1
|
Liu F, Cheng X, Zhao C, Zhang X, Liu C, Zhong S, Liu Z, Lin X, Qiu W, Zhang X. Single-Cell Mapping of Brain Myeloid Cell Subsets Reveals Key Transcriptomic Changes Favoring Neuroplasticity after Ischemic Stroke. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:65-78. [PMID: 37755676 PMCID: PMC10774469 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between brain-resident and peripheral infiltrated immune cells are thought to contribute to neuroplasticity after cerebral ischemia. However, conventional bulk sequencing makes it challenging to depict this complex immune network. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we mapped compositional and transcriptional features of peri-infarct immune cells. Microglia were the predominant cell type in the peri-infarct region, displaying a more diverse activation pattern than the typical pro- and anti-inflammatory state, with axon tract-associated microglia (ATMs) being associated with neuronal regeneration. Trajectory inference suggested that infiltrated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) exhibited a gradual fate trajectory transition to activated MDMs. Inter-cellular crosstalk between MDMs and microglia orchestrated anti-inflammatory and repair-promoting microglia phenotypes and promoted post-stroke neurogenesis, with SOX2 and related Akt/CREB signaling as the underlying mechanisms. This description of the brain's immune landscape and its relationship with neurogenesis provides new insight into promoting neural repair by regulating neuroinflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangxi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
- Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Stroke Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhouyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xinyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang A, Aslam H, Sharma N, Warmflash A, Fakhouri WD. Conservation of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Process in Neural Crest Cells and Metastatic Cancer. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 210:151-172. [PMID: 34218225 DOI: 10.1159/000516466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a highly conserved cellular process in several species, from worms to humans. EMT plays a fundamental role in early embryogenesis, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. For neural crest cell (NCC) development, EMT typically results in forming a migratory and potent cell population that generates a wide variety of cell and tissue, including cartilage, bone, connective tissue, endocrine cells, neurons, and glia amongst many others. The degree of conservation between the signaling pathways that regulate EMT during development and metastatic cancer (MC) has not been fully established, despite ample studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis dissects the major signaling pathways involved in EMT of NCC development and MC to unravel the similarities and differences. While the FGF, TGFβ/BMP, SHH, and NOTCH pathways have been rigorously investigated in both systems, the EGF, IGF, HIPPO, Factor Receptor Superfamily, and their intracellular signaling cascades need to be the focus of future NCC studies. In general, meta-analyses of the associated signaling pathways show a significant number of overlapping genes (particularly ligands, transcription regulators, and targeted cadherins) involved in each signaling pathway of both systems without stratification by body segments and cancer type. Lack of stratification makes it difficult to meaningfully evaluate the intracellular downstream effectors of each signaling pathway. Finally, pediatric neuroblastoma and melanoma are NCC-derived malignancies, which emphasize the importance of uncovering the EMT events that convert NCC into treatment-resistant malignant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hira Aslam
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Neha Sharma
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walid D Fakhouri
- Center for Craniofacial Research, Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wei Q, Holle A, Li J, Posa F, Biagioni F, Croci O, Benk AS, Young J, Noureddine F, Deng J, Zhang M, Inman GJ, Spatz JP, Campaner S, Cavalcanti‐Adam EA. BMP-2 Signaling and Mechanotransduction Synergize to Drive Osteogenic Differentiation via YAP/TAZ. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902931. [PMID: 32775147 PMCID: PMC7404154 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors and mechanical cues synergistically affect cellular functions, triggering a variety of signaling pathways. The molecular levels of such cooperative interactions are not fully understood. Due to its role in osteogenesis, the growth factor bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is of tremendous interest for bone regenerative medicine, osteoporosis therapeutics, and beyond. Here, contribution of BMP-2 signaling and extracellular mechanical cues to the osteogenic commitment of C2C12 cells is investigated. It is revealed that these two distinct pathways are integrated at the transcriptional level to provide multifactorial control of cell differentiation. The activation of osteogenic genes requires the cooperation of BMP-2 pathway-associated Smad1/5/8 heteromeric complexes and mechanosensitive YAP/TAZ translocation. It is further demonstrated that the Smad complexes remain bound onto and active on target genes, even after BMP-2 removal, suggesting that they act as a "molecular memory unit." Thus, synergistic stimulation with BMP-2 and mechanical cues drives osteogenic differentiation in a programmable fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Andrew Holle
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Francesca Posa
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineMedical SchoolUniversity of FoggiaFoggia71122Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Adamello 16Milan20139Italy
| | - Ottavio Croci
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Adamello 16Milan20139Italy
| | - Amelie S. Benk
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Jennifer Young
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Fatima Noureddine
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Jie Deng
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Man Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringState Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengdu610065China
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Gareth J. Inman
- Growth Factor Signalling and Squamous CancersCancer Research UK Beatson InstituteGarscube EstateGlasgowG61 1BDUK
- Institute of Cancer SciencesUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | - Joachim P. Spatz
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
| | - Stefano Campaner
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMMIstituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Via Adamello 16Milan20139Italy
| | - Elisabetta A. Cavalcanti‐Adam
- Department of Cellular BiophysicsMax Planck Institute for Medical ResearchJahnstraße 29Heidelberg69120Germany
- Department of Biophysical ChemistryHeidelberg UniversityINF 253Heidelberg69120Germany
- Central Scientific Facility “Cellular Biotechnology,”MPI for Medical ResearchJahnstr. 29Heidelberg69120Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sinnberg T, Niessner H, Levesque MP, Dettweiler C, Garbe C, Busch C. Embryonic bone morphogenetic protein and nodal induce invasion in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.032656. [PMID: 29716947 PMCID: PMC6031345 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent progress in melanoma therapy via inhibition of activated oncogenes or immune stimulation, most stage IV melanoma patients still have limited survival times. Existing therapeutic approaches eventually fail to prevent further invasion and metastasis, which is driven by a morphological process termed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We previously demonstrated that inhibition of EMT in melanoma cells via antagonizing the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-pathway abrogated EMT and neural crest migration of melanoma cells in chick embryos. Here, we show that BMP-2 is highly expressed in invasive melanoma cells and is elevated in the serum of stage IV melanoma patients compared to stage IB-IIC patients and healthy controls. Highly BMP-2-expressing melanoma cells display enhanced invasion in the rhombencephalon of the chick embryo. In addition to driving neural crest migration in the zebrafish embryo, the agonists BMP-2, BMP-7 and nodal induce EMT/invasion in radial growth phase melanoma cells and in human melanocytes in skin reconstructs. Blocking either BMP or nodal signaling by antagonists (noggin, lefty), or the Alk4/5/7-receptor inhibitor SB431542, decreases EMT and invasion of melanoma cells in human epidermal skin reconstructs. Together, our data suggest that inhibition of EMT-inducing pathways in melanoma might be a therapeutic approach to attenuate melanoma cell invasiveness. Summary: We show that bone morphogenetic protein and nodal drive epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasiveness in melanoma cells, induce EMT and a melanoma-like invasive phenotype in melanocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sinnberg
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Heike Niessner
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, UniversitaetsSpital Zuerich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091 Zuerich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Dettweiler
