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Díaz-Pérez L, Salusso A, Patolsky R, Mayol G, Quassollo G, Feliziani C, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. Lysine methyltransferase 2 plays a key role in the encystation process in the parasite Giardia lamblia. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107295. [PMID: 38906362 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications are extensively studied for their role in regulating gene transcription and cellular environmental adaptation. Research into these modifications has recently begun in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia, focusing on histone-modifying enzymes and specific post-translational changes. In the transformation from the trophozoite to the cyst form in the life cycle of this parasite, significant morphological and genetic alterations occur, culminating in the synthesis of cyst wall proteins responsible for forming the protective cyst wall. It has been previously demonstrated that histone deacetylation is required during encystation and that the enzyme lysine methyltransferase 1 is involved in the upregulation of encystation. Our study aims to extend the analysis to lysine methyltransferase 2 (GlKMT2) function. For this, two constructs were generated: one that downregulate the expression of GLKMT2 via antisense (glkmt2-as transgenic cells) and the other overexpressing GlKMT2 (glkmt2-ha transgenic cells). We found that the glktm2-as transgenic cells showed an arrest in progress at the late encystation stage. Consequently, the number of cysts produced was lower than that of the control cells. On the other hand, we found that the overexpression of GlKMT2 acts as a negative mutant of the enzyme. In this way, these glktm2-ha transgenic cells showed the same behavior during growth and encystation as glkmt2-as transgenic cells. This interplay between different enzymes acting during encystation reveals the complex process behind the differentiation of the parasite. Understanding how these enzymes play their role during the encystation of the parasite would allow the design of inhibitors to control the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Díaz-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Agostina Salusso
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rocío Patolsky
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Mayol
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (FCEyN-UBA) - Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN) CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Quassollo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Feliziani
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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2
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Villanueva-Cañas JL, Fernandez-Fuentes N, Saul D, Kosinsky RL, Teyssier C, Rogalska ME, Pérez FP, Oliva B, Notredame C, Beato M, Sharma P. Evolutionary analysis reveals the role of a non-catalytic domain of peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 in transcriptional regulation. iScience 2024; 27:109584. [PMID: 38623337 PMCID: PMC11016909 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADIs) catalyze protein citrullination, a post-translational conversion of arginine to citrulline. The most widely expressed member of this family, PADI2, regulates cellular processes that impact several diseases. We hypothesized that we could gain new insights into PADI2 function through a systematic evolutionary and structural analysis. Here, we identify 20 positively selected PADI2 residues, 16 of which are structurally exposed and maintain PADI2 interactions with cognate proteins. Many of these selected residues reside in non-catalytic regions of PADI2. We validate the importance of a prominent loop in the middle domain that encompasses PADI2 L162, a residue under positive selection. This site is essential for interaction with the transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb) and mediates the active transcription of the oncogenes c-MYC, and CCNB1, as well as impacting cellular proliferation. These insights could be key to understanding and addressing the role of the PADI2 c-MYC axis in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Villanueva-Cañas
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcis Fernandez-Fuentes
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Saul
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG Clinic, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Catherine Teyssier
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Institut Du Cancer de Montpellier (ICM), F-34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Malgorzata Ewa Rogalska
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Pegenaute Pérez
- Live-Cell Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, E-08005 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baldomero Oliva
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory (GRIB-IMIM), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cedric Notredame
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Beato
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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3
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Yarlett N, Jarroll EL, Morada M, Lloyd D. Protists: Eukaryotic single-celled organisms and the functioning of their organelles. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:243-307. [PMID: 38821633 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Organelles are membrane bound structures that compartmentalize biochemical and molecular functions. With improved molecular, biochemical and microscopy tools the diversity and function of protistan organelles has increased in recent years, providing a complex panoply of structure/function relationships. This is particularly noticeable with the description of hydrogenosomes, and the diverse array of structures that followed, having hybrid hydrogenosome/mitochondria attributes. These diverse organelles have lost the major, at one time, definitive components of the mitochondrion (tricarboxylic cycle enzymes and cytochromes), however they all contain the machinery for the assembly of Fe-S clusters, which is the single unifying feature they share. The plasticity of organelles, like the mitochondrion, is therefore evident from its ability to lose its identity as an aerobic energy generating powerhouse while retaining key ancestral functions common to both aerobes and anaerobes. It is interesting to note that the apicoplast, a non-photosynthetic plastid that is present in all apicomplexan protozoa, apart from Cryptosporidium and possibly the gregarines, is also the site of Fe-S cluster assembly proteins. It turns out that in Cryptosporidium proteins involved in Fe-S cluster biosynthesis are localized in the mitochondrial remnant organelle termed the mitosome. Hence, different organisms have solved the same problem of packaging a life-requiring set of reactions in different ways, using different ancestral organelles, discarding what is not needed and keeping what is essential. Don't judge an organelle by its cover, more by the things it does, and always be prepared for surprises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Yarlett
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States; The Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Edward L Jarroll
- Department of Biological Sciences, CUNY-Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Mary Morada
- Haskins Laboratories, Pace University, New York, NY, United States
| | - David Lloyd
- Schools of Biosciences and Engineering, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
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4
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Tenaglia AH, Luján LA, Ríos DN, Molina CR, Midlej V, Iribarren PA, Berazategui MA, Torri A, Saura A, Peralta DO, Rodríguez-Walker M, Fernández EA, Petiti JP, Serradell MC, Gargantini PR, Sparwasser T, Alvarez VE, de Souza W, Luján HD. Antibodies to variable surface antigens induce antigenic variation in the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2537. [PMID: 37137944 PMCID: PMC10156722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38317-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The genomes of most protozoa encode families of variant surface antigens. In some parasitic microorganisms, it has been demonstrated that mutually exclusive changes in the expression of these antigens allow parasites to evade the host's immune response. It is widely assumed that antigenic variation in protozoan parasites is accomplished by the spontaneous appearance within the population of cells expressing antigenic variants that escape antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. Here we show, both in vitro and in animal infections, that antibodies to Variant-specific Surface Proteins (VSPs) of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia are not cytotoxic, inducing instead VSP clustering into liquid-ordered phase membrane microdomains that trigger a massive release of microvesicles carrying the original VSP and switch in expression to different VSPs by a calcium-dependent mechanism. This novel mechanism of surface antigen clearance throughout its release into microvesicles coupled to the stochastic induction of new phenotypic variants not only changes current paradigms of antigenic switching but also provides a new framework for understanding the course of protozoan infections as a host/parasite adaptive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albano H Tenaglia
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas A Luján
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Diego N Ríos
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
- Clínica Universitaria Reina Fabiola, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia R Molina
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victor Midlej
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-170, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula A Iribarren
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM), B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Berazategui
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM), B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Torri
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
- Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alicia Saura
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
- Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Damián O Peralta
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Macarena Rodríguez-Walker
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Elmer A Fernández
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
- Fundación para el progreso de la Medicina, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan P Petiti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA), Centro de Microscopía Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. CONICET/Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5016HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marianela C Serradell
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Micología, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, X5016HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Pablo R Gargantini
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Tim Sparwasser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vanina E Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas (IIBIO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (UNSAM), B1650HMP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho and Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-170, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hugo D Luján
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Inmunología y Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIDIE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)/Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), X5016HDK, Córdoba, Argentina.
