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Chen X, Hu J, Zhong H, Wu Q, Fang Z, Cai Y, Huang P, Abubakar YS, Zhou J, Naqvi NI, Wang Z, Zheng W. Vacuolar recruitment of retromer by a SNARE complex enables infection-related trafficking in rice blast. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:997-1012. [PMID: 39180241 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The retromer complex is a conserved sorting machinery that maintains cellular protein homeostasis by transporting vesicles containing cargo proteins to defined destinations. It is known to sort proteins at the vacuole membranes for retrograde trafficking, preventing their degradation in the vacuole. However, the detailed mechanism of retromer recruitment to the vacuole membrane has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that the vacuolar SNARE complex MoPep12-MoVti1-MoVam7-MoYkt6 regulates retromer-mediated vesicle trafficking by recruiting the retromer to the vacuole membrane, which promotes host invasion in Magnaporthe oryzae. Such recruitment is also essential for the retrieval of the autophagy regulator MoAtg8 and enables appressorium-mediated host penetration. Furthermore, the vacuolar SNARE subunits are involved in suppressing the host defense response by regulating the deployment of retromer-MoSnc1-mediated effector secretion. Altogether, our results provide insights into the mechanism of vacuolar SNAREs-dependent retromer recruitment which is necessary for pathogenicity-related membrane trafficking events in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Haoming Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Qiuqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Zhenyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Panpan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 810281, Nigeria
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350000, China
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2
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Gopaldass N, Chen KE, Collins B, Mayer A. Assembly and fission of tubular carriers mediating protein sorting in endosomes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:765-783. [PMID: 38886588 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Endosomes are central protein-sorting stations at the crossroads of numerous membrane trafficking pathways in all eukaryotes. They have a key role in protein homeostasis and cellular signalling and are involved in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. Endosome-associated protein assemblies or coats collect transmembrane cargo proteins and concentrate them into retrieval domains. These domains can extend into tubular carriers, which then pinch off from the endosomal membrane and deliver the cargoes to appropriate subcellular compartments. Here we discuss novel insights into the structure of a number of tubular membrane coats that mediate the recruitment of cargoes into these carriers, focusing on sorting nexin-based coats such as Retromer, Commander and ESCPE-1. We summarize current and emerging views of how selective tubular endosomal carriers form and detach from endosomes by fission, highlighting structural aspects, conceptual challenges and open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gopaldass
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Kai-En Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brett Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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3
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Füllbrunn N, Nicastro R, Mari M, Griffith J, Herrmann E, Rasche R, Borchers AC, Auffarth K, Kümmel D, Reggiori F, De Virgilio C, Langemeyer L, Ungermann C. The GTPase activating protein Gyp7 regulates Rab7/Ypt7 activity on late endosomes. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202305038. [PMID: 38536036 PMCID: PMC10978497 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202305038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Organelles of the endomembrane system contain Rab GTPases as identity markers. Their localization is determined by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). It remains largely unclear how these regulators are specifically targeted to organelles and how their activity is regulated. Here, we focus on the GAP Gyp7, which acts on the Rab7-like Ypt7 protein in yeast, and surprisingly observe the protein exclusively in puncta proximal to the vacuole. Mistargeting of Gyp7 to the vacuole strongly affects vacuole morphology, suggesting that endosomal localization is needed for function. In agreement, efficient endolysosomal transport requires Gyp7. In vitro assays reveal that Gyp7 requires a distinct lipid environment for membrane binding and activity. Overexpression of Gyp7 concentrates Ypt7 in late endosomes and results in resistance to rapamycin, an inhibitor of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), suggesting that these late endosomes are signaling endosomes. We postulate that Gyp7 is part of regulatory machinery involved in late endosome function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Füllbrunn
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Raffaele Nicastro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Mari
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Janice Griffith
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Eric Herrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - René Rasche
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Borchers
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Kathrin Auffarth
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Daniel Kümmel
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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Selheim F, Aasebø E, Reikvam H, Bruserud Ø, Hernandez-Valladares M. Monocytic Differentiation of Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells: A Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Comparison of FAB-M4/M5 Patients with and without Nucleophosmin 1 Mutations. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5080. [PMID: 38791118 PMCID: PMC11121526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though morphological signs of differentiation have a minimal impact on survival after intensive cytotoxic therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), monocytic AML cell differentiation (i.e., classified as French/American/British (FAB) subtypes M4/M5) is associated with a different responsiveness both to Bcl-2 inhibition (decreased responsiveness) and possibly also bromodomain inhibition (increased responsiveness). FAB-M4/M5 patients are heterogeneous with regard to genetic abnormalities, even though monocytic differentiation is common for patients with Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) insertions/mutations; to further study the heterogeneity of FAB-M4/M5 patients we did a proteomic and phosphoproteomic comparison of FAB-M4/M5 patients with (n = 13) and without (n = 12) NPM1 mutations. The proteomic profile of NPM1-mutated FAB-M4/M5 patients was characterized by increased levels of proteins involved in the regulation of endocytosis/vesicle trafficking/organellar communication. In contrast, AML cells without NPM1 mutations were characterized by increased levels of several proteins involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic translation, including a large number of ribosomal proteins. The phosphoproteomic differences between the two groups were less extensive but reflected similar differences. To conclude, even though FAB classification/monocytic differentiation are associated with differences in responsiveness to new targeted therapies (e.g., Bcl-2 inhibition), our results shows that FAB-M4/M5 patients are heterogeneous with regard to important biological characteristics of the leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frode Selheim
- Proteomics Unit of University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Aasebø
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (H.R.); (Ø.B.)
| | - Håkon Reikvam
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (H.R.); (Ø.B.)
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Acute Leukemia Research Group, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; (E.A.); (H.R.); (Ø.B.)
- Section for Hematology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Maria Hernandez-Valladares
- Proteomics Unit of University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Granada, Avenida de la Fuente Nueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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Zhang X, Zong Y, Zhang F, Liu Q, Gong D, Bi Y, Sionov E, Prusky D. The small GTPase Ypt7 of Penicillium expansum is required for growth, patulin biosynthesis and virulence. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104434. [PMID: 38225046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ypt GTPases are the largest subfamily of small GTPases involved in membrane transport. Here, a PeYpt7 gene deletion mutant of P. expansum was constructed. The ΔPeYpt7 mutant showed reduced colony growth with abnormal mycelial growth, reduced conidiation, and insufficient spore development. The mutation rendered the pathogen susceptible to osmotic stress and cell wall stressors. In addition, the absence of PeYpt7 reduced patulin production in P. expansum and significantly limited gene expression (PatG, PatH, PatI, PatD, PatF, and PatL). In addition, the mutant showed attenuated virulence in infected fruit and reduced expression of pathogenic factors was (PMG, PG, PL, and GH1). Thus, PeYpt7 modulates the growth, morphology, patulin accumulation, and pathogenicity of P. expansum by limiting the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qili Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
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6
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Liu L, Wang Z, Fang Y, Yang R, Pu Y, Meng X, Liu W. Small GTPase Rab7 is involved in stress adaptation to carbon starvation to ensure the induced cellulase biosynthesis in Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:55. [PMID: 38643207 PMCID: PMC11032611 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The saprophytic filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei represents one of the most prolific cellulase producers. The bulk production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by T. reesei not only relies on the efficient transcription of cellulase genes but also their efficient secretion after being translated. However, little attention has been paid to the functional roles of the involved secretory pathway in the high-level production of cellulases in T. reesei. Rab GTPases are key regulators in coordinating various vesicle trafficking associated with the eukaryotic secretory pathway. Specifically, Rab7 is a representative GTPase regulating the transition of the early endosome to the late endosome followed by its fusion to the vacuole as well as homotypic vacuole fusion. Although crosstalk between the endosomal/vacuolar pathway and the secretion pathway has been reported, the functional role of Rab7 in cellulase production in T. reesei remains unknown. RESULTS A TrRab7 was identified and characterized in T. reesei. TrRab7 was shown to play important roles in T. reesei vegetative growth and vacuole morphology. Whereas knock-down of Trrab7 significantly compromised the induced production of T. reesei cellulases, overexpression of the key transcriptional activator, Xyr1, restored the production of cellulases in the Trrab7 knock-down strain (Ptcu-rab7KD) on glucose, indicating that the observed defective cellulase biosynthesis results from the compromised cellulase gene transcription. Down-regulation of Trrab7 was also found to make T. reesei more sensitive to various stresses including carbon starvation. Interestingly, overexpression of Snf1, a serine/threonine protein kinase known as an energetic sensor, partially restored the cellulase production of Ptcu-rab7KD on Avicel, implicating that TrRab7 is involved in an energetic adaptation to carbon starvation which contributes to the successful cellulase gene expression when T. reesei is transferred from glucose to cellulose. CONCLUSIONS TrRab7 was shown to play important roles in T. reesei development and a stress response to carbon starvation resulting from nutrient shift. This adaptation may allow T. reesei to successfully initiate the inducing process leading to efficient cellulase production. The present study provides useful insights into the functional involvement of the endosomal/vacuolar pathway in T. reesei development and hydrolytic enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Renfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbiology Technology Institute, Shandong University, No. 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Vos M, Klein C, Hicks AA. Role of Ceramides and Sphingolipids in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2023:168000. [PMID: 36764358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids, including the basic ceramide, are a subset of bioactive lipids that consist of many different species. Sphingolipids are indispensable for proper neuronal function, and an increasing number of studies have emerged on the complexity and importance of these lipids in (almost) all biological processes. These include regulation of mitochondrial function, autophagy, and endosomal trafficking, which are affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons. Currently, PD cannot be cured due to the lack of knowledge of the exact pathogenesis. Nonetheless, important advances have identified molecular changes in mitochondrial function, autophagy, and endosomal function. Furthermore, recent studies have identified ceramide alterations in patients suffering from PD, and in PD models, suggesting a critical interaction between sphingolipids and related cellular processes in PD. For instance, autosomal recessive forms of PD cause mitochondrial dysfunction, including energy production or mitochondrial clearance, that is directly influenced by manipulating sphingolipids. Additionally, endo-lysosomal recycling is affected by genes that cause autosomal dominant forms of the disease, such as VPS35 and SNCA. Furthermore, endo-lysosomal recycling is crucial for transporting sphingolipids to different cellular compartments where they will execute their functions. This review will discuss mitochondrial dysfunction, defects in autophagy, and abnormal endosomal activity in PD and the role sphingolipids play in these vital molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Vos
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany.
