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Garcia-Mouronte E, Pérez-González LA, Naharro-Rodriguez J, Fernández Guarino M. Understanding Active Photoprotection: DNA-Repair Enzymes and Antioxidants. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:822. [PMID: 39063576 PMCID: PMC11277730 DOI: 10.3390/life14070822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on human skin are well-documented, encompassing DNA damage, oxidative stress, and an increased risk of carcinogenesis. Conventional photoprotective measures predominantly rely on filters, which scatter or absorb UV radiation, yet fail to address the cellular damage incurred post-exposure. To fill this gap, antioxidant molecules and DNA-repair enzymes have been extensively researched, offering a paradigm shift towards active photoprotection capable of both preventing and reversing UV-induced damage. In the current review, we focused on "active photoprotection", assessing the state-of-the-art, latest advancements and scientific data from clinical trials and in vivo models concerning the use of DNA-repair enzymes and naturally occurring antioxidant molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Garcia-Mouronte
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Carretera M-607 km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (L.A.P.-G.); (M.F.G.)
| | | | - Jorge Naharro-Rodriguez
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Carretera M-607 km 9.1, 28034 Madrid, Spain; (L.A.P.-G.); (M.F.G.)
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2
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Nwogbaga I, Kim AH, Camley BA. Physical limits on galvanotaxis. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064411. [PMID: 38243498 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells can polarize and migrate in response to electric fields via "galvanotaxis," which aids wound healing. Experimental evidence suggests cells sense electric fields via molecules on the cell's surface redistributing via electrophoresis and electroosmosis, though the sensing species has not yet been conclusively identified. We develop a model that links sensor redistribution and galvanotaxis using maximum likelihood estimation. Our model predicts a single universal curve for how galvanotactic directionality depends on field strength. We can collapse measurements of galvanotaxis in keratocytes, neural crest cells, and granulocytes to this curve, suggesting that stochasticity due to the finite number of sensors may limit galvanotactic accuracy. We find cells can achieve experimentally observed directionalities with either a few (∼100) highly polarized sensors or many (∼10^{4}) sensors with an ∼6-10% change in concentration across the cell. We also identify additional signatures of galvanotaxis via sensor redistribution, including the presence of a tradeoff between accuracy and variance in cells being controlled by rapidly switching fields. Our approach shows how the physics of noise at the molecular scale can limit cell-scale galvanotaxis, providing important constraints on sensor properties and allowing for new tests to determine the specific molecules underlying galvanotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifunanya Nwogbaga
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - A Hyun Kim
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Brian A Camley
- Thomas C. Jenkins Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
- William H. Miller III Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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3
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Vielmuth F, Radeva MY, Yeruva S, Sigmund AM, Waschke J. cAMP: A master regulator of cadherin-mediated binding in endothelium, epithelium and myocardium. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14006. [PMID: 37243909 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is crucial not only for maintaining tissue integrity and barrier function in the endothelium and epithelium but also for electromechanical coupling within the myocardium. Therefore, loss of cadherin-mediated adhesion causes various disorders, including vascular inflammation and desmosome-related diseases such as the autoimmune blistering skin dermatosis pemphigus and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Mechanisms regulating cadherin-mediated binding contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases and may also be used as therapeutic targets. Over the last 30 years, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) has emerged as one of the master regulators of cell adhesion in endothelium and, more recently, also in epithelial cells as well as in cardiomyocytes. A broad spectrum of experimental models from vascular physiology and cell biology applied by different generations of researchers provided evidence that not only cadherins of endothelial adherens junctions (AJ) but also desmosomal contacts in keratinocytes and the cardiomyocyte intercalated discs are central targets in this scenario. The molecular mechanisms involve protein kinase A- and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP-mediated regulation of Rho family GTPases and S665 phosphorylation of the AJ and desmosome adaptor protein plakoglobin. In line with this, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors such as apremilast have been proposed as a therapeutic strategy to stabilize cadherin-mediated adhesion in pemphigus and may also be effective to treat other disorders where cadherin-mediated binding is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna M Sigmund
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Micro-Current Stimulation Can Modulate the Adipogenesis Process by Regulating the Insulin Signaling Pathway in 3T3-L1 Cells and ob/ ob Mice. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020404. [PMID: 36836760 PMCID: PMC9958996 DOI: 10.3390/life13020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a disease in which fat is abnormally or excessively accumulated in the body, and many studies have been conducted to overcome it with various techniques. In this study, we evaluated whether micro-current stimulation (MCS) can be applied to prevent obesity by regulating the adipogenesis through 3T3-L1 cells and ob/ob mice. To specify the intensity of MCS, Oil Red O staining was conducted with various intensities of MCS. Based on these, subsequent experiments used 200 and 400 μA for the intensity of MCS. The expressions of insulin signaling pathway-related proteins, including phosphorylation of IGF-1 and IR, were decreased in all MCS groups, and in turn, downstream signals such as Akt and ERK were decreased. In addition, MCS reduced the nucleus translocation of PPAR-γ and decreased the protein expression of C/EBP-α. In the ob/ob mouse model, MCS reduced body weight gain and abdominal adipose tissue volume. In particular, the concentration of triglycerides in serum was also decreased. Taken together, our findings showed that MCS inhibited lipid accumulation by regulating insulin signaling in 3T3-L1, and it was effective at reducing body weight and adipose tissue volume in ob/ob mice. These suggest that MCS may be a useful treatment approach for obesity.
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Signaling Pathways Associated with Chronic Wound Progression: A Systems Biology Approach. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081506. [PMID: 36009225 PMCID: PMC9404828 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we have shown that several oxidative stress-driven pathways in cutaneous chronic wounds are dysregulated in the first 48 h post-wounding. Here, we performed an RNASeq analysis of tissues collected up to day 20 after wounding, when we have determined full chronicity is established. Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis was performed in R segregating the genes into 14 modules. Genes in the modules significantly correlated (p < 0.05) to early and full chronicity were used for pathway analysis using pathfindR. In early chronicity, we observed enrichment of several pathways. Dysregulation of Ephrin/Eph signaling leads to growth cone collapse and impairs neuronal regeneration. Adra2b and Adra2a overexpression in early and full chronicity, respectively, decreased cAMP production and impaired re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Several pathways involving a Smooth-muscle-actin (Acta1) were also enriched with Acta1 overexpression contributing to impaired angiogenesis. During full chronicity, the ‘JAK-STAT’ pathway was suppressed undermining host defenses against infection. Wnt signaling was also suppressed, impairing re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation. Biomarkers of cancer such as overexpression of SDC1 and constitutive activation of ErbB2/HER2 were also identified. In conclusion, we show that during progression to full chronicity, numerous signaling pathways are dysregulated, including some related to carcinogenesis, suggesting that chronic wounds behave much like cancer. Experimental verification in vivo could identify candidates for treatment of chronic wounds.
