated by assay of colony formation, biliary luminal formation, and hepatic maturation using primary hepatoblasts in vitro. Molecular mechanisms regulating such effects of BMP-4 on primary hepatoblasts were also analyzed. RESULTS Stimulation of BMP-4 upregulated phosphorylation of Smad1/5 in hepatoblasts. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 significantly suppressed colony formation of primary hepatoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, significantly suppressed cholangiocytic luminal formation of hepatoblasts, and promoted hepatic maturation of primary hepatoblasts. Stimulation of BMP-4 regulated the activation of several mitogen-activated protein kinases, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Akt, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα in primary hepatoblasts. Moreover, Wnt5a, a molecule regulating cholangiocytic luminal formation, and BMP-4 coordinately suppressed proliferation and cholangiocytic luminal formation of hepatoblasts. CONCLUSION This study shows that BMP-4-mediated signaling controls proliferation and terminal differentiation of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei Kakinuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department for Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Miyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsunoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shun Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Asano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Otani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seishin Azuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fukiko Kawai-Kitahata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyako Murakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayuri Nitta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Itsui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mina Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Asahina
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department for Liver Disease Control, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Passman AM, Low J, London R, Tirnitz-Parker JEE, Miyajima A, Tanaka M, Strick-Marchand H, Darlington GJ, Finch-Edmondson M, Ochsner S, Zhu C, Whelan J, Callus BA, Yeoh GCT. A Transcriptomic Signature of Mouse Liver Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5702873. [PMID: 27777588 PMCID: PMC5061959 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5702873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) can proliferate extensively, are able to differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and contribute to liver regeneration. The presence of LPCs, however, often accompanies liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), indicating that they may be a cancer stem cell. Understanding LPC biology and establishing a sensitive, rapid, and reliable method to detect their presence in the liver will assist diagnosis and facilitate monitoring of treatment outcomes in patients with liver pathologies. A transcriptomic meta-analysis of over 400 microarrays was undertaken to compare LPC lines against datasets of muscle and embryonic stem cell lines, embryonic and developed liver (DL), and HCC. Three gene clusters distinguishing LPCs from other liver cell types were identified. Pathways overrepresented in these clusters denote the proliferative nature of LPCs and their association with HCC. Our analysis also revealed 26 novel markers, LPC markers, including Mcm2 and Ltbp3, and eight known LPC markers, including M2pk and Ncam. These markers specified the presence of LPCs in pathological liver tissue by qPCR and correlated with LPC abundance determined using immunohistochemistry. These results showcase the value of global transcript profiling to identify pathways and markers that may be used to detect LPCs in injured or diseased liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Passman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- The Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jasmine Low
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Roslyn London
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Janina E. E. Tirnitz-Parker
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | | | | | - Megan Finch-Edmondson
- Department of Physiology, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore 117411
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Scott Ochsner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cornelia Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- The Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - James Whelan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Bernard A. Callus
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- The Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA 6959, Australia
| | - George C. T. Yeoh
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- The Centre for Medical Research, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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26
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Tanimizu N, Mitaka T. Morphogenesis of liver epithelial cells. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:964-76. [PMID: 26785307 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian liver is a physiologically important organ performing various types of metabolism, producing serum proteins, detoxifying bilirubin and ammonia, and protecting the body from infection. Those physiological functions are achieved with the 3D tissue architecture of liver epithelial cells. The liver contains two types of epithelial cells, namely, hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. They split from hepatoblasts (embryonic liver stem cells) in mid-gestation and differentiate into structurally and functionally mature cells. Analyses of mutant mice showing abnormal liver organogenesis have identified genes involved in liver development. In vitro culture systems have been used to examine the mechanism in which each molecule or signaling pathway regulates the morphogenesis and functional differentiation of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In addition, liver epithelial cells as well as mesenchymal, sinusoidal endothelial and hematopoietic cells can be purified from developing livers, which enables us to perform genome-wide screening to identify novel genes regulating epithelial morphogenesis in the liver. By combining these in vivo and in vitro systems, the liver could be a unique and suitable model for revealing a principle, governing epithelial morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the understanding of the development of liver epithelial tissue structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Yanagida A, Mizuno N, Yamazaki Y, Kato-Itoh M, Umino A, Sato H, Ito K, Yamaguchi T, Nakauchi H, Kamiya A. Investigation of bipotent differentiation of hepatoblasts using inducible diphtheria toxin receptor-transgenic mice. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:816-28. [PMID: 26584962 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hepatic progenitor cells, called hepatoblasts, are highly proliferative and exhibit bipotential differentiation into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes in the fetal liver. Thus, they are the ideal source for transplantation therapy. Although several studies have been performed in vitro, the molecular mechanisms regulating hepatoblast differentiation in vivo following transplantation remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate an in vivo model to analyze hepatoblast bipotency and proliferative ability. METHODS Hepatic transplantation model using Cre-inducible diphtheria toxin receptor-transgenic mice (iDTR), and albafpCre mice expressing Cre under the control of albumin and α-fetoprotein (AFP) regulatory elements were established. Fresh hepatoblasts were transplanted into diphtheria toxin (DT)-injected iDTRalbafpCre mice and we analyzed their differentiation and proliferation abilities by immunostaining and gene expression profiles. RESULTS Fresh hepatoblasts transplanted into DT-injected iDTRalbafpCre mice engrafted and differentiated into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Additionally, the number of engrafted hepatoblast-derived hepatocytes increased following partial hepatectomy and serial DT injections. Expression levels of hepatic functional genes in transplanted hepatoblast-derived hepatocytes were similar to that of normal hepatocytes. CONCLUSION In our iDTRalbafpCre transplantation model, fresh hepatoblasts could differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. In addition, these donor cells were induced to proliferate by the following liver injury stimulation. This result suggests that this model is valuable for investigating hepatoblast differentiation pathways in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Yanagida
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naoak Mizuno
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamazaki
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Umino
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Yamaguchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
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28
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Foetal hepatic progenitor cells assume a cholangiocytic cell phenotype during two-dimensional pre-culture. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28283. [PMID: 27335264 PMCID: PMC4917868 DOI: 10.1038/srep28283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver consists of parenchymal hepatocytes and other cells. Liver progenitor cell (LPC) is the origin of both hepatocytes and cholangiocytic cells. The analyses of mechanism regulating differentiation of LPCs into these functional cells are important for liver regenerative therapy using progenitor cells. LPCs in adult livers were found to form cysts with cholangiocytic characteristics in 3D culture. In contrast, foetal LPCs cannot form these cholangiocytic cysts in the same culture. Thus, the transition of foetal LPCs into cholangiocytic progenitor cells might occur during liver development. Primary CD45−Ter119−Dlk1+ LPCs derived from murine foetal livers formed ALBUMIN (ALB)+CYTOKERATIN (CK)19− non-cholangiocytic cysts within 3D culture. In contrast, when foetal LPCs were pre-cultured on gelatine-coated dishes, they formed ALB−CK19+ cholangiocytic cysts. When hepatocyte growth factor or oncostatin M, which are inducers of hepatocytic differentiation, was added to pre-culture, LPCs did not form cholangiocytic cysts. These results suggest that the pre-culture on gelatine-coated dishes changed the characteristics of foetal LPCs into cholangiocytic cells. Furthermore, neonatal liver progenitor cells were able to form cholangiocytic cysts in 3D culture without pre-culture. It is therefore possible that the pre-culture of mid-foetal LPCs in vitro functioned as a substitute for the late-foetal maturation step in vivo.
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29
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Hhex Is Necessary for the Hepatic Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells and Acts via Vegf Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146806. [PMID: 26784346 PMCID: PMC4718667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation of stem cells to hepatic cells is critical for both understanding normal developmental processes as well as for optimizing the generation of functional hepatic cells for therapy. We performed in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) with a null mutation in the homeobox gene Hhex and show that Hhex-/- mESCs fail to differentiate from definitive endoderm (Sox17+/Foxa2+) to hepatic endoderm (Alb+/Dlk+). In addition, hepatic culture elicited a >7-fold increase in Vegfa mRNA expression in Hhex-/- cells compared to Hhex+/+ cells. Furthermore, we identified VEGFR2+/ALB+/CD34- in early Hhex+/+ hepatic cultures. These cells were absent in Hhex-/- cultures. Finally, through manipulation of Hhex and Vegfa expression, gain and loss of expression experiments revealed that Hhex shares an inverse relationship with the activity of the Vegf signaling pathway in supporting hepatic differentiation. In summary, our results suggest that Hhex represses Vegf signaling during hepatic differentiation of mouse ESCs allowing for cell-type autonomous regulation of Vegfr2 activity independent of endothelial cells.