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Section of Dermato-Oncology, Department of Dermatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Liebermeisterstrasse 25, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sailer MHM, Sarvepalli D, Brégère C, Fisch U, Guentchev M, Weller M, Guzman R, Bettler B, Ghosh A, Hutter G. An Enzyme- and Serum-free Neural Stem Cell Culture Model for EMT Investigation Suited for Drug Discovery. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27583933 DOI: 10.3791/54018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the process of epithelium transdifferentiating into mesenchyme. EMT is a fundamental process during embryonic development that also commonly occurs in glioblastoma, the most frequent malignant brain tumor. EMT has also been observed in multiple carcinomas outside the brain including breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer. EMT is centrally linked to malignancy by promoting migration, invasion and metastasis formation. The mechanisms of EMT induction are not fully understood. Here we describe an in vitro system for standardized isolation of cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) and subsequent EMT-induction. This system provides the flexibility to use either single cells or explant culture. In this system, rat or mouse embryonic forebrain NSCs are cultured in a defined medium, devoid of serum and enzymes. The NSCs expressed Olig2 and Sox10, two transcription factors observed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Using this system, interactions between FGF-, BMP- and TGFβ-signaling involving Zeb1, Zeb2, and Twist2 were observed where TGFβ-activation significantly enhanced cell migration, suggesting a synergistic BMP-/TGFβ-interaction. The results point to a network of FGF-, BMP- and TGFβ-signaling to be involved in EMT induction and maintenance. This model system is relevant to investigate EMT in vitro. It is cost-efficient and shows high reproducibility. It also allows for the comparison of different compounds with respect to their migration responses (quantitative distance measurement), and high-throughput screening of compounds to inhibit or enhance EMT (qualitative measurement). The model is therefore well suited to test drug libraries for substances affecting EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Durga Sarvepalli
- Molecular Signalling and Gene Therapy, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Health City
| | - Catherine Brégère
- Brain Ischemia and Regeneration, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel
| | - Urs Fisch
- Brain Ischemia and Regeneration, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel
| | | | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular Neuro Oncology, University Hospital of Zurich
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Brain Ischemia and Regeneration, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel
| | | | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- Molecular Signalling and Gene Therapy, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Narayana Health City
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fourel L, Valat A, Faurobert E, Guillot R, Bourrin-Reynard I, Ren K, Lafanechère L, Planus E, Picart C, Albiges-Rizo C. β3 integrin-mediated spreading induced by matrix-bound BMP-2 controls Smad signaling in a stiffness-independent manner. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:693-706. [PMID: 26953352 PMCID: PMC4792076 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201508018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-bound BMP-2 is sufficient to induce β3 integrin–dependent, Cdc42/Src/FAK/ILK-mediated cell spreading by overriding the stiffness response through actin and adhesion site dynamics, showing BMP receptors and integrins work together to control signaling and tensional homeostasis, thereby coupling cell adhesion and fate commitment. Understanding how cells integrate multiple signaling pathways to achieve specific cell differentiation is a challenging question in cell biology. We have explored the physiological presentation of BMP-2 by using a biomaterial that harbors tunable mechanical properties to promote localized BMP-2 signaling. We show that matrix-bound BMP-2 is sufficient to induce β3 integrin–dependent C2C12 cell spreading by overriding the soft signal of the biomaterial and impacting actin organization and adhesion site dynamics. In turn, αvβ3 integrin is required to mediate BMP-2–induced Smad signaling through a Cdc42–Src–FAK–ILK pathway. β3 integrin regulates a multistep process to control first BMP-2 receptor activity and second the inhibitory role of GSK3 on Smad signaling. Overall, our results show that BMP receptors and β3 integrin work together to control Smad signaling and tensional homeostasis, thereby coupling cell adhesion and fate commitment, two fundamental aspects of developmental biology and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Fourel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 5284, 38042 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5628, Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, Institute of Technology, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne Valat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 5284, 38042 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5628, Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, Institute of Technology, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Eva Faurobert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 5284, 38042 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Raphael Guillot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5628, Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, Institute of Technology, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Ingrid Bourrin-Reynard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 5284, 38042 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Kefeng Ren
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5628, Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, Institute of Technology, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Planus
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 5284, 38042 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5628, Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique, Institute of Technology, 38016 Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Albiges-Rizo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, 38042 Grenoble, France Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Equipe de Recherche Labellisée 5284, 38042 Grenoble, France Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marques CL, Fernández I, Viegas MN, Cox CJ, Martel P, Rosa J, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Comparative analysis of zebrafish bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4 and 16: molecular and evolutionary perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:841-57. [PMID: 26341094 PMCID: PMC11108344 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BMP2, BMP4 and BMP16 form a subfamily of bone morphogenetic proteins acting as pleiotropic growth factors during development and as bone inducers during osteogenesis. BMP16 is the most recent member of this subfamily and basic data regarding protein structure and function, and spatio-temporal gene expression is still scarce. In this work, insights on BMP16 were provided through the comparative analysis of structural and functional data for zebrafish BMP2a, BMP2b, BMP4 and BMP16 genes and proteins, determined from three-dimensional models, patterns of gene expression during development and in adult tissues, regulation by retinoic acid and capacity to activate BMP-signaling pathway. Structures of Bmp2a, Bmp2b, Bmp4 and Bmp16 were found to be remarkably similar; with residues involved in receptor binding being highly conserved. All proteins could activate the BMP-signaling pathway, suggesting that they share a common function. On the contrary, stage- and tissue-specific expression of bmp2, bmp4 and bmp16 suggested the genes might be differentially regulated (e.g. different transcription factors, enhancers and/or regulatory modules) but also that they are involved in distinct physiological processes, although with the same function. Retinoic acid, a morphogen known to interact with BMP-signaling during bone formation, was shown to down-regulate the expression of bmp2, bmp4 and bmp16, although to different extents. Taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that bmp16 diverged before bmp2 and bmp4, is not restricted to teleost fish lineage as previously reported, and that it probably arose from a whole genomic duplication event that occurred early in vertebrate evolution and disappeared in various tetrapod lineages through independent events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia L Marques
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Michael N Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Cymon J Cox
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paulo Martel