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The Ambivalent Role of Skin Microbiota and Adrenaline in Wound Healing and the Interplay between Them. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094996. [PMID: 34066786 PMCID: PMC8125934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After skin injury, wound healing sets into motion a dynamic process to repair and replace devitalized tissues. The healing process can be divided into four overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. Skin microbiota has been reported to participate in orchestrating the wound healing both in negative and positive ways. Many studies reported that skin microbiota can impose negative and positive effects on the wound. Recent findings have shown that many bacterial species on human skin are able to convert aromatic amino acids into so-called trace amines (TAs) and convert corresponding precursors into dopamine and serotonin, which are all released into the environment. As a stress reaction, wounded epithelial cells release the hormone adrenaline (epinephrine), which activates the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR), impairing the migration ability of keratinocytes and thus re-epithelization. This is where TAs come into play, as they act as antagonists of β2-AR and thus attenuate the effects of adrenaline. The result is that not only TAs but also TA-producing skin bacteria accelerate wound healing. Adrenergic receptors (ARs) play a key role in many physiological and disease-related processes and are expressed in numerous cell types. In this review, we describe the role of ARs in relation to wound healing in keratinocytes, immune cells, fibroblasts, and blood vessels and the possible role of the skin microbiota in wound healing.
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Baltazard T, Senet P, Momar D, Picard C, Joachim C, Adas A, Lok C, Chaby G. Evaluation of timolol maleate gel for management of hard-to-heal chronic venous leg ulcers. Phase II randomised-controlled study. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2021; 148:228-232. [PMID: 33551214 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) often take a very long time to heal. Timolol maleate has been reported as displaying efficacy in healing of VLUs. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of timolol maleate gel in the management of hard-to-heal VLUs and to assess its safety as a topical agent during 12 weeks of use in combination with conventional treatment. METHODS A prospective, phase-II randomised-controlled trial with a sample size based on Fleming's one-stage design (P0=0.25, P1=0.45, alpha=0.1, beta=0.2) was planned. Patients with VLUs present for ≥24 weeks and with ≥50% granulation tissue were included. One drop of sustained-release timolol gel (Timoptol® LP 0.5%, Santen, Tampere, Finland) per 6 cm2 VLU area was applied every 2 days for 12 weeks in timolol-treated patients, as adjuvant therapy to the standard care protocol (interface dressing and multilayer venous compression). Controls received standard care alone. The primary endpoint was to obtain ≥40% reduction in ulcer area at week 12 (W12). RESULTS Forty-three patients were randomised to the study, with 40 receiving at least one treatment and included in the analysis: 21 timolol-treated patients and 19 controls (females: 70%; median age: 72.5 [range 35-93] years). At W12, ≥40% ulcer-area reduction was achieved in 14/21 (67%) timolol-treated patients vs. 6/19 (32%) controls. No serious adverse events occurred. Local wound infections not requiring systemic antibiotics occurred in 5 cases in the timolol group and in one case in the controls. CONCLUSIONS These results support the benefit and safety of using timolol maleate to manage hard-to-heal VLUs, but confirmation is required in a larger multicentre randomised phase-III study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baltazard
- Department of dermatology, university hospital of Amiens Picardy, université Picardie Jules-Verne, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - P Senet
- Department of dermatology, allergy and vascular medicine, hôpital Tenon, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Est, 75970 Paris cedex 20, France
| | - D Momar
- Department of clinical research and innovation, university hospital of Amiens Picardy, université Picardie Jules-Verne, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - C Picard
- Department of clinical research and innovation, university hospital of Amiens Picardy, université Picardie Jules-Verne, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - C Joachim
- Department of dermatology, university hospital of Amiens Picardy, université Picardie Jules-Verne, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - A Adas
- Department of dermatology, university hospital of Amiens Picardy, université Picardie Jules-Verne, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - C Lok
- Department of dermatology, university hospital of Amiens Picardy, université Picardie Jules-Verne, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - G Chaby
- Department of dermatology, university hospital of Amiens Picardy, université Picardie Jules-Verne, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France.
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8
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Electromigration of cell surface macromolecules in DC electric fields during cell polarization and galvanotaxis. J Theor Biol 2019; 478:58-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Keratinocyte electrotaxis induced by physiological pulsed direct current electric fields. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 127:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Freedman BR, Mooney DJ. Biomaterials to Mimic and Heal Connective Tissues. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806695. [PMID: 30908806 PMCID: PMC6504615 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Connective tissue is one of the four major types of animal tissue and plays essential roles throughout the human body. Genetic factors, aging, and trauma all contribute to connective tissue dysfunction and motivate the need for strategies to promote healing and regeneration. The goal here is to link a fundamental understanding of connective tissues and their multiscale properties to better inform the design and translation of novel biomaterials to promote their regeneration. Major clinical problems in adipose tissue, cartilage, dermis, and tendon are discussed that inspire the need to replace native connective tissue with biomaterials. Then, multiscale structure-function relationships in native soft connective tissues that may be used to guide material design are detailed. Several biomaterials strategies to improve healing of these tissues that incorporate biologics and are biologic-free are reviewed. Finally, important guidance documents and standards (ASTM, FDA, and EMA) that are important to consider for translating new biomaterials into clinical practice are highligted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Freedman
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Levin M, Pietak AM, Bischof J. Planarian regeneration as a model of anatomical homeostasis: Recent progress in biophysical and computational approaches. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 87:125-144. [PMID: 29635019 PMCID: PMC6234102 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Planarian behavior, physiology, and pattern control offer profound lessons for regenerative medicine, evolutionary biology, morphogenetic engineering, robotics, and unconventional computation. Despite recent advances in the molecular genetics of stem cell differentiation, this model organism's remarkable anatomical homeostasis provokes us with truly fundamental puzzles about the origin of large-scale shape and its relationship to the genome. In this review article, we first highlight several deep mysteries about planarian regeneration in the context of the current paradigm in this field. We then review recent progress in understanding of the physiological control of an endogenous, bioelectric pattern memory that guides regeneration, and how modulating this memory can permanently alter the flatworm's target morphology. Finally, we focus on computational approaches that complement reductive pathway analysis with synthetic, systems-level understanding of morphological decision-making. We analyze existing models of planarian pattern control and highlight recent successes and remaining knowledge gaps in this interdisciplinary frontier field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States; Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Alexis M Pietak
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| | - Johanna Bischof
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States; Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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Instructive microenvironments in skin wound healing: Biomaterials as signal releasing platforms. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 129:95-117. [PMID: 29627369 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Skin wound healing aims to repair and restore tissue through a multistage process that involves different cells and signalling molecules that regulate the cellular response and the dynamic remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Nowadays, several therapies that combine biomolecule signals (growth factors and cytokines) and cells are being proposed. However, a lack of reliable evidence of their efficacy, together with associated issues such as high costs, a lack of standardization, no scalable processes, and storage and regulatory issues, are hampering their application. In situ tissue regeneration appears to be a feasible strategy that uses the body's own capacity for regeneration by mobilizing host endogenous stem cells or tissue-specific progenitor cells to the wound site to promote repair and regeneration. The aim is to engineer instructive systems to regulate the spatio-temporal delivery of proper signalling based on the biological mechanisms of the different events that occur in the host microenvironment. This review describes the current state of the different signal cues used in wound healing and skin regeneration, and their combination with biomaterial supports to create instructive microenvironments for wound healing.
