1
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Baztarrika I, Wösten MMSM, Alonso R, Martínez-Ballesteros I, Martinez-Malaxetxebarria I. Genes involved in the adhesion and invasion of Arcobacter butzleri. Microb Pathog 2024; 193:106752. [PMID: 38880315 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Arcobacter butzleri is a foodborne pathogen that mainly causes enteritis in humans, but the number of cases of bacteraemia has increased in recent years. However, there is still limited knowledge on the pathogenic mechanisms of this bacterium. To investigate how A. butzleri causes disease, single knockout mutants were constructed in the cadF, ABU_RS00335, ciaB, and flaAB genes, which might be involved in adhesion and invasion properties. These mutants and the isogenic wild-type (WT) were then tested for their ability to adhere and invade human Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells. The adhesion and invasion of A. butzleri RM4018 strain was also visualized by a Leica CTR 6500 confocal microscope. The adhesion and invasion abilities of mutants lacking the invasion antigen CiaB or a functional flagellum were lower than those of the WTs. However, the extent of the decrease varied depending on the strain and/or cell line. Mutants lacking the fibronectin (FN)-binding protein CadF consistently exhibited reduced abilities, while the inactivation of the other studied FN-binding protein, ABU_RS00335, led to a reduction in only one of the two strains tested. Therefore, the ciaB and flaAB genes appear to be important for A. butzleri adhesion and invasion properties, while cadF appears to be indispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsaso Baztarrika
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Marc M S M Wösten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584, CL, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Alonso
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Ilargi Martínez-Ballesteros
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Irati Martinez-Malaxetxebarria
- MikroIker Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain; Bioaraba, Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents and Gene Therapy, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain.
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2
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Furtado KL, Plott L, Markovetz M, Powers D, Wang H, Hill DB, Papin J, Allbritton NL, Tamayo R. Clostridioides difficile-mucus interactions encompass shifts in gene expression, metabolism, and biofilm formation. mSphere 2024; 9:e0008124. [PMID: 38837404 PMCID: PMC11332178 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00081-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In a healthy colon, the stratified mucus layer serves as a crucial innate immune barrier to protect the epithelium from microbes. Mucins are complex glycoproteins that serve as a nutrient source for resident microflora and can be exploited by pathogens. We aimed to understand how the intestinal pathogen, Clostridioides difficile, independently uses or manipulates mucus to its benefit, without contributions from members of the microbiota. Using a 2-D primary human intestinal epithelial cell model to generate physiologic mucus, we assessed C. difficile-mucus interactions through growth assays, RNA-Seq, biophysical characterization of mucus, and contextualized metabolic modeling. We found that host-derived mucus promotes C. difficile growth both in vitro and in an infection model. RNA-Seq revealed significant upregulation of genes related to central metabolism in response to mucus, including genes involved in sugar uptake, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, and the glycine cleavage system. In addition, we identified differential expression of genes related to sensing and transcriptional control. Analysis of mutants with deletions in highly upregulated genes reflected the complexity of C. difficile-mucus interactions, with potential interplay between sensing and growth. Mucus also stimulated biofilm formation in vitro, which may in turn alter the viscoelastic properties of mucus. Context-specific metabolic modeling confirmed differential metabolism and the predicted importance of enzymes related to serine and glycine catabolism with mucus. Subsequent growth experiments supported these findings, indicating mucus is an important source of serine. Our results better define responses of C. difficile to human gastrointestinal mucus and highlight flexibility in metabolism that may influence pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Clostridioides difficile results in upward of 250,000 infections and 12,000 deaths annually in the United States. Community-acquired infections continue to rise, and recurrent disease is common, emphasizing a vital need to understand C. difficile pathogenesis. C. difficile undoubtedly interacts with colonic mucus, but the extent to which the pathogen can independently respond to and take advantage of this niche has not been explored extensively. Moreover, the metabolic complexity of C. difficile remains poorly understood but likely impacts its capacity to grow and persist in the host. Here, we demonstrate that C. difficile uses native colonic mucus for growth, indicating C. difficile possesses mechanisms to exploit the mucosal niche. Furthermore, mucus induces metabolic shifts and biofilm formation in C. difficile, which has potential ramifications for intestinal colonization. Overall, our work is crucial to better understand the dynamics of C. difficile-mucus interactions in the context of the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Furtado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lucas Plott
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Markovetz
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Deborah Powers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David B. Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason Papin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rita Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Peng W, Giesbers KC, Šiborová M, Beugelink JW, Pronker MF, Schulte D, Hilkens J, Janssen BJ, Strijbis K, Snijder J. Reverse-engineering the anti-MUC1 antibody 139H2 by mass spectrometry-based de novo sequencing. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302366. [PMID: 38508723 PMCID: PMC10955041 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a transmembrane mucin expressed at the apical surface of epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces. MUC1 has a barrier function against bacterial invasion and is well known for its aberrant expression and glycosylation in adenocarcinomas. The MUC1 extracellular domain contains a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of 20 amino acids, which are heavily O-linked glycosylated. Monoclonal antibodies against the MUC1 VNTR are powerful research tools with applications in the diagnosis and treatment of MUC1-expressing cancers. Here, we report direct mass spectrometry-based sequencing of anti-MUC1 hybridoma-derived 139H2 IgG, enabling reverse-engineering of the functional recombinant monoclonal antibody. The crystal structure of the 139H2 Fab fragment in complex with the MUC1 epitope was solved, revealing the molecular basis of 139H2 binding specificity to MUC1 and its tolerance to O-glycosylation of the VNTR. The available sequence of 139H2 will allow further development of MUC1-related diagnostic, targeting, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Peng
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Koen Cap Giesbers
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marta Šiborová
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Beugelink
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Matti F Pronker
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Douwe Schulte
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - John Hilkens
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bert Jc Janssen
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Karin Strijbis
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57 Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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4
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Elzinga J, Narimatsu Y, de Haan N, Clausen H, de Vos WM, Tytgat HLP. Binding of Akkermansia muciniphila to mucin is O-glycan specific. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4582. [PMID: 38811534 PMCID: PMC11137150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The intestinal anaerobic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila is specialized in the degradation of mucins, which are heavily O-glycosylated proteins that constitute the major components of the mucus lining the intestine. Despite that adhesion to mucins is considered critical for the persistence of A. muciniphila in the human intestinal tract, our knowledge of how this intestinal symbiont recognizes and binds to mucins is still limited. Here, we first show that the mucin-binding properties of A. muciniphila are independent of environmental oxygen concentrations and not abolished by pasteurization. We then dissected the mucin-binding properties of pasteurized A. muciniphila by use of a recently developed cell-based mucin array that enables display of the tandem repeats of human mucins with distinct O-glycan patterns and structures. We found that A. muciniphila recognizes the unsialylated LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-R) disaccharide selectively on core2 and core3 O-glycans. This disaccharide epitope is abundantly found on human colonic mucins capped by sialic acids, and we demonstrated that endogenous A. muciniphila neuraminidase activity can uncover the epitope and promote binding. In summary, our study provides insights into the mucin-binding properties important for colonization of a key mucin-foraging bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Elzinga
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- GlycoDisplay ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanne L P Tytgat
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Kosmerl E, Miller C, Jiménez-Flores R. Preventative Effects of Milk Fat Globule Membrane Ingredients on DSS-Induced Mucosal Injury in Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Nutrients 2024; 16:954. [PMID: 38612988 PMCID: PMC11013169 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The goblet cells of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) produce glycoproteins called mucins that form a protective barrier from digestive contents and external stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and its milk phospholipid component (MPL) can benefit the GIT through improving barrier function. Our objective was to compare the effects of two digested MFGM ingredients with or without dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced barrier stress on mucin proteins. Co-cultured Caco-2/HT29-MTX intestinal cells were treated with in vitro digests of 2%, 5%, and 10% (w/v) MFGM or MPL alone for 6 h or followed by challenge with 2.5% DSS (6 h). Transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (FD4) permeability measurements were used to measure changes in barrier integrity. Mucin characterization was performed using a combination of slot blotting techniques for secreted (MUC5AC, MUC2) and transmembrane (MUC3A, MUC1) mucins, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and periodic acid Schiff (PAS)/Alcian blue staining. Digested MFGM and MPL prevented a DSS-induced reduction in secreted mucins, which corresponded to the prevention of DSS-induced increases in FD4 permeability. SEM and PAS/Alcian blue staining showed similar visual trends for secreted mucin production. A predictive bioinformatic approach was also used to identify potential KEGG pathways involved in MFGM-mediated mucosal maintenance under colitis conditions. This preliminary in silico evidence, combined with our in vitro findings, suggests the role of MFGM in inducing repair and maintenance of the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Jiménez-Flores
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (E.K.); (C.M.)