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME/IBB-LA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana Rosa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coste C, Neirinckx V, Gothot A, Wislet S, Rogister B. Are neural crest stem cells the missing link between hematopoietic and neurogenic niches? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:218. [PMID: 26136659 PMCID: PMC4469833 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic niches are defined as cellular and molecular microenvironments that regulate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function together with stem cell autonomous mechanisms. Many different cell types have been characterized as contributors to the formation of HSC niches, such as osteoblasts, endothelial cells, Schwann cells, and mesenchymal progenitors. These mesenchymal progenitors have themselves been classified as CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12-abundant reticular (CAR) cells, stem cell factor expressing cells, or nestin-positive mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have been recently identified as neural crest-derived cells (NCSCs). Together, these cells are spatially associated with HSCs and believed to provide appropriate microenvironments for HSC self-renewal, differentiation, mobilization and hibernation both by cell-cell contact and soluble factors. Interestingly, it appears that regulatory pathways governing the hematopoietic niche homeostasis are operating in the neurogenic niche as well. Therefore, this review paper aims to compare both the regulation of hematopoietic and neurogenic niches, in order to highlight the role of NCSCs and nervous system components in the development and the regulation of the hematopoietic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Coste
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Neurosciences, Unit of Nervous System Disorders and Treatment, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Neirinckx
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Neurosciences, Unit of Nervous System Disorders and Treatment, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - André Gothot
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Hematology Department, University Hospital Liège, Belgium
| | - Sabine Wislet
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Neurosciences, Unit of Nervous System Disorders and Treatment, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Neurosciences, Unit of Nervous System Disorders and Treatment, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Development, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Liège Liège, Belgium ; Neurology Department, University Hospital Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aoto K, Sandell LL, Butler Tjaden NE, Yuen KC, Watt KEN, Black BL, Durnin M, Trainor PA. Mef2c-F10N enhancer driven β-galactosidase (LacZ) and Cre recombinase mice facilitate analyses of gene function and lineage fate in neural crest cells. Dev Biol 2015; 402:3-16. [PMID: 25794678 PMCID: PMC4433593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) comprise a multipotent, migratory stem cell and progenitor population that gives rise to numerous cell and tissue types within a developing embryo, including craniofacial bone and cartilage, neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, and melanocytes within the skin. Here we describe two novel stable transgenic mouse lines suitable for lineage tracing and analysis of gene function in NCC. Firstly, using the F10N enhancer of the Mef2c gene (Mef2c-F10N) linked to LacZ, we generated transgenic mice (Mef2c-F10N-LacZ) that express LacZ in the majority, if not all migrating NCC that delaminate from the neural tube. Mef2c-F10N-LacZ then continues to be expressed primarily in neurogenic, gliogenic and melanocytic NCC and their derivatives, but not in ectomesenchymal derivatives. Secondly, we used the same Mef2c-F10N enhancer together with Cre recombinase to generate transgenic mice (Mef2c-F10N-Cre) that can be used to indelibly label, or alter gene function in, migrating NCC and their derivatives. At early stages of development, Mef2c-F10N-LacZ and Mef2c-F10N-Cre label NCC in a pattern similar to Wnt1-Cre mice, with the exception that Mef2c-F10N-LacZ and Mef2c-F10N-Cre specifically label NCC that have delaminated from the neural plate, while premigratory NCC are not labeled. Thus, our Mef2c-F10N-LacZ and Mef2c-F10N-Cre transgenic mice provide new resources for tracing migratory NCC and analyzing gene function in migrating and differentiating NCC independently of NCC formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Aoto
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Lisa L Sandell
- University of Louisville, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40201, USA
| | - Naomi E Butler Tjaden
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Kobe C Yuen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Kristin E Noack Watt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Durnin
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weber M, Apostolova G, Widera D, Mittelbronn M, Dechant G, Kaltschmidt B, Rohrer H. Alternative Generation of CNS Neural Stem Cells and PNS Derivatives from Neural Crest-Derived Peripheral Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:574-88. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Weber
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Galina Apostolova
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute for Neuroscience; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Darius Widera
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | | | - Georg Dechant
- Innsbruck Medical University, Institute for Neuroscience; Innsbruck Austria
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology; University of Bielefeld; Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Max-Planck-Institute for Brain Research, Research Group Developmental Neurobiology; Frankfurt Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sailer MHM, Gerber A, Tostado C, Hutter G, Cordier D, Mariani L, Ritz MF. Non-invasive neural stem cells become invasive in vitro by combined FGF2 and BMP4 signaling. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3533-40. [PMID: 23788430 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.125757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) typically show efficient self-renewal and selective differentiation. Their invasion potential, however, is not well studied. In this study, Sox2-positive NSCs from the E14.5 rat cortex were found to be non-invasive and showed only limited migration in vitro. By contrast, FGF2-expanded NSCs showed a strong migratory and invasive phenotype in response to the combination of FGF2 and BMP4. Invasive NSCs expressed Podoplanin (PDPN) and p75NGFR (Ngfr) at the plasma membrane after exposure to FGF2 and BMP4. FGF2 and BMP4 together upregulated the expression of Msx1, Snail1, Snail2, Ngfr, which are all found in neural crest (NC) cells during or after epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but not in forebrain stem cells. Invasive cells downregulated the expression of Olig2, Sox10, Egfr, Pdgfra, Gsh1/Gsx1 and Gsh2/Gsx2. Migrating and invasive NSCs had elevated expression of mRNA encoding Pax6, Tenascin C (TNC), PDPN, Hey1, SPARC, p75NGFR and Gli3. On the basis of the strongest upregulation in invasion-induced NSCs, we defined a group of five key invasion-related genes: Ngfr, Sparc, Snail1, Pdpn and Tnc. These genes were co-expressed and upregulated in seven samples of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) compared with normal human brain controls. Induction of invasion and migration led to low expression of differentiation markers and repressed proliferation in NSCs. Our results indicate that normal forebrain stem cells have the inherent ability to adopt a glioma-like invasiveness. The results provide a novel in vitro system to study stem cell invasion and a novel glioma invasion model: tumoral abuse of the developmental dorsoventral identity regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H M Sailer
- Department of Biomedicine, Brain Tumor Biology Laboratory, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abbey D, Seshagiri PB. Aza-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation of P19 EC-cells by epigenetic co-regulation and ERK signaling. Gene 2013; 526:364-73. [PMID: 23747406 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells in cell based therapy for cardiac injury is being potentially considered. However, genetic regulatory networks involved in cardiac differentiation are not clearly understood. Among stem cell differentiation models, mouse P19 embryonic carcinoma (EC) cells, are employed for studying (epi)genetic regulation of cardiomyocyte differentiation. Here, we comprehensively assessed cardiogenic differentiation potential of 5-azacytidine (Aza) on P19 EC-cells, associated gene expression profiles and the changes in DNA methylation, histone acetylation and activated-ERK signaling status during differentiation. Initial exposure of Aza to cultured EC-cells leads to an efficient (55%) differentiation to cardiomyocyte-rich embryoid bodies with a threefold (16.8%) increase in the cTnI+ cardiomyocytes. Expression levels of cardiac-specific gene markers i.e., Isl-1, BMP-2, GATA-4, and α-MHC were up-regulated following Aza induction, accompanied by differential changes in their methylation status particularly that of BMP-2 and α-MHC. Additionally, increases in the levels of acetylated-H3 and pERK were observed during Aza-induced cardiac differentiation. These studies demonstrate that Aza is a potent cardiac inducer when treated during the initial phase of differentiation of mouse P19 EC-cells and its effect is brought about epigenetically and co-ordinatedly by hypo-methylation and histone acetylation-mediated hyper-expression of cardiogenesis-associated genes and involving activation of ERK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Abbey