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30
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Chikada H, Ito K, Yanagida A, Nakauchi H, Kamiya A. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, Mist1, induces maturation of mouse fetal hepatoblasts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14989. [PMID: 26456005 PMCID: PMC4601036 DOI: 10.1038/srep14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stem/progenitor cells, hepatoblasts, have a high proliferative ability and can differentiate into mature hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Therefore, these cells are considered to be useful for regenerative medicine and drug screening for liver diseases. However, it is problem that in vitro maturation of hepatoblasts is insufficient in the present culture system. In this study, a novel regulator to induce hepatic differentiation was identified and the molecular function of this factor was examined in embryonic day 13 hepatoblast culture with maturation factor, oncostatin M and extracellular matrices. Overexpression of the basic helix-loop-helix type transcription factor, Mist1, induced expression of mature hepatocytic markers such as carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase1 and several cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in this culture system. In contrast, Mist1 suppressed expression of cholangiocytic markers such as Sox9, Sox17, Ck19, and Grhl2. CYP3A metabolic activity was significantly induced by Mist1 in this hepatoblast culture. In addition, Mist1 induced liver-enriched transcription factors, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α and Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α, which are known to be involved in liver functions. These results suggest that Mist1 partially induces mature hepatocytic expression and function accompanied by the down-regulation of cholangiocytic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Chikada
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Ayaka Yanagida
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-4 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5461, USA
| | - Akihide Kamiya
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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31
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Ogawa M, Ogawa S, Bear CE, Ahmadi S, Chin S, Li B, Grompe M, Keller G, Kamath BM, Ghanekar A. Directed differentiation of cholangiocytes from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2015; 33:853-61. [PMID: 26167630 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although bile duct disorders are well-recognized causes of liver disease, the molecular and cellular events leading to biliary dysfunction are poorly understood. To enable modeling and drug discovery for biliary disease, we describe a protocol that achieves efficient differentiation of biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) through delivery of developmentally relevant cues, including NOTCH signaling. Using three-dimensional culture, the protocol yields cystic and/or ductal structures that express mature biliary markers, including apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, secretin receptor, cilia and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). We demonstrate that hPSC-derived cholangiocytes possess epithelial functions, including rhodamine efflux and CFTR-mediated fluid secretion. Furthermore, we show that functionally impaired hPSC-derived cholangiocytes from cystic fibrosis patients are rescued by CFTR correctors. These findings demonstrate that mature cholangiocytes can be differentiated from hPSCs and used for studies of biliary development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ogawa
- 1] McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Program in Molecular Structure &Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saumel Ahmadi
- Program in Molecular Structure &Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Chin
- Program in Molecular Structure &Function, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gordon Keller
- 1] McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [3] Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Binita M Kamath
- 1] Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anand Ghanekar
- 1] Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [2] Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. [3] Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Ishikawa T, Kobayashi M, Yanagi S, Kato C, Takashima R, Kobayashi E, Hagiwara K, Ochiya T. Human induced hepatic lineage-oriented stem cells: autonomous specification of human iPS cells toward hepatocyte-like cells without any exogenous differentiation factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123193. [PMID: 25875613 PMCID: PMC4395359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparing targeted cells for medical applications from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using growth factors, compounds, or gene transfer has been challenging. Here, we report that human induced hepatic lineage-oriented stem cells (hiHSCs) were generated and expanded as a new type of hiPSC under non-typical coculture with feeder cells in a chemically defined hiPSC medium at a very high density. Self-renewing hiHSCs expressed markers of both human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and hepatocytes. Those cells were highly expandable, markedly enhancing gene expression of serum hepatic proteins and cytochrome P450 enzymes with the omission of FGF-2 from an undefined hiPSC medium. The hepatic specification of hiHSCs was not attributable to the genetic and epigenetic backgrounds of the starting cells, as they were established from distinct donors and different types of cells. Approximately 90% of hiHSCs autonomously differentiated to hepatocyte-like cells, even in a defined minimum medium without any of the exogenous growth factors necessary for hepatic specification. After 12 days of this culture, the differentiated cells significantly enhanced gene expression of serum hepatic proteins (ALB, SERPINA1, TTR, TF, FABP1, FGG, AGT, RBP4, and AHSG), conjugating enzymes (UGT2B4, UGT2B7, UGT2B10, GSTA2, and GSTA5), transporters (SULT2A1, SLC13A5, and SLCO2B1), and urea cycle-related enzymes (ARG1 and CPS1). In addition, the hepatocyte-like cells performed key functions of urea synthesis, albumin secretion, glycogen storage, indocyanine green uptake, and low-density lipoprotein uptake. The autonomous hepatic specification of hiHSCs was due to their culture conditions (coculture with feeder cells in a defined hiPSC medium at a very high density) in self-renewal rather than in differentiation. These results suggest the feasibility of preparing large quantities of hepatocytes as a convenient and inexpensive hiPSC differentiation. Our study also suggests the necessity of optimizing culture conditions to generate other specific lineage-oriented hiPSCs, allowing for a very simple differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Core Facilities for Research and Innovative Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Momoko Kobayashi
