1
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Divyanshi, Yang J. Germ plasm dynamics during oogenesis and early embryonic development in Xenopus and zebrafish. Mol Reprod Dev 2024; 91:e23718. [PMID: 38126950 PMCID: PMC11190040 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Specification of the germline and its segregation from the soma mark one of the most crucial events in the lifetime of an organism. In different organisms, this specification can occur through either inheritance or inductive mechanisms. In species such as Xenopus and zebrafish, the specification of primordial germ cells relies on the inheritance of maternal germline determinants that are synthesized and sequestered in the germ plasm during oogenesis. In this review, we discuss the formation of the germ plasm, how germline determinants are recruited into the germ plasm during oogenesis, and the dynamics of the germ plasm during oogenesis and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyanshi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
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2
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Fuentes R, Marlow FL, Abrams EW, Zhang H, Kobayashi M, Gupta T, Kapp LD, DiNardo Z, Heller R, Cisternas R, García-Castro P, Segovia-Miranda F, Montecinos-Franjola F, Vought W, Vejnar CE, Giraldez AJ, Mullins MC. Maternal regulation of the vertebrate oocyte-to-embryo transition. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011343. [PMID: 39052672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternally-loaded factors in the egg accumulate during oogenesis and are essential for the acquisition of oocyte and egg developmental competence to ensure the production of viable embryos. However, their molecular nature and functional importance remain poorly understood. Here, we present a collection of 9 recessive maternal-effect mutants identified in a zebrafish forward genetic screen that reveal unique molecular insights into the mechanisms controlling the vertebrate oocyte-to-embryo transition. Four genes, over easy, p33bjta, poached and black caviar, were found to control initial steps in yolk globule sizing and protein cleavage during oocyte maturation that act independently of nuclear maturation. The krang, kazukuram, p28tabj, and spotty genes play distinct roles in egg activation, including cortical granule biology, cytoplasmic segregation, the regulation of microtubule organizing center assembly and microtubule nucleation, and establishing the basic body plan. Furthermore, we cloned two of the mutant genes, identifying the over easy gene as a subunit of the Adaptor Protein complex 5, Ap5m1, which implicates it in regulating intracellular trafficking and yolk vesicle formation. The novel maternal protein Krang/Kiaa0513, highly conserved in metazoans, was discovered and linked to the function of cortical granules during egg activation. These mutant genes represent novel genetic entry points to decipher the molecular mechanisms functioning in the oocyte-to-embryo transition, fertility, and human disease. Additionally, our genetic adult screen not only contributes to the existing knowledge in the field but also sets the basis for future investigations. Thus, the identified maternal genes represent key players in the coordination and execution of events prior to fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Fuentes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Florence L Marlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elliott W Abrams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Purchase College, State University of New York, Purchase, New York, United States of America
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Manami Kobayashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tripti Gupta
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lee D Kapp
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zachary DiNardo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ronald Heller
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ruth Cisternas
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Priscila García-Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fabián Segovia-Miranda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Montecinos-Franjola
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Dynamics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William Vought
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles E Vejnar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Antonio J Giraldez
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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3
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Can Blebbistatin block the hypertrophy status in the zebrafish exvivo cardiac model? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166471. [PMID: 35750268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ex-vivo simple models are powered tools to study cardiac hypertrophy. It is possible to control the activation of critical genes and thus test the effects of drug therapies before the in vivo tests. A zebrafish cardiac hypertrophy developed by 500 μM phenylephrine (PE) treatment in ex vivo culture has been demonstrated to activate the essential expression of the embryonal genes. These genes are the same as those described in several previous pieces of research on hypertrophic pathology in humans. The efficacy of the chemical drug Blebbistatin (BL) on hypertrophy induced ex vivo cultured hearts is studied in this research. BL can inhibit the myosins and the calcium wave in counteracting the hypertrophy status caused by PE. Samples treated with PE, BL and PE simultaneously, or pre/post-treatment with BL, have been analysed for the embryonal gene activation concerning the hypertrophy status. The qRTPCR has shown an inhibitory effect of BL treatments on the microRNAs downregulation with the consequent low expression of essential embryonal genes. In particular, BL seems to be effective in blocking the hyperplasia of the epicardium but less effective in myocardium hypertrophy. The model can make it possible to obtain knowledge on the transduction pathways activated by BL and investigate the potential use of this drug in treating cardiac hypertrophy in humans.
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4
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Moravec CE, Pelegri F. The role of the cytoskeleton in germ plasm aggregation and compaction in the zebrafish embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 140:145-179. [PMID: 32591073 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transmission of genetic information from one generation to another is crucial for survival of animal species. This is accomplished by the induction of primordial germ cells (PGCs) that will eventually establish the germline. In some animals the germline is induced by signals in gastrula, whereas in others it is specified by inheritance of maternal determinants, known as germ plasm. In zebrafish, aggregation and compaction of maternally derived germ plasm during the first several embryonic cell cycles is essential for generation of PGCs. These processes are controlled by cellular functions associated with the cellular division apparatus. Ribonucleoparticles containing germ plasm components are bound to both the ends of astral microtubules and a dynamic F-actin network through a mechanism integrated with that which drives the cell division program. In this chapter we discuss the role that modifications of the cell division apparatus, including the cytoskeleton and cytoskeleton-associated proteins, play in the regulation of zebrafish germ plasm assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara E Moravec
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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5
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Ren F, Lin Q, Gong G, Du X, Dan H, Qin W, Miao R, Xiong Y, Xiao R, Li X, Gui JF, Mei J. Igf2bp3 maintains maternal RNA stability and ensures early embryo development in zebrafish. Commun Biol 2020; 3:94. [PMID: 32127635 PMCID: PMC7054421 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early embryogenesis relies on maternally inherited mRNAs. Although the mechanism of maternal mRNA degradation during maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) has been extensively studied in vertebrates, how the embryos maintain maternal mRNA stability remains unclear. Here, we identify Igf2bp3 as an important regulator of maternal mRNA stability in zebrafish. Depletion of maternal igf2bp3 destabilizes maternal mRNAs prior to MZT and leads to severe developmental defects, including abnormal cytoskeleton organization and cell division. However, the process of oogenesis and the expression levels of maternal mRNAs in unfertilized eggs are normal in maternal igf2bp3 mutants. Gene ontology analysis revealed that these functions are largely mediated by Igf2bp3-bound mRNAs. Indeed, Igf2bp3 depletion destabilizes while its overexpression enhances its targeting maternal mRNAs. Interestingly, igf2bp3 overexpression in wild-type embryos also causes a developmental delay. Altogether, these findings highlight an important function of Igf2bp3 in controlling early zebrafish embryogenesis by binding and regulating the stability of maternal mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Ren