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Isolation of multilineage progenitors from mouse brain. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:307-14. [PMID: 23636940 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9625-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are unique cell populations with the ability to undergo self-renewal and differentiation. These cells have been identified in a wide range of tissues and possess varied differentiation potentials. Tissue-specific stem cells have typically been thought to have limited differentiation capabilities. We show here that fibroblast-like cells isolated from mouse brain possess cross-germ layer differentiation abilities. These cells were found to express typical mesenchymal stem cell markers (CD44, CD29, and CD105) and were able to be passaged more than 50 times. When treated under defined conditions, the brain-derived cells were able to generate many different cell types including adipocytes, osteocytes, astrocytes, neurons, and even hepatocyte-like cells. The hepatocyte-like cells not only expressed liver cell-specific markers, but also exhibited the capacity for glycogen storage and low-density lipoprotein uptake. These results demonstrate the existence of cells in the brain with three-germ-layer differentiation potential.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bond AM, Bhalala OG, Kessler JA. The dynamic role of bone morphogenetic proteins in neural stem cell fate and maturation. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 72:1068-84. [PMID: 22489086 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of powerful morphogens that are critical for development of the nervous system. The effects of BMP signaling on neural stem cells are myriad and dynamic, changing with each stage of development. During early development inhibition of BMP signaling differentiates neuroectoderm from ectoderm, and BMP signaling helps to specify neural crest. Thus modulation of BMP signaling underlies formation of both the central and peripheral nervous systems. BMPs secreted from dorsal structures then form a gradient which helps pattern the dorsal-ventral axis of the developing spinal cord and brain. During forebrain development BMPs sequentially induce neurogenesis and then astrogliogenesis and participate in neurite outgrowth from immature neurons. BMP signaling also plays a critical role in maintaining adult neural stem cell niches in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ). BMPs are able to exert such diverse effects through closely regulated temporospatial expression and interaction with other signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Bond
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sánchez-Sánchez R, Morales-Lázaro SL, Baizabal JM, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Escalante-Alcalde D. Lack of lipid phosphate phosphatase-3 in embryonic stem cells compromises neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:953-64. [PMID: 22434721 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioactive lipids such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been recently described as important regulators of pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells and neural progenitors. Due to the early lethality of LPP3, an enzyme that regulates the levels and biological activities of the aforementioned lipids, it has been difficult to assess its participation in early neural differentiation and neuritogenesis. RESULTS We find that Ppap2b(-/-) (Lpp3(-/-) ) ES cells differentiated in vitro into spinal neurons show a considerable reduction in the amount of neural precursors and young neurons formed. In addition, differentiated Lpp3(-/-) neurons exhibit impaired neurite outgrowth. Surprisingly, when Lpp3(-/-) ES cells were differentiated, an unexpected appearance of smooth muscle actin-positive cells was observed, an event that was partially dependent upon phosphorylated sphingosines. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that LPP3 plays a fundamental role during spinal neuron differentiation from ES and that it also participates in regulating neurite and axon outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Sánchez-Sánchez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rodríguez-Martínez G, Molina-Hernández A, Velasco I. Activin A promotes neuronal differentiation of cerebrocortical neural progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43797. [PMID: 22928036 PMCID: PMC3425505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Activin A is a protein that participates principally in reproductive functions. In the adult brain, Activin is neuroprotective, but its role in brain development is still elusive. Methodology/Principal Findings We studied if Activin A influences proliferation, differentiation or survival in rat cerebrocortical neural progenitor cells (NPC). After stimulation of NPC with Activin A, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad 2/3 were induced. In proliferating NPC, Activin produced a significant decrease in cell area and also a discrete increase in the number of neurons in the presence of the mitogen Fibroblast Growth Factor 2. The percentages of cells incorporating BrdU, or positive for the undifferentiated NPC markers Nestin and Sox2, were unchanged after incubation with Activin. In differentiating conditions, continuous treatment with Activin A significantly increased the number of neurons without affecting astroglial differentiation or causing apoptotic death. In cells cultured by extended periods, Activin treatment produced further increases in the proportion of neurons, excluding premature cell cycle exit. In clonal assays, Activin significantly increased neuronal numbers per colony, supporting an instructive role. Activin-induced neurogenesis was dependent on activation of its receptors, since incubation with the type I receptor inhibitor SB431542 or the ligand-trap Follistatin prevented neuronal differentiation. Interestingly, SB431542 or Follistatin by themselves abolished neurogenesis and increased astrogliogenesis, to a similar extent to that induced by Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)4. Co-incubation of these Activin inhibitors with the BMP antagonist Dorsomorphin restored neuronal and astrocytic differentiation to control levels. Conclusions Our results show an instructive neuronal effect of Activin A in cortical NPC in vitro, pointing out to a relevant role of this cytokine in the specification of NPC towards a neuronal phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anayansi Molina-Hernández
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, México
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ber S, Lee C, Voiculescu O, Surani MA. Dedifferentiation of foetal CNS stem cells to mesendoderm-like cells through an EMT process. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30759. [PMID: 22276221 PMCID: PMC3262838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells are considered to have a limited differentiation potential. Recently, this notion was challenged by reports that showed a broader differentiation potential of neural stem cells, in vitro and in vivo, although the molecular mechanisms that regulate plasticity of neural stem cells are unknown. Here, we report that neural stem cells derived from mouse embryonic cortex respond to Lif and serum in vitro and undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated dedifferentiation process within 48 h, together with transient upregulation of pluripotency markers and, more notably, upregulation of mesendoderm genes, Brachyury (T) and Sox17. These induced putative mesendoderm cells were injected into early gastrulating chick embryos, which revealed that they integrated more efficiently into mesoderm and endoderm lineages compared to non-induced cells. We also found that TGFβ and Jak/Stat pathways are necessary but not sufficient for the induction of mesendodermal phenotype in neural stem cells. These results provide insights into the regulation of plasticity of neural stem cells through EMT. Dissecting the regulatory pathways involved in these processes may help to gain control over cell fate decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Ber
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SB); (MAS)
| | - Caroline Lee
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Octavian Voiculescu
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M. Azim Surani