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine (affiliated to the University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany), Eurac Research, 39100 Bolzano, Italy. https://twitter.com/andrewhicks
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8
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Nguyen NHT, Nguyen NT, Kim YH, Min J. Yeast-derived vacuoles as a novel carrier with enhanced hCMEC/D3 cell monolayer penetration. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200393. [PMID: 36321515 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a brain protection structure that restricts drug delivery from the blood to the central nervous system. Thus, we developed a novel drug carrier using yeast vacuoles to overcome this problem. The purpose of this study was to assess the drug transportability of yeast vacuoles using a human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3) cell monolayer. Here, we used daunorubicin (DNR) as a microtubule-targeting agent with the ability to disaggregate pre-formed fibrils and prevent Tau fibrillization. An in vitro model was developed by culturing hCMEC/D3 cells on Transwell inserts in EBM-2 endothelial basal medium until the cells formed a monolayer. Next, nano-sized yeast vacuoles were loaded with DNR, and the signals inside and outside the hMEC/D3 cell monolayer were detected using the GloMax® Explorer fluorometer. DNR penetrated the cell monolayer and was regulated by endocytosis via receptor-mediated macropinocytosis on the surface of the cell. Confocal imaging showed a significant increase in intracellular DNR fluorescence when the cells were treated with the vacuole-encapsulated drug. These results indicate that the drug penetrated the hCMEC/D3 cell monolayer via encapsulation into the vacuoles. Overall, yeast-derived vacuoles are promising candidates as drug carriers to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Han Thi Nguyen
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Ngoc-Tu Nguyen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jiho Min
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea.,School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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9
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Gopaldass N, De Leo MG, Courtellemont T, Mercier V, Bissig C, Roux A, Mayer A. Retromer oligomerization drives SNX-BAR coat assembly and membrane constriction. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112287. [PMID: 36644906 PMCID: PMC9841331 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins exit from endosomes through tubular carriers coated by retromer, a complex that impacts cellular signaling, lysosomal biogenesis and numerous diseases. The coat must overcome membrane tension to form tubules. We explored the dynamics and driving force of this process by reconstituting coat formation with yeast retromer and the BAR-domain sorting nexins Vps5 and Vps17 on oriented synthetic lipid tubules. This coat oligomerizes bidirectionally, forming a static tubular structure that does not exchange subunits. High concentrations of sorting nexins alone constrict membrane tubes to an invariant radius of 19 nm. At lower concentrations, oligomers of retromer must bind and interconnect the sorting nexins to drive constriction. Constricting less curved membranes into tubes, which requires more energy, coincides with an increased surface density of retromer on the sorting nexin layer. Retromer-mediated crosslinking of sorting nexins at variable densities may thus tune the energy that the coat can generate to deform the membrane. In line with this, genetic ablation of retromer oligomerization impairs endosomal protein exit in yeast and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Gopaldass
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Vincent Mercier
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Christin Bissig
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Aurélien Roux
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Program Chemical BiologyGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of ImmunobiologyUniversity of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
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10
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Marquardt L, Taylor M, Kramer F, Schmitt K, Braus GH, Valerius O, Thumm M. Vacuole fragmentation depends on a novel Atg18-containing retromer-complex. Autophagy 2023; 19:278-295. [PMID: 35574911 PMCID: PMC9809942 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2072656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The yeast PROPPIN Atg18 folds as a β-propeller with two binding sites for phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and PtdIns(3,5)P2 at its circumference. Membrane insertion of an amphipathic loop of Atg18 leads to membrane tubulation and fission. Atg18 has known functions at the PAS during macroautophagy, but the functional relevance of its endosomal and vacuolar pool is not well understood. Here we show in a proximity-dependent labeling approach and by co-immunoprecipitations that Atg18 interacts with Vps35, a central component of the retromer complex. The binding of Atg18 to Vps35 is competitive with the sorting nexin dimer Vps5 and Vps17. This suggests that Atg18 within the retromer can substitute for both the phosphoinositide binding and the membrane bending capabilities of these sorting nexins. Indeed, we found that Atg18-retromer is required for PtdIns(3,5)P2-dependent vacuolar fragmentation during hyperosmotic stress. The Atg18-retromer is further involved in the normal sorting of the integral membrane protein Atg9. However, PtdIns3P-dependent macroautophagy and the selective cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway are only partially affected by the Atg18-retromer. We expect that this is due to the plasticity of the different sorting pathways within the endovacuolar system.Abbreviations: BAR: bin/amphiphysin/Rvs; FOA: 5-fluoroorotic acid; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PROPPIN: beta-propeller that binds phosphoinositides; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; PX: phox homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marquardt
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Florian Kramer
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schmitt
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Thumm
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine, Goettingen, Germany,CONTACT Michael Thumm ; Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medicine, Humboldtallee 23, D-37073Goettingen, Germany
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11
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Kim BN, Choi W, Cho BK, Min J. In vitro application of redesigned vacuole extracted in yeast. Mol Cell Toxicol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-022-00301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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12
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Courtellemont T, De Leo MG, Gopaldass N, Mayer A. CROP: a retromer-PROPPIN complex mediating membrane fission in the endo-lysosomal system. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109646. [PMID: 35466426 PMCID: PMC9108610 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endo-lysosomal compartments exchange proteins by fusing, fissioning, and through endosomal transport carriers. Thereby, they sort many plasma membrane receptors and transporters and control cellular signaling and metabolism. How the membrane fission events are catalyzed is poorly understood. Here, we identify the novel CROP complex as a factor acting at this step. CROP joins members of two protein families: the peripheral subunits of retromer, a coat forming endosomal transport carriers, and membrane inserting PROPPINs. Integration into CROP potentiates the membrane fission activity of the PROPPIN Atg18 on synthetic liposomes and confers strong preference for binding PI(3,5)P2 , a phosphoinositide required for membrane fission activity. Disrupting CROP blocks fragmentation of lysosome-like yeast vacuoles in vivo. CROP-deficient mammalian endosomes accumulate micrometer-long tubules and fail to export cargo, suggesting that carriers attempt to form but cannot separate from these organelles. PROPPINs compete for retromer binding with the SNX-BAR proteins, which recruit retromer to the membrane during the formation of endosomal carriers. Transition from retromer-SNX-BAR complexes to retromer-PROPPIN complexes might hence switch retromer activities from cargo capture to membrane fission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Navin Gopaldass
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Mayer
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of LausanneEpalingesSwitzerland
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13