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiaohong Lin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaorui Gong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Du
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, and Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Dan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenying Qin
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, and Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Ran Miao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Xiong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, and Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Mei
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Markwardt ML, Snell NE, Guo M, Wu Y, Christensen R, Liu H, Shroff H, Rizzo MA. A Genetically Encoded Biosensor Strategy for Quantifying Non-muscle Myosin II Phosphorylation Dynamics in Living Cells and Organisms. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1060-1070.e4. [PMID: 30044973 PMCID: PMC6117825 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex cell behaviors require dynamic control over non-muscle myosin II (NMMII) regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation. Here, we report that RLC phosphorylation can be tracked in living cells and organisms using a homotransfer fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) approach. Fluorescent protein-tagged RLCs exhibit FRET in the dephosphorylated conformation, permitting identification and quantification of RLC phosphorylation in living cells. This approach is versatile and can accommodate several different fluorescent protein colors, thus enabling multiplexed imaging with complementary biosensors. In fibroblasts, dynamic myosin phosphorylation was observed at the leading edge of migrating cells and retracting structures where it persistently colocalized with activated myosin light chain kinase. Changes in myosin phosphorylation during C. elegans embryonic development were tracked using polarization inverted selective-plane illumination microscopy (piSPIM), revealing a shift in phosphorylated myosin localization to a longitudinal orientation following the onset of twitching. Quantitative analyses further suggested that RLC phosphorylation dynamics occur independently from changes in protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Markwardt
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicole E Snell
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Min Guo
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, US NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Yicong Wu
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, US NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ryan Christensen
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, US NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Huafeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hari Shroff
- Section on High Resolution Optical Imaging, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, US NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - M A Rizzo
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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7
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Eno C, Pelegri F. Modulation of F-actin dynamics by maternal Mid1ip1L controls germ plasm aggregation and furrow recruitment in the zebrafish embryo. Development 2018; 145:dev156596. [PMID: 29724756 PMCID: PMC6001372 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During the early embryonic cell cycles, zebrafish germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) gradually multimerize and become recruited to the forming furrows. RNPs multimerization occurs prior to and during furrow initiation, as forming aggregates move outward through their association with the tips of growing interphase astral microtubules. Germ plasm RNPs are also associated with short cortical F-actin. We show that, in embryos mutant for the cytoskeletal regulator mid1ip1l, germ plasm RNPs fail to become recruited to the furrow, accumulating instead at the periphery of the blastodisc. RNP aggregates are associated with zones of mid1ip1l-dependent cyclical local cortical F-actin network enrichments, as well as contractions at both the cortex and the contractile ring. F-actin inhibition in wild-type embryos mimics the RNP peripheral accumulation defect of mid1ip1l mutants. Our studies suggest that a common mechanism underlies distinct steps of germ plasm RNP segregation. At the cortex, this process attenuates microtubule-dependent outward RNP movement to retain RNPs in the blastodisc cortex and allow their recruitment to the furrows. F-actin network contraction likely also facilitates higher-order germ plasm RNP multimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Eno
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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8
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Eno C, Gomez T, Slusarski DC, Pelegri F. Slow calcium waves mediate furrow microtubule reorganization and germ plasm compaction in the early zebrafish embryo. Development 2018; 145:dev156604. [PMID: 29632136 PMCID: PMC6001370 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish germ plasm ribonucleoparticles (RNPs) become recruited to furrows of early zebrafish embryos through their association with astral microtubules ends. During the initiation of cytokinesis, microtubules are remodeled into a furrow microtubule array (FMA), which is thought to be analogous to the mammalian midbody involved in membrane abscission. During furrow maturation, RNPs and FMA tubules transition from their original distribution along the furrow to enrichments at the furrow distal ends, which facilitates germ plasm mass compaction. We show that nebel mutants exhibit reduced furrow-associated slow calcium waves (SCWs), caused at least in part by defective enrichment of calcium stores. RNP and FMA distal enrichment mirrors the medial-to-distal polarity of SCWs, and inhibition of calcium release or downstream mediators such as Calmodulin affects RNP and FMA distal enrichment. Blastomeres with reduced or lacking SCWs, such as early blastomeres in nebel mutants and wild-type blastomeres at later stages, exhibit medially bundling microtubules similar to midbodies in other cell types. Our data indicate that SCWs provide medial-to-distal directionality along the furrow to facilitate germ plasm RNP enrichment at the furrow ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Eno
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Timothy Gomez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Diane C Slusarski
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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A novel mode of cytokinesis without cell-substratum adhesion. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17694. [PMID: 29255156 PMCID: PMC5735089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17477-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinesis is a final step in cell division. Dictyostelium cells, a model organism for the study of cytokinesis, have multiple modes, denoted cytokinesis A, B, C, and D. All these modes have been mainly investigated using cells adhering to the substratum although they can grow in shaking suspension culture. Here, we observed how cells divide without adhering to the substratum using a new non-adhesive material. These detached cells formed the cleavage furrow but eventually failed in the final abscission. Thus, the cells cannot divide without adhesion, suggesting that they cannot divide only through the conventional cytokinesis A. However, in a long-term culture, the detached cells adhered each other to form multicellular aggregates and divided properly in these aggregates. Myosin II-null cells also formed such aggregates but could not divide in the aggregates. Several lines of experiments using mutant cells showed that the process of cytokinesis in multicellular aggregates is a novel mode utilizing a confined space in the aggregate in a myosin II-dependent manner. These results shed light on a poorly characterized mechanism of cytokinesis in multicellular spheroids or tissues. We propose to redefine and classify multiple modes of cytokinesis.