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McLaughlin KA, Levin M. Bioelectric signaling in regeneration: Mechanisms of ionic controls of growth and form. Dev Biol 2018; 433:177-189. [PMID: 29291972 PMCID: PMC5753428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control pattern formation is critical for the both the embryonic development of complex structures as well as for the regeneration/repair of damaged or missing tissues and organs. In addition to chemical gradients and gene regulatory networks, endogenous ion flows are key regulators of cell behavior. Not only do bioelectric cues provide information needed for the initial development of structures, they also enable the robust restoration of normal pattern after injury. In order to expand our basic understanding of morphogenetic processes responsible for the repair of complex anatomy, we need to identify the roles of endogenous voltage gradients, ion flows, and electric fields. In complement to the current focus on molecular genetics, decoding the information transduced by bioelectric cues enhances our knowledge of the dynamic control of growth and pattern formation. Recent advances in science and technology place us in an exciting time to elucidate the interplay between molecular-genetic inputs and important biophysical cues that direct the creation of tissues and organs. Moving forward, these new insights enable additional approaches to direct cell behavior and may result in profound advances in augmentation of regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McLaughlin
- Allen Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, United States
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A Concise Review of the Conflicting Roles of Dopamine-1 versus Dopamine-2 Receptors in Wound Healing. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010050. [PMID: 29278360 PMCID: PMC5943953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Catecholamines play an important regulatory role in cutaneous wound healing. The exact role of dopamine in human epidermis has yet to be fully elucidated. Current published evidence describes its differential effects on two separate families of G protein coupled receptors: D1-like and D2-like dopamine receptors. Dopamine may enhance angiogenesis and wound healing through its action on dopamine D1 receptors, while impairing wound healing when activating D2 receptors. This review summarizes the evidence for the role of dopamine in wound healing and describes potential mechanisms behind its action on D1 versus D2-like receptors in the skin.
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15
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Noronha SMR, Gragnani A, Pereira TAC, Correa SAA, Bonucci J, Ferreira LM. Aldefluor protocol to sort keratinocytes stem cells from skin. Acta Cir Bras 2017; 32:984-994. [PMID: 29236803 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020170110000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the use Aldefluor® and N, N - Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) to design a protocol to sort keratinocyte stem cells from cultured keratinocytes from burned patients. METHODS Activated Aldefluor® aliquots were prepared and maintained at temperature between 2 to 8°C, or stored at -20°C. Next, the cells were collected following the standard protocol of sample preparation. RESULTS Best results were obtained with Aldefluor® 1.5µl and DEAB 15 µl for 1 x 106 cells, incubated at 37°C for 15 minutes. Flow cytometer range for keratinocyte stem cells separation was evaluated. There were 14.8% of stem cells separated in one sample of keratinocyte culture used to pattern the protocol. After being defined the ideal concentration, the same test pattern was performed in other keratinocyte samples. We observed a final mean of 10.8%. CONCLUSION Aldefluor® has been shown as a favorable marking of epidermal keratinocyte stem cells for subsequent separation on a flow cytometer, with detection of 10.8% of epidermal keratinocyte stem cells, in this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Marcos Ribeiro Noronha
- PhD, Postdoctoral Researcher, Division of Plastic Surgery, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Brazil. Conception and design of the study, manuscript preparation , final approval
| | - Alfredo Gragnani
- PhD, Associate Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, manuscript preparation, final approval
| | | | - Silvana Aparecida Alves Correa
- PhD, Postdoctoral Researcher, Division of Plastic Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data, manuscript preparation
| | - Jessica Bonucci
- Master, Division of Plastic Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Acquisition of data
| | - Lydia Masako Ferreira
- PhD, Full Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo-SP, Brazil. Conception and design of the study, final approval
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16
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Moore D, Walker SI, Levin M. Cancer as a disorder of patterning information: computational and biophysical perspectives on the cancer problem. CONVERGENT SCIENCE PHYSICAL ONCOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1739/aa8548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Huang YJ, Schiapparelli P, Kozielski K, Green J, Lavell E, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Searson P. Electrophoresis of cell membrane heparan sulfate regulates galvanotaxis in glial cells. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2459-2467. [PMID: 28596239 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous electric fields modulate many physiological processes by promoting directional migration, a process known as galvanotaxis. Despite the importance of galvanotaxis in development and disease, the mechanism by which cells sense and migrate directionally in an electric field remains unknown. Here, we show that electrophoresis of cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) critically regulates this process. HS was found to be localized at the anode-facing side in fetal neural progenitor cells (fNPCs), fNPC-derived astrocytes and brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs), regardless of their direction of galvanotaxis. Enzymatic removal of HS and other sulfated glycosaminoglycans significantly abolished or reversed the cathodic response seen in fNPCs and BTICs. Furthermore, Slit2, a chemorepulsive ligand, was identified to be colocalized with HS in forming a ligand gradient across cellular membranes. Using both imaging and genetic modification, we propose a novel mechanism for galvanotaxis in which electrophoretic localization of HS establishes cell polarity by functioning as a co-receptor and provides repulsive guidance through Slit-Robo signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ja Huang
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Paula Schiapparelli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Kristen Kozielski
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jordan Green
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Emily Lavell
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Hugo Guerrero-Cazares
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Peter Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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18
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Hart FX, Palisano JR. Glycocalyx bending by an electric field increases cell motility. Bioelectromagnetics 2017; 38:482-493. [PMID: 28543319 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of physiological strength electric fields may produce a wide range of effects on cells. The mechanisms by which cells detect the presence of these fields, however, are not fully understood. Previous experiments have shown that directionality of cells in the field is governed by an electromechanical mechanism in which the field exerts a torque on the negatively charged, inner glycocalyx that is then transmitted as a force on the cytoskeleton. This mechanism is similar to that by which cells detect fluid shear forces. Several authors, however, have reported that cell directionality and motility behave differently in an electric field. We propose here a second electromechanical mechanism in which the field bends the negatively charged, outer glycocalyx in proximity to the substrate, increasing cell adhesion and, thus, cell motility. The increase in motility depends not only on the field strength, but also on the adhesion of the cell to the substrate prior to application of the field. We show that these mechanisms are common to both human cells and amoebae and, hence, are evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, the mechanism for detection of electric fields is simply an extension of the mechanism for detecting fluid shears. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:482-493, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis X Hart
- Department of Physics, The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee
| | - John R Palisano
- Department of Biology, The University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee
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19
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Shimizu M, Tanaka M, Atomi Y. Small Heat Shock Protein αB-Crystallin Controls Shape and Adhesion of Glioma and Myoblast Cells in the Absence of Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168136. [PMID: 27977738 PMCID: PMC5158045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell shape and adhesion and their proper controls are fundamental for all biological systems. Mesenchymal cells migrate at an average rate of 6 to 60 μm/hr, depending on the extracellular matrix environment and cell signaling. Myotubes, fully differentiated muscle cells, are specialized for power-generation and therefore lose motility. Cell spreading and stabilities of focal adhesion are regulated by the critical protein vinculin from immature myoblast to mature costamere of differentiated myotubes where myofibril Z-band linked to sarcolemma. The Z-band is constituted from microtubules, intermediate filaments, cell adhesion molecules and other adapter proteins that communicate with the outer environment. Mesenchymal cells, including myoblast cells, convert actomyosin contraction forces to tension through mechano-responsive adhesion assembly complexes as Z-band equivalents. There is growing evidence that microtubule dynamics are involved in the generation of contractile forces; however, the roles of microtubules in cell adhesion dynamics are not well determined. Here, we show for the first time that αB-crystallin, a molecular chaperon for tubulin/microtubules, is involved in cell shape determination. Moreover, knockdown of this molecule caused myoblasts and glioma cells to lose their ability for adhesion as they tended to behave like migratory cells. Surprisingly, αB-crystallin knockdown in both C6 glial cells and L6 myoblast permitted cells to migrate more rapidly (2.7 times faster for C6 and 1.3 times faster for L6 cells) than dermal fibroblast. On the other hand, overexpression of αB-crystallin in cells led to an immortal phenotype because of persistent adhesion. Position of matured focal adhesion as visualized by vinculin immuno-staining, stress fiber direction, length, and density were clearly αB-crystallin dependent. These results indicate that the small HSP αB-crystallin has important roles for cell adhesion, and thus microtubule dynamics are necessary for persistent adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shimizu