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Abubakar YS, Qiu H, Fang W, Zheng H, Lu G, Zhou J, Wang Z, Zheng W. FgRab5 and FgRab7 are essential for endosomes biogenesis and non-redundantly recruit the retromer complex to the endosomes in Fusarium graminearum. STRESS BIOLOGY 2021; 1:17. [PMID: 37676350 PMCID: PMC10441910 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-021-00020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The retromer complex, composed of the cargo-selective complex (CSC) Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 in complex with the sorting nexin dimer Vps5-Vps17, mediates the sorting and retrograde transport of cargo proteins from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network in eukaryotic cells. Rab proteins belong to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases and regulate many trafficking events including vesicle formation, budding, transport, tethering, docking and fusion with target membranes. Herein, we investigated the potential functional relationship between the retromer complex and the 11 Rab proteins that exist in Fusarium graminearum using genetic and high-resolution laser confocal microscopic approaches. We found that only FgRab5 (FgRab5A and FgRab5B) and FgRab7 associate with the retromer complex. Both FgVps35-GFP and FgVps17-GFP are mis-localized and appear diffused in the cytoplasm of ΔFgrab5A, ΔFgrab5B and ΔFgrab7 mutants as compared to their punctate localization within the endosomes of the wild-type. FgRab7 and FgRab5B were found to co-localize with the retromer on endosomal membranes. Most strikingly, we found that these three Rab GTPases are indispensable for endosome biogenesis as both early and late endosomes could not be detected in the cells of the mutants after FM4-64 staining of the cells, while they were very clearly seen in the wild-type PH-1. Furthermore, FgRab7 was found to recruit FgVps35 but not FgVps17 to the endosomal membranes, whereas FgRab5B recruits both FgVps35 and FgVps17 to the membranes. Thus, we conclude that the Rab proteins FgRab5A, FgRab5B and FgRab7 play critical roles in the biogenesis of endosomes and in regulating retromer-mediated trafficking in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Han Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenqin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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14
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Yang Y, Xiang Y, Niu Y. An Overview of the Molecular Mechanisms and Functions of Autophagic Pathways in Plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1977527. [PMID: 34617497 PMCID: PMC9208794 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1977527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway for the degradation of damaged or toxic components. Under normal conditions, autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis. It can be triggered by senescence and various stresses. In the process of autophagy, autophagy-related (ATG) proteins not only function as central signal regulators but also participate in the development of complex survival mechanisms when plants suffer from adverse environments. Therefore, ATGs play significant roles in metabolism, development and stress tolerance. In the past decade, both the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and a large number of components involved in the assembly of autophagic vesicles have been identified. In recent studies, an increasing number of components, mechanisms, and receptors have appeared in the autophagy pathway. In this paper, we mainly review the recent progress of research on the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy, as well as its function under biotic stress and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Niu
- Moe Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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15
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Feng Z, Inaba JI, Nagy PD. Tombusviruses Target a Major Crossroad in the Endocytic and Recycling Pathways via Co-opting Rab7 Small GTPase. J Virol 2021; 95:e0107621. [PMID: 34406861 PMCID: PMC8513485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01076-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses induce the biogenesis of unique membranous organelles called viral replication organelles (VROs), which perform virus replication in infected cells. Tombusviruses have been shown to rewire cellular trafficking and metabolic pathways, remodel host membranes, and recruit multiple host factors to support viral replication. In this work, we demonstrate that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) usurp Rab7 small GTPase to facilitate building VROs in the surrogate host yeast and in plants. Depletion of Rab7 small GTPase, which is needed for late endosome and retromer biogenesis, strongly inhibits TBSV and CIRV replication in yeast and in planta. The viral p33 replication protein interacts with Rab7 small GTPase, which results in the relocalization of Rab7 into the large VROs. Similar to the depletion of Rab7, the deletion of either MON1 or CCZ1 heterodimeric GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) of Rab7 inhibited TBSV RNA replication in yeast. This suggests that the activated Rab7 has proviral functions. We show that the proviral function of Rab7 is to facilitate the recruitment of the retromer complex and the endosomal sorting nexin-BAR proteins into VROs. We demonstrate that TBSV p33-driven retargeting of Rab7 into VROs results in the delivery of several retromer cargos with proviral functions. These proteins include lipid enzymes, such as Vps34 PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), PI4Kα-like Stt4 phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, and Psd2 phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. In summary, based on these and previous findings, we propose that subversion of Rab7 into VROs allows tombusviruses to reroute endocytic and recycling trafficking to support virus replication. IMPORTANCE The replication of positive-strand RNA viruses depends on the biogenesis of viral replication organelles (VROs). However, the formation of membranous VROs is not well understood yet. Using tombusviruses and the model host yeast, we discovered that the endosomal Rab7 small GTPase is critical for the formation of VROs. Interaction between Rab7 and the TBSV p33 replication protein leads to the recruitment of Rab7 into VROs. TBSV-driven usurping of Rab7 has proviral functions through facilitating the delivery of the co-opted retromer complex, sorting nexin-BAR proteins, and lipid enzymes into VROs to create an optimal milieu for virus replication. These results open up the possibility that controlling cellular Rab7 activities in infected cells could be a target for new antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jun-ichi Inaba
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter D. Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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16
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Kruasuwan W, Puseenam A, Phithakrotchanakoon C, Tanapongpipat S, Roongsawang N. Modulation of heterologous protein secretion in the thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Ogataea thermomethanolica TBRC 656 by CRISPR-Cas9 system. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258005. [PMID: 34582499 PMCID: PMC8478189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermotolerant methylotrophic yeast Ogataea thermomethanolica TBRC 656 is a potential host strain for industrial protein production. Heterologous proteins are often retained intracellularly in yeast resulting in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and poor secretion, and despite efforts to engineer protein secretory pathways, heterologous protein production is often lower than expected. We hypothesized that activation of genes involved in the secretory pathway could mitigate ER stress. In this study, we created mutants defective in protein secretory-related functions using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) tools. Secretion of the model protein xylanase was significantly decreased in loss of function mutants for oxidative stress (sod1Δ) and vacuolar and protein sorting (vps1Δ and ypt7Δ) genes. However, xylanase secretion was unaffected in an autophagy related atg12Δ mutant. Then, we developed a system for sequence-specific activation of target gene expression (CRISPRa) in O. thermomethanolica and used it to activate SOD1, VPS1 and YPT7 genes. Production of both non-glycosylated xylanase and glycosylated phytase was enhanced in the gene activated mutants, demonstrating that CRISPR-Cas9 systems can be used as tools for understanding O. thermomethanolica genes involved in protein secretion, which could be applied for increasing heterologous protein secretion in this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worarat Kruasuwan
- Microbial Cell Factory Research Team, Microbial Biotechnology and Biochemicals Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Aekkachai Puseenam
- Microbial Cell Factory Research Team, Microbial Biotechnology and Biochemicals Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chitwadee Phithakrotchanakoon
- Microbial Systems and Computational Biology Research Team, Thailand Bioresource Research Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sutipa Tanapongpipat
- Microbial Cell Factory Research Team, Microbial Biotechnology and Biochemicals Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Niran Roongsawang
- Microbial Cell Factory Research Team, Microbial Biotechnology and Biochemicals Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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17
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Borchers AC, Langemeyer L, Ungermann C. Who's in control? Principles of Rab GTPase activation in endolysosomal membrane trafficking and beyond. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212549. [PMID: 34383013 PMCID: PMC8366711 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202105120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic endomembrane system consists of multiple interconnected organelles. Rab GTPases are organelle-specific markers that give identity to these membranes by recruiting transport and trafficking proteins. During transport processes or along organelle maturation, one Rab is replaced by another, a process termed Rab cascade, which requires at its center a Rab-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF). The endolysosomal system serves here as a prime example for a Rab cascade. Along with endosomal maturation, the endosomal Rab5 recruits and activates the Rab7-specific GEF Mon1-Ccz1, resulting in Rab7 activation on endosomes and subsequent fusion of endosomes with lysosomes. In this review, we focus on the current idea of Mon1-Ccz1 recruitment and activation in the endolysosomal and autophagic pathway. We compare identified principles to other GTPase cascades on endomembranes, highlight the importance of regulation, and evaluate in this context the strength and relevance of recent developments in in vitro analyses to understand the underlying foundation of organelle biogenesis and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christin Borchers