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10
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Gupta P, Martin R, Knölker HJ, Nihalani D, Kumar Sinha D. Myosin-1 inhibition by PClP affects membrane shape, cortical actin distribution and lipid droplet dynamics in early Zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180301. [PMID: 28678859 PMCID: PMC5498032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin-1 (Myo1) represents a mechanical link between the membrane and actin-cytoskeleton in animal cells. We have studied the effect of Myo1 inhibitor PClP in 1-8 cell Zebrafish embryos. Our results indicate a unique involvement of Myo1 in early development of Zebrafish embryos. Inhibition of Myo1 (by PClP) and Myo2 (by Blebbistatin) lead to arrest in cell division. While Myo1 isoforms appears to be important for both the formation and the maintenance of cleavage furrows, Myo2 is required only for the formation of furrows. We found that the blastodisc of the embryo, which contains a thick actin cortex (~13 μm), is loaded with cortical Myo1. Myo1 appears to be crucial for maintaining the blastodisc morphology and the actin cortex thickness. In addition to cell division and furrow formation, inhibition of Myo1 has a drastic effect on the dynamics and distribution of lipid droplets (LDs) in the blastodisc near the cleavage furrow. All these results above are effects of Myo1 inhibition exclusively; Myo2 inhibition by blebbistatin does not show such phenotypes. Therefore, our results demonstrate a potential role for Myo1 in the maintenance and formation of furrow, blastodisc morphology, cell-division and LD organization within the blastodisc during early embryogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/drug effects
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Blastomeres/cytology
- Blastomeres/metabolism
- Blastomeres/ultrastructure
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/pharmacology
- Lipid Droplets/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myosin Heavy Chains/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Martin
- Department Chemie, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Deepak Nihalani
- Dept. Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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11
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Ca 2+ Signalling and Membrane Dynamics During Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 981:389-412. [PMID: 29594869 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the role of Ca2+ signalling as a possible regulator of the combinatorial processes that result in the separation of the daughter cells during cytokinesis, extend back almost a 100 years. One of the key processes required for the successful completion of cytokinesis in animal cells (especially in the large holoblastically and meroblastically dividing embryonic cells of a number of amphibian and fish species), is the dynamic remodelling of the plasma membrane. Ca2+ signalling was subsequently demonstrated to regulate various different aspects of cytokinesis in animal cells, and so here we focus specifically on the role of Ca2+ signalling in the remodelling of the plasma membrane. We begin by providing a brief history of the animal models used and the research accomplished by the early twentieth century investigators, with regards to this aspect of animal cell cytokinesis. We then review the most recent progress made (i.e., in the last 10 years), which has significantly advanced our current understanding on the role of cytokinetic Ca2+ signalling in membrane remodelling. To this end, we initially summarize what is currently known about the Ca2+ transients generated during animal cell cytokinesis, and then we describe the latest findings regarding the source of Ca2+ generating these transients. Finally, we review the current evidence about the possible targets of the different cytokinetic Ca2+ transients with a particular emphasis on those that either directly or indirectly affect plasma membrane dynamics. With regards to the latter, we discuss the possible role of the early Ca2+ signalling events in the deformation of the plasma membrane at the start of cytokinesis (i.e., during furrow positioning), as well as the role of the subsequent Ca2+ signals in the trafficking and fusion of vesicles, which help to remodel the plasma membrane during the final stages of cell division. As it is becoming clear that each of the cytokinetic Ca2+ transients might have multiple, integrated targets, deciphering the precise role of each transient represents a significant (and ongoing) challenge.
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12
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Hasley A, Chavez S, Danilchik M, Wühr M, Pelegri F. Vertebrate Embryonic Cleavage Pattern Determination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:117-171. [PMID: 27975272 PMCID: PMC6500441 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of the earliest cell divisions in a vertebrate embryo lays the groundwork for later developmental events such as gastrulation, organogenesis, and overall body plan establishment. Understanding these early cleavage patterns and the mechanisms that create them is thus crucial for the study of vertebrate development. This chapter describes the early cleavage stages for species representing ray-finned fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals, and proto-vertebrate ascidians and summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms that govern these patterns. The nearly universal influence of cell shape on orientation and positioning of spindles and cleavage furrows and the mechanisms that mediate this influence are discussed. We discuss in particular models of aster and spindle centering and orientation in large embryonic blastomeres that rely on asymmetric internal pulling forces generated by the cleavage furrow for the previous cell cycle. Also explored are mechanisms that integrate cell division given the limited supply of cellular building blocks in the egg and several-fold changes of cell size during early development, as well as cytoskeletal specializations specific to early blastomeres including processes leading to blastomere cohesion. Finally, we discuss evolutionary conclusions beginning to emerge from the contemporary analysis of the phylogenetic distributions of cleavage patterns. In sum, this chapter seeks to summarize our current understanding of vertebrate early embryonic cleavage patterns and their control and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hasley
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Genetics/Biotech Addition, Room 2424, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shawn Chavez
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
- Division of Reproductive & Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Heath & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Michael Danilchik
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, L499, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Martin Wühr
- Department of Molecular Biology & The Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Icahn Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Genetics/Biotech Addition, Room 2424, 425-G Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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13
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Pierre A, Sallé J, Wühr M, Minc N. Generic Theoretical Models to Predict Division Patterns of Cleaving Embryos. Dev Cell 2016; 39:667-682. [PMID: 27997824 PMCID: PMC5180451 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Life for all animals starts with a precise 3D choreography of reductive divisions of the fertilized egg, known as cleavage patterns. These patterns exhibit conserved geometrical features and striking interspecies invariance within certain animal classes. To identify the generic rules that may govern these morphogenetic events, we developed a 3D-modeling framework that iteratively infers blastomere division positions and orientations, and consequent multicellular arrangements. From a minimal set of parameters, our model predicts detailed features of cleavage patterns in the embryos of fishes, amphibians, echinoderms, and ascidians, as well as the genetic and physical perturbations that alter these patterns. This framework demonstrates that a geometrical system based on length-dependent microtubule forces that probe blastomere shape and yolk gradients, biased by cortical polarity domains, may dictate division patterns and overall embryo morphogenesis. These studies thus unravel the default self-organization rules governing early embryogenesis and how they are altered by deterministic regulatory layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaëlle Pierre
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jérémy Sallé
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Martin Wühr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nicolas Minc
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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14
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Miranda-Rodríguez JR, Salas-Vidal E, Lomelí H, Zurita M, Schnabel D. RhoA/ROCK pathway activity is essential for the correct localization of the germ plasm mRNAs in zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 2016; 421:27-42. [PMID: 27836552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish germ plasm is composed of mRNAs such as vasa and nanos and of proteins such as Bucky ball, all of which localize symmetrically in four aggregates at the distal region of the first two cleavage furrows. The coordination of actin microfilaments, microtubules and kinesin is essential for the correct localization of the germ plasm. Rho-GTPases, through their effectors, coordinate cytoskeletal dynamics. We address the participation of RhoA and its effector ROCK in germ plasm localization during the transition from two- to eight-cell embryos. We found that active RhoA is enriched along the cleavage furrow during the first two division cycles, whereas ROCK localizes at the distal region of the cleavage furrows in a similar pattern as the germ plasm mRNAs. Specific inhibition of RhoA and ROCK affected microtubules organization at the cleavage furrow; these caused the incorrect localization of the germ plasm mRNAs. The incorrect localization of the germ plasm led to a dramatic change in the number of germ cells during the blastula and 24hpf embryo stages without affecting any other developmental processes. We demonstrate that the Rho/ROCK pathway is intimately related to the determination of germ cells in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerónimo Roberto Miranda-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 510-3, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, Mexico
| | - Enrique Salas-Vidal
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 510-3, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, Mexico
| | - Hilda Lomelí
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 510-3, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario Zurita
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 510-3, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, Mexico
| | - Denhi Schnabel
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 510-3, Cuernavaca, Mor. 62250, Mexico.