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikihito Tanaka
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoriko Atomi
- Material Health Science Laboratory, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Ross CL. The use of electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic field for directed cell migration and adhesion in regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 33:5-16. [PMID: 27797153 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Directed cell migration and adhesion is essential to embryonic development, tissue formation and wound healing. For decades it has been reported that electric field (EF), magnetic field (MF) and electromagnetic field (EMF) can play important roles in determining cell differentiation, migration, adhesion, and evenwound healing. Combinations of these techniques have revealed new and exciting explanations for how cells move and adhere to surfaces; how the migration of multiple cells are coordinated and regulated; how cellsinteract with neighboring cells, and also to changes in their microenvironment. In some cells, speed and direction are voltage dependent. Data suggests that the use of EF, MF and EMF could advance techniques in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and wound healing. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:5-16, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Ross
- The Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Center for Integrative Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC
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21
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Zhang G, Gu Y, Begum R, Chen H, Gao X, McGrath JA, Parsons M, Song B. Kindlin-1 Regulates Keratinocyte Electrotaxis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2229-2239. [PMID: 27427485 PMCID: PMC5756539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Kindler syndrome (KS) is an autosomal recessive blistering skin disease resulting from pathogenic mutations in FERMT1. This gene encodes kindlin-1, a focal adhesion protein involved in activation of the integrin family of extracellular matrix receptors. Most cases of KS show a marked reduction or complete absence of the kindlin-1 protein in keratinocytes, resulting in defective cell adhesion and migration. Electric fields also act as intrinsic regulators of adhesion and migration in the skin, but the molecular mechanisms by which this occurs are poorly understood. Here we show that keratinocytes derived from KS patients are unable to undergo electrotaxis, and this defect is restored by overexpression of wild-type kindlin-1 but not a W612A mutation that prevents kindlin-integrin binding. Moreover, deletion of the pleckstrin homology domain of kindlin-1 also failed to rescue electrotaxis in KS cells, indicating that both integrin and lipid binding are required for this function. Kindlin-1 was also required for the maintenance of lamellipodial protrusions during electrotaxis via electric field-activated β1 integrin. Indeed, inhibition of β1 integrins also leads to loss of electrotaxis in keratinocytes. Our data suggest that loss of kindlin-1 function may therefore result in epithelial insensitivity to electric fields and contribute to KS disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rumena Begum
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Hongduo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinghua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - John A McGrath
- St. Johns Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, Guys Campus, London, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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22
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Pulsed electrical stimulation benefits wound healing by activating skin fibroblasts through the TGFβ1/ERK/NF-κB axis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1551-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Wang X, Gao Y, Shi H, Liu N, Zhang W, Li H. Influence of the intensity and loading time of direct current electric field on the directional migration of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Front Med 2016; 10:286-96. [PMID: 27324024 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exogenic electric fields can effectively accelerate bone healing and remodeling through the enhanced migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) toward the injured area. This study aimed to determine the following: (1) the direction of rat BMSC (rBMSC) migration upon exposure to a direct current electric field (DCEF), (2) the optimal DCEF intensity and duration, and (3) the possible regulatory role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in rBMSC migration as induced by DCEF. Results showed that rBMSCs migrated to the positive electrode of the DCEF, and that the DCEF of 200 mV/mm for 4 h was found to be optimal in enhancing rBMSC migration. This DCEF strength and duration also upregulated the expression of osteoblastic genes, including ALP and OCN, and upregulated the expression of ALP and Runx2 proteins. Moreover, when CXCR4 was inhibited, rBMSC migration due to DCEF was partially blocked. These findings indicated that DCEF can effectively induce rBMSC migration. A DCEF of 200 mV/mm for 4 h was recommended because of its ability to promote rBMSC migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. The SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway may play an important role in regulating the DCEF-induced migration of rBMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Haigang Shi
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Stomatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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24
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Riding A, Pullar CE. ATP Release and P2 Y Receptor Signaling are Essential for Keratinocyte Galvanotaxis. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:181-91. [PMID: 26058714 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Repair to damaged tissue requires directional cell migration to heal the wound. Immediately upon wounding an electrical guidance cue is created with the cathode of the electric field (EF) located at the center of the wound. Previous research has demonstrated directional migration of keratinocytes toward the cathode when an EF of physiological strength (100-150 mV/mm) is applied in vitro, but the "sensor" by which keratinocytes sense the EF remains elusive. Here we use a customized chamber design to facilitate the application of a direct current (DC) EF of physiological strength (100 mV/mm) to keratinocytes whilst pharmacologically modulating the activation of both connexin hemichannels and purinergic receptors to determine their role in EF-mediated directional keratinocyte migration, galvanotaxis. In addition, keratinocytes were exposed to DiSCAC2 (3) dye to visualize membrane potential changes within the cell upon exposure to the applied DC EF. Here we unveil ATP-medicated mechanisms that underpin the initiation of keratinocyte galvanotaxis. The application of a DC EF of 100 mV/mm releases ATP via hemichannels activating a subset of purinergic P2 Y receptors, locally, to initiate the directional migration of keratinocytes toward the cathode in vitro, the center of the wound in vivo. The delineation of the mechanisms underpinning galvanotaxis extends our understanding of this endogenous cue and will facilitate the optimization and wider use of EF devices for chronic wound treatment. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 181-191, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimie Riding
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christine E Pullar
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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25
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Zhu K, Sun Y, Miu A, Yen M, Liu B, Zeng Q, Mogilner A, Zhao M. cAMP and cGMP Play an Essential Role in Galvanotaxis of Cell Fragments. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1291-300. [PMID: 26517849 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell fragments devoid of the nucleus and major organelles are found in physiology and pathology, for example platelets derived from megakaryocytes, and cell fragments from white blood cells and glioma cells. Platelets exhibit active chemotaxis. Fragments from white blood cells display chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and bactericidal functions. Signaling mechanisms underlying migration of cell fragments are poorly understood. Here we used fish keratocyte fragments and demonstrated striking differences in signal transduction in migration of cell fragments and parental cells in a weak electric field. cAMP or cGMP agonists completely abolished directional migration of fragments, but had no effect on parental cells. The inhibition effects were prevented by pre-incubating with cAMP and cGMP antagonists. Blocking cAMP and cGMP downstream signaling by inhibition of PKA and PKG also recovered fragment galvanotaxis. Both perturbations confirmed that the inhibitory effect was mediated by cAMP or cGMP signaling. Inhibition of cathode signaling with PI3K inhibitor LY294002 also prevented the effects of cAMP or cGMP agonists. Our results suggest that cAMP and cGMP are essential for galvanotaxis of cell fragments, in contrast to the signaling mechanisms in parental cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Zhu
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California.,Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaohui Sun
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Anh Miu
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Michael Yen
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Bowei Liu
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Qunli Zeng
- Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute and Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Min Zhao
- Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology, Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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26
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Peitzman ER, Zaidman NA, Maniak PJ, O'Grady SM. Agonist binding to β-adrenergic receptors on human airway epithelial cells inhibits migration and wound repair. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C847-55. [PMID: 26491049 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00159.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human airway epithelial cells express β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs), which regulate mucociliary clearance by stimulating transepithelial anion transport and ciliary beat frequency. Previous studies using airway epithelial cells showed that stimulation with isoproterenol increased cell migration and wound repair by a cAMP-dependent mechanism. In the present study, impedance-sensing arrays were used to measure cell migration and epithelial restitution following wounding of confluent normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) and Calu-3 cells by electroporation. Stimulation with epinephrine or the β2-AR-selective agonist salbutamol significantly delayed wound closure and reduced the mean surface area of lamellipodia protruding into the wound. Treatment with the β-AR bias agonist carvedilol or isoetharine also produced a delay in epithelial restitution similar in magnitude to epinephrine and salbutamol. Measurements of extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation following salbutamol or carvedilol stimulation showed no significant change in the level of phosphorylation compared with untreated control cells. However, inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A activity completely blocked the delay in wound closure produced by β-AR agonists. In Calu-3 cells, where CFTR expression was inhibited by RNAi, salbutamol did not inhibit wound repair, suggesting that β-AR agonist stimulation and loss of CFTR function share a common pathway leading to inhibition of epithelial repair. Confocal images of the basal membrane of Calu-3 cells labeled with anti-β1-integrin (clone HUTS-4) antibody showed that treatment with epinephrine or carvedilol reduced the level of activated integrin in the membrane. These findings suggest that treatment with β-AR agonists delays airway epithelial repair by a G protein- and cAMP-independent mechanism involving protein phosphatase 2A and a reduction in β1-integrin activation in the basal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan A Zaidman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Peter J Maniak
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; and Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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27
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KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines to sense weak extracellular electric fields in galvanotaxis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8532. [PMID: 26449415 PMCID: PMC4603535 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Weak electric fields guide cell migration, known as galvanotaxis/electrotaxis. The sensor(s) cells use to detect the fields remain elusive. Here we perform a large-scale screen using an RNAi library targeting ion transporters in human cells. We identify 18 genes that show either defective or increased galvanotaxis after knockdown. Knockdown of the KCNJ15 gene (encoding inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.2) specifically abolishes galvanotaxis, without affecting basal motility and directional migration in a monolayer scratch assay. Depletion of cytoplasmic polyamines, highly positively charged small molecules that regulate Kir4.2 function, completely inhibits galvanotaxis, whereas increase of intracellular polyamines enhances galvanotaxis in a Kir4.2-dependent manner. Expression of a polyamine-binding defective mutant of KCNJ15 significantly decreases galvanotaxis. Knockdown or inhibition of KCNJ15 prevents phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) from distributing to the leading edge. Taken together these data suggest a previously unknown two-molecule sensing mechanism in which KCNJ15/Kir4.2 couples with polyamines in sensing weak electric fields. Directed cell migration in weak electric fields is known as galvanotaxis, but the cellular sensor and mechanism is not known. Here Nakajima et al. identify inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir4.2 as an important mediator of galvanotaxis, that depends on the cytoplasmic distribution of intracellular polyamines.
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28
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Saltukoglu D, Grünewald J, Strohmeyer N, Bensch R, Ulbrich MH, Ronneberger O, Simons M. Spontaneous and electric field-controlled front-rear polarization of human keratinocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4373-86. [PMID: 26424799 PMCID: PMC4666133 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-12-1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that electrical fields (EFs) are able to influence the direction of migrating cells, a process commonly referred to as electrotaxis or galvanotaxis. Most studies have focused on migrating cells equipped with an existing polarity before EF application, making it difficult to delineate EF-specific pathways. Here we study the initial events in front-rear organization of spreading keratinocytes to dissect the molecular requirements for random and EF-controlled polarization. We find that Arp2/3-dependent protrusive forces and Rac1/Cdc42 activity were generally required for both forms of polarization but were dispensable for controlling the direction of EF-controlled polarization. By contrast, we found a crucial role for extracellular pH as well as G protein coupled-receptor (GPCR) or purinergic signaling in the control of directionality. The normal direction of polarization toward the cathode was reverted by lowering extracellular pH. Polarization toward the anode was also seen at neutral pH when GPCR or purinergic signaling was inhibited. However, the stepwise increase of extracellular pH in this scenario led to restoration of cathodal polarization. Overall our work puts forward a model in which the EF uses distinct polarization pathways. The cathodal pathway involves GPCR/purinergic signaling and is dominant over the anodal pathway at neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Saltukoglu
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Grünewald
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Strohmeyer
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bensch
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Institute for Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian H Ulbrich
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Institute of Physiology II, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ronneberger
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Institute for Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matias Simons
- Center for Systems Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France
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29
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Levin M. Molecular bioelectricity: how endogenous voltage potentials control cell behavior and instruct pattern regulation in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 25:3835-50. [PMID: 25425556 PMCID: PMC4244194 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to biochemical gradients and transcriptional networks, cell behavior is regulated by endogenous bioelectrical cues originating in the activity of ion channels and pumps, operating in a wide variety of cell types. Instructive signals mediated by changes in resting potential control proliferation, differentiation, cell shape, and apoptosis of stem, progenitor, and somatic cells. Of importance, however, cells are regulated not only by their own Vmem but also by the Vmem of their neighbors, forming networks via electrical synapses known as gap junctions. Spatiotemporal changes in Vmem distribution among nonneural somatic tissues regulate pattern formation and serve as signals that trigger limb regeneration, induce eye formation, set polarity of whole-body anatomical axes, and orchestrate craniofacial patterning. New tools for tracking and functionally altering Vmem gradients in vivo have identified novel roles for bioelectrical signaling and revealed the molecular pathways by which Vmem changes are transduced into cascades of downstream gene expression. Because channels and gap junctions are gated posttranslationally, bioelectrical networks have their own characteristic dynamics that do not reduce to molecular profiling of channel expression (although they couple functionally to transcriptional networks). The recent data provide an exciting opportunity to crack the bioelectric code, and learn to program cellular activity at the level of organs, not only cell types. The understanding of how patterning information is encoded in bioelectrical networks, which may require concepts from computational neuroscience, will have transformative implications for embryogenesis, regeneration, cancer, and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155-4243
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30
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Ericsson AC, Davis DJ, Franklin CL, Hagan CE. Exoelectrogenic capacity of host microbiota predicts lymphocyte recruitment to the gut. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:243-52. [PMID: 25852170 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00010.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrotaxis, directional cell movement in response to an electric potential, has been demonstrated in a wide range of cell types including lymphocytes. Exoelectrogens, microorganisms capable of generating electrical currents, have been identified in microbial fuel cells. However, no studies have investigated exoelectrogenic microbes in fresh feces or the effects of an exoelectrogenic microbiota on the host organism. Here we show that commensal gut microbial populations differ in their capacity for electrical current production by exoelectrogens and that those differences are predictive of increased lymphocyte trafficking to the gut in vivo, despite the lack of increased production of canonical lymphocyte-specific chemokines. Additionally, we demonstrate that the difference in current production between mice purchased from different commercial sources correlates reproducibly with the presence or absence of segmented filamentous bacteria, and while our data do not support a direct role for segmented filamentous bacteria in ex vivo current production, an exoelectrogenic microbiota can be transferred in vivo via mucosa-associated bacteria present in the ileum. Moreover, we detect upregulation of microbial genes associated with extracellular electron transfer in feces of mice colonized with exoelectrogenic microbiota containing segmented filamentous bacteria. While still correlative, these results suggest a novel means by which the gut microbiota modulates the recruitment of cells of the immune system to the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Conrad Ericsson
- Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; University of Missouri Metagenomics Center (MUMC), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Daniel John Davis
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Craig Lawrence Franklin
- Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; University of Missouri Metagenomics Center (MUMC), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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31
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Yang HY, La TD, Isseroff RR. Utilizing custom-designed galvanotaxis chambers to study directional migration of prostate cells. J Vis Exp 2014:51973. [PMID: 25549020 PMCID: PMC4396920 DOI: 10.3791/51973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological electric field serves specific biological functions, such as directing cell migration in embryo development, neuronal outgrowth and epithelial wound healing. Applying a direct current electric field to cultured cells in vitro induces directional cell migration, or galvanotaxis. The 2-dimensional galvanotaxis method we demonstrate here is modified with custom-made poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) chambers, glass surface, platinum electrodes and the use of a motorized stage on which the cells are imaged. The PVC chambers and platinum electrodes exhibit low cytotoxicity and are affordable and re-useable. The glass surface and the motorized microscope stage improve quality of images and allow possible modifications to the glass surface and treatments to the cells. We filmed the galvanotaxis of two non-tumorigenic, SV40-immortalized prostate cell lines, pRNS-1-1 and PNT2. These two cell lines show similar migration speeds and both migrate toward the cathode, but they do show a different degree of directionality in galvanotaxis. The results obtained via this protocol suggest that the pRNS-1-1 and the PNT2 cell lines may have different intrinsic features that govern their directional migratory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-ya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis;
| | - Thi Dinh La
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis
| | - R Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, Scool of Medicine, University of California, Davis
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032;
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, UMR7592 CNRS, 75205 Paris cedex 13, France;
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33
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Amaro-Ortiz A, Yan B, D'Orazio JA. Ultraviolet radiation, aging and the skin: prevention of damage by topical cAMP manipulation. Molecules 2014; 19:6202-19. [PMID: 24838074 PMCID: PMC4344124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Being the largest and most visible organ of the body and heavily influenced by environmental factors, skin is ideal to study the long-term effects of aging. Throughout our lifetime, we accumulate damage generated by UV radiation. UV causes inflammation, immune changes, physical changes, impaired wound healing and DNA damage that promotes cellular senescence and carcinogenesis. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and among the malignancies of highest increasing incidence over the last several decades. Melanoma incidence is directly related to age, with highest rates in individuals over the age of 55 years, making it a clear age-related disease. In this review, we will focus on UV-induced carcinogenesis and photo aging along with natural protective mechanisms that reduce amount of “realized” solar radiation dose and UV-induced injury. We will focus on the theoretical use of forskolin, a plant-derived pharmacologically active compound to protect the skin against UV injury and prevent aging symptoms by up-regulating melanin production. We will discuss its use as a topically-applied root-derived formulation of the Plectranthus barbatus (Coleus forskolii) plant that grows naturally in Asia and that has long been used in various Aryuvedic teas and therapeutic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Amaro-Ortiz
- The Graduate Center for Toxicology, the Markey Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Betty Yan
- The Graduate Center for Toxicology, the Markey Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- The Graduate Center for Toxicology, the Markey Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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34
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Bonazzi D, Minc N. Dissecting the Molecular Mechanisms of Electrotactic Effects. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:139-148. [PMID: 24761354 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Steady electric fields (EFs) surround cells and tissues in vivo and may regulate cellular behavior during development, wound healing, or tissue regeneration. Application of exogenous EFs of similar magnitude as those found in vivo can direct migration, growth, and division in most cell types, ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells. These EF effects have therapeutic potential, for instance, in accelerating wound healing or improving nerve repair. EFs are thought to signal through the plasma membrane to locally activate or recruit components of the cytoskeleton and the polarity machinery. How EFs might function to steer polarity is, however, poorly understood at a molecular level. Recent Advances: Here, we review recent work introducing genetically tractable systems, such as yeast and Dictyostelium cells, that begin to identify proteins and pathways involved in this response both at the level of ion transport at the membrane and at the level of cytoskeleton regulation. Critical Issues: These studies highlight the complexity of these EF effects and bring important novel views on core polarity regulation. Future Directions: Future work pursuing initial screening in model organisms should generate broad mechanistic understanding of electrotactic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bonazzi
- Subcellular Structure and Cellular Dynamics Research Group (UMR 144 CNRS/IC), Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Subcellular Structure and Cellular Dynamics Research Group (UMR 144 CNRS/IC), Institut Curie, Paris, France
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35
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Cortese B, Palamà IE, D'Amone S, Gigli G. Influence of electrotaxis on cell behaviour. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:817-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00142g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of cell migration and interaction with the microenvironment is not only of critical significance to the function and biology of cells, but also has extreme relevance and impact on physiological processes and diseases such as morphogenesis, wound healing, neuron guidance, and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cortese
- NNL
- Institute of Nanoscience CNR
- 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Physics
- University Sapienza
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Gigli
- NNL
- Institute of Nanoscience CNR
- 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics and Physics
- University of Salento
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36
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Monk EC, Benedetto EA, Benedetto AV. Successful treatment of nonhealing scalp wounds using a silicone gel. Dermatol Surg 2013; 40:76-9. [PMID: 24267314 DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Stock C, Ludwig FT, Hanley PJ, Schwab A. Roles of ion transport in control of cell motility. Compr Physiol 2013; 3:59-119. [PMID: 23720281 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c110056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility is an essential feature of life. It is essential for reproduction, propagation, embryonic development, and healing processes such as wound closure and a successful immune defense. If out of control, cell motility can become life-threatening as, for example, in metastasis or autoimmune diseases. Regardless of whether ciliary/flagellar or amoeboid movement, controlled motility always requires a concerted action of ion channels and transporters, cytoskeletal elements, and signaling cascades. Ion transport across the plasma membrane contributes to cell motility by affecting the membrane potential and voltage-sensitive ion channels, by inducing local volume changes with the help of aquaporins and by modulating cytosolic Ca(2+) and H(+) concentrations. Voltage-sensitive ion channels serve as voltage detectors in electric fields thus enabling galvanotaxis; local swelling facilitates the outgrowth of protrusions at the leading edge while local shrinkage accompanies the retraction of the cell rear; the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration exerts its main effect on cytoskeletal dynamics via motor proteins such as myosin or dynein; and both, the intracellular and the extracellular H(+) concentration modulate cell migration and adhesion by tuning the activity of enzymes and signaling molecules in the cytosol as well as the activation state of adhesion molecules at the cell surface. In addition to the actual process of ion transport, both, channels and transporters contribute to cell migration by being part of focal adhesion complexes and/or physically interacting with components of the cytoskeleton. The present article provides an overview of how the numerous ion-transport mechanisms contribute to the various modes of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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38