- Core Facilities for Research and Innovative Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Keitaro Hagiwara
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tsuneto M, Tokoyoda K, Kajikhina E, Hauser AE, Hara T, Tani-Ichi S, Ikuta K, Melchers F. B-cell progenitors and precursors change their microenvironment in fetal liver during early development. Stem Cells 2015; 31:2800-12. [PMID: 23666739 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironments, in which B lymphocytes develop in fetal liver, are largely still unknown. Among the nonhematopoietic cells, we have identified and FACS-separated two subpopulations, CD45(-) TER119(-) VCAM-1(+) cells that are either CD105(high) LYVE-1(high) or CD105(low) ALCAM(high) . Immunohistochemical analyses find three of four c-Kit(+) IL-7Rα(+) B220(low) CD19(-) SLC(-) B progenitors in contact with vascular endothelial-type LYVE-1(high) cells on embryonic day 13.5. One day later c-Kit(+) IL-7Rα(+) cells develop to CD19(- and +) , SLC-expressing, DHJH-rearranged pre/pro and pro/preB-I cells. Less than 10% are still in contact with LYVE-1(high) cells, but half of them are now in contact with mesenchymally derived ALCAM(high) liver cells. All of these ALCAM(high) cells, but not the LYVE-1(high) cells produce IL-7 and CXCL12, while both produce CXCL10. Progenitors and pro/preB-I cells are chemoattracted in vitro toward CXCL10 and 12, suggesting that lymphoid progenitors with Ig gene loci in germline configuration enter the developing fetal liver at E13.5 from vascular endothelium, attracted by CXCL10, and then migrate within a day to an ALCAM(high) liver cell microenvironment, differentiating to DHJH-rearranging, surrogate light chain-expressing pre/proB and pro/preB-I cells, attracted by CXCL10 and 12. Between E15.5 and E16.5 preB-I cells expand 10-fold in continued contact with ALCAM(high) cells and begin VH- to DHJH-rearrangements in further differentiated c-Kit(-) IL-7Rα(-) preBII cells. STEM Cells 2013;31:2800-2812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motokazu Tsuneto
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Lv L, Han Q, Chu Y, Zhang M, Sun L, Wei W, Jin C, Li W. Self-renewal of hepatoblasts under chemically defined conditions by iterative growth factor and chemical screening. Hepatology 2015; 61:337-47. [PMID: 25203445 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue-specific stem/progenitor cells are essential to mediate organogenesis and tissue homeostasis. In addition, these cells have attracted significant interest for their therapeutic potential. However, it remains challenging to expand most types of these cells in vitro. In this study we devised a screening strategy aimed at identifying growth factors and small molecules that can sustain self-renewal of mouse hepatoblasts. This approach began with a defined basal condition, on top of which collections of growth factors and bioactive small molecules were screened for maintaining self-renewal of primary hepatoblasts. The initially identified proteins and small molecules were then combined in the basal media for subsequent screening to identify additional molecules that can synergistically promote hepatoblast self-renewal. This strategy was performed iteratively to eventually define a small molecule and growth factor cocktail, including epidermal growth factor, glycogen synthase kinase 3 inhibitor, transforming growth factor β receptor inhibitor, lysophosphatidic acid, and sphingosine 1-phosphate, which was sufficient to sustain long-term self-renewal of the murine hepatoblasts under chemically defined conditions. These expanded hepatoblasts retain the ability to respond to liver developmental cues and produce functional hepatocytes and form bile duct-like structures. CONCLUSION Our work established a chemically defined condition that allows long-term expansion of hepatoblasts, improved our understanding of hepatoblast self-renewal, and highlights the power of phenotypic screening to enable self-renewal of somatic stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Lv
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Stem/Progenitor Cells in Liver Development, Homeostasis, Regeneration, and Reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 14:561-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Tanimizu N, Mitaka T. Role of grainyhead-like 2 in the formation of functional tight junctions. Tissue Barriers 2014; 1:e23495. [PMID: 24665375 PMCID: PMC3875637 DOI: 10.4161/tisb.23495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells develop intercellular junctions, including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). In epithelial tissues, TJs act as barriers that protect bodies from dehydration, infection and toxic substances. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating the establishment of functional TJs during organogenesis remain largely unknown. Recently, we identified grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2) as a transcription factor that is specifically expressed in cholangiocytes, which are epithelial cells lining the bile duct tubules in the liver. Using our three-dimensional (3D) culture system of hepatic progenitor cells, we demonstrated that Grhl2 enhanced barrier functions of hepatic progenitor cells by upregulating claudin (Cldn) 3 and Cldn4, thereby promoting epithelial morphogenesis. In addition, we identified Rab25 as another target of Grhl2, which promotes the localization of Cldn4 at TJs. Our results indicate that a transcription factor promotes epithelial morphogenesis by establishing functional TJs by not only regulating the transcription of Cldns but also affecting their localization at TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration; Research Institute for Frontier Medicine; Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine; Sapporo, Japan