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6
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Furtado KL, Plott L, Markovetz M, Powers D, Wang H, Hill DB, Papin J, Allbritton NL, Tamayo R. Clostridioides difficile-mucus interactions encompass shifts in gene expression, metabolism, and biofilm formation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.01.578425. [PMID: 38352512 PMCID: PMC10862863 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.01.578425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
In a healthy colon, the stratified mucus layer serves as a crucial innate immune barrier to protect the epithelium from microbes. Mucins are complex glycoproteins that serve as a nutrient source for resident microflora and can be exploited by pathogens. We aimed to understand how the intestinal pathogen, Clostridioides diffiicile, independently uses or manipulates mucus to its benefit, without contributions from members of the microbiota. Using a 2-D primary human intestinal epithelial cell model to generate physiologic mucus, we assessed C. difficile-mucus interactions through growth assays, RNA-Seq, biophysical characterization of mucus, and contextualized metabolic modeling. We found that host-derived mucus promotes C. difficile growth both in vitro and in an infection model. RNA-Seq revealed significant upregulation of genes related to central metabolism in response to mucus, including genes involved in sugar uptake, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, and the glycine cleavage system. In addition, we identified differential expression of genes related to sensing and transcriptional control. Analysis of mutants with deletions in highly upregulated genes reflected the complexity of C. difficile-mucus interactions, with potential interplay between sensing and growth. Mucus also stimulated biofilm formation in vitro, which may in turn alter viscoelastic properties of mucus. Context-specific metabolic modeling confirmed differential metabolism and predicted importance of enzymes related to serine and glycine catabolism with mucus. Subsequent growth experiments supported these findings, indicating mucus is an important source of serine. Our results better define responses of C. difficile to human gastrointestinal mucus and highlight a flexibility in metabolism that may influence pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L. Furtado
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lucas Plott
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Markovetz
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deborah Powers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David B. Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason Papin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Rita Tamayo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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7
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Krekhno Z, Woodward SE, Serapio-Palacios A, Peña-Díaz J, Moon KM, Foster LJ, Finlay BB. Citrobacter rodentium possesses a functional type II secretion system necessary for successful host infection. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2308049. [PMID: 38299318 PMCID: PMC10841016 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2308049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Infectious diarrheal diseases are the third leading cause of mortality in young children, many of which are driven by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. To establish successful host infections these pathogens employ a plethora of virulence factors necessary to compete with the resident microbiota, and evade and subvert the host defenses. The type II secretion system (T2SS) is one such conserved molecular machine that allows for the delivery of effector proteins into the extracellular milieu. To explore the role of the T2SS during natural host infection, we used Citrobacter rodentium, a murine enteric pathogen, as a model of human intestinal disease caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli such as Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EPEC and EHEC). In this study, we determined that the C. rodentium genome encodes one T2SS and 22 potential T2SS-secreted protein effectors, as predicted via sequence homology. We demonstrated that this system was functional in vitro, identifying a role in intestinal mucin degradation allowing for its utilization as a carbon source, and promoting C. rodentium attachment to a mucus-producing colon cell line. During host infection, loss of the T2SS or associated effectors led to a significant colonization defect and lack of systemic spread. In mice susceptible to lethal infection, T2SS-deficient C. rodentium was strongly attenuated, resulting in reduced morbidity and mortality in infected hosts. Together these data highlight the important role of the T2SS and its effector repertoire during C. rodentium pathogenesis, aiding in successful host mucosal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Krekhno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - SE Woodward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Serapio-Palacios
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J Peña-Díaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - KM Moon
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - LJ Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - BB Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Miyazaki K, Sasaki A, Mizuuchi H. Advances in the Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Absorption Considering the Mucus Layer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2714. [PMID: 38140055 PMCID: PMC10747107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of the increasing sophistication of formulation technology and the increasing polymerization of compounds directed toward undruggable drug targets, the influence of the mucus layer on gastrointestinal drug absorption has received renewed attention. Therefore, understanding the complex structure of the mucus layer containing highly glycosylated glycoprotein mucins, lipids bound to the mucins, and water held by glycans interacting with each other is critical. Recent advances in cell culture and engineering techniques have led to the development of evaluation systems that closely mimic the ecological environment and have been applied to the evaluation of gastrointestinal drug absorption while considering the mucus layer. This review provides a better understanding of the mucus layer components and the gastrointestinal tract's biological defense barrier, selects an assessment system for drug absorption in the mucus layer based on evaluation objectives, and discusses the overview and features of each assessment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Miyazaki
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 1000 Kamoshida, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-0033, Japan; (A.S.); (H.M.)