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Levin M. Reprogramming cells and tissue patterning via bioelectrical pathways: molecular mechanisms and biomedical opportunities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 5:657-76. [PMID: 23897652 PMCID: PMC3841289 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transformative impact in regenerative medicine requires more than the reprogramming of individual cells: advances in repair strategies for birth defects or injuries, tumor normalization, and the construction of bioengineered organs and tissues all require the ability to control large-scale anatomical shape. Much recent work has focused on the transcriptional and biochemical regulation of cell behavior and morphogenesis. However, exciting new data reveal that bioelectrical properties of cells and their microenvironment exert a profound influence on cell differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Ion channels and pumps expressed in all cells, not just excitable nerve and muscle, establish resting potentials that vary across tissues and change with significant developmental events. Most importantly, the spatiotemporal gradients of these endogenous transmembrane voltage potentials (Vmem ) serve as instructive patterning cues for large-scale anatomy, providing organ identity, positional information, and prepattern template cues for morphogenesis. New genetic and pharmacological techniques for molecular modulation of bioelectric gradients in vivo have revealed the ability to initiate complex organogenesis, change tissue identity, and trigger regeneration of whole vertebrate appendages. A large segment of the spatial information processing that orchestrates individual cells' programs toward the anatomical needs of the host organism is electrical; this blurs the line between memory and decision-making in neural networks and morphogenesis in nonneural tissues. Advances in cracking this bioelectric code will enable the rational reprogramming of shape in whole tissues and organs, revolutionizing regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and synthetic bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Tufts University, Department of Biology and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155
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39
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Rouabhia M, Park H, Meng S, Derbali H, Zhang Z. Electrical stimulation promotes wound healing by enhancing dermal fibroblast activity and promoting myofibroblast transdifferentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71660. [PMID: 23990967 PMCID: PMC3747189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) has long been used as an alternative clinical treatment and an effective approach to modulate cellular behaviours. In this work we investigated the effects of ES on human skin fibroblast activity, myofibroblast transdifferentiation and the consequence on wound healing. Normal human fibroblasts were seeded on heparin-bioactivated PPy/PLLA conductive membranes, cultured for 24 h, and then exposed to ES of 50 or 200 mV/mm for 2, 4, or 6 h. Following ES, the cells were either subjected to various analyses or re-seeded to investigate their healing capacity. Our findings show that ES had no cytotoxic effect on the fibroblasts, as demonstrated by the similar LDH activity levels in the ES-exposed and non-exposed cultures, and by the comparable cell viability under both conditions. Furthermore, the number of viable fibroblasts was higher following exposure to 6 h of ES than in the non-exposed culture. This enhanced cell growth was likely due to the ES up-regulated secretion of FGF-1 and FGF-2. In an in vitro scratch-wound assay where cell monolayer was used as a healing model, the electrically stimulated dermal fibroblasts migrated faster following exposure to ES and recorded a high contractile behaviour toward the collagen gel matrix. This enhanced contraction was supported by the high level of α-smooth muscle actin expressed by the fibroblasts following exposure to ES, indicating the characteristics of myofibroblasts. Remarkably, the modulation of fibroblast growth continued long after ES. In conclusion, this work demonstrates for the first time that exposure to ES promoted skin fibroblast growth and migration, increased growth factor secretion, and promoted fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation, thus promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Rouabhia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Research Group on Oral Ecology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hyunjin Park
- Faculty of Dentistry, Research Group on Oral Ecology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Saint-François d’Assise Hospital Research Center, CHU, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shiyun Meng
- College of Environment and Biotechnology, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Habib Derbali
- Faculty of Dentistry, Research Group on Oral Ecology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Saint-François d’Assise Hospital Research Center, CHU, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ze Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Saint-François d’Assise Hospital Research Center, CHU, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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40
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Tsai HF, Huang CW, Chang HF, Chen JJW, Lee CH, Cheng JY. Evaluation of EGFR and RTK signaling in the electrotaxis of lung adenocarcinoma cells under direct-current electric field stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73418. [PMID: 23951353 PMCID: PMC3739739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological electric field (EF) plays a pivotal role in tissue development and regeneration. In vitro, cells under direct-current electric field (dcEF) stimulation may demonstrate directional migration (electrotaxis) and long axis reorientation (electro-alignment). Although the biophysical models and biochemical signaling pathways behind cell electrotaxis have been investigated in numerous normal cells and cancer cells, the molecular signaling mechanisms in CL1 lung adenocarcinoma cells have not been identified. Two subclones of CL1 cells, the low invasive CL1-0 cells and the highly invasive CL 1-5 cells, were investigated in the present study. CL1-0 cells are non-electrotactic while the CL 1-5 cells are anodally electrotactic and have high expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), in this study, we investigated the generally accepted hypothesis of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation in the two cell lines under dcEF stimulation. Erbitux, a therapeutic drug containing an anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, cetuximab, was used to investigate the EGFR signaling in the electrotaxis of CL 1-5 cells. To investigate RTK phosphorylation and intracellular signaling in the CL1 cells, large amount of cellular proteins were collected in an airtight dcEF stimulation device, which has advantages of large culture area, uniform EF distribution, easy operation, easy cell collection, no contamination, and no medium evaporation. Commercial antibody arrays and Western blotting were used to study the phosphorylation profiles of major proteins in CL1 cells under dcEF stimulation. We found that electrotaxis of CL 1-5 cells is serum independent and EGFR independent. Moreover, the phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein (rpS6) in dcEF-stimulated CL1 cells are different from that in EGF-stimulated cells. This result suggests that CL1 cells' response to dcEF stimulation is not through EGFR-triggered pathways. The new large-scale dcEF stimulation device developed in the present work will aid the sample preparation for protein-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsieh-Fu Tsai
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J. W. Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yen Cheng
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biophotonics & Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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41
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Adams DS, Levin M. Endogenous voltage gradients as mediators of cell-cell communication: strategies for investigating bioelectrical signals during pattern formation. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:95-122. [PMID: 22350846 PMCID: PMC3869965 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alongside the well-known chemical modes of cell-cell communication, we find an important and powerful system of bioelectrical signaling: changes in the resting voltage potential (Vmem) of the plasma membrane driven by ion channels, pumps and gap junctions. Slow Vmem changes in all cells serve as a highly conserved, information-bearing pathway that regulates cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. In embryonic and regenerative pattern formation and in the disorganization of neoplasia, bioelectrical cues serve as mediators of large-scale anatomical polarity, organ identity and positional information. Recent developments have resulted in tools that enable a high-resolution analysis of these biophysical signals and their linkage with upstream and downstream canonical genetic pathways. Here, we provide an overview for the study of bioelectric signaling, focusing on state-of-the-art approaches that use molecular physiology and developmental genetics to probe the roles of bioelectric events functionally. We highlight the logic, strategies and well-developed technologies that any group of researchers can employ to identify and dissect ionic signaling components in their own work and thus to help crack the bioelectric code. The dissection of bioelectric events as instructive signals enabling the orchestration of cell behaviors into large-scale coherent patterning programs will enrich on-going work in diverse areas of biology, as biophysical factors become incorporated into our systems-level understanding of cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany S Adams
- Department of Biology, and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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42