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Takayama K, Nagamoto Y, Mimura N, Tashiro K, Sakurai F, Tachibana M, Hayakawa T, Kawabata K, Mizuguchi H. Long-term self-renewal of human ES/iPS-derived hepatoblast-like cells on human laminin 111-coated dishes. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:322-35. [PMID: 24319667 PMCID: PMC3849256 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of self-renewing hepatoblast-like cells (HBCs) from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) would realize a stable supply of hepatocyte-like cells for medical applications. However, the functional characterization of human PSC-derived HBCs was not enough. To purify and expand human PSC-derived HBCs, human PSC-derived HBCs were cultured on dishes coated with various types of human recombinant laminins (LN). Human PSC-derived HBCs attached to human laminin-111 (LN111)-coated dish via integrin alpha 6 and beta 1 and were purified and expanded by culturing on the LN111-coated dish, but not by culturing on dishes coated with other laminin isoforms. By culturing on the LN111-coated dish, human PSC-derived HBCs were maintained for more than 3 months and had the ability to differentiate into both hepatocyte-like cells and cholangiocyte-like cells. These expandable human PSC-derived HBCs would be manageable tools for drug screening, experimental platforms to elucidate mechanisms of hepatoblasts, and cell sources for hepatic regenerative therapy. Hepatoblast-like cells were generated from human ES/iPS cells Hepatoblast-like cells are proliferated and maintained on human Laminin 111 Hepatoblast-like cells are able to differentiate into hepatic and biliary lineages Hepatoblast-like cells could integrate into mouse liver parenchyma
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan ; Laboratory of Hepatocyte Differentiation, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, Japan ; iPS Cell-Based Research Project on Hepatic Toxicity and Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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The road to regenerative liver therapies: the triumphs, trials and tribulations. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1085-93. [PMID: 24055818 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver is one of the few organs that possess a high capacity to regenerate after liver failure or liver damage. The parenchymal cells of the liver, hepatocytes, contribute to the majority of the regeneration process. Thus, hepatocyte transplantation presents an alternative method to treating liver damage. However, shortage of hepatocytes and difficulties in maintaining primary hepatocytes still remain key obstacles that researchers must overcome before hepatocyte transplantation can be used in clinical practice. The unique properties of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided an alternative approach to generating enough functional hepatocytes for cellular therapy. In this review, we will present a brief overview on the current state of hepatocyte differentiation from PSCs and iPSCs. Studies of liver regenerative processes using different cell sources (adult liver stem cells, hepatoblasts, hepatic progenitor cells, etc.) will be described in detail as well as how this knowledge can be applied towards optimizing culture conditions for the maintenance and differentiation of these cells towards hepatocytes. As the outlook of stem cell-derived therapy begins to look more plausible, researchers will need to address the challenges we must overcome in order to translate stem cell research to clinical applications.
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Kojima N, Sakai Y. Control of Liver Tissue Reconstitution in Mesenteric Leaves: The Effect of Preculture on Mouse Hepatic Progenitor Cells Prior to Transplantation. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2013. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2013.p0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Our objective is to control the reconstitution of liverlike tissues at extrahepatic sites using hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) andin vitropreculture prior to transplantation. We prepared cell-based hybrid grafts by culturing HPCs isolated from fetal E14.5 mouse livers on biodegradable, highly porous 3-dimensional poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffolds for 1 week in basal medium (the basal condition) or 10 mM nicotinamide (NA) and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) supplemented conditions (the ND-positive condition) prior to implantation. Sections of hybrid grafts cultured for 1 week showed that HPCs grew and spread on the surface of scaffolds under both basal and ND (+) conditions. Most of these cells were albumin (+) and CK18 (+). CK19 (+) cells were also present under the basal condition but not the ND (+) condition. Cultured hybrid grafts were implanted into the mesenteric leaves of mice and removed after 1 month. Transplanted tissues cultured under the basal condition consisted of albumin (+) hepatocyte-like and CK19 (+) biliary epithelial cell (BEC)-like cells organized in duct-like structures. In contrast, integrated tissues cultured under the ND (+) condition alone had differentiated albumin (+) hepatocyte-like cells and were relatively larger than those under the basal condition. Hepatocyte-like cells of transplanted hybrid grafts cultured under both conditions were periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining-positive and expressed transcription factors, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 4 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α. These findings suggest that combining progenitor cells andin vitropreculture may potentially regulate liverlike tissues at extrahepatic sites.