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9
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Frutos-Grilo E, Kreling V, Hensel A, Campoy S. Host-pathogen interaction: Enterobacter cloacae exerts different adhesion and invasion capacities against different host cell types. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289334. [PMID: 37874837 PMCID: PMC10597508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
New antibiotics are urgently needed due to the huge increase of multidrug-resistant bacteria. The underexplored gram-negative bacterium Enterobacter cloacae is known to cause severe urinary tract and lung infections (UTIs). The pathogenicity of E. cloacae in UTI has only been studied at the bioinformatic level, but until now not within systematic in vitro investigations. The present study assesses different human cell lines for monitoring the early steps of host-pathogen interaction regarding bacterial adhesion to and invasion into different host cells by flow cytometric adhesion assay, classical cell counting assay, gentamicin invasion assay, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which E. cloacae has been investigated for its interaction with human bladder, kidney, skin, and lung cell lines under in vitro conditions. Data indicate that E. cloacae exerts strong adhesion to urinary tract (bladder and kidney) and lung cells, a finding which correlates with the clinical relevance of the bacterium for induction of urinary tract and lung infections. Furthermore, E. cloacae ATCC 13047 barely adheres to skin cells (A-431) and shows no relevant interaction with intestinal cells (Caco-2, HT-29), even in the presence of mucin (HT29 MTX). In contrast, invasion assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrate that E. cloacae internalizes in all tested host cells, but to a different extent. Especially, bladder and kidney cells are being invaded to the highest extent. Defective mutants of fimH and fimA abolished the adhesion of E. cloacae to T24 cells, while csgA deletion had no influence on adhesion. These results indicate that E. cloacae has different pattern for adhesion and invasion depending on the target tissue, which again correlates with the clinical relevance of the pathogen. For detailed investigation of the early host-pathogen interaction T24 bladder cells comprise a suitable assay system for evaluation the bacterial adhesion and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Frutos-Grilo
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vanessa Kreling
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Susana Campoy
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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10
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Schimpel C, Passegger C, Egger S, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Strobl H. A novel 3D cell culture model to study the human small intestinal immune landscape. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250131. [PMID: 36527196 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several subsets of mononuclear phagocytes and DCs (MDC) populate the small intestine (SI), and these cells reportedly exert specialized functions in anti-microbial immunity and tolerance. Given the specialized phenotype of these cells, differing from other MDC family members, including their putative circulating blood precursors, local intestinal factors play key instructive roles in their differentiation. We designed an SI cell culture model composed of three intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) types, including absorptive enterocytes (E cells), antigen delivering microfold (M) cells, and mucus-producing goblet (G) cells plus T lymphocytes and soluble B cell-derived factors. This model was used to study the differentiation fate of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cell-derived monocyte/DC precursors. Progeny cells can be analyzed after a 3-week co-culture period, mimicking the physiologic turn-over time of intestinal MDC. A dominant monocyte differentiation pathway was suppressed, in favor of partial differentiation along DC and macrophage pathways, with low percentages of cells acquired DC or macrophage markers. Moreover, E and G cells play opposing roles in CX3CR1+ vs CD103dim cell differentiation, indicating that both together might counter-balance M/DC differentiation. Thus, SI epithelial cells suppress M/DC differentiation, supporting a key role for exogenous factors in M/DC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Schimpel
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Passegger
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
| | - Simone Egger
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
| | - Carmen Tam-Amersdorfer
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
| | - Herbert Strobl
- Medical University of Graz, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Graz, Austria
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11
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Lee SY, Lee Y, Choi N, Kim HN, Kim B, Sung JH. Development of Gut-Mucus Chip for Intestinal Absorption Study. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-023-00097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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12
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Complexification of In Vitro Models of Intestinal Barriers, A True Challenge for a More Accurate Alternative Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043595. [PMID: 36835003 PMCID: PMC9958734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of cell models is common to mimic cellular and molecular events in interaction with their environment. In the case of the gut, the existing models are of particular interest to evaluate food, toxicants, or drug effects on the mucosa. To have the most accurate model, cell diversity and the complexity of the interactions must be considered. Existing models range from single-cell cultures of absorptive cells to more complex combinations of two or more cell types. This work describes the existing solutions and the challenges that remain to be solved.
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13
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Post-Translational Modifications in Tumor-Associated Antigens as a Platform for Novel Immuno-Oncology Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010138. [PMID: 36612133 PMCID: PMC9817968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are generated by adding small chemical groups to amino acid residues after the translation of proteins. Many PTMs have been reported to correlate with tumor progression, growth, and survival by modifying the normal functions of the protein in tumor cells. PTMs can also elicit humoral and cellular immune responses, making them attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. This review will discuss how the acetylation, citrullination, and phosphorylation of proteins expressed by tumor cells render the corresponding tumor-associated antigen more antigenic and affect the immune response in multiple cancers. In addition, the role of glycosylated protein mucins in anti-cancer immunotherapy will be considered. Mucin peptides in combination with stimulating adjuvants have, in fact, been utilized to produce anti-tumor antibodies and vaccines. Finally, we will also outline the results of the clinical trial exploiting glycosylated-MUC1 as a vaccine in different cancers. Overall, PTMs in TAAs could be considered in future therapies to result in lasting anti-tumor responses.
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Sauvaitre T, Van Landuyt J, Durif C, Roussel C, Sivignon A, Chalancon S, Uriot O, Van Herreweghen F, Van de Wiele T, Etienne-Mesmin L, Blanquet-Diot S. Role of mucus-bacteria interactions in Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) H10407 virulence and interplay with human microbiome. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:86. [PMID: 36266277 PMCID: PMC9584927 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucus layer has a dual role in human health constituting a well-known microbial niche that supports gut microbiota maintenance but also acting as a physical barrier against enteric pathogens. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), the major agent responsible for traveler's diarrhea, is able to bind and degrade intestinal mucins, representing an important but understudied virulent trait of the pathogen. Using a set of complementary in vitro approaches simulating the human digestive environment, this study aimed to describe how the mucus microenvironment could shape different aspects of the human ETEC strain H10407 pathophysiology, namely its survival, adhesion, virulence gene expression, interleukin-8 induction and interactions with human fecal microbiota. Using the TNO gastrointestinal model (TIM-1) simulating the physicochemical conditions of the human upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, we reported that mucus secretion and physical surface sustained ETEC survival, probably by helping it to face GI stresses. When integrating the host part in Caco2/HT29-MTX co-culture model, we demonstrated that mucus secreting-cells favored ETEC adhesion and virulence gene expression, but did not impede ETEC Interleukin-8 (IL-8) induction. Furthermore, we proved that mucosal surface did not favor ETEC colonization in a complex gut microbial background simulated in batch fecal experiments. However, the mucus-specific microbiota was widely modified upon the ETEC challenge suggesting its role in the pathogen infectious cycle. Using multi-targeted in vitro approaches, this study supports the major role played by mucus in ETEC pathophysiology, opening avenues in the design of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sauvaitre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDIS), CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Josefien Van Landuyt
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Durif
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDIS), CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlène Roussel
- Université Laval, Nutrition and Functional Foods Institute (INAF), 2440 Bd Hochelaga Suite 1710, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Adeline Sivignon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR 1071 Inserm, USC-INRAE 2018, Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sandrine Chalancon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDIS), CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ophélie Uriot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDIS), CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Van Herreweghen
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDIS), CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé (MEDIS), CRNH Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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15
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McCright J, Sinha A, Maisel K. Generating an In Vitro Gut Model with Physiologically Relevant Biophysical Mucus Properties. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:479-491. [PMID: 36444342 PMCID: PMC9700528 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal (GI) in vitro models have received lasting attention as an effective tool to model drug and nutrient absorption, study GI diseases, and design new drug delivery vehicles. A complete model of the GI epithelium should at a minimum include the two key functional components of the GI tract: mucus and the underlying epithelium. Mucus plays a key role in protecting and lubricating the GI tract, poses a barrier to orally administered therapies and pathogens, and serves as the microenvironment for the GI microbiome. These functions are reliant on the biophysical material properties of the mucus produced, including viscosity and pore size. Methods In this study, we generated in vitro models containing Caco-2 enterocyte-like cells and HT29-MTX goblet-like cells and determined the effects of coculture and mucus layer on epithelial permeability and biophysical properties of mucus using multiple particle tracking (MPT). Results We found that mucus height increased as the amount of HT29-MTX goblet-like cells increased. Additionally, we found that increasing the amount of HT29-MTX goblet-like cells within culture corresponded to an increase in mucus pore size and mucus microviscosity, measured using MPT. When compared to ex vivo mucus samples from mice and pigs, we found that a 90:10 ratio of Caco-2:HT29-MTX coculture displayed similar mucus pore size to porcine jejunum and that the mucus produced from 90:10 and 80:20 ratios of cells shared mechanical properties to porcine jejunum and ileum mucus. Conclusions GI coculture models are valuable tools in simulating the mucus barrier and can be utilized for a variety of applications including the study of GI diseases, food absorption, or therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob McCright
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Arnav Sinha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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16
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Zouliati K, Stavropoulou P, Chountoulesi M, Naziris N, Demisli S, Mitsou E, Papadimitriou V, Chatzidaki M, Xenakis A, Demetzos C. Development and evaluation of liposomal nanoparticles incorporating dimethoxycurcumin. In vitro toxicity and permeability studies. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Behrendt I, Röder I, Will F, Mostafa H, Gonzalez-Dominguez R, Meroño T, Andres-Lacueva C, Fasshauer M, Rudloff S, Kuntz S. Influence of Plasma-Isolated Anthocyanins and Their Metabolites on Cancer Cell Migration (HT-29 and Caco-2) In Vitro: Results of the ATTACH Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071341. [PMID: 35883834 PMCID: PMC9311669 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer mortality is mainly due to metastasis. Therefore, searching for new therapeutic agents suppressing cancer cell migration is crucial. Data from human studies regarding effects of anthocyanins on cancer progression, however, are scarce and it is unclear whether physiological concentrations of anthocyanins and their metabolites reduce cancer cell migration in vivo. In addition, interactions with chemotherapeutics like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) are largely unknown. Thus, we combined a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, cross-over study with in vitro migration studies of colon cancer cell lines to examine the anti-migratory effects of plasma-isolated anthocyanins and their metabolites (PAM). Healthy volunteers (n = 35) daily consumed 0.33 L of an anthocyanin-rich grape/bilberry juice and an anthocyanin-depleted placebo juice for 28 days. PAM were isolated before and after intervention by solid-phase extraction. HT-29 and Caco-2 cells were incubated with PAM in a Boyden chamber. Migration of HT-29 cells was significantly inhibited by PAM from juice but not from placebo. In contrast, Caco-2 migration was not affected. Co-incubation with 5-FU and pooled PAM from volunteers (n = 10), which most effectively inhibited HT-29 migration, further reduced HT-29 migration in comparison to 5-FU alone. Therefore, PAM at physiological concentrations impairs colon cancer cell migration and may support the effectiveness of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken Behrendt
- Department of Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Isabella Röder
- Department of Beverage Research, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; (I.R.); (F.W.)