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Yang HY, Charles RP, Hummler E, Baines DL, Isseroff RR. The epithelial sodium channel mediates the directionality of galvanotaxis in human keratinocytes. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1942-51. [PMID: 23447677 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular directional migration in an electric field (galvanotaxis) is one of the mechanisms guiding cell movement in embryogenesis and in skin epidermal repair. The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), in addition to its function of regulating sodium transport in kidney, has recently been found to modulate cell locomotory speed. Here we tested whether ENaC has an additional function of mediating the directional migration of galvanotaxis in keratinocytes. Genetic depletion of ENaC completely blocks only galvanotaxis and does not decrease migration speed. Overexpression of ENaC is sufficient to drive galvanotaxis in otherwise unresponsive cells. Pharmacologic blockade or maintenance of the open state of ENaC also decreases or increases, respectively, galvanotaxis, suggesting that the channel open state is responsible for the response. Stable lamellipodial extensions formed at the cathodal sides of wild-type cells at the start of galvanotaxis; these were absent in the ENaC knockout keratinocytes, suggesting that ENaC mediates galvanotaxis by generating stable lamellipodia that steer cell migration. We provide evidence that ENaC is required for directional migration of keratinocytes in an electric field, supporting a role for ENaC in skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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43
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Kim SA, Ryu HW, Lee KS, Cho JW. Application of platelet-rich plasma accelerates the wound healing process in acute and chronic ulcers through rapid migration and upregulation of cyclin A and CDK4 in HaCaT cells. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:476-80. [PMID: 23242428 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used for chronic wound healing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRP on the wound healing processes of both acute and chronic ulcers and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. We treated 16 patients affected by various acute and chronic ulcers with PRP. We performed molecular studies of cell proliferation, migration assays, immunoblotting and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays in PRP-treated HaCaT keratinocyte cells. PRP treatment induced increased rates of cell proliferation and cell migration of HaCaT cells. In addition, the expression of cyclin A and cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4 proteins was markedly increased with a low concentration (0.5%) of PRP treatment in HaCaT cells. In 11 patients with chronic ulcers, including stasis ulcers, diabetic ulcers, venous leg ulcers, livedoid vasculitis, claw foot and traumatic ulcers, 9 patients showed 90-100% epithelization after 15.18 days. In 5 patients with acute ulcers, such as dehiscence, open wound and burn wound, 80-100% epithelization was achieved between 4 to 20 days. Topical application of PRP to acute and chronic skin ulcers significantly accelerated the epithelization process, likely through upregulation of the cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin A and CDK4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Ae Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 700-712, Republic of Korea
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44
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Hart FX, Laird M, Riding A, Pullar CE. Keratinocyte galvanotaxis in combined DC and AC electric fields supports an electromechanical transduction sensing mechanism. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 34:85-94. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Campetelli A, Bonazzi D, Minc N. Electrochemical regulation of cell polarity and the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:601-12. [PMID: 22736620 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity plays a key role in regulating cell-cell communication, tissue architecture, and development. Both internal and external cues participate in directing polarity and feedback onto each other for robust polarization. One poorly appreciated layer of polarity regulation comes from electrochemical signals spatially organized at the level of the cell or the tissue. These signals which include ion fluxes, membrane potential gradients, or even steady electric fields, emerge from the polarized activation of specific ion transporters, and may guide polarity in wound-healing, development or regeneration. How a given electrochemical cue may influence cytoskeletal elements and cell polarity remains unclear. Here, we review recent progress highlighting the role of electrochemical signals in cell and tissue spatial organization, and elucidating the mechanisms for how such signals may regulate cytoskeletal assembly for cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Campetelli
- Institut Curie, UMR 144 CNRS/IC, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
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46
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Abstract
Skin wound healing is a complex process requiring the coordinated, temporal orchestration of numerous cell types and biological processes to regenerate damaged tissue. Previous work has demonstrated that a functional β-adrenergic receptor autocrine/paracrine network exists in skin, but the role of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) in wound healing is unknown. A range of in vitro (single-cell migration, immunoblotting, ELISA, enzyme immunoassay), ex vivo (rat aortic ring assay), and in vivo (chick chorioallantoic membrane assay, zebrafish, murine wild-type, and β2AR knockout excisional skin wound models) models were used to demonstrate that blockade or loss of β2AR gene deletion promoted wound repair, a finding that is, to our knowledge, previously unreported. Compared with vehicle-only controls, β2AR antagonism increased angiogenesis, dermal fibroblast function, and re-epithelialization, but had no effect on wound inflammation in vivo. Skin wounds in β2AR knockout mice contracted and re-epithelialized faster in the first few days of wound repair in vivo. β2AR antagonism enhanced cell motility through distinct intracellular signalling mechanisms and increased vascular endothelial growth factor secretion from keratinocytes. β2AR antagonism promoted wound repair processes in the early stages of wound repair, revealing a possible new avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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47
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Levin M. The wisdom of the body: future techniques and approaches to morphogenetic fields in regenerative medicine, developmental biology and cancer. Regen Med 2012; 6:667-73. [PMID: 22050517 DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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48
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Levin M, Stevenson CG. Regulation of cell behavior and tissue patterning by bioelectrical signals: challenges and opportunities for biomedical engineering. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 14:295-323. [PMID: 22809139 PMCID: PMC10472538 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Achieving control over cell behavior and pattern formation requires molecular-level understanding of regulatory mechanisms. Alongside transcriptional networks and biochemical gradients, there functions an important system of cellular communication and control: transmembrane voltage gradients (V(mem)). Bioelectrical signals encoded in spatiotemporal changes of V(mem) control cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Moreover, endogenous bioelectrical gradients serve as instructive cues mediating anatomical polarity and other organ-level aspects of morphogenesis. In the past decade, significant advances in molecular physiology have enabled the development of new genetic and biophysical tools for the investigation and functional manipulation of bioelectric cues. Recent data implicate V(mem) as a crucial epigenetic regulator of patterning events in embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer. We review new conceptual and methodological developments in this fascinating field. Bioelectricity offers a novel way of quantitatively understanding regulation of growth and form in vivo, and it reveals tractable, powerful control points that will enable truly transformative applications in bioengineering, regenerative medicine, and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA.
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49
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Huang CW, Chen HY, Yen MH, Chen JJW, Young TH, Cheng JY. Gene expression of human lung cancer cell line CL1-5 in response to a direct current electric field. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25928. [PMID: 21998723 PMCID: PMC3187831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrotaxis is the movement of adherent living cells in response to a direct current (dc) electric field (EF) of physiological strength. Highly metastatic human lung cancer cells, CL1–5, exhibit directional migration and orientation under dcEFs. To understand the transcriptional response of CL1–5 cells to a dcEF, microarray analysis was performed in this study. Methodology/Principal Findings A large electric-field chip (LEFC) was designed, fabricated, and used in this study. CL1–5 cells were treated with the EF strength of 0mV/mm (the control group) and 300mV/mm (the EF-treated group) for two hours. Signaling pathways involving the genes that expressed differently between the two groups were revealed. It was shown that the EF-regulated genes highly correlated to adherens junction, telomerase RNA component gene regulation, and tight junction. Some up-regulated genes such as ACVR1B and CTTN, and some down-regulated genes such as PTEN, are known to be positively and negatively correlated to cell migration, respectively. The protein-protein interactions of adherens junction-associated EF-regulated genes suggested that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors and ephrin receptors may participate in sensing extracellular electrical stimuli. We further observed a high percentage of significantly regulated genes which encode cell membrane proteins, suggesting that dcEF may directly influence the activity of cell membrane proteins in signal transduction. Conclusions/Significance In this study, some of the EF-regulated genes have been reported to be essential whereas others are novel for electrotaxis. Our result confirms that the regulation of gene expression is involved in the mechanism of electrotactic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Yi Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy J. W. Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Molecular Biology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Yen Cheng
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical and Mechantronic Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Galvanic zinc–copper microparticles produce electrical stimulation that reduces the inflammatory and immune responses in skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:551-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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