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40
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Yu B, He ZY, You P, Han QW, Xiang D, Chen F, Wang MJ, Liu CC, Lin XW, Borjigin U, Zi XY, Li JX, Zhu HY, Li WL, Han CS, Wangensteen KJ, Shi Y, Hui LJ, Wang X, Hu YP. Reprogramming fibroblasts into bipotential hepatic stem cells by defined factors. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 13:328-40. [PMID: 23871605 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into a range of somatic cell types, but to date stem or progenitor cells have only been reprogrammed for the blood and neuronal lineages. We previously reported generation of induced hepatocyte-like (iHep) cells by transduction of Gata4, Hnf1α, and Foxa3 in p19 Arf null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Here, we show that Hnf1β and Foxa3, liver organogenesis transcription factors, are sufficient to reprogram MEFs into induced hepatic stem cells (iHepSCs). iHepSCs can be stably expanded in vitro and possess the potential of bidirectional differentiation into both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic lineages. In the injured liver of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah)-deficient mice, repopulating iHepSCs become hepatocyte-like cells. They also engraft as cholangiocytes into bile ducts of mice with DDC-induced bile ductular injury. Lineage conversion into bipotential expandable iHepSCs provides a strategy to enable efficient derivation of both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes for use in disease modeling and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Kiyohashi K, Kakinuma S, Kamiya A, Sakamoto N, Nitta S, Yamanaka H, Yoshino K, Fujiki J, Murakawa M, Kusano-Kitazume A, Shimizu H, Okamoto R, Azuma S, Nakagawa M, Asahina Y, Tanimizu N, Kikuchi A, Nakauchi H, Watanabe M. Wnt5a signaling mediates biliary differentiation of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells in mice. Hepatology 2013; 57:2502-13. [PMID: 23386589 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The molecular mechanisms regulating differentiation of fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells, called hepatoblasts, which play pivotal roles in liver development, remain obscure. Wnt signaling pathways regulate the development and differentiation of stem cells in various organs. Although a β-catenin-independent noncanonical Wnt pathway is essential for cell adhesion and polarity, the physiological functions of noncanonical Wnt pathways in liver development are unknown. Here we describe a functional role for Wnt5a, a noncanonical Wnt ligand, in the differentiation of mouse hepatoblasts. Wnt5a was expressed in mesenchymal cells and other cells of wild-type (WT) midgestational fetal liver. We analyzed fetal liver phenotypes in Wnt5a-deficient mice using a combination of histological and molecular techniques. Expression levels of Sox9 and the number of hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)1β(+) HNF4α(-) biliary precursor cells were significantly higher in Wnt5a-deficient liver relative to WT liver. In Wnt5a-deficient fetal liver, in vivo formation of primitive bile ductal structures was significantly enhanced relative to WT littermates. We also investigated the function of Wnt5a protein and downstream signaling molecules using a three-dimensional culture system that included primary hepatoblasts or a hepatic progenitor cell line. In vitro differentiation assays showed that Wnt5a retarded the formation of bile duct-like structures in hepatoblasts, leading instead to hepatic maturation of such cells. Whereas Wnt5a signaling increased steady-state levels of phosphorylated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in fetal liver, inhibition of CaMKII activity resulted in the formation of significantly more and larger-sized bile duct-like structures in vitro compared with those in vehicle-supplemented controls. CONCLUSION Wnt5a-mediated signaling in fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells suppresses biliary differentiation. These findings also suggest that activation of CaMKII by Wnt5a signaling suppresses biliary differentiation. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kiyohashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo, Japan
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Wei W, Hou J, Alder O, Ye X, Lee S, Cullum R, Chu A, Zhao Y, Warner SM, Knight DA, Yang D, Jones SJM, Marra MA, Hoodless PA. Genome-wide microRNA and messenger RNA profiling in rodent liver development implicates mir302b and mir20a in repressing transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Hepatology 2013; 57:2491-501. [PMID: 23315977 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are recently discovered small RNA molecules that regulate developmental processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis; however, the identity of miRNAs and their functions during liver development are largely unknown. Here we investigated the miRNA and gene expression profiles for embryonic day (E)8.5 endoderm, E14.5 Dlk1(+) liver cells (hepatoblasts), and adult liver by employing Illumina sequencing. We found that miRNAs were abundantly expressed at all three stages. Using K-means clustering analysis, 13 miRNA clusters with distinct temporal expression patterns were identified. mir302b, an endoderm-enriched miRNA, was identified as an miRNA whose predicted targets are expressed highly in E14.5 hepatoblasts but low in the endoderm. We validated the expression of mir302b in the endoderm by whole-mount in situ hybridization. Interestingly, mir20a, the most highly expressed miRNA in the endoderm library, was also predicted to regulate some of the same targets as mir302b. We found that through targeting Tgfbr2, mir302b and mir20a are able to regulate transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signal transduction. Moreover, mir302b can repress liver markers in an embryonic stem cell differentiation model. Collectively, we uncovered dynamic patterns of individual miRNAs during liver development, as well as miRNA networks that could be essential for the specification and differentiation of liver progenitors. (HEPATOLOGY 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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Wang T, You N, Tao K, Wang X, Zhao G, Xia N, Li N, Tang L, Liu W, Dou K. Notch is the key factor in the process of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells differentiation into hepatocytes. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:605-17. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - Nan You
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | | | | | - Ge Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - Ning Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery
| | - Nanlin Li
- Vascular and Endocrine Surgery; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an; Shaanxi Province; China
| | - Lijun Tang
- PLA Center of General Surgery; General Hospital of Chengdu Army Region; Chengdu; Sichuan Province; China