| | - Frank Will
- Department of Beverage Research, Hochschule Geisenheim University, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany; (I.R.); (F.W.)
| | - Hamza Mostafa
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (H.M.); (R.G.-D.); (T.M.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Gonzalez-Dominguez
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (H.M.); (R.G.-D.); (T.M.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Meroño
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (H.M.); (R.G.-D.); (T.M.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Innovation Network (XIA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (H.M.); (R.G.-D.); (T.M.); (C.A.-L.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Department of Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Silvia Rudloff
- Department of Nutritional Science and Department of Pediatrics, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Sabine Kuntz
- Department of Nutritional Science, Human Nutrition, Justus-Liebig-University, 35390 Giessen, Germany; (M.F.); (S.K.)
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Zaiter T, Cornu R, Millot N, Herbst M, Pellequer Y, Moarbess G, Martin H, Diab-Assaf M, Béduneau A. Size effect and mucus role on the intestinal toxicity of the E551 food additive and engineered silica nanoparticles. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:165-182. [PMID: 35579945 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2063084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The E551 food additive is composed of synthetic amorphous silica particles. The current regulation does not mention any specifications regarding their size and granulometric distribution, thus allowing the presence of silica nanoparticles despite their potential toxicity. The digestion process could modify their physicochemical properties and then influence their toxicological profile. After physicochemical characterization, subacute toxicity of engineered silica nanoparticles from 20 to 200 nm, native and digested E551 additives were evaluated from in vitro models of the intestinal barrier. Single cultures and a co-culture of enterocytes and mucus-secreting cells were established to investigate the mucus role. Toxicological endpoints including cytotoxicity, ROS production, intestinal permeability increase, and actin filament disruption were addressed after a 7-day exposure. The results showed a size-dependent effect of silica nanoparticles on cytotoxicity and intestinal permeability. A time-dependent disruption of actin filaments was observed in Caco-2 cells. The mucus layer spread on the HT29-MTX single culture acted as an efficient protective barrier while in the co-culture, small nanoparticles were able to cross it to reach the cells. From a hydrodynamic diameter of 70 nm, nanoparticles were not internalized in the intestinal cells, even in mucus-free models. Digestion did not affect the physicochemical properties of the additive. Due to a mean hydrodynamic diameter close to 200 nm, both native and digested E551 additives did not induce any toxic effect in intestinal barrier models. This study emphasized a cutoff size of 70 nm from which the interactions of the E551 additive with intestinal cells would be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taghrid Zaiter
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Raphaël Cornu
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nadine Millot
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Michaële Herbst
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS/Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yann Pellequer
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Georges Moarbess
- EDST, Pharmacology and Cancerology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hélène Martin
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- EDST, Pharmacology and Cancerology Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Arnaud Béduneau
- PEPITE EA4267, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Grzymajlo K. The Game for Three: Salmonella–Host–Microbiota Interaction Models. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:854112. [PMID: 35516427 PMCID: PMC9062650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.854112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by enteric pathogens occurs in a context strongly determined by host-specific gut microbiota, which can significantly affect the outcome of infection. The complex gameplay between the trillions of microbes that inhabit the GI tract, the host, and the infecting pathogen defines a specific triangle of interaction; therefore, a complete model of infection should consider all of these elements. Many different infection models have been developed to explain the complexity of these interactions. This review sheds light on current knowledge, along with the strengths and limitations of in vitro and in vivo models utilized in the study of Salmonella–host–microbiome interactions. These models range from the simplest experiment simulating environmental conditions using dedicated growth media through in vitro interaction with cell lines and 3-D organoid structure, and sophisticated “gut on a chip” systems, ending in various animal models. Finally, the challenges facing this field of research and the important future directions are outlined.
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20
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Notararigo S, Varela E, Otal A, Antolín M, Guarner F, López P. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of an O-2-Substituted (1-3)-β-D-Glucan Produced by Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 in a Caco-2 PMA-THP-1 Co-Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031527. [PMID: 35163449 PMCID: PMC8835822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial β-glucans are exopolysaccharides (EPSs), which can protect bacteria or cooperate in biofilm formation or in bacterial cell adhesion. Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 is a lactic acid bacterium that produces an O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan. The structural similarity of this EPS to active compounds such as laminarin, together with its ability to modulate the immune system and to adhere in vitro to human enterocytes, led us to investigate, in comparison with laminarin, its potential as an immunomodulator of in vitro co-cultured Caco-2 and PMA-THP-1 cells. O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan synthesized by the GTF glycosyl transferase of Pediococcus parvulus 2.6 or that by Lactococcus lactis NZ9000[pGTF] were purified and used in this study. The XTT tests revealed that all β-glucans were non-toxic for both cell lines and activated PMA-THP-1 cells’ metabolisms. The O-2-substituted (1-3)-β-D-glucan modulated production and expression of IL-8 and the IL-10 in Caco-2 and PMA-THP-1 cells. Laminarin also modulated cytokine production by diminishing TNF-α in Caco-2 cells and IL-8 in PMA-THP-1. All these features could be considered with the aim to produce function foods, supplemented with laminarin or with another novel β-glucan-producing strain, in order to ameliorate an individual’s immune system response toward pathogens or to control mild side effects in remission patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Notararigo
- Molecular Biology of Gram-Positive Bacteria, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-Margarita Salas-CSIC), Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- Foundation Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Encarnación Varela
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Otal
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
| | - María Antolín
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Guarner
- Digestive System Research Unit, Institut de RecercaValld’Hebron (VHIR), University Hospital Valld’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (E.V.); (A.O.); (M.A.); (F.G.)