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.,Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
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18
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Xing R, Zhou H, Jian Y, Li L, Wang M, Liu N, Yin Q, Liang Z, Guo W, Yang C. The Rab7 effector WDR91 promotes autophagy-lysosome degradation in neurons by regulating lysosome fusion. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202007061. [PMID: 34028500 PMCID: PMC8150682 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effectors of the Rab7 small GTPase play multiple roles in Rab7-dependent endosome-lysosome and autophagy-lysosome pathways. However, it is largely unknown how distinct Rab7 effectors coordinate to maintain the homeostasis of late endosomes and lysosomes to ensure appropriate endolysosomal and autolysosomal degradation. Here we report that WDR91, a Rab7 effector required for early-to-late endosome conversion, is essential for lysosome function and homeostasis. Mice lacking Wdr91 specifically in the central nervous system exhibited behavioral defects and marked neuronal loss in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. At the cellular level, WDR91 deficiency causes PtdIns3P-independent enlargement and dysfunction of lysosomes, leading to accumulation of autophagic cargoes in mouse neurons. WDR91 competes with the VPS41 subunit of the HOPS complex, another Rab7 effector, for binding to Rab7, thereby facilitating Rab7-dependent lysosome fusion in a controlled manner. WDR91 thus maintains an appropriate level of lysosome fusion to guard the normal function and survival of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxiao Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hejiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Youli Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Qiuyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Ziqi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weixiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan and Center for Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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19
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Reza MH, Patkar R, Sanyal K. Vacuolar transporter Mnr2 safeguards organellar integrity in aged cells. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:861-876. [PMID: 34165830 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with altered mitochondrial function, which is dependent on the magnesium (Mg+2 ) ion flux. The molecular mechanism underlying Mg+2 homeostasis, especially during aging has not been well understood. We previously demonstrated that the absence of a vacuolar ion transporter Mnr2 accelerates cell death in the older part of the colony in Magnaporthe oryzae presumably due to an altered Mg+2 homeostasis. Here, we show the localization of Mnr2 as dynamic puncta at the vacuolar membrane, especially in the older Magnaporthe cells. Such vacuolar Mnr2 puncta are often localized in close proximity with the filamentous mitochondria in the older cells. Further, we show loss of integrity of mitochondria and vacuoles in older mnr2∆ null cells. Remarkably, exogenously added Mg+2 restores the mitochondrial structure as well as improves the lifespan of mnr2∆ null cells. Taken together, we propose an ion transporter Mnr2-based Mg+2 homeostasis as a means in preserving mitochondrial and vacuolar integrity and function in older M. oryzae cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hashim Reza
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India.,Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Centre, Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | - Rajesh Patkar
- Bharat Chattoo Genome Research Centre, Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.,Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Kaustuv Sanyal
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, India
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20
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Wu C, Lin Y, Zheng H, Abubakar YS, Peng M, Li J, Yu Z, Wang Z, Naqvi NI, Li G, Zhou J, Zheng W. The retromer CSC subcomplex is recruited by MoYpt7 and sequentially sorted by MoVps17 for effective conidiation and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:284-298. [PMID: 33350057 PMCID: PMC7814966 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, Rab GTPases and the retromer complex are important regulators of intracellular protein transport. However, the mechanistic relationship between Rab GTPases and the retromer complex in relation to filamentous fungal development and pathogenesis is unknown. In this study, we used Magnaporthe oryzae, an important pathogen of rice and other cereals, as a model filamentous fungus to dissect this knowledge gap. Our data demonstrate that the core retromer subunit MoVps35 interacts with the Rab GTPase MoYpt7 and they colocalize to the endosome. Without MoYpt7, MoVps35 is mislocalized in the cytoplasm, indicating that MoYpt7 plays an important role in the recruitment of MoVps35. We further demonstrate that the expression of an inactive MoYpt7-DN (GDP-bound form) mutant in M. oryzae mimicks the phenotype defects of retromer cargo-sorting complex (CSC) null mutants and blocks the proper localization of MoVps35. In addition, our data establish that MoVps17, a member of the sorting nexin family, is situated at the endosome independent of retromer CSC but regulates the sorting function of MoVps35 after its recruitment to the endosomal membrane by MoYpt7. Taken together, these results provide insight into the precise mechanism of retromer CSC recruitment to the endosome by MoYpt7 and subsequent sorting by MoVps17 for efficient conidiation and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yahong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
| | | | - Minghui Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Institute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Naweed I. Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, and the Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian ProvinceCollege of Life SciencesFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, and the Department of Biological SciencesNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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21
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Abstract
For decades, recycling of membrane proteins has been represented in figures by arrows between the "endosome" and the plasma membrane, but recently there has been an explosion in the understanding of the mechanisms and protein complexes required to facilitate protein recycling. Here, some key discoveries will be introduced, including assigning function to a number of recently recognized protein complexes and linking their function to protein recycling. Furthermore, the importance of lipid interactions and links to diseases and epithelial polarity will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J McDonald
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Heo MY, Choi W, Kim Y, Shin WR, Park RM, Kim YH, Min J. YPT7's deletion regulates yeast vacuoles' activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109699. [PMID: 33375967 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The yeast vacuole is functionally corresponding to vacuoles in eukaryote cells, it consists of a fusion protein that assists in the fusion of vacuoles and plays an important role in many processes. In addition, chemicals such as NH4Cl can reduce the size of vacuoles but as a side effect that also inhibits vacuoles making them inactive. In this study, to develop pre-treatments for extending the life of cut flowers, we constructed recombinant yeast using the fusion protein YPT7 and confirmed the activity of down-sized vacuoles. All the vacuoles of the recombinant yeast except vacuoles from recombinant yeast (MBTL-MYH-3) were found to be small vacuoles than mock (MBTL-MYH-0) and YPT7 overexpression model (MBTL-MYH-1). To confirm their activity, we conducted a test for antimicrobial activity. The results showed the other vacuoles of recombinant yeast had lower antimicrobial activity than the mock control, most of them showed about 60 % to 80 % of the antimicrobial activity. However, MBTL-MYH-3, whose vacuole did not change its size, showed antimicrobial activity lower than 40 %. Therefore, the cut flowers are better able to absorb smaller vacuoles after using the fusion protein YPT7. We expect that absorbing vacuoles more effective to senescence of cut flower than vacuolar enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Heo
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Wooil Choi
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Younga Kim
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ri Shin
- Graduate School of Life Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ra-Mi Park
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Life Science, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-Gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiho Min
- Graduate School of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Dehnen L, Janz M, Verma JK, Psathaki OE, Langemeyer L, Fröhlich F, Heinisch JJ, Meyer H, Ungermann C, Paululat A. A trimeric metazoan Rab7 GEF complex is crucial for endocytosis and scavenger function. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs247080. [PMID: 32499409 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.247080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome biogenesis in eukaryotic cells is critical for nutrient uptake and plasma membrane integrity. Early endosomes initially contain Rab5, which is replaced by Rab7 on late endosomes prior to their fusion with lysosomes. Recruitment of Rab7 to endosomes requires the Mon1-Ccz1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF). Here, we show that full function of the Drosophila Mon1-Ccz1 complex requires a third stoichiometric subunit, termed Bulli (encoded by CG8270). Bulli localises to Rab7-positive endosomes, in agreement with its function in the GEF complex. Using Drosophila nephrocytes as a model system, we observe that absence of Bulli results in (i) reduced endocytosis, (ii) Rab5 accumulation within non-acidified enlarged endosomes, (iii) defective Rab7 localisation and (iv) impaired endosomal maturation. Moreover, longevity of animals lacking bulli is affected. Both the Mon1-Ccz1 dimer and a Bulli-containing trimer display Rab7 GEF activity. In summary, this suggests a key role for Bulli in the Rab5 to Rab7 transition during endosomal maturation rather than a direct influence on the GEF activity of Mon1-Ccz1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dehnen