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15
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SOCE proteins, STIM1 and Orai1, are localized to the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis of the first and second cell division cycles in zebrafish embryos. ZYGOTE 2016; 24:880-889. [PMID: 27702423 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199416000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In zebrafish embryos, distinct Ca2+ transients are localized to the early cleavage furrows during the first few cell division cycles. These transients are generated mainly by release via IP3Rs in the endoplasmic reticulum, and they are necessary for furrow positioning, propagation, deepening and apposition. We previously showed, via the use of inhibitors, that store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) also appears to be essential for maintaining the IP3R-mediated elevated levels of [Ca2+]i for the extended periods required for the completion of successful furrow deepening and daughter cell apposition in these large embryonic cells. Here, newly fertilized, dechorionated embryos were fixed at various times during the first and second cell division cycles and immunolabelled with antibodies to STIM1 and/or Orai1 (key components of SOCE). We show that both of these proteins have a dynamic pattern of localization during cytokinesis of the first two cell division cycles. These new data help to support our previous inhibitor results, and provide additional evidence that SOCE contributes to the maintenance of the sustained elevated Ca2+ that is required for the successful completion of cytokinesis in the large cells of embryonic zebrafish.
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16
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Eno C, Solanki B, Pelegri F. aura (mid1ip1l) regulates the cytoskeleton at the zebrafish egg-to-embryo transition. Development 2016; 143:1585-99. [PMID: 26965374 PMCID: PMC4986165 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Embryos from females homozygous for a recessive maternal-effect mutation in the gene aura exhibit defects including reduced cortical integrity, defective cortical granule (CG) release upon egg activation, failure to complete cytokinesis, and abnormal cell wound healing. We show that the cytokinesis defects are associated with aberrant cytoskeletal reorganization during furrow maturation, including abnormal F-actin enrichment and microtubule reorganization. Cortical F-actin prior to furrow formation fails to exhibit a normal transition into F-actin-rich arcs, and drug inhibition is consistent with aura function promoting F-actin polymerization and/or stabilization. In mutants, components of exocytic and endocytic vesicles, such as Vamp2, Clathrin and Dynamin, are sequestered in unreleased CGs, indicating a need for CG recycling in the normal redistribution of these factors. However, the exocytic targeting factor Rab11 is recruited to the furrow plane normally at the tip of bundling microtubules, suggesting an alternative anchoring mechanism independent of membrane recycling. A positional cloning approach indicates that the mutation in aura is associated with a truncation of Mid1 interacting protein 1 like (Mid1ip1l), previously identified as an interactor of the X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome gene product Mid1. A Cas9/CRISPR-induced mutant allele in mid1ip1l fails to complement the originally isolated aura maternal-effect mutation, confirming gene assignment. Mid1ip1l protein localizes to cortical F-actin aggregates, consistent with a direct role in cytoskeletal regulation. Our studies indicate that maternally provided aura (mid1ip1l) acts during the reorganization of the cytoskeleton at the egg-to-embryo transition and highlight the importance of cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane recycling during this developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Eno
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Room 2455 Genetics, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Bharti Solanki
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Room 2455 Genetics, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 425-G Henry Mall, Room 2455 Genetics, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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17
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Turnover of the actomyosin complex in zebrafish embryos directs geometric remodelling and the recruitment of lipid droplets. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13915. [PMID: 26355567 PMCID: PMC4650301 DOI: 10.1038/srep13915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), reservoirs of cholesterols and fats, are organelles that
hydrolyse lipids in the cell. In zebrafish embryos, the actomyosin complex and
filamentous microtubules control the periodic regulation of the LD geometry.
Contrary to the existing hypothesis that LD transport involves the
kinesin-microtubule system, we find that their recruitment to the blastodisc depends
on the actomyosin turnover and is independent of the microtubules. For the first
time we report the existence of two distinct states of LDs, an inactive and an
active state, that occur periodically, coupled weakly to the cleavage cycles. LDs
are bigger, more circular and more stable in the inactive state in which the
geometry of the LDs is maintained by actomyosin as well as microtubules. The active
state has smaller and irregularly shaped LDs that show shape fluctuations that are
linked to actin depolymerization. Because most functions of LDs employ surface
interactions, our findings on the LD geometry and its regulation bring new insights
to the mechanisms associated with specific functions of LDs, such as their storage
capacity for fats or proteins, lipolysis etc.