- CIBERehd, Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma López
- Molecular Biology of Gram-Positive Bacteria, Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research (CIB-Margarita Salas-CSIC), Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-837-31-12; Fax: +34-91-538-04-32
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21
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The Fast Track for Intestinal Tumor Cell Differentiation and In Vitro Intestinal Models by Inorganic Topographic Surfaces. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010218. [PMID: 35057113 PMCID: PMC8781367 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) complex in vitro cell systems are well suited to providing meaningful and translatable results in drug screening, toxicity measurements, and biological studies. Reliable complex gastrointestinal in vitro models as a testbed for oral drug administration and toxicity are very valuable in achieving predictive results for clinical trials and reducing animal testing. However, producing these models is time-consuming due to the lengthy differentiation of HT29 or other cells into mucus-producing goblet cells or other intestinal cell lineages. In the present work, HT29 cells were grown on an inorganic topographic surface decorated with a periodic pattern of micrometre-sized amorphous SiO2 structures for up to 35 days. HT29 cells on topographic surfaces were compared to undifferentiated HT29 in glucose-containing medium on glass or culture dish and with HT29 cells differentiated for 30 days in the presence of methotrexate (HT29-MTX). The cells were stained with Alcian blue for mucus, antibodies for mucus 2 (goblet cells), villin (enterocytes), lysozyme (Paneth cells), and FITC-labeled lectins to identify different cells, glycomic profiles, and cell features. We observed that HT29 cells on topographic surfaces showed more similarities with the differentiated HT29-MTX than with undifferentiated HT29. They formed islands of cell clusters, as observed for HT29-MTX. Already after 2 days, the first mucus secretion was shown by Alcian blue stain and FITC-wheat germ agglutinin. After 4–6 days, mucus was observed on the cell surface and in the intercellular space. The cell layer was undulated, and in 3D reconstruction, the cells showed a clear polarisation with a strong actin signal to one membrane. The lectins and the antibody-staining confirmed the heterogeneous composition of differentiated HT29 cells on topographic surfaces after 6–8 days, or after 6–8 days following MTX differentiation (30 days).
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Bredeck G, Halamoda-Kenzaoui B, Bogni A, Lipsa D, Bremer-Hoffmann S. Tiered testing of micro- and nanoplastics using intestinal in vitro models to support hazard assessments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106921. [PMID: 34634620 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainty of potential risks associated with micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are of growing public concern. However, the diversity of MNPs in the environment makes a systematic analysis of potential health effects challenging. New tools and approaches are necessary to investigate biological effects of MNPs. With this quick scoping review, we aim to analyse the suitability of in vitro models for assessing the interaction of MNPs with intestinal cells. Our analysis revealed that currently the majority of in vitro tests are based on the three cell lines Caco-2, HT-29, and HCT-116. They have particularly been used to assess endpoints related to basal cytotoxicity, the internalisation of MNPs and effects on the intestinal barrier. When co-cultured with various cell lines, they also allow to investigate additional effects such as inflammation, metabolic actions and the relevance of the intestinal mucus. However, methodological gaps remain regarding the assessment of a potential accumulation of MNPs, leaching of additives/impurities and in resulting long-term effects as well as cell-type specific toxicities. In addition, only few in vitro studies investigated effects of MNPs on the microbiome. Stem cell-based assays using, for example, the emerging organoid technology are promising for analysing MNP effects on tissue-like structures, while avoiding the particular characteristics of the currently used cancer derived cell lines. The various cell lines and culture techniques can be combined in testing strategies, to better elucidate potential biological interaction of MNPs with biological systems. We suggest to implement a tiered testing strategy, in which monocultures can serve as a tool for high-throughput testing of MNPs. In the next steps co-cultures can be used to assess the potential of a systemic uptake of MNPs and organ-on-a-chip models will provide more reliable insights into relevant doses triggering biological effects. Finally, organoids can help to discover new and more complex reactions initiated by MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Bredeck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Bogni
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Dorelia Lipsa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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23
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Elzinga J, van der Lugt B, Belzer C, Steegenga WT. Characterization of increased mucus production of HT29-MTX-E12 cells grown under Semi-Wet interface with Mechanical Stimulation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261191. [PMID: 34928974 PMCID: PMC8687553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucus layer plays a crucial role in human health. To study intestinal mucus function and structure in vitro, the mucus-producing intestinal cell line HT29-MTX-E12 has been commonly used. However, this cell line produces only low amounts of the intestine-specific MUC2. It has been shown previously that HT29-MTX-E12 cells cultured under Semi-Wet interface with Mechanical Stimulation (SWMS) produced higher amounts of MUC2, concomitant with a thicker mucus layer, compared to cells cultured conventionally. However, it remains unknown which underlying pathways are involved. Therefore, we aimed to further explore the cellular processes underlying the increased MUC2 production by HT29-MTX-E12 cells grown under SWMS conditions. Cells grown on Transwell membranes for 14 days under static and SWMS conditions (after cell seeding and attachment) were subjected to transcriptome analysis to investigate underlying molecular pathways at gene expression level. Caco-2 and LS174T cell lines were included as references. We characterized how SWMS conditions affected HT29-MTX-E12 cells in terms of epithelial barrier integrity, by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance, and cell metabolism, by monitoring pH and lactate production per molecule glucose of the conditioned medium. We confirmed higher MUC2 production under SWMS conditions at gene and protein level and demonstrated that this culturing method primarily stimulated cell growth. In addition, we also found evidence for a more aerobic cell metabolism under SWMS, as shown previously for similar models. In summary, we suggest different mechanisms by which MUC2 production is enhanced under SWMS and propose potential applications of this model in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Elzinga
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benthe van der Lugt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilma T Steegenga
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Bredeck G, Kämpfer AAM, Sofranko A, Wahle T, Büttner V, Albrecht C, Schins RPF. Ingested Engineered Nanomaterials Affect the Expression of Mucin Genes-An In Vitro-In Vivo Comparison. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102621. [PMID: 34685068 PMCID: PMC8537393 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in food has fueled the development of intestinal in vitro models for toxicity testing. However, ENM effects on intestinal mucus have barely been addressed, although its crucial role for intestinal health is evident. We investigated the effects of ENM on mucin expression and aimed to evaluate the suitability of four in vitro models of increasing complexity compared to a mouse model exposed through feed pellets. We assessed the gene expression of the mucins MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC13 and MUC20 and the chemokine interleukin-8 in pre-confluent and confluent HT29-MTX-E12 cells, in stable and inflamed triple cultures of Caco-2, HT29-MTX-E12 and THP-1 cells, and in the ileum of mice following exposure to TiO2, Ag, CeO2 or SiO2. All ENM had shared and specific effects. CeO2 downregulated MUC1 in confluent E12 cells and in mice. Ag induced downregulation of Muc2 in mice. Overall, the in vivo data were consistent with the findings in the stable triple cultures and the confluent HT29-MTX-E12 cells but not in pre-confluent cells, indicating the higher relevance of advanced models for hazard assessment. The effects on MUC1 and MUC2 suggest that specific ENM may lead to an elevated susceptibility towards intestinal infections and inflammations.