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute of Cancer and Developmental Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SB); (MAS)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu S, Kumar SM, Martin JS, Yang R, Xu X. Snail1 mediates hypoxia-induced melanoma progression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:3020-31. [PMID: 21996677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a known adverse prognostic factor, and the hypoxic dermal microenvironment participates in melanomagenesis. High levels of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) expression in melanoma cells, particularly HIF-2α, is associated with poor prognosis. The mechanism underlying the effect of hypoxia on melanoma progression, however, is not fully understood. We report evidence that the effects of hypoxia on melanoma cells are mediated through activation of Snail1. Hypoxia increased melanoma cell migration and drug resistance, and these changes were accompanied by increased Snail1 and decreased E-cadherin expression. Snail1 expression was regulated by HIF-2α in melanoma. Snail1 overexpression led to more aggressive tumor phenotypes and features associated with stem-like melanoma cells in vitro and increased metastatic capacity in vivo. In addition, we found that knockdown of endogenous Snail1 reduced melanoma proliferation and migratory capacity. Snail1 knockdown also prevented melanoma metastasis in vivo. In summary, hypoxia up-regulates Snail1 expression and leads to increased metastatic capacity and drug resistance in melanoma cells. Our findings support that the effects of hypoxia on melanoma are mediated through Snail1 gene activation and suggest that Snail1 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rath B, Nam J, Deschner J, Schaumburger J, Tingart M, Grässel S, Grifka J, Agarwal S. Biomechanical forces exert anabolic effects on osteoblasts by activation of SMAD 1/5/8 through type 1 BMP receptor. Biorheology 2011; 48:37-48. [PMID: 21515935 DOI: 10.3233/bir-2011-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are mechanosensitive cells, which respond to biomechanical stimuli to regulate the bone structure through anabolic and catabolic gene regulation. To examine the effects of mechanical forces on the osteogenic responses through the SMAD signaling in osteoblasts, the cells were cultured in well-characterized mechanoresponsive 3-D scaffolds and exposed to 10% dynamic compressive strain (Cmp) at 1 Hz. Subsequently, SMAD phosphorylation and osteogenic gene induction was examined. Osteoblasts cultured in 3-D scaffolds exhibited increased constitutive SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation, as compared to monolayers cultures. This SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation was further upregulated after 10, 30 and 60 min in response to Cmp, exhibiting a peak activation at 30 min. No significant changes in SMAD2 phosphorylation were observed, suggesting signals generated by Cmp may not activate the Transforming Growth Factor-β signaling cascade. Subsequently, biomechanical stimulation-induced SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes such as Osteoprotegrin, Msx2 and Runx2. Dorsomorphin, a selective inhibitor of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type 1 (BMPR1), blocked Cmp-induced SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation, as well as Osteoprotegrin, Msx2 and Runx2 gene expression. Collectively, the present findings demonstrate that biomechanical stimulation of osteoblasts activates SMAD 1/5/8 in the BMP signaling pathway through BMPR1 and may enhance osteogenesis by upregulating SMAD-dependent osteogenic genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Rath
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Regensburg, Bad Abbach, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Peripheral nervous system progenitors can be reprogrammed to produce myelinating oligodendrocytes and repair brain lesions. J Neurosci 2011; 31:6379-91. [PMID: 21525278 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0129-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). NCSC-like cells can be isolated from multiple peripheral organs and maintained in neurosphere culture. Combining in vitro culture and transplantation, we show that expanded embryonic NCSC-like cells lose PNS traits and are reprogrammed to generate CNS cell types. When transplanted into the embryonic or adult mouse CNS, they differentiate predominantly into cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage without any signs of tumor formation. NCSC-derived oligodendrocytes generate CNS myelin and contribute to the repair of the myelin deficiency in shiverer mice. These results demonstrate a reprogramming of PNS progenitors to CNS fates without genetic modification and imply that PNS cells could be a potential source for cell-based CNS therapy.
Collapse
|
21
|
Andersson T, Duckworth JK, Fritz N, Lewicka M, Södersten E, Uhlén P, Hermanson O. Noggin and Wnt3a enable BMP4-dependent differentiation of telencephalic stem cells into GluR-agonist responsive neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
22
|
Efficient reprogramming of adult neural stem cells to monocytes by ectopic expression of a single gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:14657-61. [PMID: 20675585 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1009412107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells have a broad differentiation repertoire during embryonic development and can be reprogrammed to pluripotency comparatively easily. We report that adult neural stem cells can be reprogrammed at very high efficiency to monocytes, a differentiated fate of an unrelated somatic lineage, by ectopic expression of the Ets transcription factor PU.1. The reprogrammed cells display a marker profile and functional characteristics of monocytes and integrate into tissues after transplantation. The failure to reprogram lineage-committed neural cells to monocytes with PU.1 suggests that neural stem cells are uniquely amenable to reprogramming.
Collapse
|
23
|
Vidaltamayo R, Bargas J, Covarrubias L, Hernández A, Galarraga E, Gutiérrez-Ospina G, Drucker-Colin R. Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease: A Road Map for a Successful Future. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:311-20. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Román Vidaltamayo
- Grupo de Celulas Troncales Neurales (IMPULSA-02), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
- Depto. de Neurociencias and Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - José Bargas
- Grupo de Celulas Troncales Neurales (IMPULSA-02), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
- Depto. de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Luis Covarrubias
- Grupo de Celulas Troncales Neurales (IMPULSA-02), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
- Depto. de Biofísica, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Arturo Hernández
- Grupo de Celulas Troncales Neurales (IMPULSA-02), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
- Depto. de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Elvira Galarraga
- Grupo de Celulas Troncales Neurales (IMPULSA-02), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
- Depto. de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez-Ospina
- Grupo de Celulas Troncales Neurales (IMPULSA-02), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
- Depto. Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - René Drucker-Colin
- Grupo de Celulas Troncales Neurales (IMPULSA-02), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
- Depto. de Neurociencias and Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Annenkov A. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor type 1 (IGF1R) as an essential component of the signalling network regulating neurogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2009; 40:195-215. [PMID: 19714501 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-009-8081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1 (IGF1R) signalling pathway is activated in the mammalian nervous system from early developmental stages. Its major effect on developing neural cells is to promote their growth and survival. This pathway can integrate its action with signalling pathways of growth and morphogenetic factors that induce cell fate specification and selective expansion of specified neural cell subsets. This suggests that during developmental and adult neurogenesis cellular responses to many signalling factors, including ligands of Notch, sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor family members, ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor, bone morphogenetic proteins and Wingless and Int-1, may be modified by co-activation of the IGF1R. Modulation of cell migration is another possible role that IGF1R activation may play in neurogenesis. Here, I briefly overview neurogenesis and discuss a role for IGF1R-mediated signalling in the developing and mature nervous system with emphasis on crosstalk between the signalling pathways of the IGF1R and other factors regulating neural cell development and migration. Studies on neural as well as on non-neural cells are highlighted because it may be interesting to test in neurogenic paradigms some of the models based on the information obtained in studies on non-neural cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Annenkov
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rao RC, Boyd J, Padmanabhan R, Chenoweth JG, McKay RD. Efficient serum-free derivation of oligodendrocyte precursors from neural stem cell-enriched cultures. Stem Cells 2009; 27:116-25. [PMID: 18403757 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes derived in the laboratory from stem cells have been proposed as a treatment for acute and chronic injury to the central nervous system. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor alpha (PDGFRalpha) signaling is known to regulate oligodendrocyte precursor cell numbers both during development and adulthood. Here, we analyze the effects of PDGFRalpha signaling on central nervous system (CNS) stem cell-enriched cultures. We find that AC133 selection for CNS progenitors acutely isolated from the fetal cortex enriches for PDGF-AA-responsive cells. PDGF-AA treatment of fibroblast growth factor 2-expanded CNS stem cell-enriched cultures increases nestin(+) cell number, viability, proliferation, and glycolytic rate. We show that a brief exposure to PDGF-AA rapidly and efficiently permits the derivation of O4(+) oligodendrocyte-lineage cells from CNS stem cell-enriched cultures. The derivation of oligodendrocyte-lineage cells demonstrated here may support the effective use of stem cells in understanding fate choice mechanisms and the development of new therapies targeting this cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh C Rao