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5
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Kim J, Park EA, Shin MY, Park SJ. Functional Differentiation of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Giardia lamblia. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0491922. [PMID: 36877015 PMCID: PMC10100927 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04919-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases that control the eukaryotic cell cycle. Limited information is available on Giardia lamblia CDKs (GlCDKs), GlCDK1 and GlCDK2. After treatment with the CDK inhibitor flavopiridol-HCl (FH), division of Giardia trophozoites was transiently arrested at the G1/S phase and finally at the G2/M phase. The percentage of cells arrested during prophase or cytokinesis increased, whereas DNA synthesis was not affected by FH treatment. Morpholino-mediated depletion of GlCDK1 caused arrest at the G2/M phase, while GlCDK2 depletion resulted in an increase in the number of cells arrested at the G1/S phase and cells defective in mitosis and cytokinesis. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments with GlCDKs and the nine putative G. lamblia cyclins (Glcyclins) identified Glcyclins 3977/14488/17505 and 22394/6584 as cognate partners of GlCDK1 and GlCDK2, respectively. Morpholino-based knockdown of Glcyclin 3977 or 22394/6584 arrested cells in the G2/M phase or G1/S phase, respectively. Interestingly, GlCDK1- and Glcyclin 3977-depleted Giardia showed significant flagellar extension. Altogether, our results suggest that GlCDK1/Glcyclin 3977 plays an important role in the later stages of cell cycle control and in flagellar biogenesis. In contrast, GlCDK2 along with Glcyclin 22394 and 6584 functions from the early stages of the Giardia cell cycle. IMPORTANCE Giardia lamblia CDKs (GlCDKs) and their cognate cyclins have not yet been studied. In this study, the functional roles of GlCDK1 and GlCDK2 were distinguished using morpholino-mediated knockdown and coimmunoprecipitation. GlCDK1 with Glcyclin 3977 plays a role in flagellum formation as well as cell cycle control of G. lamblia, whereas GlCDK2 with Glcyclin 22394/6584 is involved in cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mee Young Shin
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Jung Park
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Fernández-Lainez C, de la Mora-de la Mora I, Enríquez-Flores S, García-Torres I, Flores-López LA, Gutiérrez-Castrellón P, de Vos P, López-Velázquez G. The Giardial Arginine Deiminase Participates in Giardia-Host Immunomodulation in a Structure-Dependent Fashion via Toll-like Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911552. [PMID: 36232855 PMCID: PMC9569872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond the problem in public health that protist-generated diseases represent, understanding the variety of mechanisms used by these parasites to interact with the human immune system is of biological and medical relevance. Giardia lamblia is an early divergent eukaryotic microorganism showing remarkable pathogenic strategies for evading the immune system of vertebrates. Among various multifunctional proteins in Giardia, arginine deiminase is considered an enzyme that plays multiple regulatory roles during the life cycle of this parasite. One of its most important roles is the crosstalk between the parasite and host. Such a molecular "chat" is mediated in human cells by membrane receptors called Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Here, we studied the importance of the 3D structure of giardial arginine deiminase (GlADI) to immunomodulate the human immune response through TLRs. We demonstrated the direct effect of GlADI on human TLR signaling. We predicted its mode of interaction with TLRs two and four by using the AlphaFold-predicted structure of GlADI and molecular docking. Furthermore, we showed that the immunomodulatory capacity of this virulent factor of Giardia depends on the maintenance of its 3D structure. Finally, we also showed the influence of this enzyme to exert specific responses on infant-like dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | - Itzhel García-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Flores-López
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Secretaria de Salud, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
| | | | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoleculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatria, Ciudad de México 04530, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5510840900 (ext. 1726)
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7
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Christophorou MA. The virtues and vices of protein citrullination. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220125. [PMID: 35706669 PMCID: PMC9174705 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The post-translational modification of proteins expands the regulatory scope of the proteome far beyond what is achievable through genome regulation. The field of protein citrullination has seen significant progress in the last two decades. The small family of peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI or PAD) enzymes, which catalyse citrullination, have been implicated in virtually all facets of molecular and cell biology, from gene transcription and epigenetics to cell signalling and metabolism. We have learned about their association with a remarkable array of disease states and we are beginning to understand how they mediate normal physiological functions. However, while the biochemistry of PADI activation has been worked out in exquisite detail in vitro, we still lack a clear mechanistic understanding of the processes that regulate PADIs within cells, under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This review summarizes and discusses the current knowledge, highlights some of the unanswered questions of immediate importance and gives a perspective on the outlook of the citrullination field.
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8
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Cummings TFM, Gori K, Sanchez-Pulido L, Gavriilidis G, Moi D, Wilson AR, Murchison E, Dessimoz C, Ponting CP, Christophorou MA. Citrullination Was Introduced into Animals by Horizontal Gene Transfer from Cyanobacteria. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 39:6420225. [PMID: 34730808 PMCID: PMC8826395 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications add great sophistication to biological systems. Citrullination, a key regulatory mechanism in human physiology and pathophysiology, is enigmatic from an evolutionary perspective. Although the citrullinating enzymes peptidylarginine deiminases (PADIs) are ubiquitous across vertebrates, they are absent from yeast, worms, and flies. Based on this distribution PADIs were proposed to have been horizontally transferred, but this has been contested. Here, we map the evolutionary trajectory of PADIs into the animal lineage. We present strong phylogenetic support for a clade encompassing animal and cyanobacterial PADIs that excludes fungal and other bacterial homologs. The animal and cyanobacterial PADI proteins share functionally relevant primary and tertiary synapomorphic sequences that are distinct from a second PADI type present in fungi and actinobacteria. Molecular clock calculations and sequence divergence analyses using the fossil record estimate the last common ancestor of the cyanobacterial and animal PADIs to be less than 1 billion years old. Additionally, under an assumption of vertical descent, PADI sequence change during this evolutionary time frame is anachronistically low, even when compared with products of likely endosymbiont gene transfer, mitochondrial proteins, and some of the most highly conserved sequences in life. The consilience of evidence indicates that PADIs were introduced from cyanobacteria into animals by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The ancestral cyanobacterial PADI is enzymatically active and can citrullinate eukaryotic proteins, suggesting that the PADI HGT event introduced a new catalytic capability into the regulatory repertoire of animals. This study reveals the unusual evolution of a pleiotropic protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F M Cummings
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
| | - Kevin Gori
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Sanchez-Pulido
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gavriil Gavriilidis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Moi
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Abigail R Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Murchison
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Dessimoz
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland,Department of Genetics Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris P Ponting
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A Christophorou
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,Epigenetics Department, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Corresponding authors: E-mails: ;
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9
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Fernández-Lainez C, de la Mora-de la Mora I, García-Torres I, Enríquez-Flores S, Flores-López LA, Gutiérrez-Castrellón P, Yépez-Mulia L, Matadamas-Martínez F, de Vos P, López-Velázquez G. Multilevel Approach for the Treatment of Giardiasis by Targeting Arginine Deiminase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179491. [PMID: 34502400 PMCID: PMC8431557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis represents a latent problem in public health due to the exceptionally pathogenic strategies of the parasite Giardia lamblia for evading the human immune system. Strains resistant to first-line drugs are also a challenge. Therefore, new antigiardial therapies are urgently needed. Here, we tested giardial arginine deiminase (GlADI) as a target against giardiasis. GlADI belongs to an essential pathway in Giardia for the synthesis of ATP, which is absent in humans. In silico docking with six thiol-reactive compounds was performed; four of which are approved drugs for humans. Recombinant GlADI was used in enzyme inhibition assays, and computational in silico predictions and spectroscopic studies were applied to follow the enzyme's structural disturbance and identify possible effective drugs. Inhibition by modification of cysteines was corroborated using Ellman's method. The efficacy of these drugs on parasite viability was assayed on Giardia trophozoites, along with the inhibition of the endogenous GlADI. The most potent drug against GlADI was assayed on Giardia encystment. The tested drugs inhibited the recombinant GlADI by modifying its cysteines and, potentially, by altering its 3D structure. Only rabeprazole and omeprazole decreased trophozoite survival by inhibiting endogenous GlADI, while rabeprazole also decreased the Giardia encystment rate. These findings demonstrate the potential of GlADI as a target against giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Fernández-Lainez
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico;
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Ignacio de la Mora-de la Mora
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico; (I.d.l.M.-d.l.M.); (I.G.-T.); (S.E.-F.); (L.A.F.-L.)
| | - Itzhel García-Torres
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico; (I.d.l.M.-d.l.M.); (I.G.-T.); (S.E.-F.); (L.A.F.-L.)
| | - Sergio Enríquez-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico; (I.d.l.M.-d.l.M.); (I.G.-T.); (S.E.-F.); (L.A.F.-L.)
| | - Luis A. Flores-López
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico; (I.d.l.M.-d.l.M.); (I.G.-T.); (S.E.-F.); (L.A.F.-L.)
- CONACYT-Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico
| | | | - Lilian Yépez-Mulia
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.Y.-M.); (F.M.-M.)
| | - Felix Matadamas-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.Y.-M.); (F.M.-M.)