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25
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Lindner M, Laporte A, Block S, Elomaa L, Weinhart M. Physiological Shear Stress Enhances Differentiation, Mucus-Formation and Structural 3D Organization of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:2062. [PMID: 34440830 PMCID: PMC8391940 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) mucus plays a pivotal role in the tissue homoeostasis and functionality of the gut. However, due to the shortage of affordable, realistic in vitro GI models with a physiologically relevant mucus layer, studies with deeper insights into structural and compositional changes upon chemical or physical manipulation of the system are rare. To obtain an improved mucus-containing cell model, we developed easy-to-use, reusable culture chambers that facilitated the application of GI shear stresses (0.002-0.08 dyn∙cm-2) to cells on solid surfaces or membranes of cell culture inserts in bioreactor systems, thus making them readily accessible for subsequent analyses, e.g., by confocal microscopy or transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement. The human mucus-producing epithelial HT29-MTX cell-line exhibited superior reorganization into 3-dimensional villi-like structures with highly proliferative tips under dynamic culture conditions when compared to static culture (up to 180 vs. 80 µm in height). Additionally, the median mucus layer thickness was significantly increased under flow (50 ± 24 vs. 29 ± 14 µm (static)), with a simultaneous accelerated maturation of the cells into a goblet-like phenotype. We demonstrated the strong impact of culture conditions on the differentiation and reorganization of HT29-MTX cells. The results comprise valuable advances towards the improvement of existing GI and mucus models or the development of novel systems using our newly designed culture chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lindner
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Anna Laporte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Stephan Block
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
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26
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The ALPK1 pathway drives the inflammatory response to Campylobacter jejuni in human intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009787. [PMID: 34339468 PMCID: PMC8360561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of foodborne disease in humans. After infection, C. jejuni rapidly colonizes the mucus layer of the small and large intestine and induces a potent pro-inflammatory response characterized by the production of a large repertoire of cytokines, chemokines, and innate effector molecules, resulting in (bloody) diarrhea. The virulence mechanisms by which C. jejuni causes this intestinal response are still largely unknown. Here we show that C. jejuni releases a potent pro-inflammatory compound into its environment, which activates an NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory response including the induction of CXCL8, CXCL2, TNFAIP2 and PTGS2. This response was dependent on a functional ALPK1 receptor and independent of Toll-like Receptor and Nod-like Receptor signaling. Chemical characterization, inactivation of the heptose-biosynthesis pathway by the deletion of the hldE gene and in vitro engineering identified the released factor as the LOS-intermediate ADP-heptose and/or related heptose phosphates. During C. jejuni infection of intestinal cells, the ALPK1-NF-κB axis was potently activated by released heptose metabolites without the need for a type III or type IV injection machinery. Our results classify ADP-heptose and/or related heptose phosphates as a major virulence factor of C. jejuni that may play an important role during Campylobacter infection in humans.
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27
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Leeuwendaal N, Stanton C, O'Toole P, Beresford T. The potential of non-starter lactic acid bacteria from Cheddar cheese to colonise the gut. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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28
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Barreau F, Tisseyre C, Ménard S, Ferrand A, Carriere M. Titanium dioxide particles from the diet: involvement in the genesis of inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:26. [PMID: 34330311 PMCID: PMC8323234 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex interface between the external environment and the immune system. Its ability to control uptake across the mucosa and to protect the body from damage of harmful substances from the lumen is defined as the intestinal barrier function (IBF). The IBF involves four elements: the intestinal microbiota, the mucus layer, the epithelium and the immune system. Its dysfunction is linked with human diseases including inflammatory, metabolic, infectious, autoimmune and neurologic disorders. Most of these diseases are complex and involve genetic, psychological and environmental factors. Over the past 10 years, many genetic polymorphisms predisposing to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been identified. Yet, it is now clear that they are insufficient to explain the onset of these chronic diseases. Although it has been evidenced that some environmental factors such as cigarette smoking or carbohydrate intake are associated with IBD, other environmental factors also present potential health risks such as ingestion of food additives introduced in the human diet, including those composed of mineral particles, by altering the four elements of the intestinal barrier function. The aim of this review is to provide a critical opinion on the potential of TiO2 particles, especially when used as a food additive, to alter the four elements of the intestinal barrier function, and consequently to evaluate if this additive would likely play a role in the development and/or exacerbation of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick Barreau
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
| | - Céline Tisseyre
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Ménard
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- INSERM, UMR 1220, Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, 31024, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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29
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Regan JL, Schumacher D, Staudte S, Steffen A, Lesche R, Toedling J, Jourdan T, Haybaeck J, Mumberg D, Henderson D, Győrffy B, Regenbrecht CRA, Keilholz U, Schäfer R, Lange M. RNA sequencing of long-term label-retaining colon cancer stem cells identifies novel regulators of quiescence. iScience 2021; 24:102618. [PMID: 34142064 PMCID: PMC8185225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that therapy-resistant quiescent cancer stem cells (qCSCs) are the source of relapse in colon cancer. Here, using colon cancer patient-derived organoids and xenografts, we identify rare long-term label-retaining qCSCs that can re-enter the cell cycle to generate new tumors. RNA sequencing analyses demonstrated that these cells display the molecular hallmarks of quiescent tissue stem cells, including expression of p53 signaling genes, and are enriched for transcripts common to damage-induced quiescent revival stem cells of the regenerating intestine. In addition, we identify negative regulators of cell cycle, downstream of p53, that we show are indicators of poor prognosis and may be targeted for qCSC abolition in both p53 wild-type and mutant tumors. These data support the temporal inhibition of downstream targets of p53 signaling, in combination with standard-of-care treatments, for the elimination of qCSCs and prevention of relapse in colon cancer. Colon tumors contain therapy-resistant quiescent cancer stem cells (qCSCs) qCSC gene expression mirrors that of quiescent stem cells of the regenerating gut qCSCs are enriched for p53 signaling genes qCSC elimination may be achieved by inhibiting downstream targets of p53 signaling
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Regan
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Schumacher
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Staudte
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Lesche
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan ICB GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Joern Toedling
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan ICB GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thibaud Jourdan
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Haybaeck
- Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.,Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Mumberg
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Henderson
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.,TTK Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christian R A Regenbrecht
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,CELLphenomics GmbH, 13125 Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhold Schäfer
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Lange
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 13342 Berlin, Germany.,Nuvisan ICB GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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30