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18
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Nukada Y, Horie M, Fukui A, Kotani T, Yamashita M. Real-time imaging of actin filaments in the zebrafish oocyte and embryo. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2015; 72:491-501. [PMID: 26335601 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic changes of cytoplasmic and cortical actin filaments drive various cellular and developmental processes. Although real-time imaging of actin filaments in living cells has been developed, imaging of actin filaments in specific cells of living organisms remains limited, particularly for the analysis of gamete formation and early embryonic development. Here, we report the production of transgenic zebrafish expressing the C-terminus of Moesin, an actin filament-binding protein, fused with green fluorescent protein or red fluorescent protein (GFP/RFP-MoeC), under the control of a cyclin B1 promoter. GFP/RFP-MoeC was expressed maternally, which labels the cortical actin cytoskeleton of blastula-stage cells. High levels of GFP/RFP fluorescence were detected in the adult ovary and testis. In the ovaries, GFP/RFP-MoeC was expressed in oocytes but not in follicle cells, which allows us to clearly visualize the organization of actin filaments in different stages of the oocyte. Using full-grown oocytes, we revealed the dynamic changes of actin columns assembled in the cortical cytoplasm during oocyte maturation. The number of columns slightly decreased in the early period before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and then significantly decreased at GVBD, followed by recovery after GVBD. Our transgenic fish are useful for analyzing the dynamics of actin filaments in oogenesis and early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Nukada
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mayu Horie
- Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akimasa Fukui
- Laboratory of Tissue and Polymer Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kotani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masakane Yamashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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19
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Campbell PD, Heim AE, Smith MZ, Marlow FL. Kinesin-1 interacts with Bucky ball to form germ cells and is required to pattern the zebrafish body axis. Development 2015; 142:2996-3008. [PMID: 26253407 PMCID: PMC4582183 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In animals, specification of the primordial germ cells (PGCs), the stem cells of the germ line, is required to transmit genetic information from one generation to the next. Bucky ball (Buc) is essential for germ plasm (GP) assembly in oocytes, and its overexpression results in excess PGCs in zebrafish embryos. However, the mechanistic basis for the excess PGCs in response to Buc overexpression, and whether endogenous Buc functions during embryogenesis, are unknown. Here, we show that endogenous Buc, like GP and overexpressed Buc-GFP, accumulates at embryonic cleavage furrows. Furthermore, we show that the maternally expressed zebrafish Kinesin-1 Kif5Ba is a binding partner of Buc and that maternal kif5Ba (Mkif5Ba) plays an essential role in germline specification in vivo. Specifically, Mkif5Ba is required to recruit GP to cleavage furrows and thereby specifies PGCs. Moreover, Mkif5Ba is required to enrich Buc at cleavage furrows and for the ability of Buc to promote excess PGCs, providing mechanistic insight into how Buc functions to assemble embryonic GP. In addition, we show that Mkif5Ba is also essential for dorsoventral (DV) patterning. Specifically, Mkif5Ba promotes formation of the parallel vegetal microtubule array required to asymmetrically position dorsal determinants (DDs) towards the prospective dorsal side. Interestingly, whereas Syntabulin and wnt8a translocation depend on kif5Ba, grip2a translocation does not, providing evidence for two distinct mechanisms by which DDs might be asymmetrically distributed. These studies identify essential roles for maternal Kif5Ba in PGC specification and DV patterning, and provide mechanistic insight into Buc functions during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Campbell
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Amanda E Heim
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mordechai Z Smith
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Florence L Marlow
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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20
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Block the function of nonmuscle myosin II by blebbistatin induces zebrafish embryo cardia bifida. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2014; 51:211-7. [PMID: 25403653 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-014-9836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nonmuscle myosin II (NM II) is the name given to the multi-subunit protein product of three genes encoding different nonmuscle myosin heavy chains including NM II-A, NM II-B, and NM II-C. Blebbistatin is a small molecule that has been shown to be a relatively specific inhibitor of NM II. Blocking the function of NM II by blebbistatin induces zebrafish embryo cardia bifida at a dose-dependent manner. In situ hybridization analysis with ventricular marker ventricular myosin heavy chain (vmhc) and atrial marker atrial myosin heavy chain (amhc) showed each of the heart contained both distinct atria and ventricle. However, the cardia bifida embryos had highly variable distance between two separate ventricles. We also provided evidence that time window from 12 to 20 h post fertilization (hpf) is necessary and sufficient for cardia bifida formation caused by blebbistatin treatment. Expression of spinster homolog 2 (spns2) was decreased in blebbistatin-treated embryos, suggesting the cardia bifida phenotype caused by NM II inhibition was relevant to precardiac mesoderm migration defects. Through in situ hybridization analysis, we showed that foxa1 was expressed in endoderm of blebbistatin-treated embryos at 24-hpf stage, suggesting the endoderm formation is normal in cardia bifida embryos caused by blebbistatin treatment. In addition, we demonstrated that blebbistatin treatment resulted in morphology alteration of zebrafish cardiomyocytes in vivo and neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes in vitro.