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Zhu C, Coombe DR, Zheng MH, Yeoh GCT, Li L. Liver progenitor cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:757-66. [PMID: 22467423 DOI: 10.1002/term.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells (LPCs) are a promising source of cells to treat liver disease by cell therapy, due to their capability for self-replication and bipotentiality. In order to establish useful culture systems of LPCs and apply them to future clinical therapies, it is necessary to understand their interactions with their microenvironment and especially with the extracellular matrix (ECM). There is considerable evidence from in vivo studies that matrix proteins affect the activation, expansion, migration and differentiation of LPCs, but the information on the role that specific ECMs play in regulating LPCs in vitro is more limited. Nevertheless, current studies suggest that laminin, collagen type III, collagen type IV and hyaluronic acid help to maintain the undifferentiated phenotype of LPCs and promote their proliferation when cultured in media supplemented with growth factors chosen for LPC expansion, whereas collagen type I and fibronectin are generally associated with a differentiated phenotype under the same conditions. Experimental evidence suggests that α6β1 and α5β1 integrins as well as CD44 on the surface of LPCs, and their related downstream signals, are important mediators of interactions between LPCs and the ECM. The interactions of LPCs with the ECM form the focus of this review and the contribution of ECM molecules to strategies for optimizing in vitro LPC cultures for therapeutic applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Nagamoto Y, Tashiro K, Takayama K, Ohashi K, Kawabata K, Sakurai F, Tachibana M, Hayakawa T, Furue MK, Mizuguchi H. The promotion of hepatic maturation of human pluripotent stem cells in 3D co-culture using type I collagen and Swiss 3T3 cell sheets. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4526-34. [PMID: 22445253 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are known to be a useful cell source for drug screening. We recently developed an efficient hepatic differentiation method from hESCs and hiPSCs by sequential transduction of FOXA2 and HNF1α. It is known that the combination of three-dimensional (3D) culture and co-culture, namely 3D co-culture, can maintain the functions of primary hepatocytes. However, hepatic maturation of hESC- or hiPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (hEHs or hiPHs, respectively) by 3D co-culture systems has not been examined. Therefore, we utilized a cell sheet engineering technology to promote hepatic maturation. The gene expression levels of hepatocyte-related markers (such as cytochrome P450 enzymes and conjugating enzymes) and the amount of albumin secretion in the hEHs or hiPHs, which were 3D co-cultured with the Swiss 3T3 cell sheet, were significantly up-regulated in comparison with those in the hEHs or hiPHs cultured in a monolayer. Furthermore, we found that type I collagen synthesized in Swiss 3T3 cells plays an important role in hepatic maturation. The hEHs or hiPHs that were 3D co-cultured with the Swiss 3T3 cell sheet would be powerful tools for medical applications, such as drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhito Nagamoto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Huang HP, Chang MH, Chen YT, Hsu HY, Chiang CL, Cheng TS, Wu YM, Wu MZ, Hsu YC, Shen CC, Lee CN, Chuang YH, Hong CL, Jeng YM, Chen PH, Chen HL, Lee MS. Persistent elevation of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitors in cholangiopathies affects liver fibrosis and differentiation. Hepatology 2012; 55:161-72. [PMID: 21898507 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alteration of cell surface proteolysis has been proposed to play a role in liver fibrosis, a grave complication of biliary atresia (BA). In this study we investigated the roles of hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor (HAI)-1 and -2 in the progression of BA. The expression levels of HAI-1 and -2 were significantly increased in BA livers compared with those in neonatal hepatitis and correlated with disease progression. In BA livers, HAI-1 and -2 were coexpressed in cells involved in ductular reactions. In other selective cholangiopathies, ductular cells positive for HAI-1 or HAI-2 also increased in number. Inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and bile acids differentially up-regulated expression of HAI-1 and -2 transcripts in fetal liver cells and this induction could be antagonized by a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Conditioned media from cell lines stably overexpressing HAI-1 or HAI-2 enhanced the fibrogenic activity of portal fibroblasts and stellate cells, suggesting that both proteins might be involved in liver fibrosis. Because HAI-1 and -2 colocalized in ductular reactions sharing similar features to those observed during normal liver development, we sought to investigate the role of HAI-1 and -2 in cholangiopathies by exploring their functions in fetal liver cells. Knockdown of HAI-1 or HAI-2 promoted bidirectional differentiation of hepatoblast-derived cells. In addition, we showed that the hepatocyte growth factor activator, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways were involved in hepatic differentiation enhanced by HAI-2 knockdown. CONCLUSION HAI-1 and -2 are overexpressed in the liver in cholangiopathies with ductular reactions and are possibly involved in liver fibrosis and hepatic differentiation; they could be investigated as disease markers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Po Huang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taiwan
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47
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Gomez-Santos L, Vazquez-Chantada M, Mato JM, Martinez-Chantar ML. SAMe and HuR in liver physiology: usefulness of stem cells in hepatic differentiation research. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 826:133-49. [PMID: 22167646 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-468-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine, abbreviated as SAM, SAMe or AdoMet, is the principal methyl group donor in the mammalian cell and the first step metabolite of the methionine cycle, being synthesized by MAT (methionine adenosyltransferase) from methionine and ATP. About 60 years after its identification, SAMe is admitted as a key hepatic regulator whose level needs to be maintained within a specific range in order to avoid liver damage. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the regulatory role of SAMe in HGF (hepatocyte growth factor)-mediated hepatocyte proliferation through a mechanism that implicates the activation of the non-canonical LKB1/AMPK/eNOS cascade and HuR function. Regarding hepatic differentiation, cellular SAMe content varies depending on the status of the cell, being lower in immature than in adult hepatocytes. This finding suggests a SAMe regulatory effect also in this cellular process, which very recently was reported and related to HuR activity. Although in the last years this and other discoveries contributed to throw light into the tangle of regulatory mechanisms that govern this complex process, an overall understanding is still a challenge. For this purpose, the in vitro hepatic differentiation culture systems by using stem cells or fetal hepatoblasts are considered as valuable tools which, in combination with the methods used in current days to elucidate cell signaling pathways, surely will help to clear up this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gomez-Santos
- Metabolomics Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, Bizkaia, Basque Country, Spain.