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Liu L, Tian C, Dong B, Xia M, Cai Y, Hu R, Chu X. Models to evaluate the barrier properties of mucus during drug diffusion. Int J Pharm 2021; 599:120415. [PMID: 33647411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is widely disseminated in the nasal cavity, oral cavity, respiratory tract, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive tract to prevent the invasion of pathogenic bacteria and toxins. The mucus layer through its continuous secretion can prevent the passage of macromolecular substances such as pathogenic bacteria and toxins, thereby reducing the occurrence of inflammation. Without a doubt, mucus also hinders oral absorption. The physiological and biochemical properties of intestinal mucus and the different types of mucus barrier models need to be predominated. To find ways to increase the bioavailability of drugs in the future, this article summarizes mucus composition, barrier properties, mucus models, and mucoadhesive/mucopenetrating particles to highlight the information they can afford. Collectively, the review seeks to provide a state-of-the-art roadmap for researchers who must contend with this critical barrier to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Chunling Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Baoqi Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Mengqiu Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Ye Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Rongfeng Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Xiaoqin Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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31
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Gillois K, Stoffels C, Leveque M, Fourquaux I, Blesson J, Mils V, Cambier S, Vignard J, Terrisse H, Mirey G, Audinot JN, Theodorou V, Ropers MH, Robert H, Mercier-Bonin M. Repeated exposure of Caco-2 versus Caco-2/HT29-MTX intestinal cell models to (nano)silver in vitro: Comparison of two commercially available colloidal silver products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142324. [PMID: 33254900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal silver products are sold for a wide range of disinfectant and health applications. This has increased the potential for human exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and ions (Ag+), for which oral ingestion is considered to be a major route of exposure. Our objective was to evaluate and compare the toxicity of two commercially available colloidal silver products on two human intestinal epithelial models under realistic exposure conditions. Mesosilver™ and AgC were characterized and a concentration range between 0.1 and 12 μg/mL chosen. Caco-2 cells vs. co-culture of Caco-2 and mucus-secreting HT29-MTX cells (90/10) were used. Repeated exposure was carried out to determine cell viability over 18 days of cell differentiation in 24-well plates. Selected concentrations (0.1, 1, and 3 μg/mL) were tested on cells cultured in E-plates and Transwells with the same repeated exposure regimen, to determine cell impedance, and cell viability and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), respectively. Silver uptake, intracellular localisation, and translocation were determined by CytoViva™, HIM-SIMS, and ICP-MS. Genotoxicity was determined on acutely-exposed proliferating Caco-2 cells by γH2AX immunofluorescence staining. Repeated exposure of a given concentration of AgC, which is composed solely of ionic silver, generally exerted more toxic effects on Caco-2 cells than Mesosilver™, which contains a mix of AgNPs and ionic silver. Due to its patchy structure, the presence of mucus in the Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture only slightly mitigated the deleterious effects on cell viability. Increased genotoxicity was observed for AgC on proliferating Caco-2 cells. Silver uptake, intracellular localisation, and translocation were similar. In conclusion, Mesosilver™ and AgC colloidal silver products show different levels of gut toxicity due to the forms of distinct silver (AgNPs and/or Ag+) contained within. This study highlights the applicability of high-resolution (chemical) imaging to detect and localize silver and provides insights into its uptake mechanisms, intracellular fate and cellular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Gillois
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Stoffels
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue de Brill, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Mathilde Leveque
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Fourquaux
- Centre de Microscopie Électronique Appliquée à la Biologie, CMEAB, 133 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Blesson
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Mils
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue de Brill, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Julien Vignard
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Terrisse
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gladys Mirey
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 41, rue de Brill, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Hervé Robert
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INP-ENVT, INP-EI-Purpan, Université de Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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32
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Gijzen L, Marescotti D, Raineri E, Nicolas A, Lanz HL, Guerrera D, van Vught R, Joore J, Vulto P, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J, Lo Sasso G, Kurek D. An Intestine-on-a-Chip Model of Plug-and-Play Modularity to Study Inflammatory Processes. SLAS Technol 2020; 25:585-597. [PMID: 32576063 PMCID: PMC7684793 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320924999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of efficient drugs and therapies for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in the intestine is often hampered by the lack of reliable, robust, and high-throughput in vitro and in vivo models. Current models generally fail to recapitulate key aspects of the intestine, resulting in low translatability to the human situation. Here, an immunocompetent 3D perfused intestine-on-a-chip platform was developed and characterized for studying intestinal inflammation. Forty independent polarized 3D perfused epithelial tubular structures were grown from cells of mixed epithelial origin, including enterocytes (Caco-2) and goblet cells (HT29-MTX-E12). Immune cells THP-1 and MUTZ-3, which can be activated, were added to the system and assessed for cytokine release. Intestinal inflammation was mimicked through exposure to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin (IL)-1β. The effects were quantified by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and proinflammatory cytokine secretion on the apical and basal sides. Cytokines induced an inflammatory state in the culture, as demonstrated by the impaired barrier function and increased IL-8 secretion. Exposure to the known anti-inflammatory drug TPCA-1 prevented the inflammatory state. The model provides biological modularity for key aspects of intestinal inflammation, making use of well-established cell lines. This allows robust assays that can be tailored in complexity to serve all preclinical stages in the drug discovery and development process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego Guerrera
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Carriere M, Arnal ME, Douki T. TiO 2 genotoxicity: An update of the results published over the last six years. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 854-855:503198. [PMID: 32660822 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TiO2 particles are broadly used in daily products, including cosmetics for their UV-absorbing property, food for their white colouring property, water and air purification systems, self-cleaning surfaces and photoconversion electrical devices for their photocatalytic properties. The toxicity of TiO2 nano- and microparticles has been studied for decades, and part of this investigation has been dedicated to the identification of their potential impact on DNA, i.e., their genotoxicity. This review summarizes data retrieved from their genotoxicity testing during the past 6 years, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo studies, mostly performed on lung and intestinal models. It shows that TiO2 particles, both nano- and micro-sized, produce genotoxic damage to a variety of cell types, even at low, realistic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie-Edith Arnal
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Thierry Douki
- Univ. Grenoble Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-SyMMES, CIBEST, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Smart drug delivery against Helicobacter pylori: pectin-coated, mucoadhesive liposomes with antiadhesive activity and antibiotic cargo. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5943-5957. [PMID: 32399588 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first step in the development of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity is the receptor-mediated adhesion to the gastric epithelium. Inhibition of outer membrane proteins of H. pylori (e.g. BabA) by antiadhesive drugs will contribute to reduced recolonization and infection. Pectin from apple inhibits the BabA and LPS-mediated adhesion of H. pylori to human stomach cells. Pectin-coated liposomes with encapsulated amoxicillin were characterized for polydispersity, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, stability, and amoxicillin release. Coated liposomes did not influence the viability of AGS and HT29-MTX cells up to 100 μg/mL but exert cytotoxicity against H. pylori at 10 μg/mL. Pectin-coating of liposomes provoked direct interaction and subsequent binding of the particles to surface structures of H. pylori, and interaction with mucus from porcine stomach and mucus secreted by HT29-MTX cells. Laser scanning microscopy of H. pylori and AGS cells together with liposomes indicated co-aggregation. The mucoadhesive effect seems interesting as stomach cells are covered by a mucus layer. H. pylori is able to penetrate and cross the mucin rapidly to reach pH-neutral epithelium to escape the acidic environment, followed by interaction with epithelial cells. In summary, all experimental evidence is consistent with a specific interaction of pectin-coated liposomes with mucins and surface structures of H. pylori. As the coated liposomes show mucoadhesion to the negatively charged mucins, docking to stomach mucin, mucus penetration, and recognition of and adhesion to H. pylori, they can be considered a novel type of multifunctional drug carriers for local antibiotic therapy against H. pylori. KEY POINTS: • Smart, multifunctional mucoadhesive liposomes • Specific targeting against BabA/LPS of Helicobacter pylori • Inhibition of bacterial adhesion of H. pylori to human host cells • Release of antibiotic cargo.