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Gabriel López-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomoléculas y Salud Infantil, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de Mexico 04530, Mexico; (I.d.l.M.-d.l.M.); (I.G.-T.); (S.E.-F.); (L.A.F.-L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-5510840900 (ext. 1726)
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10
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Balmer EA, Faso C. The Road Less Traveled? Unconventional Protein Secretion at Parasite-Host Interfaces. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662711. [PMID: 34109175 PMCID: PMC8182054 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein secretion in eukaryotic cells is a well-studied process, which has been known for decades and is dealt with by any standard cell biology textbook. However, over the past 20 years, several studies led to the realization that protein secretion as a process might not be as uniform among different cargos as once thought. While in classic canonical secretion proteins carry a signal sequence, the secretory or surface proteome of several organisms demonstrated a lack of such signals in several secreted proteins. Other proteins were found to indeed carry a leader sequence, but simply circumvent the Golgi apparatus, which in canonical secretion is generally responsible for the modification and sorting of secretory proteins after their passage through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These alternative mechanisms of protein translocation to, or across, the plasma membrane were collectively termed “unconventional protein secretion” (UPS). To date, many research groups have studied UPS in their respective model organism of choice, with surprising reports on the proportion of unconventionally secreted proteins and their crucial roles for the cell and survival of the organism. Involved in processes such as immune responses and cell proliferation, and including far more different cargo proteins in different organisms than anyone had expected, unconventional secretion does not seem so unconventional after all. Alongside mammalian cells, much work on this topic has been done on protist parasites, including genera Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, Trichomonas, Giardia, and Entamoeba. Studies on protein secretion have mainly focused on parasite-derived virulence factors as a main source of pathogenicity for hosts. Given their need to secrete a variety of substrates, which may not be compatible with canonical secretion pathways, the study of mechanisms for alternative secretion pathways is particularly interesting in protist parasites. In this review, we provide an overview on the current status of knowledge on UPS in parasitic protists preceded by a brief overview of UPS in the mammalian cell model with a focus on IL-1β and FGF-2 as paradigmatic UPS substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina A Balmer
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Faso
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Emery-Corbin SJ, Hamey JJ, Ansell BRE, Balan B, Tichkule S, Stroehlein AJ, Cooper C, McInerney BV, Hediyeh-Zadeh S, Vuong D, Crombie A, Lacey E, Davis MJ, Wilkins MR, Bahlo M, Svärd SG, Gasser RB, Jex AR. Eukaryote-Conserved Methylarginine Is Absent in Diplomonads and Functionally Compensated in Giardia. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:3525-3549. [PMID: 32702104 PMCID: PMC7743719 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation is a common posttranslational modification of arginine and lysine in eukaryotic proteins. Methylproteomes are best characterized for higher eukaryotes, where they are functionally expanded and evolved complex regulation. However, this is not the case for protist species evolved from the earliest eukaryotic lineages. Here, we integrated bioinformatic, proteomic, and drug-screening data sets to comprehensively explore the methylproteome of Giardia duodenalis-a deeply branching parasitic protist. We demonstrate that Giardia and related diplomonads lack arginine-methyltransferases and have remodeled conserved RGG/RG motifs targeted by these enzymes. We also provide experimental evidence for methylarginine absence in proteomes of Giardia but readily detect methyllysine. We bioinformatically infer 11 lysine-methyltransferases in Giardia, including highly diverged Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste and Trithorax proteins with reduced domain architectures, and novel annotations demonstrating conserved methyllysine regulation of eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha. Using mass spectrometry, we identify more than 200 methyllysine sites in Giardia, including in species-specific gene families involved in cytoskeletal regulation, enriched in coiled-coil features. Finally, we use known methylation inhibitors to show that methylation plays key roles in replication and cyst formation in this parasite. This study highlights reduced methylation enzymes, sites, and functions early in eukaryote evolution, including absent methylarginine networks in the Diplomonadida. These results challenge the view that arginine methylation is eukaryote conserved and demonstrate that functional compensation of methylarginine was possible preceding expansion and diversification of these key networks in higher eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Emery-Corbin
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua J Hamey
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Balu Balan
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Swapnil Tichkule
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas J Stroehlein
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Crystal Cooper
- Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF), Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bernie V McInerney
- Australian Proteome Analysis Facility (APAF), Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-Zadeh
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Vuong
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Crombie
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW, Australia.,Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Bahlo
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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12
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Karpiyevich M, Artavanis-Tsakonas K. Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers: Emerging Regulators of Protozoan Parasites. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1403. [PMID: 33022940 PMCID: PMC7600729 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational protein regulation allows for fine-tuning of cellular functions and involves a wide range of modifications, including ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubls). The dynamic balance of Ubl conjugation and removal shapes the fates of target substrates, in turn modulating various cellular processes. The mechanistic aspects of Ubl pathways and their biological roles have been largely established in yeast, plants, and mammalian cells. However, these modifiers may be utilised differently in highly specialised and divergent organisms, such as parasitic protozoa. In this review, we explore how these parasites employ Ubls, in particular SUMO, NEDD8, ATG8, ATG12, URM1, and UFM1, to regulate their unconventional cellular physiology. We discuss emerging data that provide evidence of Ubl-mediated regulation of unique parasite-specific processes, as well as the distinctive features of Ubl pathways in parasitic protozoa. We also highlight the potential to leverage these essential regulators and their cognate enzymatic machinery for development of therapeutics to protect against the diseases caused by protozoan parasites.
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13
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Xu F, Jiménez-González A, Einarsson E, Ástvaldsson Á, Peirasmaki D, Eckmann L, Andersson JO, Svärd SG, Jerlström-Hultqvist J. The compact genome of Giardia muris reveals important steps in the evolution of intestinal protozoan parasites. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000402. [PMID: 32618561 PMCID: PMC7641422 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diplomonad parasites of the genus Giardia have adapted to colonizing different hosts, most notably the intestinal tract of mammals. The human-pathogenic Giardia species, Giardia intestinalis, has been extensively studied at the genome and gene expression level, but no such information is available for other Giardia species. Comparative data would be particularly valuable for Giardia muris, which colonizes mice and is commonly used as a prototypic in vivo model for investigating host responses to intestinal parasitic infection. Here we report the draft-genome of G. muris. We discovered a highly streamlined genome, amongst the most densely encoded ever described for a nuclear eukaryotic genome. G. muris and G. intestinalis share many known or predicted virulence factors, including cysteine proteases and a large repertoire of cysteine-rich surface proteins involved in antigenic variation. Different to G. intestinalis, G. muris maintains tandem arrays of pseudogenized surface antigens at the telomeres, whereas intact surface antigens are present centrally in the chromosomes. The two classes of surface antigens engage in genetic exchange. Reconstruction of metabolic pathways from the G. muris genome suggest significant metabolic differences to G. intestinalis. Additionally, G. muris encodes proteins that might be used to modulate the prokaryotic microbiota. The responsible genes have been introduced in the Giardia genus via lateral gene transfer from prokaryotic sources. Our findings point to important evolutionary steps in the Giardia genus as it adapted to different hosts and it provides a powerful foundation for mechanistic exploration of host-pathogen interaction in the G. muris-mouse pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Xu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Elin Einarsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ásgeir Ástvaldsson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jan O. Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Staffan G. Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jon Jerlström-Hultqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, BMC, Box 596, Uppsala Universitet, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Balmasova IP, Tsarev VN, Arutyunov SD, Babayev EA. [Filifactor alocis and its role in the etiology of chronic periodontitis]. STOMATOLOGII︠A︡ 2020; 99:78-82. [PMID: 32608955 DOI: 10.17116/stomat20209903178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review is devoted to the analysis of modern ideas about the role of bacteria Filifactor alocis in the etiology of chronic periodontitis. The study of these bacteria, discovered in 1985, is complicated by the difficulty of their detection with cultural methods. According to modern researches, the bacteria F.alocis with good reason can be included in the red complex of periodontal pathogens as the most important pathogens of chronic periodontitis. F.alocis is a synergist of such a key pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, as well as a frequent satellite of Fusobacterium nucleatum and, somewhat less frequently, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. F.alocis is practically not found in healthy people (except for smokers), with a high frequency accompanies the aggressive course of periodontal disease, and also recorded in endodontitis. Due to the ability to participate in the metabolism of arginine, expressed protease activity, a wide range of virulence factors, F.alocis not only colonizes the periodontal tissues, but also significantly affects the formation of the community of periodontal microorganisms (including viruses), contributing to their invasion of epithelial tissues. F. alocis has a number of unique properties, including resistance to oxidative stress conditions in the home defeat, induction of apoptosis of epithelial cells, extracellular matrix degradation of periodontal tissues, activation of proinflammatory cytokines formulation in sites of its presence, suppression of protective reactions of neutrophilic granulocytes, inhibition of the process of complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Balmasova
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Tsarev
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - S D Arutyunov
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Babayev
- Moscow State Medical and Dental University named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia
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15
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Lauwaet T, Miyamoto Y, Ihara S, Le C, Kalisiak J, Korthals KA, Ghassemian M, Smith DK, Sharpless KB, Fokin VV, Eckmann L. Click chemistry-facilitated comprehensive identification of proteins adducted by antimicrobial 5-nitroimidazoles for discovery of alternative drug targets against giardiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008224. [PMID: 32302296 PMCID: PMC7190177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis and other protozoan infections are major worldwide causes of morbidity and mortality, yet development of new antimicrobial agents with improved efficacy and ability to override increasingly common drug resistance remains a major challenge. Antimicrobial drug development typically proceeds by broad functional screens of large chemical libraries or hypothesis-driven exploration of single microbial targets, but both strategies have challenges that have limited the introduction of new antimicrobials. Here, we describe an alternative drug development strategy that identifies a sufficient but manageable number of promising targets, while reducing the risk of pursuing targets of unproven value. The strategy is based on defining and exploiting the incompletely understood adduction targets of 5-nitroimidazoles, which are proven antimicrobials against a wide range of anaerobic protozoan and bacterial pathogens. Comprehensive adductome analysis by modified click chemistry and multi-dimensional proteomics were applied to the model pathogen Giardia lamblia to identify dozens of adducted protein targets common to both 5'-nitroimidazole-sensitive and -resistant cells. The list was highly enriched for known targets in G. lamblia, including arginine deiminase, α-tubulin, carbamate kinase, and heat shock protein 90, demonstrating the utility of the approach. Importantly, over twenty potential novel drug targets were identified. Inhibitors of two representative new targets, NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase and peroxiredoxin, were found to have significant antigiardial activity. Furthermore, all the identified targets remained available in resistant cells, since giardicidal activity of the respective inhibitors was not impacted by resistance to 5'-nitroimidazoles. These results demonstrate that the combined use of click chemistry and proteomics has the potential to reveal alternative drug targets for overcoming antimicrobial drug resistance in protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Lauwaet