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Braun A, Dang J, Johann S, Beyer C, Kipp M. Selective regulation of growth factor expression in cultured cortical astrocytes by neuro-pathological toxins. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:610-8. [PMID: 19524632 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are integrated in the complex regulation of neurodegeneration and neuronal damage in the CNS. It is well-known that astroglia produces a plethora of growth factors which might be protective for neurons. Growth factors prevent neurons from cell death and promote proliferation and differentiation of precursor cells. Previous data suggest that astrocytes may respond to toxic stimuli by a selective mobilization of guarding molecules. In the present study, we have investigated the potency of different pathological stimuli such as lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor alpha, glutamate, and hydrogen peroxide to activate cultured cortical astroglia and stimulate growth factor expression. Astroglial cultures were exposed to the above factors for 24h at non-toxic concentrations for astrocytes. Growth factor expression was analyzed by real-time PCR, oligo-microarray technique, and ELISA. Insulin-like growth factor-1 was selectively down-regulated by lipopolysaccharides and tumor necrosis factor alpha, bone morphogenetic protein 6 by all stimuli. In contrast, lipopolysaccharides, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and glutamate increased leukemia inhibitory factor. Fibroblast growth factor 2 was up-regulated by lipopolysaccharides and tumor necrosis factor alpha and down-regulated by hydrogen peroxide. Besides hydrogen peroxide, all other stimuli promoted vascular epithelial growth factor A mRNA and protein expression. It appears that lipopolysaccharides but not tumor necrosis factor alpha effects on vascular epithelial growth factor A depend on the classic NFkappaB pathway. Our data clearly demonstrate that astroglia actively responses to diverse pathological compounds by a selective expression pattern of growth factors. These findings make astrocytes likely candidates to participate in disease-specific characteristics of neuronal support or damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alena Braun
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Castranio T, Mishina Y. Bmp2 is required for cephalic neural tube closure in the mouse. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:110-22. [PMID: 19097048 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BMPs have been shown to play a role in neural tube development particularly as dorsalizing factors. To explore the possibility that BMP2 could play a role in the developing neural tube (NT) beyond the lethality of Bmp2 null embryos, we created Bmp2 chimeras from Bmp2 null ES cells and WT blastocysts. Analysis of Bmp2 chimeras reveals NT defects at day 9.5 (E9.5). We found that exclusion of Bmp2 null ES cells from the dorsal NT did not always prevent defects. For further comparison, we used a Bmp2 mutant line in a mixed background. Phenotypes observed were similar to chimeras including open NT defects, postneurulation defects, and abnormal neural ectoderm in heterozygous and homozygous null embryos demonstrating a pattern of dose-dependent signaling. Our data exposes BMP2 as a unique player in the developing NT for dorsal patterning and identity, and normal cephalic neural tube closure in a dose-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Castranio
- Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rieske P, Golanska E, Zakrzewska M, Piaskowski S, Hulas-Bigoszewska K, Wolańczyk M, Szybka M, Witusik-Perkowska M, Jaskolski DJ, Zakrzewski K, Biernat W, Krynska B, Liberski PP. Arrested neural and advanced mesenchymal differentiation of glioblastoma cells-comparative study with neural progenitors. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:54. [PMID: 19216795 PMCID: PMC2657909 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although features of variable differentiation in glioblastoma cell cultures have been reported, a comparative analysis of differentiation properties of normal neural GFAP positive progenitors, and those shown by glioblastoma cells, has not been performed. METHODS Following methods were used to compare glioblastoma cells and GFAP+NNP (NHA): exposure to neural differentiation medium, exposure to adipogenic and osteogenic medium, western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry, single cell assay, BrdU incorporation assay. To characterize glioblastoma cells EGFR amplification analysis, LOH/MSI analysis, and P53 nucleotide sequence analysis were performed. RESULTS In vitro differentiation of cancer cells derived from eight glioblastomas was compared with GFAP-positive normal neural progenitors (GFAP+NNP). Prior to exposure to differentiation medium, both types of cells showed similar multilineage phenotype (CD44+/MAP2+/GFAP+/Vimentin+/Beta III-tubulin+/Fibronectin+) and were positive for SOX-2 and Nestin. In contrast to GFAP+NNP, an efficient differentiation arrest was observed in all cell lines isolated from glioblastomas. Nevertheless, a subpopulation of cells isolated from four glioblastomas differentiated after serum-starvation with varying efficiency into derivatives indistinguishable from the neural derivatives of GFAP+NNP. Moreover, the cells derived from a majority of glioblastomas (7 out of 8), as well as GFAP+NNP, showed features of mesenchymal differentiation when exposed to medium with serum. CONCLUSION Our results showed that stable co-expression of multilineage markers by glioblastoma cells resulted from differentiation arrest. According to our data up to 95% of glioblastoma cells can present in vitro multilineage phenotype. The mesenchymal differentiation of glioblastoma cells is advanced and similar to mesenchymal differentiation of normal neural progenitors GFAP+NNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rieske
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Neuropathology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
A population of human brain cells expressing phenotypic markers of more than one lineage can be induced in vitro to differentiate into mesenchymal cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:462-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
30
|
Montesano R, Sarközi R, Schramek H. Bone morphogenetic protein-4 strongly potentiates growth factor-induced proliferation of mammary epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 374:164-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
Cho A, Ko HW, Eggenschwiler JT. FKBP8 cell-autonomously controls neural tube patterning through a Gli2- and Kif3a-dependent mechanism. Dev Biol 2008; 321:27-39. [PMID: 18590716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.05.558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahryon Cho
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Environmental cues from CNS, PNS, and ENS cells regulate CNS progenitor differentiation. Neuroreport 2008; 19:1283-9. [DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e32830bfba4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
33
|
Mathieu C, Sii-Felice K, Fouchet P, Etienne O, Haton C, Mabondzo A, Boussin FD, Mouthon MA. Endothelial cell-derived bone morphogenetic proteins control proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 38:569-77. [PMID: 18583149 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis persists in the adult brain subventricular zone where neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) lie close to brain endothelial cells (BECs). We show in mouse that BECs produce bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Coculture of embryonic and adult NSPCs with BECs activated the canonical BMP/Smad pathway and reduced their proliferation. We demonstrate that coculture with BECs in the presence of EGF and FGF2 induced a reversible cell cycle exit of NSPCs (LeX+) and an increase in the amount of GFAP/LeX-expressing progenitors thought to be stem cells. Levels of the phosphatidylinositol phosphatase PTEN were upregulated in NSPCs after coculture with BECs, or treatment with recombinant BMP4, with a concomitant reduction in Akt phosphorylation. Silencing Smad5 with siRNA or treatment with Noggin, a BMP antagonist, demonstrated that upregulation of PTEN in NSPCs required BMP/Smad signaling and that this pathway regulated cell cycle exit of NSPCs. Therefore, BECs may provide a feedback mechanism to control the proliferation of NSPCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Mathieu