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21
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Gutzman JH, Sahu SU, Kwas C. Non-muscle myosin IIA and IIB differentially regulate cell shape changes during zebrafish brain morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2014; 397:103-15. [PMID: 25446029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During brain morphogenesis, the neuroepithelium must fold in specific regions to delineate functional units, and give rise to conserved embryonic brain shape. Individual cell shape changes are the basis for the morphogenetic events that occur during whole tissue shaping. We used the zebrafish to study the molecular mechanisms that regulate the first fold in the vertebrate brain, the highly conserved midbrain-hindbrain boundary (MHB). Since the contractile state of the neuroepithelium is tightly regulated by non-muscle myosin II (NMII) activity, we tested the role of NMIIA and NMIIB in regulating cell shape changes that occur during MHB morphogenesis. Using morpholino knockdown, we show that NMIIA and NMIIB are both required for normal MHB tissue angle. Quantification of cell shapes revealed that NMIIA is required for the shortening of cells specifically at the MHB constriction (MHBC), while NMIIB is required for the proper width of cells throughout the MHB region. NMIIA and NMIIB knockdown also correlated with abnormal distribution of actin within the cells of the MHBC. Thus, NMIIA and NMIIB perform distinct functions in regulating cell shape during MHB morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Gutzman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
| | - Srishti U Sahu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Constance Kwas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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22
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Jia J, Bosley AD, Thompson A, Hoskins JW, Cheuk A, Collins I, Parikh H, Xiao Z, Ylaya K, Dzyadyk M, Cozen W, Hernandez BY, Lynch CF, Loncarek J, Altekruse SF, Zhang L, Westlake CJ, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson S, Bamlet WR, Hewitt SM, Petersen GM, Andresson T, Amundadottir LT. CLPTM1L promotes growth and enhances aneuploidy in pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2785-95. [PMID: 24648346 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of 10 different cancers have identified pleiotropic cancer predisposition loci across a region of chromosome 5p15.33 that includes the TERT and CLPTM1L genes. Of these, susceptibility alleles for pancreatic cancer have mapped to the CLPTM1L gene, thus prompting an investigation of the function of CLPTM1L in the pancreas. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that CLPTM1L localized to the endoplasmic reticulum where it is likely embedded in the membrane, in accord with multiple predicted transmembrane domains. Overexpression of CLPTM1L enhanced growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro (1.3-1.5-fold; PDAY7 < 0.003) and in vivo (3.46-fold; PDAY68 = 0.039), suggesting a role in tumor growth; this effect was abrogated by deletion of two hydrophilic domains. Affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry identified an interaction between CLPTM1L and non-muscle myosin II (NMM-II), a protein involved in maintaining cell shape, migration, and cytokinesis. The two proteins colocalized in the cytoplasm and, after treatment with a DNA-damaging agent, at the centrosomes. Overexpression of CLPTM1L and depletion of NMM-II induced aneuploidy, indicating that CLPTM1L may interfere with normal NMM-II function in regulating cytokinesis. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced staining of CLPTM1L in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (n = 378) as compared with normal pancreatic tissue samples (n = 17; P = 1.7 × 10(-4)). Our results suggest that CLPTM1L functions as a growth-promoting gene in the pancreas and that overexpression may lead to an abrogation of normal cytokinesis, indicating that it should be considered as a plausible candidate gene that could explain the effect of pancreatic cancer susceptibility alleles on chr5p15.33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Jia
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Allen D Bosley
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Abbey Thompson
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jason W Hoskins
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Adam Cheuk
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Irene Collins
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Hemang Parikh
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhen Xiao
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kris Ylaya
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marta Dzyadyk
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brenda Y Hernandez
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Charles F Lynch
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jadranka Loncarek
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sean F Altekruse
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christopher J Westlake
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Valentina M Factor
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Snorri Thorgeirsson
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William R Bamlet
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Stephen M Hewitt
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gloria M Petersen
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Thorkell Andresson
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Laufey T Amundadottir
- Authors' Affiliations: Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Pediatric Oncology Branch; Laboratory of Pathology; Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences; Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda; Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling and Laboratory of Cell & Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, Hawaii; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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23
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Biphasic assembly of the contractile apparatus during the first two cell division cycles in zebrafish embryos. ZYGOTE 2013; 22:218-28. [DOI: 10.1017/s0967199413000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe large and optically clear embryos of the zebrafish provide an excellent model system in which to study the dynamic assembly of the essential contractile band components, actin and myosin, via double fluorescent labelling in combination with confocal microscopy. We report the rapid appearance (i.e. within <2 min) of a restricted arc of F-actin patches along the prospective furrow plane in a central, apical region of the blastodisc cortex. These patches then fused with each other end-to-end forming multiple actin cables, which were subsequently bundled together forming an F-actin band. During this initial assembly phase, the F-actin-based structure did not elongate laterally, but was still restricted to an arc extending ~15° either side of the blastodisc apex. This initial assembly phase was then followed by an extension phase, where additional F-actin patches were added to each end of the original arc, thus extending it out to the edges of the blastodisc. The dynamics of phosphorylated myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) recruitment to this F-actin scaffold also reflect the two-phase nature of the contractile apparatus assembly. MLC2 was not associated with the initial F-actin arc, but MLC2 clusters were recruited and assembled into the extending ends of the band. We propose that the MLC2-free central region of the contractile apparatus acts to position and then extend the cleavage furrow in the correct plane, while the actomyosin ends alone generate the force required for furrow ingression. This biphasic assembly strategy may be required to successfully divide the early cells of large embryos.
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24
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VP15R from infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus is a non-muscle myosin-II-binding protein. Arch Virol 2010; 156:53-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Fuentes R, Fernández J. Ooplasmic segregation in the zebrafish zygote and early embryo: Pattern of ooplasmic movements and transport pathways. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2172-89. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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26