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yukiko Miyamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sozaburo Ihara
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America.,Division of Gastroenterology, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christine Le
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Keith A Korthals
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Majid Ghassemian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Diane K Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lars Eckmann
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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16
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Müller J, Vermathen M, Leitsch D, Vermathen P, Müller N. Metabolomic Profiling of Wildtype and Transgenic Giardia lamblia Strains by 1H HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020053. [PMID: 32019059 PMCID: PMC7073884 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardia lamblia, a causative agent of persistent diarrhea in humans, domestic animals, and cattle, is usually treated with nitro compounds. Consequently, enzymes involved in anaerobic nitro reduction have been investigated in detail as potential targets. Their role within the normal metabolic context is, however, not understood. Using 1H high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy, we analyzed the metabolomes of G. lamblia trophozoites overexpressing three nitroreductases (NR1–NR3) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), most likely a scavenger of reactive oxygen species, as suggested by the results published in this study. We compared the patterns to convenient controls and to the situation in the nitro drug resistant strain C4 where NR1 is downregulated. We identified 27 metabolites in G. lamblia trophozoites. Excluding metabolites of high variability among different wildtype populations, only trophozoites overexpressing NR1 presented a distinct pattern of nine metabolites, in particular arginine catabolites, differing from the respective controls. This pattern matched a differential pattern between wildtype and strain C4. This suggests that NR1 interferes with arginine and thus energy metabolism. The exact metabolic function of NR1 (and the other nitroreductases) remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - David Leitsch
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Peter Vermathen
- Departments of BioMedical Research and Radiology, University and Inselspital Bern, sitem-insel AG Freiburgstr. 3, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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17
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Mahneva O, Risley MG, John C, Milton SL, Dawson-Scully K, Ja WW. In vivo expression of peptidylarginine deiminase in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227822. [PMID: 31940417 PMCID: PMC6961906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) modifies peptidylarginine and converts it to peptidylcitrulline in the presence of elevated calcium. Protein modification can lead to severe changes in protein structure and function, and aberrant PAD activity is linked to human pathologies. While PAD homologs have been discovered in vertebrates-as well as in protozoa, fungi, and bacteria-none have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster, a simple and widely used animal model for human diseases. Here, we describe the development of a human PAD overexpression model in Drosophila. We established fly lines harboring human PAD2 or PAD4 transgenes for ectopic expression under control of the GAL4/UAS system. We show that ubiquitous or nervous system expression of PAD2 or PAD4 have minimal impact on fly lifespan, fecundity, and the response to acute heat stress. Although we did not detect citrullinated proteins in fly homogenates, fly-expressed PAD4-but not PAD2-was active in vitro upon Ca2+ supplementation. The transgenic fly lines may be valuable in future efforts to develop animal models of PAD-related disorders and for investigating the biochemistry and regulation of PAD function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Mahneva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Monica G. Risley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Brain and Behavior, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ciny John
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Milton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ken Dawson-Scully
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - William W. Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- Center on Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
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18
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Mayol GF, Revuelta MV, Salusso A, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. Evidence of nuclear transport mechanisms in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118566. [PMID: 31672613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of proteins is a highly regulated process that modulates multiple biological processes in eukaryotic cells. In Giardia lamblia, shuttling has been described from the cytoplasm to nuclei of proteins during the biological cell cycle of the parasite. This suggests that a mechanism of nucleocytoplasmic transport is present and functional in G. lamblia. By means of computational biology analyses, we found that there are only two genes for nuclear transport in this parasite, named Importin α and Importin β. When these transporters were overexpressed, both localized close to the nuclear envelope, and no change was observed in trophozoite growth rate. However, during the encystation process, both transporters induced an increase in the number of cysts produced. Importazole and Ivermectin, two known specific inhibitors of importins, separately influenced the encysting process by inducing an arrest in the trophozoite stage that prevents the production of cysts. This effect was more noticeable when Ivermectin, an anti-parasitic drug, was used. Finally, we tested whether the enzyme arginine deiminase, which shuttles from the cytoplasm to the nuclei during encystation, was influenced by these transporters. We found that treatment with each of the inhibitors abrogates arginine deiminase nuclear translocation and favors perinuclear localization. This suggests that Importin α and Importin β are key transporters during the encystation process and are involved, at least, in the transport of arginine deiminase into the nuclei. Considering the effect produced by Ivermectin during growth and encystation, we postulate that this drug could be used to treat giardiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Federico Mayol
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Revuelta
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Agostina Salusso
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea Silvana Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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19
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Rópolo AS, Feliziani C, Touz MC. Unusual proteins in Giardia duodenalis and their role in survival. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:1-50. [PMID: 31630755 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of the parasite Giardia duodenalis to perform complex functions with minimal amounts of proteins and organelles has attracted increasing numbers of scientists worldwide, trying to explain how this parasite adapts to internal and external changes to survive. One explanation could be that G. duodenalis evolved from a structurally complex ancestor by reductive evolution, resulting in adaptation to its parasitic lifestyle. Reductive evolution involves the loss of genes, organelles, and functions that commonly occur in many parasites, by which the host renders some structures and functions redundant. However, there is increasing data that Giardia possesses proteins able to perform more than one function. During recent decades, the concept of moonlighting was described for multitasking proteins, which involves only proteins with an extra independent function(s). In this chapter, we provide an overview of unusual proteins in Giardia that present multifunctional properties depending on the location and/or parasite requirement. We also discuss experimental evidence that may allow some giardial proteins to be classified as moonlighting proteins by examining the properties of moonlighting proteins in general. Up to date, Giardia does not seem to require the numerous redundant proteins present in other organisms to accomplish its normal functions, and thus this parasite may be an appropriate model for understanding different aspects of moonlighting proteins, which may be helpful in the design of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Feliziani
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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20
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Allain T, Fekete E, Buret AG. Giardia Cysteine Proteases: The Teeth behind the Smile. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:636-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Ortega-Pierres MG, Argüello-García R. Giardia duodenalis: Role of secreted molecules as virulent factors in the cytotoxic effect on epithelial cells. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:129-169. [PMID: 31630757 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the course of giardiasis in humans and experimental models, G. duodenalis trophozoites express and secrete several proteins (ESPs) affecting structural, cellular and soluble components of the host intestinal milieu. These include the toxin-like molecules CRP136 and ESP58 that induce intestinal hyper-peristalsis. After the completion of the Giardia genome database and using up-to date transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, secreted 'virulence factors' have also been identified and experimentally characterized. This repertoire includes arginine deiminase (ADI) that competes for arginine, an important energy source for trophozoites, some high-cysteine membrane proteins (HCMPs) and VSP88, a versatile variant surface protein (VSP) that functions as an extracellular protease. Another giardial protein, enolase, moonlights as a metabolic enzyme that interacts with the fibrinolytic system and damages host epithelial cells. Other putative Giardia virulence factors are cysteine proteases that degrade multiple host components including mucin, villin, tight junction proteins, immunoglobulins, defensins and cytokines. One of these proteases, named giardipain-1, decreases transepithelial electrical resistance and induces apoptosis in epithelial cells. A putative role for tenascins, present in the Giardia's secretome, is interfering with the host epidermal growth factor. Based on the roles that these molecules play, drugs may be designed to interfere with their functions. This review presents a comprehensive description of secreted Giardia virulence factors. It further describes their cytotoxic mechanisms and roles in the pathophysiology of giardiasis, and then assesses their potential as targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico City, Mexico
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22
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Lagunas-Rangel FA, Bermúdez-Cruz RM. Epigenetics in the early divergent eukaryotic Giardia duodenalis: An update. Biochimie 2019; 156:123-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Faso C, Hehl AB. A cytonaut's guide to protein trafficking in Giardia lamblia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:105-127. [PMID: 31630756 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years, the subcellular organization of the Excavata member Giardia lamblia (syn. duodenalis, intestinalis) has been investigated in considerable detail. There are several reasons for this endeavour which go beyond this parasite's medical importance and are mostly concerned with its reduced subcellular complexity and debated evolutionary status. One may say that simplification has emerged as a paradigm for the evolution of Giardia's subcellular architecture. However, a complete appreciation of the evolutionary and ecological significance of this phenomenon is far from complete. In this chapter, we present and discuss the most recent data on the main trafficking pathways in G. lamblia which include endo- and exo-cytosis, organellar import and function. We provide perspectives on open questions concerning organelle replication and inheritance and include a technical outlook on methods and approaches to genetic manipulations in G. lamblia. A better understanding of G. lamblia subcellular organization at the morphological and molecular level complements any effort aimed at elucidating this parasitic species' evolutionary status and could provide us with the basis for novel strategies to interfere with parasite transmission and/or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Faso
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich (ZH), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian B Hehl
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich (ZH), Zürich, Switzerland.