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Law HT, Lin AEJ, Kim Y, Quach B, Nano FE, Guttman JA. Francisella tularensis uses cholesterol and clathrin-based endocytic mechanisms to invade hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2011; 1:192. [PMID: 22355707 PMCID: PMC3240981 DOI: 10.1038/srep00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis are highly infectious microbes that cause the disease tularemia. Although much of the bacterial burden is carried in non-phagocytic cells, the strategies these pathogens use to invade these cells remains elusive. To examine these mechanisms we developed two in vitro Francisella-based infection models that recapitulate the non-phagocytic cell infections seen in livers of infected mice. Using these models we found that Francisella novicida exploit clathrin and cholesterol dependent mechanisms to gain entry into hepatocytes. We also found that the clathrin accessory proteins AP-2 and Eps15 co-localized with invading Francisella novicida as well as the Francisella Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) during hepatocyte infections. Interestingly, caveolin, a protein involved in the invasion of Francisella in phagocytic cells, was not required for non-phagocytic cell infections. These results demonstrate a novel endocytic mechanism adopted by Francisella and highlight the divergence in strategies these pathogens utilize between non-phagocytic and phagocytic cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Law
- Simon Fraser University Department of Biological Sciences Shrum Science Centre Room B8276 Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6
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49
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Saito H, Takeuchi M, Chida K, Miyajima A. Generation of glucose-responsive functional islets with a three-dimensional structure from mouse fetal pancreatic cells and iPS cells in vitro. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28209. [PMID: 22145030 PMCID: PMC3228734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Islets of Langerhans are a pancreatic endocrine compartment consisting of insulin-producing β cells together with several other hormone-producing cells. While some insulin-producing cells or immature pancreatic cells have been generated in vitro from ES and iPS cells, islets with proper functions and a three-dimensional (3D) structure have never been successfully produced. To test whether islets can be formed in vitro, we first examined the potential of mouse fetal pancreatic cells. We found that E16.5 pancreatic cells, just before forming islets, were able to develop cell aggregates consisting of β cells surrounded by glucagon-producing α cells, a structure similar to murine adult islets. Moreover, the transplantation of these cells improved blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice. These results indicate that functional islets are formed in vitro from fetal pancreatic cells at a specific developmental stage. By adopting these culture conditions to the differentiation of mouse iPS cells, we developed a two-step system to generate islets, i.e. immature pancreatic cells were first produced from iPS cells, and then transferred to culture conditions that allowed the formation of islets from fetal pancreatic cells. The islets exhibited distinct 3D structural features similar to adult pancreatic islets and secreted insulin in response to glucose concentrations. Transplantation of the islets improved blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic mice. In conclusion, the two-step culture system allows the generation of functional islets with a 3D structure from iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Saito
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (HS); (AM)
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (HS); (AM)
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50
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Qian L, Krause DS, Saltzman WM. Enhanced growth and hepatic differentiation of fetal liver epithelial cells through combinational and temporal adjustment of soluble factors. Biotechnol J 2011; 7:440-8. [PMID: 21922669 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fetal liver epithelial cells (FLEC) are valuable for liver cell therapy and tissue engineering, but methods for culture and characterization of these cells are not well developed. This work explores the influence of multiple soluble factors on FLEC, with the long-term goal of developing an optimal culture system to generate functional liver tissue. Our comparative analysis suggests hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is required throughout the culture period. In the presence of HGF, addition of oncostatin M (OSM) at culture initiation results in concurrent growth and maturation, while constant presence of protective agents like ascorbic acid enhances cell survival. Study observations led to the development of a culture medium that provided optimal growth and hepatic differentiation conditions. FLEC expansion was observed to be approximately twofold of that under standard conditions, albumin secretion rate was 2-3 times greater than maximal values obtained with other media, and the highest level of glycogen accumulation among all conditions was observed with the developed medium. Our findings serve to advance culture methods for liver progenitors in cell therapy and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichuan Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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