- CEA, DSV, iRCM, SCSR, Laboratoire de Radiopathologie-IPSC, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Busch C, Drews U, Eisele SR, Garbe C, Oppitz M. Noggin blocks invasive growth of murine B16-F1 melanoma cells in the optic cup of the chick embryo. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:526-33. [PMID: 17943733 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cells originate from the neural crest and are characterized by high migratory potential and invasive growth. After transplantation into the neural tube of the chick embryo, melanoma cells spontaneously emigrate along the neural crest pathways without tumor formation or malignant growth. This emigration depends on the constitutive over-expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and can be ablated by the BMP-antagonist noggin. When transplanted into the embryonic optic cup, melanoma cells invade the host tissue and form malignant tumors. Here, we asked if the invasive growth of melanoma cells in the optic cup could be influenced by BMP-2 or noggin. Mouse B16-F1 cells were grown as aggregates, treated with BMP-2 or noggin during aggregation and transplanted into the optic cup of 3-day chick embryos. After 3 days of subsequent incubation, embryos were evaluated for melanoma cell invasiveness. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that untreated and BMP-2-treated melanoma cells had grown malignantly into the host tissue. However, noggin pretreatment of the aggregates had blocked melanoma cell invasiveness and tumor formation. We conclude that invasive growth of melanoma cells in vivo is BMP-dependent and can be ablated by noggin, thus rendering noggin a promising agent for the treatment of BMP-over-expressing melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Busch
- Department of Dermatology, Section of Dermatologic Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lee G, Kim H, Elkabetz Y, Al Shamy G, Panagiotakos G, Barberi T, Tabar V, Studer L. Isolation and directed differentiation of neural crest stem cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 2007; 25:1468-75. [PMID: 18037878 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrate neural crest development depends on pluripotent, migratory precursor cells. Although avian and murine neural crest stem (NCS) cells have been identified, the isolation of human NCS cells has remained elusive. Here we report the derivation of NCS cells from human embryonic stem cells at the neural rosette stage. We show that NCS cells plated at clonal density give rise to multiple neural crest lineages. The human NCS cells can be propagated in vitro and directed toward peripheral nervous system lineages (peripheral neurons, Schwann cells) and mesenchymal lineages (smooth muscle, adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic cells). Transplantation of human NCS cells into the developing chick embryo and adult mouse hosts demonstrates survival, migration and differentiation compatible with neural crest identity. The availability of unlimited numbers of human NCS cells offers new opportunities for studies of neural crest development and for efforts to model and treat neural crest-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabsang Lee
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Ave., New York, New York 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shi F, Corrales CE, Liberman MC, Edge ASB. BMP4 induction of sensory neurons from human embryonic stem cells and reinnervation of sensory epithelium. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:3016-23. [PMID: 18005071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, hair cells and auditory neurons lack the capacity to regenerate, and damage to either cell type can result in hearing loss. Replacement cells for regeneration could potentially be made by directed differentiation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. To generate sensory neurons from hES cells, neural progenitors were first made by suspension culture of hES cells in a defined medium. The cells were positive for nestin, a neural progenitor marker, and Pax2, a marker for cranial placodes, and were negative for alpha-fetoprotein, an endoderm marker. The precursor cells could be expanded in vitro in fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. Neurons and glial cells were found after differentiation of the neural progenitors by removal of FGF-2, but evaluation of neuronal markers indicated insignificant production of sensory neurons. Addition of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) to neural progenitors upon removal of FGF-2, however, induced significant numbers of neurons that were positive for markers associated with cranial placodes and neural crest, the sources of sensory neurons in the embryo. Neuronal processes from hES cell-derived neurons made contacts with hair cells in denervated ex vivo sensory epithelia and expressed synaptic markers, suggesting the formation of synapses. In a gerbil model with a denervated cochlea, the ES cell-derived neurons engrafted in the auditory nerve trunk and sent out neurites that grew toward the auditory sensory epithelium. These data indicate that hES cells can be induced to form sensory neurons that have the potential to treat neural degeneration associated with sensorineural hearing loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuxin Shi
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brokhman I, Gamarnik-Ziegler L, Pomp O, Aharonowiz M, Reubinoff BE, Goldstein RS. Peripheral sensory neurons differentiate from neural precursors derived from human embryonic stem cells. Differentiation 2007; 76:145-55. [PMID: 17608731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural precursors have been derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) using the bone morphogenetic protein antagonist noggin. These neural precursors can be further differentiated to produce neural cells that express central nervous system (CNS) markers. We have recently shown that naive hESC can be directed to differentiate into peripheral sensory (PS) neuron-like cells and putative neural crest precursors by co-culturing with PA6 stromal cells. In the present study, we examine whether hESC-derived neural precursors (NPC) can differentiate into the peripheral nervous system, as well as CNS cells. As little as 1 week after co-culture with PA6 cells, cells with the molecular characteristics of PS neurons and neural crest are observed in the cultures. With increased time in culture, more PS-like neurons appear, in parallel with a reduction in the neural crest-like cells. These results provide the first evidence that neural precursors derived from hESC have the potential to develop into PS neurons-like as well as CNS-like neuronal cells. About 10% of the cells in NPC-PA6 co-cultures express PS neuron markers after 3 weeks, compared with <1% of hESC cultured on PA6. This enrichment for peripheral neurons makes this an attractive system for generation of peripheral neurons for pathophysiology study and drug development for diseases of the peripheral nervous system such as Familial Dysautonomia and varicella virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Brokhman
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pistollato F, Chen HL, Schwartz PH, Basso G, Panchision DM. Oxygen tension controls the expansion of human CNS precursors and the generation of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:424-35. [PMID: 17498968 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neural precursor proliferation and potency is limited by senescence and loss of oligodendrocyte potential. We found that in vitro expansion of human postnatal brain CD133(+) nestin(+) precursors is enhanced at 5% oxygen, while raising oxygen tension to 20% depletes precursors and promotes astrocyte differentiation even in the presence of mitogens. Higher cell densities yielded more astrocytes regardless of oxygen tension. This was reversed by noggin at 5%, but not 20%, oxygen due to a novel repressive effect of low oxygen on bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. When induced to differentiate by mitogen withdrawal, 5% oxygen-expanded precursors generated 17-fold more oligodendrocytes than cells expanded in 20% oxygen. When precursors were expanded at 5% oxygen and then differentiated at 20% oxygen, oligodendrocyte maturation was further enhanced 2.5-fold. These results indicate that dynamic control of oxygen tension regulates different steps in fate and maturation and may be crucial for treating neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pistollato