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24
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Emery SJ, Baker L, Ansell BRE, Mirzaei M, Haynes PA, McConville MJ, Svärd SG, Jex AR. Differential protein expression and post-translational modifications in metronidazole-resistant Giardia duodenalis. Gigascience 2018; 7:4931738. [PMID: 29688452 PMCID: PMC5913674 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metronidazole (Mtz) is the frontline drug treatment for multiple anaerobic pathogens, including the gastrointestinal protist, Giardia duodenalis. However, treatment failure is common and linked to in vivo drug resistance. In Giardia, in vitro drug-resistant lines allow controlled experimental interrogation of resistance mechanisms in isogenic cultures. However, resistance-associated changes are inconsistent between lines, phenotypic data are incomplete, and resistance is rarely genetically fixed, highlighted by reversion to sensitivity after drug selection ceases or via passage through the life cycle. Comprehensive quantitative approaches are required to resolve isolate variability, fully define Mtz resistance phenotypes, and explore the role of post-translational modifications therein. Findings We performed quantitative proteomics to describe differentially expressed proteins in 3 seminal Mtz-resistant lines compared to their isogenic, Mtz-susceptible, parental line. We also probed changes in post-translational modifications including protein acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation via immunoblotting. We quantified more than 1,000 proteins in each genotype, recording substantial genotypic variation in differentially expressed proteins between isotypes. Our data confirm substantial changes in the antioxidant network, glycolysis, and electron transport and indicate links between protein acetylation and Mtz resistance, including cross-resistance to deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A in Mtz-resistant lines. Finally, we performed the first controlled, longitudinal study of Mtz resistance stability, monitoring lines after cessation of drug selection, revealing isolate-dependent phenotypic plasticity. Conclusions Our data demonstrate understanding that Mtz resistance must be broadened to post-transcriptional and post-translational responses and that Mtz resistance is polygenic, driven by isolate-dependent variation, and is correlated with changes in protein acetylation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Emery
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Louise Baker
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendan R E Ansell
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.,Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcom J McConville
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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25
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Membrane-Associated Proteins in Giardia lamblia. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080404. [PMID: 30103435 PMCID: PMC6115752 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The manner in which membrane-associated proteins interact with the membrane defines their subcellular fate and function. This interaction relies on the characteristics of the proteins, their journey after synthesis, and their interaction with other proteins or enzymes. Understanding these properties may help to define the function of a protein and also the role of an organelle. In the case of microorganisms like protozoa parasites, it may help to understand singular features that will eventually lead to the design of parasite-specific drugs. The protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia is an example of a widespread parasite that has been infecting humans and animals from ancestral times, adjusting itself to the changes of the environment inside and outside the host. Several membrane-associated proteins have been posted in the genome database GiardiaDB, although only a few of them have been characterized. This review discusses the data regarding membrane-associated proteins in relationship with lipids and specific organelles and their implication in the discovery of anti-giardial therapies.
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26
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Muñoz-Cruz S, Gomez-García A, Matadamas-Martínez F, Alvarado-Torres JA, Meza-Cervantez P, Arriaga-Pizano L, Yépez-Mulia L. Giardia lamblia: identification of molecules that contribute to direct mast cell activation. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:2555-2567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5944-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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27
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Touz MC, Zamponi N. Sorting without a Golgi complex. Traffic 2017; 18:637-645. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
| | - Nahuel Zamponi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC - CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Córdoba Argentina
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28
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Cabrera-Licona A, Solano-González E, Fonseca-Liñán R, Bazán-Tejeda ML, Raúl Argüello-García, Bermúdez-Cruz RM, Ortega-Pierres G. Expression and secretion of the Giardia duodenalis variant surface protein 9B10A by transfected trophozoites causes damage to epithelial cell monolayers mediated by protease activity. Exp Parasitol 2017; 179:49-64. [PMID: 28668253 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is the protozoan parasite responsible for most cases of parasitic diarrhea worldwide. The pathogenic mechanisms of giardiasis have not yet been fully characterized. In this context parasite's excretory/secretory products have been related to the damage induced by the parasite on enterocytes. Among these is the Variable Surface Proteins (VSPs) family involved in antigenic variation and in the induction of protective response. In proteomic analyses carried out to identify the proteases with high molecular weight secreted by Giardia trophozoites during the initial phase of interaction with IEC-6 cell monolayers we identified the VSP9B10A protein. In silico bioinformatics analyses predicted a central region in residues 324-684 displaying the catalytic triad and the substrate binding pocket of cysteine proteases. The analysis of the effect of the VSP9B10A protein on epithelial cell monolayers using trophozoites that were transfected with a plasmid carrying the vsp9b10a gene sequence under the control of a constitutive promoter showed that transfected trophozoites expressing the VSP9B10A protein caused cytotoxic damages on IEC-6 and MDCK cell monolayers. This was characterized by loss of cell-cell contacts and cell detachment from the substrate while no damage was observed with trophozoites that did not express the VSP9B10A protein. The same cytotoxic effect was detected when IEC-6 cell monolayers were incubated only with supernatants from co-cultures of IEC-6 cell monolayers with VSP9B10A transfected trophozoites and this effect was not observed when transfected trophozoites were incubated with a monospecific polyclonal antibody anti-VSP9B10A previous to interaction with IEC-6 monolayers. These results demonstrate that the VSP9B10A protein secreted upon interaction with epithelial cells caused damage in these cells. Thus this protein might be considered as a conditional virulence factor candidate. To our knowledge this is the first report on the proteolytic activity from a Giardia VSP opening new research lines on these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Cabrera-Licona
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo Solano-González
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Rocío Fonseca-Liñán
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Ma Luisa Bazán-Tejeda
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Rosa Ma Bermúdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
| | - Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados, IPN, México City, CA, 07360, Mexico.
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29
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Quintero J, Valdez A, Samaniego B, Lopez-Romero G, Astiazaran-Garcia H, Rascon L, Breci L, Garibay-Escobar A, Robles-Zepeda R, Velazquez C. Isolation and partial characterization of an immunogenic antigen of Giardia lamblia. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:324-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Trichomonas vaginalis infection in symbiosis with Trichomonasvirus and Mycoplasma. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:882-891. [PMID: 28366838 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan with an extracellular obligatory parasitic lifestyle exclusively adapted to the human urogenital tract and responsible for nearly a quarter billion sexually transmitted infections worldwide each year. This review focuses on symbiotic Trichomonasvirus and mycoplasmas carried by the protozoan, their molecular features and their role in altering the human vaginal microbiome and the immunopathogenicity of the parasite. Improved diagnostics and larger clinical interventional studies are needed to confirm the causative role of protozoan symbionts in the variable clinical presentation of trichomoniasis and its morbid sequelae, including adverse reproductive outcome, susceptibility to viral infections and cancer.