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Maren Janz
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jitender Kumar Verma
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Olympia Ekaterini Psathaki
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, Integrated Bioimaging Facility Osnabrück (iBiOs), University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Jürgen J Heinisch
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Genetics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Heiko Meyer
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Biochemistry, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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24
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Sinha A, Israeli R, Cirigliano A, Gihaz S, Trabelcy B, Braus GH, Gerchman Y, Fishman A, Negri R, Rinaldi T, Pick E. The COP9 signalosome mediates the Spt23 regulated fatty acid desaturation and ergosterol biosynthesis. FASEB J 2020; 34:4870-4889. [PMID: 32077151 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902487r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a conserved eukaryotic complex, essential for vitality in all multicellular organisms and critical for the turnover of key cellular proteins through catalytic and non-catalytic activities. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a powerful model organism for studying fundamental aspects of the CSN complex, since it includes a conserved enzymatic core but lacks non-catalytic activities, probably explaining its non-essentiality for life. A previous transcriptomic analysis of an S. cerevisiae strain deleted in the CSN5/RRI1 gene, encoding to the CSN catalytic subunit, revealed a downregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism. We now show that the S. cerevisiae CSN holocomplex is essential for cellular lipid homeostasis. Defects in CSN assembly or activity lead to decreased quantities of ergosterol and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA); vacuole defects; diminished lipid droplets (LDs) size; and to accumulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The molecular mechanism behind these findings depends on CSN involvement in upregulating mRNA expression of SPT23. Spt23 is a novel activator of lipid desaturation and ergosterol biosynthesis. Our data reveal for the first time a functional link between the CSN holocomplex and Spt23. Moreover, CSN-dependent upregulation of SPT23 transcription is necessary for the fine-tuning of lipid homeostasis and for cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sinha
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Israel
| | - Ran Israeli
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Israel
| | - Angela Cirigliano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Shalev Gihaz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Beny Trabelcy
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Israel
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yoram Gerchman
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Israel
| | - Ayelet Fishman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rodolfo Negri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Rinaldi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elah Pick
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Israel
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25
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Chen K, Healy MD, Collins BM. Towards a molecular understanding of endosomal trafficking by Retromer and Retriever. Traffic 2019; 20:465-478. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐En Chen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Michael D. Healy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Brett M. Collins
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
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26
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Liu J, Lei M, Zhou Y, Chen F. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Small GTPases Ypt7 Involved in the Regulation of Fungal Development and Secondary Metabolism in Monascus ruber M7. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:452. [PMID: 30936855 PMCID: PMC6431638 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ypts (yeast protein transports),also called as ras-associated binding GTPases (Rab), are the largest group of the small GTPases family, which have been extensively studied in model eukaryotic cells and play a pivotal role in membane trafficking, while this study showed potential regulation role of Ypts in fungi. One of Ypts, Ypt7 may be involved in fungal development and secondary metabolism, but the exact mechanism still exists a controversy. In current study, the functions of a Monascus ypt7 homologous gene (mrypt7) from Monascus ruber M7 was investigated by combination of gene-deletion (Δmrypt7), overexpression (M7::PtrpC-mrypt7) and transcriptome analysis. Results showed that the radial growth rate of Δmrypt7 was significantly slower than M. ruber M7, little conidia and ascospores can be observed in Δmrypt7, but the yield of intracellular secondary metabolites was dramatically increased. Simultaneously, the mrypt7 overexpression strain possessed similar capacity for sporulation and secondary metabolism observed in M. ruber M7. Transcriptome results further illustrated that mrypt7 could coordinate with numerous genes involved in the vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, secondary metabolism biosynthesis and transportation of M. ruber M7. Combined with the similar effect of Ypt7 homologs on other fungi, we propose that Ypt7 works more like a global regulatory factor in fungi. To our knowledge, it is the first time to investigate Ypt7 functions in Monascus. It could also improve the understanding of Ypt7 functions in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youxiang Zhou
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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27
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Rab5-independent activation and function of yeast Rab7-like protein, Ypt7p, in the AP-3 pathway. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210223. [PMID: 30682048 PMCID: PMC6347229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases, Rab5 and Rab7, are key regulators at multiple stages of the endocytic/endolysosomal pathway, including fusion and maturation of endosomes. In yeast, Vps21p (Rab5 homolog) recruits a GEF for Rab7 and activates the downstream Ypt7p (Rab7 homolog) on endosomal membrane. Although the model of this sequential activation from Vps21p to Ypt7p in the endocytic pathway has been established, activation mechanism of Ypt7p in the Vps21p-independent pathway has not been completely clarified. Here we show that Ypt7p is activated and mediates vacuolar fusion in cells lacking all yeast Rab5 genes, VPS21, YPT52, and YPT53. We also demonstrate that deletion of both VPS21 and YPT7 genes cause severe defect in the AP-3 pathway as well as the CPY pathway although the AP-3 pathway is mostly intact in each vps21Δ or ypt7Δ mutant. Interestingly, in vps21Δ ypt7Δ mutant cargos trafficked via the VPS or endocytic pathway accumulate beside nucleus whereas cargo trafficked via the AP-3 pathway disperse in the cytosol. These findings suggest that Ypt7p is activated and plays a Rab5-independent role in the AP-3-mediated pathway.
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28
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Karim MA, McNally EK, Samyn DR, Mattie S, Brett CL. Rab-Effector-Kinase Interplay Modulates Intralumenal Fragment Formation during Vacuole Fusion. Dev Cell 2018; 47:80-97.e6. [PMID: 30269949 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Upon vacuolar lysosome (or vacuole) fusion in S. cerevisiae, a portion of membrane is internalized and catabolized. Formation of this intralumenal fragment (ILF) is important for organelle protein and lipid homeostasis and remodeling. But how ILF formation is optimized for membrane turnover is not understood. Here, we show that fewer ILFs form when the interaction between the Rab-GTPase Ypt7 and its effector Vps41 (a subunit of the tethering complex HOPS) is interrupted by a point mutation (Ypt7-D44N). Subsequent phosphorylation of Vps41 by the casein kinase Yck3 prevents stabilization of trans-SNARE complexes needed for lipid bilayer pore formation. Impairing ILF formation prevents clearance of misfolded proteins from vacuole membranes and promotes organelle permeability and cell death. We propose that HOPS coordinates Rab, kinase, and SNARE cycles to modulate ILF size during vacuole fusion, regulating lipid and protein turnover important for quality control and membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abdul Karim
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., SP, 501.15, Montréal, QC H4R 1R6, Canada
| | - Erin Kate McNally
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., SP, 501.15, Montréal, QC H4R 1R6, Canada
| | - Dieter Ronny Samyn
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., SP, 501.15, Montréal, QC H4R 1R6, Canada
| | - Sevan Mattie
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., SP, 501.15, Montréal, QC H4R 1R6, Canada
| | - Christopher Leonard Brett
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., SP, 501.15, Montréal, QC H4R 1R6, Canada.