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Chantler PD, Wylie SR, Wheeler-Jones CP, McGonnell IM. Conventional myosins - unconventional functions. Biophys Rev 2010; 2:67-82. [PMID: 28510009 PMCID: PMC5425674 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-010-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the discovery of unconventional myosins raised expectations that their actions were responsible for most aspects of actin-based cell motility, few anticipated the wide range of cellular functions that would remain the purview of conventional two-headed myosins. The three nonsarcomeric, cellular myosins-M2A, M2B and M2C-participate in diverse roles including, but not limited to: neuronal dynamics, axon guidance and synaptic transmission; endothelial cell migration; cell adhesion, polarity, fusion and cytokinesis; vesicle trafficking and viral egress. These three conventional myosins each take on specific, differing functional roles during development and maturity, characteristic of each cell lineage; exact roles depend on the developmental stage of the cell, cellular location, upstream regulatory controls, relative isoform expression, orientation and associated state of the actin cytoscaffolds in which these myosins operate. Here, we discuss the separate yet related roles that characterise the actions of M2A, M2B and M2C in various cell types and show that these conventional myosins are responsible for functions as unconventional as any performed by unconventional myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Chantler
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Steven R Wylie
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Caroline P Wheeler-Jones
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Imelda M McGonnell
- Unit of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
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27
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Lindeman RE, Pelegri F. Vertebrate maternal-effect genes: Insights into fertilization, early cleavage divisions, and germ cell determinant localization from studies in the zebrafish. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:299-313. [PMID: 19908256 PMCID: PMC4276564 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the earliest stages of animal development prior to the commencement of zygotic transcription, all critical cellular processes are carried out by maternally-provided molecular products accumulated in the egg during oogenesis. Disruption of these maternal products can lead to defective embryogenesis. In this review, we focus on maternal genes with roles in the fundamental processes of fertilization, cell division, centrosome regulation, and germ cell development with emphasis on findings from the zebrafish, as this is a unique and valuable model system for vertebrate reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E. Lindeman
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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28
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Yabe T, Ge X, Lindeman R, Nair S, Runke G, Mullins MC, Pelegri F. The maternal-effect gene cellular island encodes aurora B kinase and is essential for furrow formation in the early zebrafish embryo. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000518. [PMID: 19543364 PMCID: PMC2686166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Females homozygous for a mutation in cellular island (cei) produce embryos with defects in cytokinesis during early development. Analysis of the cytoskeletal events associated with furrow formation reveal that these defects include a general delay in furrow initiation as well as a complete failure to form furrow-associated structures in distal regions of the blastodisc. A linkage mapping-based candidate gene approach, including transgenic rescue, shows that cei encodes the zebrafish Aurora B kinase homologue. Genetic complementation analysis between the cei mutation and aurB zygotic lethal mutations corroborate gene assignment and reveal a complex nature of the maternal-effect cei allele, which appears to preferentially affect a function important for cytokinesis in the early blastomeres. Surprisingly, in cei mutant embryos a short yet otherwise normal furrow forms in the center of the blastodisc. Furrow formation is absent throughout the width of the blastodisc in cei mutant embryos additionally mutant for futile cycle, which lack a spindle apparatus, showing that the residual furrow signal present in cei mutants is derived from the mitotic spindle. Our analysis suggests that partially redundant signals derived from the spindle and astral apparatus mediate furrow formation in medial and distal regions of the early embryonic blastomeres, respectively, possibly as a spatial specialization to achieve furrow formation in these large cells. In addition, our data also suggest a role for Cei/AurB function in the reorganization of the furrow-associated microtubules in both early cleavage- and somite-stage embryos. In accordance with the requirement for cei/aurB in furrow induction in the early cleavage embryo, germ plasm recruitment to the forming furrow is also affected in embryos lacking normal cei/aurB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taijiro Yabe
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyan Ge
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robin Lindeman
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sreelaja Nair
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Greg Runke
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Francisco Pelegri
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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29
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Doreian BW, Fulop TG, Meklemburg RL, Smith CB. Cortical F-actin, the exocytic mode, and neuropeptide release in mouse chromaffin cells is regulated by myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate and myosin II. Mol Biol Cell 2009; 20:3142-54. [PMID: 19420137 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e09-03-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal medullary chromaffin cells are innervated by the sympathetic splanchnic nerve and translate graded sympathetic firing into a differential hormonal exocytosis. Basal sympathetic firing elicits a transient kiss-and-run mode of exocytosis and modest catecholamine release, whereas elevated firing under the sympathetic stress response results in full granule collapse to release catecholamine and peptide transmitters into the circulation. Previous studies have shown that rearrangement of the cell actin cortex regulates the mode of exocytosis. An intact cortex favors kiss-and-run exocytosis, whereas disrupting the cortex favors the full granule collapse mode. Here, we investigate the specific roles of two actin-associated proteins, myosin II and myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) in this process. Our data demonstrate that MARCKS phosphorylation under elevated cell firing is required for cortical actin disruption but is not sufficient to elicit peptide transmitter exocytosis. Our data also demonstrate that myosin II is phospho-activated under high stimulation conditions. Inhibiting myosin II activity prevented disruption of the actin cortex, full granule collapse, and peptide transmitter release. These results suggest that phosphorylation of both MARCKS and myosin II lead to disruption of the actin cortex. However, myosin II, but not MARCKS, is required for the activity-dependent exocytosis of the peptide transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan W Doreian
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA
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30
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Nagasaki A, Kanada M, Uyeda TQ. Cell adhesion molecules regulate contractile ring-independent cytokinesis in Dictyostelium discoideum. Cell Res 2009; 19:236-46. [PMID: 19065153 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the roles of substrate adhesion in cytokinesis, we established cell lines lacking paxillin (PAXB) or vinculin (VINA), and those expressing the respective GFP fusion proteins in Dictyostelium discoideum. As in mammalian cells, GFP-PAXB and GFP-VINA formed focal adhesion-like complexes on the cell bottom. paxB(-) cells in suspension grew normally, but on substrates, often failed to divide after regression of the furrow. The efficient cytokinesis of paxB(-) cells in suspension is not because of shear forces to assist abscission, as they divided normally in static suspension culture as well. Double knockout strains lacking mhcA, which codes for myosin II, and paxB or vinA displayed more severe cytokinetic defects than each single knockout strain. In mitotic wild-type cells, GFP-PAXB was diffusely distributed on the basal membrane, but was strikingly condensed along the polar edges in mitotic mhcA(-) cells. These results are consistent with our idea that Dictyostelium displays two forms of cytokinesis, one that is contractile ring-dependent and adhesion-independent, and the other that is contractile ring-independent and adhesion-dependent, and that the latter requires PAXB and VINA. Furthermore, that paxB(-) cells fail to divide normally in the presence of substrate adhesion suggests that this adhesion molecule may play additional signaling roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nagasaki
- Research Institute for Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.