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31
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Allain T, Amat CB, Motta JP, Manko A, Buret AG. Interactions of Giardia sp. with the intestinal barrier: Epithelium, mucus, and microbiota. Tissue Barriers 2017; 5:e1274354. [PMID: 28452685 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1274354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how intestinal enteropathogens cause acute and chronic alterations has direct animal and human health perspectives. Significant advances have been made on this field by studies focusing on the dynamic crosstalk between the intestinal protozoan parasite model Giardia duodenalis and the host intestinal mucosa. The concept of intestinal barrier function is of the highest importance in the context of many gastrointestinal diseases such as infectious enteritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and post-infectious gastrointestinal disorders. This crucial function relies on 3 biotic and abiotic components, first the commensal microbiota organized as a biofilm, then an overlaying mucus layer, and finally the tightly structured intestinal epithelium. Herein we review multiple strategies used by Giardia parasite to circumvent these 3 components. We will summarize what is known and discuss preliminary observations suggesting how such enteropathogen directly and/ or indirectly impairs commensal microbiota biofilm architecture, disrupts mucus layer and damages host epithelium physiology and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Allain
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Christina B Amat
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Jean-Paul Motta
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - Anna Manko
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
| | - André G Buret
- a Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,b Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada.,c Host-Parasite Interactions, University of Calgary , Calgary , AB , Canada
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32
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Di Genova BM, da Silva RC, da Cunha JPC, Gargantini PR, Mortara RA, Tonelli RR. Protein SUMOylation is Involved in Cell-cycle Progression and Cell Morphology in Giardia lamblia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 64:491-503. [PMID: 27864857 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular protozoa Giardia lamblia is a food- and waterborne parasite that causes giardiasis. This illness is manifested as acute and self-limited diarrhea and can evolve to long-term complications. Successful establishment of infection by Giardia trophozoites requires adhesion to host cells and colonization of the small intestine, where parasites multiply by mitotic division. The tight binding of trophozoites to host cells occurs by means of the ventral adhesive disc, a spiral array of microtubules and associated proteins such as giardins. In this work we show that knock down of the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) results in less adhesive trophzoites, decreased cell proliferation and deep morphological alterations, including at the ventral disc. Consistent with the reduced proliferation, SUMO knocked-down trophozoites were arrested in G1 and in S phases of the cell cycle. Mass spectrometry analysis of anti-SUMO immunoprecipitates was performed to identify SUMO substrates possibly involved in these events. Among the identified SUMOylation targets, α-tubulin was further validated by Western blot and confirmed to be a SUMO target in Giardia trophozoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Di Genova
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Richard C da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia P C da Cunha
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular, Centro de Toxinas, Resposta Imune e Sinalização Celular - CeTICS, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil 1500, 05503-900, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pablo R Gargantini
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica de Córdoba (UCC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Armada Argentina 3555., X5016DHK, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Renato A Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, RuaBotucatu 862, 04023-062, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata R Tonelli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
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Human Memory CD4+ T Cell Immune Responses against Giardia lamblia. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 23:11-8. [PMID: 26376930 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00419-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia may cause severe prolonged diarrheal disease or pass unnoticed as an asymptomatic infection. T cells seem to play an important role in the immune response to Giardia infection, and memory responses may last years. Recently, TH17 responses have been found in three animal studies of Giardia infection. The aim of this study was to characterize the human CD4(+) T cell responses to Giardia. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from 21 returning travelers with recent or ongoing giardiasis and 12 low-risk healthy controls and stimulated in vitro with Giardia lamblia proteins. Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma interferon, interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-10, and IL-4 was measured in CD4(+) effector memory (EM) T cells after 24 h by flow cytometry. After 6 days of culture, activation and proliferation were measured by flow cytometry, while an array of inflammatory cytokine levels in supernatants were measured with multiplex assays. We found the number of IL-17A-producing CD4(+) EM T cells, as well as that of cells simultaneously producing both IL-17A and TNF-α, to be significantly elevated in the Giardia-exposed individuals after 24 h of antigen stimulation. In supernatants of PBMCs stimulated with Giardia antigens for 6 days, we found inflammation-associated cytokines, including 1L-17A, as well as CD4(+) T cell activation and proliferation, to be significantly elevated in the Giardia-exposed individuals. We conclude that symptomatic Giardia infection in humans induces a CD4(+) EM T cell response of which IL-17A production seems to be an important component.
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Noguchi F, Shimamura S, Nakayama T, Yazaki E, Yabuki A, Hashimoto T, Inagaki Y, Fujikura K, Takishita K. Metabolic Capacity of Mitochondrion-related Organelles in the Free-living Anaerobic Stramenopile Cantina marsupialis. Protist 2015; 166:534-50. [PMID: 26436880 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functionally and morphologically degenerate mitochondria, so-called mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs), are frequently found in eukaryotes inhabiting hypoxic or anoxic environments. In the last decade, MROs have been discovered from a phylogenetically broad range of eukaryotic lineages and these organelles have been revealed to possess diverse metabolic capacities. In this study, the biochemical characteristics of an MRO in the free-living anaerobic protist Cantina marsupialis, which represents an independent lineage in stramenopiles, were inferred based on RNA-seq data. We found transcripts for proteins known to function in one form of MROs, the hydrogenosome, such as pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, iron-hydrogenase, acetate:succinate CoA-transferase, and succinyl-CoA synthase, along with transcripts for acetyl-CoA synthetase (ADP-forming). These proteins possess putative mitochondrial targeting signals at their N-termini, suggesting dual ATP generation systems through anaerobic pyruvate metabolism in Cantina MROs. In addition, MROs in Cantina were also shown to share several features with canonical mitochondria, including amino acid metabolism and an "incomplete" tricarboxylic acid cycle. Transcripts for all four subunits of complex II (CII) of the electron transport chain were detected, while there was no evidence for the presence of complexes I, III, IV, or F1Fo ATPase. Cantina MRO biochemistry challenges the categories of mitochondrial organelles recently proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Noguchi
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeru Shimamura
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakayama
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Euki Yazaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akinori Yabuki
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Hashimoto
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Fujikura
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Takishita
- Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Lopez-Romero G, Quintero J, Astiazarán-García H, Velazquez C. Host defences againstGiardia lamblia. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:394-406. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Lopez-Romero
- Coordinación de Nutrición; Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C.; Hermosillo Sonora México
| | - J. Quintero
- Department of Chemistry-Biology; University of Sonora; Hermosillo Sonora México
| | - H. Astiazarán-García
- Coordinación de Nutrición; Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C.; Hermosillo Sonora México
| | - C. Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry-Biology; University of Sonora; Hermosillo Sonora México
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Bartelt LA, Sartor RB. Advances in understanding Giardia: determinants and mechanisms of chronic sequelae. F1000PRIME REPORTS 2015; 7:62. [PMID: 26097735 PMCID: PMC4447054 DOI: 10.12703/p7-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Giardia lamblia is a flagellated protozoan that is the most common cause of intestinal parasitic infection in children living in resource-limited settings. The pathogenicity of Giardia has been debated since the parasite was first identified, and clinical outcomes vary across studies. Among recent perplexing findings are diametrically opposed associations between Giardia and acute versus persistent diarrhea and a poorly understood potential for long-term sequelae, including impaired child growth and cognitive development. The mechanisms driving these protean clinical outcomes remain elusive, but recent advances suggest that variability in Giardia strains, host nutritional status, the composition of microbiota, co-infecting enteropathogens, host genetically determined mucosal immune responses, and immune modulation by Giardia are all relevant factors influencing disease manifestations after Giardia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther A. Bartelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of VirginiaBox 801340, Charlottesville, VA 22908USA
| | - R. Balfour Sartor
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillCampus Box 7032, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7032USA
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Ansell BRE, McConville MJ, Ma'ayeh SY, Dagley MJ, Gasser RB, Svärd SG, Jex AR. Drug resistance in Giardia duodenalis. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:888-901. [PMID: 25922317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a microaerophilic parasite of the human gastrointestinal tract and a major contributor to diarrheal and post-infectious chronic gastrointestinal disease world-wide. Treatment of G. duodenalis infection currently relies on a small number of drug classes. Nitroheterocyclics, in particular metronidazole, have represented the front line treatment for the last 40 years. Nitroheterocyclic-resistant G. duodenalis have been isolated from patients and created in vitro, prompting considerable research into the biomolecular mechanisms of resistance. These compounds are redox-active and are believed to damage proteins and DNA after being activated by oxidoreductase enzymes in metabolically active cells. In this review, we explore the molecular phenotypes of nitroheterocyclic-resistant G. duodenalis described to date in the context of the protist's unusual glycolytic and antioxidant systems. We propose that resistance mechanisms are likely to extend well beyond currently described resistance-associated enzymes (i.e., pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductases and nitroreductases), to include NAD(P)H- and flavin-generating pathways, and possibly redox-sensitive epigenetic regulation. Mechanisms that allow G. duodenalis to tolerate oxidative stress may lead to resistance against both oxygen and nitroheterocyclics, with implications for clinical control. The present review highlights the potential for systems biology tools and advanced bioinformatics to further investigate the multifaceted mechanisms of nitroheterocyclic resistance in this important pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R E Ansell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Cnr Park Dr and Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Showgy Y Ma'ayeh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael J Dagley