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29
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Purushothaman LK, Ungermann C. Cargo induces retromer-mediated membrane remodeling on membranes. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2709-2719. [PMID: 30188774 PMCID: PMC6249844 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomes serve as a central sorting station of lipids and proteins that arrive via vesicular carrier from the plasma membrane and the Golgi complex. At the endosome, retromer complexes sort selected receptors and membrane proteins into tubules or vesicles that bud off the endosome. The mature endosome finally fuses with the lysosome. Retromer complexes consist of a cargo selection complex (CSC) and a membrane remodeling part (sorting nexin [SNX]-Bin/amphiphysin/Rvs [BAR], or Snx3 in yeast) and different assemblies of retromer mediate recycling of different cargoes. Due to this complexity, the exact order of events that results in carrier formation is not yet understood. Here, we reconstituted this process on giant unilamellar vesicles together with purified retromer complexes from yeast and selected cargoes. Our data reveal that the membrane remodeling activity of both Snx3 and the SNX-BAR complex is strongly reduced at low concentrations, which can be reactivated by CSC. At even lower concentrations, these complexes still associate with membranes, but only remodel membranes in the presence of their specific cargoes. Our data thus favor a simple model, where cargo functions as a specific trigger of retromer-mediated sorting on endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Kallur Purushothaman
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Biochemistry Section, Department of Biology/Chemistry, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.,Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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30
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Wang J, Fedoseienko A, Chen B, Burstein E, Jia D, Billadeau DD. Endosomal receptor trafficking: Retromer and beyond. Traffic 2018; 19:578-590. [PMID: 29667289 PMCID: PMC6043395 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tubular endolysosomal network is a quality control system that ensures the proper delivery of internalized receptors to specific subcellular destinations in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Although retromer was originally described in yeast as a regulator of endosome-to-Golgi receptor recycling, mammalian retromer has emerged as a central player in endosome-to-plasma membrane recycling of a variety of receptors. Over the past decade, information regarding the mechanism by which retromer facilitates receptor trafficking has emerged, as has the identification of numerous retromer-associated molecules including the WASH complex, sorting nexins (SNXs) and TBC1d5. Moreover, the recent demonstration that several SNXs can directly interact with retromer cargo to facilitate endosome-to-Golgi retrieval has provided new insight into how these receptors are trafficked in cells. The mechanism by which SNX17 cargoes are recycled out of the endosomal system was demonstrated to involve a retromer-like complex termed the retriever, which is recruited to WASH positive endosomes through an interaction with the COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93 (CCC) complex. Lastly, the mechanisms by which bacterial and viral pathogens highjack this complex sorting machinery in order to escape the endolysosomal system or remain hidden within the cells are beginning to emerge. In this review, we will highlight recent studies that have begun to unravel the intricacies by which the retromer and associated molecules contribute to receptor trafficking and how deregulation at this sorting domain can contribute to disease or facilitate pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Alina Fedoseienko
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Bayou Chen
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Paediatrics, Division of Neurology, West China Second University Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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31
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Langemeyer L, Fröhlich F, Ungermann C. Rab GTPase Function in Endosome and Lysosome Biogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:957-970. [PMID: 30025982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells maintain a highly organized endolysosomal system. This system regulates the protein and lipid content of the plasma membrane, it participates in the intracellular quality control machinery and is needed for the efficient removal of damaged organelles. This complex network comprises an endosomal membrane system that feeds into the lysosomes, yet also allows recycling of membrane proteins, and probably lipids. Moreover, lysosomal degradation provides the cell with macromolecules for further growth. In this review, we focus primarily on the role of the small Rab GTPases Rab5 and Rab7 as organelle markers and interactors of multiple effectors on endosomes and lysosomes and highlight their role in membrane dynamics, particularly fusion along the endolysosomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Langemeyer
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Florian Fröhlich
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics of the University of Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics of the University of Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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32
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Kalinowska K, Isono E. All roads lead to the vacuole-autophagic transport as part of the endomembrane trafficking network in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1313-1324. [PMID: 29165603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants regulate their development and response to the changing environment by sensing and interpreting environmental signals. Intracellular trafficking pathways including endocytic-, vacuolar-, and autophagic trafficking are important for the various aspects of responses in plants. Studies in the last decade have shown that the autophagic transport pathway uses common key components of endomembrane trafficking as well as specific regulators. A number of factors previously described for their function in endosomal trafficking have been discovered to be involved in the regulation of autophagy in plants. These include conserved endocytic machineries, such as the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), subunits of the HOPS and exocyst complexes, SNAREs, and RAB GTPases as well as plant-specific proteins. Defects in these factors have been shown to cause impairment of autophagosome formation, transport, fusion, and degradation, suggesting crosstalk between autophagy and other intracellular trafficking processes. In this review, we focus mainly on possible functions of endosomal trafficking components in autophagy.
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33
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Karim MA, Brett CL. The Na +(K +)/H + exchanger Nhx1 controls multivesicular body-vacuolar lysosome fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:317-325. [PMID: 29212874 PMCID: PMC5996954 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in human endosomal Na+(K+)/H+ exchangers (NHEs) NHE6 and NHE9 are implicated in neurological disorders including Christianson syndrome, autism, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. These mutations disrupt retention of surface receptors within neurons and glial cells by affecting their delivery to lysosomes for degradation. However, the molecular basis of how these endosomal NHEs control endocytic trafficking is unclear. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model, we conducted cell-free organelle fusion assays to show that transport activity of the orthologous endosomal NHE Nhx1 is important for multivesicular body (MVB)-vacuolar lysosome fusion, the last step of endocytosis required for surface protein degradation. We find that deleting Nhx1 disrupts the fusogenicity of the MVB, not the vacuole, by targeting pH-sensitive machinery downstream of the Rab-GTPase Ypt7 needed for SNARE-mediated lipid bilayer merger. All contributing mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved offering new insight into the etiology of human disorders linked to loss of endosomal NHE function.
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34
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Jimenez-Orgaz A, Kvainickas A, Nägele H, Denner J, Eimer S, Dengjel J, Steinberg F. Control of RAB7 activity and localization through the retromer-TBC1D5 complex enables RAB7-dependent mitophagy. EMBO J 2018; 37:235-254. [PMID: 29158324 PMCID: PMC5770787 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Retromer is an endosomal multi-protein complex that organizes the endocytic recycling of a vast range of integral membrane proteins. Here, we establish an additional retromer function in controlling the activity and localization of the late endosomal small GTPase RAB7. Surprisingly, we found that RAB7 not only decorates late endosomes or lysosomes, but is also present on the endoplasmic reticulum, trans-Golgi network, and mitochondrial membranes, a localization that is maintained by retromer and the retromer-associated RAB7-specific GAP TBC1D5. In the absence of either TBC1D5 or retromer, RAB7 activity state and localization are no longer controlled and hyperactivated RAB7 expands over the entire lysosomal domain. This lysosomal accumulation of hyperactivated RAB7 results in a striking loss of RAB7 mobility and overall depletion of the inactive RAB7 pool on endomembranes. Functionally, we establish that this control of RAB7 activity is not required for the recycling of retromer-dependent cargoes, but instead enables the correct sorting of the autophagy related transmembrane protein ATG9a and autophagosome formation around damaged mitochondria during Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jimenez-Orgaz
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arunas Kvainickas
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Nägele
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Justin Denner
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Eimer
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Biology, Fribourg University, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Florian Steinberg
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), Faculty of Biology, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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35
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Karim MA, Samyn DR, Mattie S, Brett CL. Distinct features of multivesicular body-lysosome fusion revealed by a new cell-free content-mixing assay. Traffic 2017; 19:138-149. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sevan Mattie
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal Canada
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36
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Magnesium uptake by connecting fluid-phase endocytosis to an intracellular inorganic cation filter. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1879. [PMID: 29192218 PMCID: PMC5709425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells acquire free metals through plasma membrane transporters. But, in natural settings, sequestering agents often render metals inaccessible to transporters, limiting metal bioavailability. Here we identify a pathway for metal acquisition, allowing cells to cope with this situation. Under limited bioavailability of Mg2+, yeast cells upregulate fluid-phase endocytosis and transfer solutes from the environment into their vacuole, an acidocalcisome-like compartment loaded with highly concentrated polyphosphate. We propose that this anionic inorganic polymer, which is an avid chelator of Mg2+, serves as an immobilized cation filter that accumulates Mg2+ inside these organelles. It thus allows the vacuolar exporter Mnr2 to efficiently transfer Mg2+ into the cytosol. Leishmania parasites also employ acidocalcisomal polyphosphate to multiply in their Mg2+-limited habitat, the phagolysosomes of inflammatory macrophages. This suggests that the pathway for metal uptake via endocytosis, acidocalcisomal polyphosphates and export into the cytosol, which we term EAPEC, is conserved. Metal bioavailability is frequently limited by sequestering agents which makes them inaccessible to cells. Here the authors show that cells can increase Mg2+ uptake via fluid phase endocytosis and accumulate this metal in their vacuole loaded with polyphosphate, and later can be exported to the cytosol.