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, 5th Floor, Suite 5340, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Panchision DM, Chen HL, Pistollato F, Papini D, Ni HT, Hawley TS. Optimized flow cytometric analysis of central nervous system tissue reveals novel functional relationships among cells expressing CD133, CD15, and CD24. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1560-70. [PMID: 17332513 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Although flow cytometry is useful for studying neural lineage relationships, the method of dissociation can potentially bias cell analysis. We compared dissociation methods on viability and antigen recognition of mouse central nervous system (CNS) tissue and human CNS tumor tissue. Although nonenzymatic dissociation yielded poor viability, papain, purified trypsin replacement (TrypLE), and two purified collagenase/neutral protease cocktails (Liberase-1 or Accutase) each efficiently dissociated fetal tissue and postnatal tissue. Mouse cells dissociated with Liberase-1 were titrated with antibodies identifying distinct CNS precursor subtypes, including CD133, CD15, CD24, A2B5, and PSA-NCAM. Of the enzymes tested, papain most aggressively reduced antigenicity for mouse and human CD24. On human CNS tumor cells, CD133 expression remained highest after Liberase-1 and was lowest after papain or Accutase treatment; Liberase-1 digestion allowed magnetic sorting for CD133 without the need for an antigen re-expression recovery period. We conclude that Liberase-1 and TrypLE provide the best balance of dissociation efficiency, viability, and antigen retention. One implication of this comparison was confirmed by dissociating E13.5 mouse cortical cells and performing prospective isolation and clonal analysis on the basis of CD133/CD24 or CD15/CD24 expression. Highest fetal expression of CD133 or CD15 occurred in a CD24(hi) population that was enriched in neuronal progenitors. Multipotent cells expressed CD133 and CD15 at lower levels than did these neuronal progenitors. We conclude that CD133 and CD15 can be used similarly as selectable markers, but CD24 coexpression helps to distinguish fetal mouse multipotent stem cells from neuronal progenitors and postmitotic neurons. This particular discrimination is not possible after papain treatment. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Panchision
- Children's National Medical Center, Center for Neuroscience Research, 5th Floor, Suite 5340, 111 Michigan Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gossrau G, Thiele J, Konang R, Schmandt T, Brüstle O. Bone morphogenetic protein-mediated modulation of lineage diversification during neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2007; 25:939-49. [PMID: 17218404 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) can give rise to a broad spectrum of neural cell types. The biomedical application of ES cells will require detailed knowledge on the role of individual factors modulating fate specification during in vitro differentiation. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are known to exert a multitude of diverse differentiation effects during embryonic development. Here, we show that exposure to BMP2 at distinct stages of neural ES cell differentiation can be used to promote specific cell lineages. During early ES cell differentiation, BMP2-mediated inhibition of neuroectodermal differentiation is associated with an increase in mesoderm and smooth muscle differentiation. In fibroblast growth factor 2-expanded ES cell-derived neural precursors, BMP2 supports the generation of neural crest phenotypes, and, within the neuronal lineage, promotes distinct subtypes of peripheral neurons, including cholinergic and autonomic phenotypes. BMP2 also exerts a density-dependent promotion of astrocyte differentiation at the expense of oligodendrocyte formation. Experiments involving inhibition of the serine threonine kinase FRAP support the notion that these effects are mediated via the JAK/STAT pathway. The preservation of diverse developmental BMP2 effects in differentiating ES cell cultures provides interesting prospects for the enrichment of distinct neural phenotypes in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Gossrau
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn and Hertie Foundation, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Busch C, Oppitz M, Sailer MH, Just L, Metzger M, Drews U. BMP-2-dependent integration of adult mouse subventricular stem cells into the neural crest of chick and quail embryos. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4467-74. [PMID: 17032736 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) stem cells isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) show a remarkable differentiation potential into neural derivatives. Surprisingly adult SVZ cells can also be induced in vitro to differentiate into neural crest cell fates. This fate switch is dependent on the combination of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Here we transplanted adult SVZ stem cells from GFP mice as neurospheres into the trunk neural tube of chick and quail embryos. Only neurospheres pre-exposed to BMP-2 and FGF2 formed close contacts with the dorsal neuroepithelium corresponding to the neural crest area. GFP-positive cells emigrated from the neurosphere and were identified in the roof plate, the dorsal neuroepithelium and among emigrating neural crest cells adjacent to the neural tube. Neurospheres not treated with BMP-2 did not integrate into the neuroepithelium. Our data demonstrate that adult CNS stem cells can be efficiently prepared in vitro for integration into the embryonic neural crest. BMP-2 treatment conveys the necessary morphogenetic capabilities to adult stem cells for future clinical transplantation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Busch
- Anatomisches Institut, Oesterbergstr. 3, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dromard C, Bartolami S, Deleyrolle L, Takebayashi H, Ripoll C, Simonneau L, Prome S, Puech S, Tran VBC, Duperray C, Valmier J, Privat A, Hugnot JP. NG2 and Olig2 expression provides evidence for phenotypic deregulation of cultured central nervous system and peripheral nervous system neural precursor cells. Stem Cells 2006; 25:340-53. [PMID: 17053213 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2005-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells cultured with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)/epidermal growth factor (EGF) generate clonal expansions called neurospheres (NS), which are widely used for therapy in animal models. However, their cellular composition is still poorly defined. Here, we report that NS derived from several embryonic and adult central nervous system (CNS) regions are composed mainly of remarkable cells coexpressing radial glia markers (BLBP, RC2, GLAST), oligodendrogenic/neurogenic factors (Mash1, Olig2, Nkx2.2), and markers that in vivo are typical of the oligodendrocyte lineage (NG2, A2B5, PDGFR-alpha). On NS differentiation, the latter remain mostly expressed in neurons, together with Olig2 and Mash1. Using cytometry, we show that in growing NS the small population of multipotential self-renewing NS-forming cells are A2B5(+) and NG2(+). Additionally, we demonstrate that these NS-forming cells in the embryonic spinal cord were initially NG2(-) and rapidly acquired NG2 in vitro. NG2 and Olig2 were found to be rapidly induced by cell culture conditions in spinal cord neural precursor cells. Olig2 expression was also induced in astrocytes and embryonic peripheral nervous system (PNS) cells in culture after EGF/FGF treatment. These data provide new evidence for profound phenotypic modifications in CNS and PNS neural precursor cells induced by culture conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Dromard
- INSERM U583, Physiopathologie et Thérapie des Déficits Sensoriels et Moteurs Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St ELOI, BP 74103 80, avenue Augustin Fliche 34091 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Oishi K, Ito-Dufros Y. Angiogenic potential of CD44+ CD90+ multipotent CNS stem cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:1065-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
44
|
Chen HL, Panchision DM. Concise Review: Bone Morphogenetic Protein Pleiotropism in Neural Stem Cells and Their Derivatives-Alternative Pathways, Convergent Signals. Stem Cells 2006; 25:63-8. [PMID: 16973830 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a class of morphogens that are critical regulators of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system, and craniofacial development. Modulation of BMP signaling also appears to be an important component of the postnatal stem cell niche. However, describing a comprehensive model of BMP actions is complicated by their paradoxical effects in precursor cells, which include dorsal specification, promoting proliferation or mitotic arrest, cell survival or death, and neuronal or glial fate. In addition, in postmitotic neurons BMPs can promote dendritic growth, act as axonal chemorepellants, and stabilize synapses. Although many of these responses depend on interactions with other incoming signals, some reflect the recruitment of distinct BMP signal transduction pathways. In this review, we classify the diverse effects of BMPs on neural cells, focus on the known mechanisms that specify distinct responses, and discuss the remaining challenges in identifying the cellular basis of BMP pleiotropism. Addressing these issues may have importance for stem cell mobilization, differentiation, and cell integration/survival in reparative therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Chen
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Extracellular signals dictate the biological processes of neural stem cells (NSCs) both in vivo and in vitro. The intracellular response elicited by these signals is dependent on the context in which the signal is received, which in turn is decided by previous and concurrent signals impinging on the cell. A synthesis of signaling pathways that control proliferation, survival, and differentiation of NSCs in vivo and in vitro will lead to a better understanding of their biology, and will also permit more precise and reproducible manipulation of these cells to particular end points. In this review we summarize the known signals that cause proliferation, survival, and differentiation in mammalian NSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prithi Rajan
- Center for Neuroscience and Aging, Burham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|