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Cnr Park Dr and Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Staffan G Svärd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aaron R Jex
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Cnr Park Dr and Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Aruni AW, Mishra A, Dou Y, Chioma O, Hamilton BN, Fletcher HM. Filifactor alocis--a new emerging periodontal pathogen. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:517-30. [PMID: 25841800 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Filifactor alocis, a previously unrecognized Gram-positive anaerobic rod, is now considered a new emerging pathogen that may play a significant role in periodontal disease. F. alocis' unique characteristics and variations at the molecular level that may be responsible for the functional changes required to mediate the pathogenic process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Arunima Mishra
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ozioma Chioma
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Brittany N Hamilton
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Hansel M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA; Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Emery SJ, Lacey E, Haynes PA. Quantitative proteomic analysis of Giardia duodenalis assemblage A: A baseline for host, assemblage, and isolate variation. Proteomics 2015; 15:2281-5. [PMID: 25728068 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is a gastrointestinal protozoan parasite of vertebrates and is a species complex comprised of eight assemblages, with the zoonotic assemblage A one of two subtypes infective for humans. With increasing genomic and transcriptomic data publicly available through the centralized giardiaDB.org, we have quantitatively analyzed the proteomes of eight G. duodenalis assemblage A strains (seven A1 and one A2) to provide a proteomic baseline to complement the available data. A nonredundant total of 1197 subassemblage A1 proteins and 719 subassemblage A2 proteins were identified with an average of 770 proteins in each strain. The eight strains were also searched against both assemblage A genome sequences (subassemblage A1 and A2 genomes) and demonstrated subassemblage specific differences in protein identifications, especially for variable gene families. Substantial differences were observed in the numbers and abundance in the variable surface protein family, and two different variable surface protein expression profiles that were independent of host origin, subassemblage, or geographic origin. We hypothesize that this variation in surface antigen switching events may be related to karotype and chromosomal variation, which would indicate an assemblage-independent mechanism of diversity generation in G. duodenalis. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001272 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001272).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Emery
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty Ltd, Smithfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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40
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Quintero J, Figueroa DC, Barcelo R, Breci L, Astiazaran-Garcia H, Rascon L, Robles-Zepeda R, Garibay-Escobar A, Velazquez-Contreras E, Avila GL, Hernandez-Hernandez JM, Velazquez C. Identification of an immunogenic protein of Giardia lamblia using monoclonal antibodies generated from infected mice. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:616-22. [PMID: 23903978 PMCID: PMC3970608 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108052013013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The humoral immune response plays an important role in the clearance
of Giardia lamblia. However, our knowledge about the specific
antigens of G. lamblia that induce a protective immune response
is limited. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterise the
immunogenic proteins of G. lamblia in a mouse model. We
generated monoclonal antibodies (moAbs) specific to G. lamblia
(1B10, 2C9.D11, 3C10.E5, 3D10, 5G8.B5, 5F4, 4C7, 3C5 and 3C6) by fusing
splenocytes derived from infected mice. Most of these moAbs recognised a band of
± 71 kDa (5G8 protein) and this protein was also recognised by serum from the
infected mice. We found that the moAbs recognised conformational epitopes of the
5G8 protein and that this antigen is expressed on the cell surface and inside
trophozoites. Additionally, antibodies specific to the 5G8 protein induced
strong agglutination (> 70-90%) of trophozoites. We have thus identified a
highly immunogenic antigen of G. lamblia that is recognised by
the immune system of infected mice. In summary, this study describes the
identification and partial characterisation of an immunogenic protein of
G. lamblia. Additionally, we generated a panel of moAbs
specific for this protein that will be useful for the biochemical and
immunological characterisation of this immunologically interesting
Giardia molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jael Quintero
- Department of Polymers and Materials, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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Emery SJ, van Sluyter S, Haynes PA. Proteomic analysis inGiardia duodenalisyields insights into strain virulence and antigenic variation. Proteomics 2014; 14:2523-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Emery
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Steve van Sluyter
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Paul A. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales Australia
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Hampl V, Stairs CW, Roger AJ. The tangled past of eukaryotic enzymes involved in anaerobic metabolism. Mob Genet Elements 2014; 1:71-74. [PMID: 22016847 DOI: 10.4161/mge.1.1.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is little doubt that genes can spread across unrelated prokaryotes, eukaryotes and even between these domains. It is expected that organisms inhabiting a common niche may exchange their genes even more often due to their physical proximity and similar demands. One such niche is anaerobic or microaerophilic environments in some sediments and intestines of animals. Indeed, enzymes advantageous for metabolism in these environments often exhibit an evolutionary history incoherent with the history of their hosts indicating potential transfers. The evolutionary paths of some very basic enzymes for energy metabolism of anaerobic eukaryotes (pyruvate formate lyase, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, [FeFe]hydrogenase and arginine deiminase) seems to be particularly intriguing and although their histories are not identical they share several unexpected features in common. Every enzyme mentioned above is present in groups of eukaryotes that are unrelated to each other. Although the enzyme phylogenies are not always robustly supported, they always suggest that the eukaryotic homologues form one or two clades, in which the relationships are not congruent with the eukaryotic phylogeny. Finally, these eukaryotic enzymes are never specifically related to homologues from α-proteobacteria, ancestors of mitochondria. The most plausible explanation for evolution of this pattern expects one or two interdomain transfers to one or two eukaryotes from prokaryotes, who were not the mitochondrial endosymbiont. Once the genes were introduced into the eukaryotic domain they have spread to other eukaryotic groups exclusively via eukaryote-to-eukaryote transfers. Currently, eukaryote-to-eukaryote gene transfers have been regarded as less common than prokaryote-to-eukaryote transfers. The fact that eukaryotes accepted genes for these enzymes solely from other eukaryotes and not prokaryotes present in the same environment is surprising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Hampl
- Charles University in Prague; Faculty of Science; Department of Parasitology; Prague, Czech Republic
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43
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Aruni AW, Zhang K, Dou Y, Fletcher H. Proteome analysis of coinfection of epithelial cells with Filifactor alocis and Porphyromonas gingivalis shows modulation of pathogen and host regulatory pathways. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3261-74. [PMID: 24866790 PMCID: PMC4136196 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01727-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in periodontal status are associated with shifts in the composition of the bacterial community in the periodontal pocket. The relative abundances of several newly recognized microbial species, including Filifactor alocis, as-yet-unculturable organisms, and other fastidious organisms have raised questions on their impact on disease development. We have previously reported that the virulence attributes of F. alocis are enhanced in coculture with Porphyromonas gingivalis. We have evaluated the proteome of host cells and F. alocis during a polymicrobial infection. Coinfection of epithelial cells with F. alocis and P. gingivalis strains showed approximately 20% to 30% more proteins than a monoinfection. Unlike F. alocis ATCC 35896, the D-62D strain expressed more proteins during coculture with P. gingivalis W83 than with P. gingivalis 33277. Proteins designated microbial surface component-recognizing adhesion matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and cell wall anchor proteins were highly upregulated during the polymicrobial infection. Ultrastructural analysis of the epithelial cells showed formation of membrane microdomains only during coinfection. The proteome profile of epithelial cells showed proteins related to cytoskeletal organization and gene expression and epigenetic modification to be in high abundance. Modulation of proteins involved in apoptotic and cell signaling pathways was noted during coinfection. The enhanced virulence potential of F. alocis may be related to the differential expression levels of several putative virulence factors and their effects on specific host cell pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Kangling Zhang
- University of Texas Medical branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Hansel Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Merino MC, Zamponi N, Vranych CV, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. Identification of Giardia lamblia DHHC proteins and the role of protein S-palmitoylation in the encystation process. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2997. [PMID: 25058047 PMCID: PMC4109852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation, a hydrophobic post-translational modification, is performed by protein acyltransferases that have a common DHHC Cys-rich domain (DHHC proteins), and provides a regulatory switch for protein membrane association. In this work, we analyzed the presence of DHHC proteins in the protozoa parasite Giardia lamblia and the function of the reversible S-palmitoylation of proteins during parasite differentiation into cyst. Two specific events were observed: encysting cells displayed a larger amount of palmitoylated proteins, and parasites treated with palmitoylation inhibitors produced a reduced number of mature cysts. With bioinformatics tools, we found nine DHHC proteins, potential protein acyltransferases, in the Giardia proteome. These proteins displayed a conserved structure when compared to different organisms and are distributed in different monophyletic clades. Although all Giardia DHHC proteins were found to be present in trophozoites and encysting cells, these proteins showed a different intracellular localization in trophozoites and seemed to be differently involved in the encystation process when they were overexpressed. dhhc transgenic parasites showed a different pattern of cyst wall protein expression and yielded different amounts of mature cysts when they were induced to encyst. Our findings disclosed some important issues regarding the role of DHHC proteins and palmitoylation during Giardia encystation. Giardiasis is a major cause of non-viral/non-bacterial diarrheal disease worldwide and has been included within the WHO Neglected Disease Initiative since 2004. Infection begins with the ingestion of Giardia lamblia in cyst form, which, after exposure to gastric acid in the host stomach and proteases in the duodenum, gives rise to trophozoites. The inverse process is called encystation and begins when the trophozoites migrate to the lower part of the small intestine where they receive signals that trigger synthesis of the components of the cyst wall. The cyst form enables the parasite to survive in the environment, infect a new host and evade the immune response. In this work, we explored the role of protein S-palmitoylation, a unique reversible post-translational modification, during Giardia encystation, because de novo generation of endomembrane compartments, protein sorting and vesicle fusion occur in this process. Our findings may contribute to the design of therapeutic agents against this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Merino