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37
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Zheng H, Guo Z, Xi Y, Yuan M, Lin Y, Wu C, Abubakar YS, Dou X, Li G, Wang Z, Zheng W, Zhou J. Sorting nexin (MoVps17) is required for fungal development and plant infection by regulating endosome dynamics in the rice blast fungus. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4301-4317. [PMID: 28836715 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vps17 is a sorting nexin (SNX) and a component of the retromer, a protein complex mediating retrograde vesicle transport between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. However, its role in the development and pathogenicity of filamentous fungi such as the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) remains unclear. We investigate the functional relationship between the SNX and the cargo-selective complex (CSC) of the fungal retromer by genetic analysis, live cell imaging and immunological assay. Our data show that the MoVps17 null mutation causes defects in growth, development and pathogenicity in M. oryzae. MoVps17 is localized to endosomes depending on the activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a key enzyme for fungal development and infection. Both PX and BAR domains of MoVps17 are essential for its endosomal localization and function. Furthermore, our yeast two-hybrid assays show that MoVps17 and MoVps5 can interact. Lastly, live cell imaging suggests that MoVps17 can regulate early endosome fusion and budding as well as endocytosis. Taken together, our results suggest that MoVps17 specifically functions as a retromer component with CSC and also plays a distinct role in the regulation of endosome dynamics during fungal development and plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongkun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yahong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Congxian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xianying Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,College of Ocean Science, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Aufschnaiter A, Habernig L, Kohler V, Diessl J, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Eisenberg T, Keller W, Büttner S. The Coordinated Action of Calcineurin and Cathepsin D Protects Against α-Synuclein Toxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:207. [PMID: 28713240 PMCID: PMC5491553 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of dopaminergic neurons during Parkinson’s disease (PD) is intimately linked to malfunction of α-synuclein (αSyn), the main component of the proteinaceous intracellular inclusions characteristic for this pathology. The cytotoxicity of αSyn has been attributed to disturbances in several biological processes conserved from yeast to humans, including Ca2+ homeostasis, general lysosomal function and autophagy. However, the precise sequence of events that eventually results in cell death remains unclear. Here, we establish a connection between the major lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CatD) and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase calcineurin. In a yeast model for PD, high levels of human αSyn triggered cytosolic acidification and reduced vacuolar hydrolytic capacity, finally leading to cell death. This could be counteracted by overexpression of yeast CatD (Pep4), which re-installed pH homeostasis and vacuolar proteolytic function, decreased αSyn oligomers and aggregates, and provided cytoprotection. Interestingly, these beneficial effects of Pep4 were independent of autophagy. Instead, they required functional calcineurin signaling, since deletion of calcineurin strongly reduced both the proteolytic activity of endogenous Pep4 and the cytoprotective capacity of overexpressed Pep4. Calcineurin contributed to proper endosomal targeting of Pep4 to the vacuole and the recycling of the Pep4 sorting receptor Pep1 from prevacuolar compartments back to the trans-Golgi network. Altogether, we demonstrate that stimulation of this novel calcineurin-Pep4 axis reduces αSyn cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas Habernig
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | - Verena Kohler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Jutta Diessl
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Walter Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Büttner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm UniversityStockholm, Sweden
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39
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Modica G, Skorobogata O, Sauvageau E, Vissa A, Yip CM, Kim PK, Wurtele H, Lefrancois S. Rab7 palmitoylation is required for efficient endosome-to-TGN trafficking. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2579-2590. [PMID: 28600323 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retromer is a multimeric protein complex that mediates endosome-to-trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosome-to-plasma membrane trafficking of integral membrane proteins. Dysfunction of this complex has been linked to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The recruitment of retromer to endosomes is regulated by Rab7 (also known as RAB7A) to coordinate endosome-to-TGN trafficking of cargo receptor complexes. Rab7 is also required for the degradation of internalized integral membrane proteins, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We found that Rab7 is palmitoylated and that this modification is not required for membrane anchoring. Palmitoylated Rab7 colocalizes efficiently with and has a higher propensity to interact with retromer than nonpalmitoylatable Rab7. Rescue of Rab7 knockout cells by expressing wild-type Rab7 restores efficient endosome-to-TGN trafficking, while rescue with nonpalmitoylatable Rab7 does not. Interestingly, Rab7 palmitoylation does not appear to be required for the degradation of EGFR or for its interaction with its effector, Rab-interacting lysosomal protein (RILP). Overall, our results indicate that Rab7 palmitoylation is required for the spatiotemporal recruitment of retromer and efficient endosome-to-TGN trafficking of the lysosomal sorting receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziana Modica
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Olga Skorobogata
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Etienne Sauvageau
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Adriano Vissa
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Christopher M Yip
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- Program in Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Hugo Wurtele
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal H1T 2M4, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stephane Lefrancois
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
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40
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Purushothaman LK, Arlt H, Kuhlee A, Raunser S, Ungermann C. Retromer-driven membrane tubulation separates endosomal recycling from Rab7/Ypt7-dependent fusion. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:783-791. [PMID: 28100638 PMCID: PMC5349785 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How does a Rab function in both recycling and fusion? An endosomal subcomplex of the SNX-BAR retromer can bind to Ypt7 and compete with the HOPS complex. Assembly of the full retromer then results in displacement of Ypt7. These data explain how domain formation and Ypt7 participation can be coordinated. Endosomes are the major protein-sorting hubs of the endocytic pathway. They sort proteins destined for degradation into internal vesicles while in parallel recycling receptors via tubular carriers back to the Golgi. Tubule formation depends on the Rab7/Ypt7-interacting retromer complex, consisting of the sorting nexin dimer (SNX-BAR) and the trimeric cargo selection complex (CSC). Fusion of mature endosomes with the lysosome-like vacuole also requires Rab7/Ypt7. Here we solve a major problem in understanding this dual function of endosomal Rab7/Ypt7, using a fully reconstituted system, including purified, full-length yeast SNX-BAR and CSC, whose overall structure we present. We reveal that the membrane-active SNX-BAR complex displaces Ypt7 from cargo-bound CSC during formation of recycling tubules. This explains how a single Rab can coordinate recycling and fusion on endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Kallur Purushothaman
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Henning Arlt
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anne Kuhlee
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Ungermann
- Department of Biology/Chemistry, Biochemistry Section, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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41
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Tripathy MK, Tiwari BS, Reddy MK, Deswal R, Sopory SK. Ectopic expression of PgRab7 in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) results in differential tolerance at the vegetative and seed setting stage during salinity and drought stress. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:109-124. [PMID: 26666551 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have overexpressed a vesicle trafficking protein, Rab7, from a stress-tolerant plant, Pennisetum glaucum, in a high-yielding but stress-sensitive rice variety Pusa Basmati-1 (PB-1). The transgenic rice plants were tested for tolerance against salinity and drought stress. The transgenic plants showed considerable tolerance at the vegetative stage against both salinity (200 mM NaCl) and drought stress (up to 12 days after withdrawing water). The protection against salt and drought stress may be by regulating Na+ ion homeostasis, as the transgenic plants showed altered expression of multiple transporter genes, including OsNHX1, OsNHX2, OsSOS1, OsVHA, and OsGLRs. In addition, decreased generation and maintenance of lesser reactive oxygen species (ROS), with maintenance of chloroplast grana and photosynthetic machinery was observed. When evaluated for reproductive growth, 89-96 % of seed setting was maintained in transgenic plants during drought stress; however, under salt stress, a 33-53 % decrease in seed setting was observed. These results indicate that PgRab7 overexpression in rice confers differential tolerance at the seed setting stage during salinity and drought stress and could be a favored target for raising drought-tolerant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Kumar Tripathy
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Budhi Sagar Tiwari
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malireddy K Reddy
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Renu Deswal
- Department of Botany, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Sudhir K Sopory
- Plant Molecular Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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42
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Jia D, Zhang JS, Li F, Wang J, Deng Z, White MA, Osborne DG, Phillips-Krawczak C, Gomez TS, Li H, Singla A, Burstein E, Billadeau DD, Rosen MK. Structural and mechanistic insights into regulation of the retromer coat by TBC1d5. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13305. [PMID: 27827364 PMCID: PMC5105194 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Retromer is a membrane coat complex that is recruited to endosomes by the small GTPase Rab7 and sorting nexin 3. The timing of this interaction and consequent endosomal dynamics are thought to be regulated by the guanine nucleotide cycle of Rab7. Here we demonstrate that TBC1d5, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rab7, is a high-affinity ligand of the retromer cargo selective complex VPS26/VPS29/VPS35. The crystal structure of the TBC1d5 GAP domain bound to VPS29 and complementary biochemical and cellular data show that a loop from TBC1d5 binds to a conserved hydrophobic pocket on VPS29 opposite the VPS29-VPS35 interface. Additional data suggest that a distinct loop of the GAP domain may contact VPS35. Loss of TBC1d5 causes defective retromer-dependent trafficking of receptors. Our findings illustrate how retromer recruits a GAP, which is likely to be involved in the timing of Rab7 inactivation leading to membrane uncoating, with important consequences for receptor trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Jia
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Departments of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhihui Deng
- Departments of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
- Department of Pathophysiology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Mark A. White
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Douglas G. Osborne
- Departments of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Christine Phillips-Krawczak
- Departments of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Timothy S. Gomez
- Departments of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Amika Singla
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Departments of Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Michael K. Rosen
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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43
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Jimenez-Ruiz E, Morlon-Guyot J, Daher W, Meissner M. Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 209:18-25. [PMID: 26844642 PMCID: PMC5154328 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Apicomplexa comprises more than 5000 species including pathogens of clinical and economical importance. These obligate intracellular parasites possess a highly complex endomembrane system to build amongst others three morphologically distinct secretory organelles: rhoptries, micronemes and dense granules. Proteins released by these organelles are essential for invasion and hijacking of the host cell. Due to the complexity of the internal organization of these parasites, a wide panoply of trafficking factors was expected to be required for the correct sorting of proteins towards the various organelles. However, Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites contain only a core set of these factors and several of the vacuolar protein sorting (VPS) homologues found in most eukaryotes have been lost in this phylum. In this review, we will summarise our current knowledge about the role of trafficking complexes in T. gondii, highlighting recent studies focused on complexes formed by VPS proteins. We also present a novel, hypothetical model, suggesting the recycling of parasite membrane and micronemal proteins.