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31
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Nomura M, Nakajima A, Inaba K. Proteomic profiles of embryonic development in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. Dev Biol 2009; 325:468-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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32
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Anderson TW, Vaughan AN, Cramer LP. Retrograde flow and myosin II activity within the leading cell edge deliver F-actin to the lamella to seed the formation of graded polarity actomyosin II filament bundles in migrating fibroblasts. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:5006-18. [PMID: 18799629 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-01-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In migrating fibroblasts actomyosin II bundles are graded polarity (GP) bundles, a distinct organization to stress fibers. GP bundles are important for powering cell migration, yet have an unknown mechanism of formation. Electron microscopy and the fate of photobleached marks show actin filaments undergoing retrograde flow in filopodia, and the lamellipodium are structurally and dynamically linked with stationary GP bundles within the lamella. An individual filopodium initially protrudes, but then becomes separated from the tip of the lamellipodium and seeds the formation of a new GP bundle within the lamella. In individual live cells expressing both GFP-myosin II and RFP-actin, myosin II puncta localize to the base of an individual filopodium an average 28 s before the filopodium seeds the formation of a new GP bundle. Associated myosin II is stationary with respect to the substratum in new GP bundles. Inhibition of myosin II motor activity in live cells blocks appearance of new GP bundles in the lamella, without inhibition of cell protrusion in the same timescale. We conclude retrograde F-actin flow and myosin II activity within the leading cell edge delivers F-actin to the lamella to seed the formation of new GP bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom W Anderson
- MRC-Laboratory Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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33
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Recent papers on zebrafish and other aquarium fish models. Zebrafish 2008; 3:481-95. [PMID: 18377228 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2006.3.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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34
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Pinar M, Coll PM, Rincón SA, Pérez P. Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pxl1 is a paxillin homologue that modulates Rho1 activity and participates in cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:1727-38. [PMID: 18256290 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-07-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Rho GTPases regulate actin cytoskeleton organization and cell integrity. We studied the fission yeast gene SPBC4F6.12 based on its ability to suppress the thermosensitivity of cdc42-1625 mutant strain. This gene, named pxl1(+), encodes a protein with three LIM domains that is similar to paxillin. Pxl1 does not interact with Cdc42 but it interacts with Rho1, and it negatively regulates this GTPase. Fission yeast Pxl1 forms a contractile ring in the cell division region and deletion of pxl1(+) causes a delay in cell-cell separation, suggesting that it has a function in cytokinesis. Pxl1 N-terminal region is required and sufficient for its localization to the medial ring, whereas the LIM domains are necessary for its function. Pxl1 localization requires actin polymerization and the actomyosin ring, but it is independent of the septation initiation network (SIN) function. Moreover, Pxl1 colocalizes and interacts with Myo2, and Cdc15, suggesting that it is part of the actomyosin ring. Here, we show that in cells lacking Pxl1, the myosin ring is not correctly assembled and that actomyosin ring contraction is delayed. Together, these data suggest that Pxl1 modulates Rho1 GTPase signaling and plays a role in the formation and contraction of the actomyosin ring during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pinar
- Instituto de Microbiología Bioquímica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Edificio Departamental, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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35
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Li WM, Webb SE, Chan CM, Miller AL. Multiple roles of the furrow deepening Ca2+ transient during cytokinesis in zebrafish embryos. Dev Biol 2008; 316:228-48. [PMID: 18313658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The generation of a required series of localized Ca(2+) transients during cytokinesis in zebrafish embryos suggests that Ca(2+) plays a necessary role in regulating this process. Here, we report that cortical actin remodeling, characterized by the reorganization of the contractile band and the formation during furrow deepening of pericleavage F-actin enrichments (PAEs), requires a localized increase in intracellular Ca(2+), which is released from IP(3)-sensitive stores. We demonstrate that VAMP-2 vesicle fusion at the deepening furrow also requires Ca(2+) released via IP(3) receptors, as well as the presence of PAEs and the action of calpains. Finally, by expressing a dominant-negative form of the kinesin-like protein, kif23, we demonstrate that its recruitment to the furrow region is required for VAMP-2 vesicle transport; and via FRAP analysis, that kif23 localization is also Ca(2+)-dependent. Collectively, our data demonstrate that a localized increase in intracellular Ca(2+) is involved in regulating several key events during furrow deepening and subsequent apposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ming Li
- Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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36
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Yabe T, Ge X, Pelegri F. The zebrafish maternal-effect gene cellular atoll encodes the centriolar component sas-6 and defects in its paternal function promote whole genome duplication. Dev Biol 2007; 312:44-60. [PMID: 17950723 PMCID: PMC2693064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 08/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A female-sterile zebrafish maternal-effect mutation in cellular atoll (cea) results in defects in the initiation of cell division starting at the second cell division cycle. This phenomenon is caused by defects in centrosome duplication, which in turn affect the formation of a bipolar spindle. We show that cea encodes the centriolar coiled-coil protein Sas-6, and that zebrafish Cea/Sas-6 protein localizes to centrosomes. cea also has a genetic paternal contribution, which when mutated results in an arrested first cell division followed by normal cleavage. Our data supports the idea that, in zebrafish, paternally inherited centrosomes are required for the first cell division while maternally derived factors are required for centrosomal duplication and cell divisions in subsequent cell cycles. DNA synthesis ensues in the absence of centrosome duplication, and the one-cycle delay in the first cell division caused by cea mutant sperm leads to whole genome duplication. We discuss the potential implications of these findings with regards to the origin of polyploidization in animal species. In addition, the uncoupling of developmental time and cell division count caused by the cea mutation suggests the presence of a time window, normally corresponding to the first two cell cycles, which is permissive for germ plasm recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyan Ge
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin – Madison
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Lecuit T, Lenne PF. Cell surface mechanics and the control of cell shape, tissue patterns and morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:633-44. [PMID: 17643125 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 830] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenesis requires the execution of complex mechanisms that regulate the local behaviour of groups of cells. The orchestration of such mechanisms has been mainly deciphered through the identification of conserved families of signalling pathways that spatially and temporally control cell behaviour. However, how this information is processed to control cell shape and cell dynamics is an open area of investigation. The framework that emerges from diverse disciplines such as cell biology, physics and developmental biology points to adhesion and cortical actin networks as regulators of cell surface mechanics. In this context, a range of developmental phenomena can be explained by the regulation of cell surface tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lecuit
- Institute of Developmental Biology of Marseille-Luminy, UMR6216 CNRS-Université de la Méditerranée, Campus de Luminy case 907, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France.
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Effler JC, Iglesias PA, Robinson DN. A mechanosensory system controls cell shape changes during mitosis. Cell Cycle 2007; 6:30-5. [PMID: 17245114 PMCID: PMC4638380 DOI: 10.4161/cc.6.1.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential life processes are heavily controlled by a variety of positive and negative feedback systems. Cytokinesis failure, ultimately leading to aneuploidy, is appreciated as an early step in tumor formation in mammals and is deleterious for all cells. Further, the growing list of cancer predisposition mutations includes a number of genes whose proteins control mitosis and/or cytokinesis. Cytokinesis shape control is also an important part of pattern formation and cell-type specialization during multi-cellular development. Inherently mechanical, we hypothesized that mechanosensing and mechanical feedback are fundamental for cytokinesis shape regulation. Using mechanical perturbation, we identified a mechanosensory control system that monitors shape progression during cytokinesis. In this review, we summarize these findings and their implications for cytokinesis regulation and for understanding the cytoskeletal system architecture that governs shape control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet C. Effler
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Whiting School of Engineering; Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Pablo A. Iglesias
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Whiting School of Engineering; Baltimore, Maryland USA
| | - Douglas N. Robinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, Maryland USA
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