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Nahuel Zamponi
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Cecilia V. Vranych
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C. Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea S. Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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45
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Aravind L, Burroughs AM, Zhang D, Iyer LM. Protein and DNA modifications: evolutionary imprints of bacterial biochemical diversification and geochemistry on the provenance of eukaryotic epigenetics. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a016063. [PMID: 24984775 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic information, which plays a major role in eukaryotic biology, is transmitted by covalent modifications of nuclear proteins (e.g., histones) and DNA, along with poorly understood processes involving cytoplasmic/secreted proteins and RNAs. The origin of eukaryotes was accompanied by emergence of a highly developed biochemical apparatus for encoding, resetting, and reading covalent epigenetic marks in proteins such as histones and tubulins. The provenance of this apparatus remained unclear until recently. Developments in comparative genomics show that key components of eukaryotic epigenetics emerged as part of the extensive biochemical innovation of secondary metabolism and intergenomic/interorganismal conflict systems in prokaryotes, particularly bacteria. These supplied not only enzymatic components for encoding and removing epigenetic modifications, but also readers of some of these marks. Diversification of these prokaryotic systems and subsequently eukaryotic epigenetics appear to have been considerably influenced by the great oxygenation event in the Earth's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aravind
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - A Maxwell Burroughs
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
| | - Lakshminarayan M Iyer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894
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46
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Aruni W, Chioma O, Fletcher HM. Filifactor alocis: The Newly Discovered Kid on the Block with Special Talents. J Dent Res 2014; 93:725-32. [PMID: 24898946 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514538283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection-induced periodontal disease has been primarily focused on a small group of periodontal pathogens. A paradigm shift, based on data emerging from the oral microbiome project, now suggests the involvement of as-yet-unculturable and fastidious organisms. Collectively, these studies have demonstrated that there are changes in the periodontal status associated with shifts in the composition of the bacterial community in the periodontal pocket. In addition, it is likely that the emerging new pathogens may play a more significant role in the disease. One of the organisms previously unrecognized is Filifactor alocis. While this Gram-positive anaerobic rod has been identified in peri-implantitis, in endodontic infections, and in patients with localized aggressive periodontitis, its presence is now observed at significantly higher levels in patients with adult periodontitis or refractory periodontitis. Its colonization properties and its potential virulence attributes support the proposal that F. alocis should be included as a diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease. Moreover, these emerging characteristics would be consistent with the polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis (PSD) periodontal pathogenesis model. Here, unique characteristics of F. alocis are discussed. F. alocis has specific factors that can modulate multiple changes in the microbial community and host cell proteome. It is likely that such variations at the molecular level are responsible for the functional changes required to mediate the pathogenic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Aruni
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - O Chioma
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - H M Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA Institute of Oral Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Vranych CV, Rivero MR, Merino MC, Mayol GF, Zamponi N, Maletto BA, Pistoresi-Palencia MC, Touz MC, Rópolo AS. SUMOylation and deimination of proteins: two epigenetic modifications involved in Giardia encystation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1805-17. [PMID: 24751693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation, a posttranslational modification of proteins, has been recently described as vital in eukaryotic cells. In a previous work, we analyzed the role of SUMO protein and the genes encoding the putative enzymes of the SUMOylation pathway in the parasite Giardia lamblia. Although we observed several SUMOylated proteins, only the enzyme Arginine Deiminase (ADI) was confirmed as a SUMOylated substrate. ADI is involved in the survival of the parasite and, besides its role in ATP production, it also catalyzes the modification of arginine residues to citrulline in the cytoplasmic tail of surface proteins. During encystation, however, ADI translocates to the nuclei and downregulates the expression of the Cyst Wall Protein 2 (CWP2). In this work, we made site-specific mutation of the ADI SUMOylation site (Lys101) and observed that transgenic trophozoites did not translocate to the nuclei at the first steps of encystation but shuttled in the nuclei late during this process through classic nuclear localization signals. Inside the nuclei, ADI acts as a peptidyl arginine deiminase, being probably involved in the downregulation of CWPs expression and cyst wall formation. Our results strongly indicate that ADI plays a regulatory role during encystation in which posttranslational modifications of proteins are key players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia V Vranych
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María R Rivero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Merino
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo F Mayol
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nahuel Zamponi
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Belkys A Maletto
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, UNC, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Pistoresi-Palencia
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, UNC, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Touz
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea S Rópolo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología e Inmunología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina.
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48
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Citrullination and proteolytic processing of chemokines by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2511-9. [PMID: 24686061 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01624-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The outgrowth of Porphyromonas gingivalis within the inflammatory subgingival plaque is associated with periodontitis characterized by periodontal tissue destruction, loss of alveolar bone, periodontal pocket formation, and eventually, tooth loss. Potential virulence factors of P. gingivalis are peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), an enzyme modifying free or peptide-bound arginine to citrulline, and the bacterial proteases referred to as gingipains (Rgp and Kgp). Chemokines attract leukocytes during inflammation. However, posttranslational modification (PTM) of chemokines by proteases or human peptidylarginine deiminases may alter their biological activities. Since chemokine processing may be important in microbial defense mechanisms, we investigated whether PTM of chemokines by P. gingivalis enzymes occurs. Upon incubation of interleukin-8 (IL-8; CXCL8) with PPAD, only minor enzymatic citrullination was detected. In contrast, Rgp rapidly cleaved CXCL8 in vitro. Subsequently, different P. gingivalis strains were incubated with the chemokine CXCL8 or CXCL10 and their PTMs were investigated. No significant CXCL8 citrullination was detected for the tested strains. Interestingly, although considerable differences in the efficiency of CXCL8 degradation were observed with full cultures of various strains, similar rates of chemokine proteolysis were exerted by cell-free culture supernatants. Sequencing of CXCL8 incubated with supernatant or bacteria showed that CXCL8 is processed into its more potent forms consisting of amino acids 6 to 77 and amino acids 9 to 77 (the 6-77 and 9-77 forms, respectively). In contrast, CXCL10 was entirely and rapidly degraded by P. gingivalis, with no transient chemokine forms being observed. In conclusion, this study demonstrates PTM of CXCL8 and CXCL10 by gingipains of P. gingivalis and that strain differences may particularly affect the activity of these bacterial membrane-associated proteases.
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Phillips MM, Sheaff MT, Szlosarek PW. Targeting arginine-dependent cancers with arginine-degrading enzymes: opportunities and challenges. Cancer Res Treat 2013; 45:251-62. [PMID: 24453997 PMCID: PMC3893322 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2013.45.4.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine deprivation is a novel antimetabolite strategy for the treatment of arginine-dependent cancers that exploits differential expression and regulation of key urea cycle enzymes. Several studies have focused on inactivation of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) in a range of malignancies, including melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), mesothelial and urological cancers, sarcomas, and lymphomas. Epigenetic silencing has been identified as a key mechanism for loss of the tumor suppressor role of ASS1 leading to tumoral dependence on exogenous arginine. More recently, dysregulation of argininosuccinate lyase has been documented in a subset of arginine auxotrophic glioblastoma multiforme, HCC and in fumarate hydratase-mutant renal cancers. Clinical trials of several arginine depletors are ongoing, including pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG20, Polaris Group) and bioengineered forms of human arginase. ADI-PEG20 is furthest along the path of clinical development from combinatorial phase 1 to phase 3 trials and is described in more detail. The challenge will be to identify tumors sensitive to drugs such as ADI-PEG20 and integrate these agents into multimodality drug regimens using imaging and tissue/fluid-based biomarkers as predictors of response. Lastly, resistance pathways to arginine deprivation require further study to optimize arginine-targeted therapies in the oncology clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Phillips
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael T. Sheaff
- Pathology Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Peter W. Szlosarek
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute - a Cancer Research UK Centre of Excellence, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
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50
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Moelants EA, Mortier A, Van Damme J, Proost P, Loos T. Peptidylarginine deiminases: physiological function, interaction with chemokines and role in pathology. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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