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44
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Multiple Roles of the Small GTPase Rab7. Cells 2016; 5:cells5030034. [PMID: 27548222 PMCID: PMC5040976 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab7 is a small GTPase that belongs to the Rab family and controls transport to late endocytic compartments such as late endosomes and lysosomes. The mechanism of action of Rab7 in the late endocytic pathway has been extensively studied. Rab7 is fundamental for lysosomal biogenesis, positioning and functions, and for trafficking and degradation of several signaling receptors, thus also having implications on signal transduction. Several Rab7 interacting proteins have being identified leading to the discovery of a number of different important functions, beside its established role in endocytosis. Furthermore, Rab7 has specific functions in neurons. This review highlights and discusses the role and the importance of Rab7 on different cellular pathways and processes.
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45
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Liu JJ. Retromer-Mediated Protein Sorting and Vesicular Trafficking. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:165-77. [PMID: 27157806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Retromer is an evolutionarily conserved multimeric protein complex that mediates intracellular transport of various vesicular cargoes and functions in a wide variety of cellular processes including polarized trafficking, developmental signaling and lysosome biogenesis. Through its interaction with the Rab GTPases and their effectors, membrane lipids, molecular motors, the endocytic machinery and actin nucleation promoting factors, retromer regulates sorting and trafficking of transmembrane proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and the plasma membrane. In this review, I highlight recent progress in the understanding of retromer-mediated protein sorting and vesicle trafficking and discuss how retromer contributes to a diverse set of developmental, physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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46
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Wen X, Klionsky DJ. An overview of macroautophagy in yeast. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:1681-99. [PMID: 26908221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is an evolutionarily conserved dynamic pathway that functions primarily in a degradative manner. A basal level of macroautophagy occurs constitutively, but this process can be further induced in response to various types of stress including starvation, hypoxia and hormonal stimuli. The general principle behind macroautophagy is that cytoplasmic contents can be sequestered within a transient double-membrane organelle, an autophagosome, which subsequently fuses with a lysosome or vacuole (in mammals, or yeast and plants, respectively), allowing for degradation of the cargo followed by recycling of the resulting macromolecules. Through this basic mechanism, macroautophagy has a critical role in cellular homeostasis; however, either insufficient or excessive macroautophagy can seriously compromise cell physiology, and thus, it needs to be properly regulated. In fact, a wide range of diseases are associated with dysregulation of macroautophagy. There has been substantial progress in understanding the regulation and molecular mechanisms of macroautophagy in different organisms; however, many questions concerning some of the most fundamental aspects of macroautophagy remain unresolved. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about macroautophagy mainly in yeast, including the mechanism of autophagosome biogenesis, the function of the core macroautophagic machinery, the regulation of macroautophagy and the process of cargo recognition in selective macroautophagy, with the goal of providing insights into some of the key unanswered questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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47
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Larkin H, Costantino S, Seaman MNJ, Lavoie C. Calnuc Function in Endosomal Sorting of Lysosomal Receptors. Traffic 2016; 17:416-32. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Larkin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont; Université de Montréal; Montréal H1T 2M Canada
| | - Matthew N. J. Seaman
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Addenbrookes Hospital; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 0XY UK
| | - Christine Lavoie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
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48
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Liu X, Mao K, Yu AYH, Omairi-Nasser A, Austin J, Glick BS, Yip CK, Klionsky DJ. The Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 Complex Coordinates with Atg11 to Recruit the Vam7 SNARE and Mediate Autophagosome-Vacuole Fusion. Curr Biol 2016; 26:150-160. [PMID: 26774783 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved process in which portions of the cytoplasm are engulfed, degraded, and subsequently recycled. The Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 complex translocates to the phagophore assembly site (PAS), where an autophagosome forms, at a very early stage of autophagy, playing a vital role in autophagy induction. Here, we identified a novel role of this complex in a late stage of autophagy where it coordinates with Atg11 to regulate autophagy-specific fusion with the vacuole. Atg17 and Atg11 interact with the vacuolar SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) Vam7 independently of each other. Several hydrophobic residues in helix 1 and helix 4 of Atg17 and the SNARE domain of Vam7 mediate the Atg17-Vam7 interaction. An F317D mutation of Atg17, which diminishes its interaction with Vam7 without affecting its interaction with Atg13 or Atg31, leads to a defect in the fusion of autophagosomes with the vacuole and decreased autophagy activity. These results provide the first demonstration that the Atg17-Atg31-Atg29 complex functions in both early and late stages of autophagy and also provide a mechanistic explanation for the coordination of autophagosome completion and fusion with the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Life Sciences Institute and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kai Mao
- Life Sciences Institute and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Angela Y H Yu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Amin Omairi-Nasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jotham Austin
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Calvin K Yip
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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49
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Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved endosomal retromer complex rescues transmembrane proteins from the lysosomal degradative pathway and facilitates their recycling to other cellular compartments. Retromer functions in conjunction with numerous associated proteins, including select members of the sorting nexin (SNX) family. In the present article, we review the molecular architecture and cellular roles of retromer and its various functional partners. The endosomal network is a crucial hub in the trafficking of proteins through the cellular endomembrane system. Transmembrane proteins, here termed cargos, enter endosomes by endocytosis from the plasma membrane or by trafficking from the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Endosomal cargo proteins face one of the two fates: retention in the endosome, leading ultimately to lysosomal degradation or export from the endosome for reuse ('recycling'). The balance of protein degradation and recycling is crucial to cellular homoeostasis; inappropriate sorting of proteins to either fate leads to cellular dysfunction. Retromer is an endosome-membrane-associated protein complex central to the recycling of many cargo proteins from endosomes, both to the TGN and the plasma membrane (and other specialized compartments, e.g. lysosome-related organelles). Retromer function is reliant on a number of proteins from the SNX family. In the present article, we discuss this inter-relationship and how defects in retromer function are increasingly being linked with human disease.
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50
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Liu XH, Chen SM, Gao HM, Ning GA, Shi HB, Wang Y, Dong B, Qi YY, Zhang DM, Lu GD, Wang ZH, Zhou J, Lin FC. The small GTPase MoYpt7 is required for membrane fusion in autophagy and pathogenicity ofMagnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4495-510. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology; Biotechnology Institute; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Si-Miao Chen
- College of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Hui-Min Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture; Institute of Soil Science; Chinese Academy Sciences; Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Guo-Ao Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology; Biotechnology Institute; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Huan-Bin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology; Biotechnology Institute; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology; Biotechnology Institute; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Bo Dong
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science; Hangzhou 310058 China
| | - Yao-Yao Qi
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- College of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticides and Chemical Biology; Ministry of Education; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology; Biotechnology Institute; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 China
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center; Zhengzhou Tobacco Institute of CNTC; Zhengzhou 450001 China
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