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Sevrin G, Massier S, Chassaing B, Agus A, Delmas J, Denizot J, Billard E, Barnich N. Adaptation of adherent-invasive E. coli to gut environment: Impact on flagellum expression and bacterial colonization ability. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:364-380. [PMID: 29494278 PMCID: PMC7524368 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1421886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) is multifactorial and involves genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers and intestinal microbiota. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) are flagellated bacteria more prevalent in CD patients than in healthy subjects and promote chronic intestinal inflammation. We aim at deciphering the role of flagella and flagellin modulation by intestinal conditions. AIEC flagellum expression is required for optimal adhesion to and invasion of intestinal epithelial cells. Interestingly, differential flagellin regulation was observed between commensal E. coli (HS) and AIEC (LF82) strains: flagellum expression by AIEC bacteria, in contrast to that of commensal E. coli, is enhanced under intestinal conditions (the presence of bile acids and mucins). Flagella are involved in the ability of the AIEC LF82 strain to cross a mucus layer in vitro and in vivo, conferring a selective advantage in penetrating the mucus layer and reaching the epithelial surface. In a CEABAC10 mouse model, a non-motile mutant (LF82-ΔfliC) exhibits reduced colonization that is restored by a dextran sodium sulfate treatment that alters mucus layer integrity. Moreover, a mutant that continuously secretes flagellin (LF82-ΔflgM) triggers a stronger inflammatory response than the wild-type strain, and the mutant's ability to colonize the CEABAC10 mouse model is decreased. Overexpression of flagellin in bacteria in contact with epithelial cells can be detrimental to their virulence by inducing acute inflammation that enhances AIEC clearance. AIEC pathobionts must finely modulate flagellum expression during the infection process, taking advantage of their specific virulence gene regulation to improve their adaptability and flexibility within the gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwladys Sevrin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Massier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute & Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Allison Agus
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Delmas
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France,Service de Bactériologie, Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémy Denizot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France,Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elisabeth Billard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France,Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000Clermont-Ferrand, France,Université Clermont Auvergne, Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France,CONTACT Nicolas Barnich M2iSH, Inserm, Université Clermont Auvergne, USC-INRA 2018, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63001Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Burkholder KM, Fletcher DH, Gileau L, Kandolo A. Lactic acid bacteria decrease Salmonella enterica Javiana virulence and modulate host inflammation during infection of an intestinal epithelial cell line. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5480463. [PMID: 31065694 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Javiana is a leading cause of severe foodborne Salmonellosis. Despite its emergence as a major foodborne pathogen, little is known of how S. Javiana interacts with intestinal epithelial cells, or of potential methods for ameliorating the bacterial-host interaction. Using cell-based adhesion, invasion and lactate dehydrogenase release assays, we observed an invasive and cytotoxic effect of S. Javiana on intestinal epithelial cells. We assessed the effect of probiotic species of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the S. Javiana-host cell interaction, and hypothesized that LAB would reduce S. Javiana infectivity. Salmonella enterica Javiana invasion was significantly impaired in host cells pre-treated with live Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. In addition, pre-exposure of host cells to live L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and L. casei reduced S. Javiana-induced cytotoxicity, while heat-killed LAB cultures had no effect on S. Javiana invasion or cytotoxicity. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that S. Javiana exposed to L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus exhibited reduced virulence gene expression. Moreover, pre-treating host cells with LAB prior to S. Javiana infection reduced host cell production of inflammatory cytokines. Data suggest a potential protective effect of L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus and L. casei against intestinal epithelial infection and pathogen-induced damage caused by S. Javiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Burkholder
- University of New England, Department of Biology, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, USA 04005
| | - Dylan H Fletcher
- University of New England, Department of Biology, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, USA 04005
| | - Lauren Gileau
- University of New England, Department of Biology, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, USA 04005
| | - Arnold Kandolo
- University of New England, Department of Biology, 11 Hills Beach Rd, Biddeford, ME, USA 04005
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Alopaeus JF, Hellfritzsch M, Gutowski T, Scherließ R, Almeida A, Sarmento B, Škalko-Basnet N, Tho I. Mucoadhesive buccal films based on a graft co-polymer – A mucin-retentive hydrogel scaffold. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 142:105142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Mortensen NP, Caffaro MM, Patel PR, Uddin MJ, Aravamudhan S, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Investigation of Twenty Metal, Metal Oxide, and Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles' Impact on Differentiated Caco-2 Monolayer Integrity. NANOIMPACT 2020; 17:100212. [PMID: 32864507 PMCID: PMC7451203 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in foods and consumer products is rising, increasing the potential for unintentional ingestion. While the cytotoxicity of many ENMs has been investigated, less attention has been given to adverse impact on the intestinal barrier integrity. Chronical disruption of gastrointestinal integrity can have far reaching health implications. Using fully differentiated Caco-2 cells, the perturbation of intestinal barrier function and cytotoxicity were investigated for 20 metal, metal oxide, and metal sulfide ENMs. Caco-2 cells were exposed to 50 μg/mL ENMs for 24 hours. ENM formulations were characterized at 0 and 24 hours, and In Vitro Sedimentation, Diffusion and Dosimetry Modeling was applied to calculate the effective dose of exposure during 24 hours. The apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) was determined for fluorescent labeled dextran (3,000 Da) and tight junction integrity was evaluated by immunofluorescence microscopy. Cytotoxicity was investigated by determining lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH) and cell metabolic activity (tetrazolium based MTS) assays. Four ENMs led to significantly increased Papp, (15.8% w/w% Ag-SiO2 nanoparticle (NP), 60 nm CdS NP, 100 nm V2O5 flakes, and 50 nm ZnO NP), while one ENM (20 nm MgO NP) decreased Papp. With the exception of CdS NP, significantly increased Papp was not connected with cell cytotoxicity. The calculated effective dose concentration was not correlated with increased Papp. Our results illustrate that while many metal, metal oxide, and metal sulfide ENMs do not adversely affect monolayer integrity or induce cytotoxicity in differentiated Caco-2 cells, a subset of ENMs may compromise the intestinal integrity. This study demonstrated the use of differentiated Caco-2 monolayer and Papp as an endpoint to identify and prioritize ENMs that should be investigated further. The interaction between ENMs and the intestinal epithelium needs to be evaluated to understand potential intestinal barrier dysfunction and resulting health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P. Mortensen
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding author: Ninell P. Mortensen, Ph. D., Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA,
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Purvi R. Patel
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, 2907 East Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Susan J. Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Timothy R. Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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McKay TB, Parker RN, Hawker MJ, McGill M, Kaplan DL. Silk-Based Therapeutics Targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:jfb10030041. [PMID: 31540233 PMCID: PMC6787730 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) infections may lead to severe damage of the cornea, mucosa, and skin. The highly aggressive nature of P. aeruginosa and the rise in multi-drug resistance, particularly in nosocomial settings, lead to an increased risk for permanent tissue damage and potentially death. Thus, a growing need exists to develop alternative treatments to reduce both the occurrence of bacterial infection and biofilm development, as well as pathological progression post-infection. Silk derived from Bombyx mori silkworms serves as a unique biomaterial that is biocompatible with low immunogenicity and high versatility, and thereby ideal for stabilizing therapeutics. In this study, we assessed the cytotoxicity of P. aeruginosa on human corneal stromal stem cells and two mucosal cell lines (Caco-2 and HT29-MTX). To determine whether antibiotic-immobilized scaffolds can serve as alternative therapeutics to free, diffuse forms, we developed novel gentamicin-conjugated silk films as functional scaffolds and compared antimicrobial effects and free gentamicin. The advantages of generating a surface coating with a covalently-bound antibiotic may reduce potential side-effects associated with free gentamicin, as well as limit the diffusion of the drug. Our results suggest that gentamicin conjugated to native silk and carboxyl-enriched silk inhibits P. aeruginosa growth. Development of stabilized antibiotic treatments with surface toxicity selective against bacteria may serve as an alternative approach to treat active infections, as well as potential prophylactic use as coatings in high-risk cases, such as post-surgical complications or prolonged hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B McKay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Rachael N Parker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Morgan J Hawker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Meghan McGill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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40
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Mitsou E, Dupin A, Sassi AH, Monteil J, Sotiroudis GT, Leal-Calderon F, Xenakis A. Hydroxytyrosol encapsulated in biocompatible water-in-oil microemulsions: How the structure affects in vitro absorption. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110482. [PMID: 31539752 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years, the incorporation of natural antioxidants in food and pharmaceutical formulations has gained attention, delaying or preventing oxidation phenomena in the final products. In order to take full advantage of their properties, protection in special microenvironments is of great importance. The unique features of the natural phenolic compound hydroxytyrosol (HT) - including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and cardioprotective properties - have been studied to clarify its mechanism of action. In the present study novel biocompatible water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsions were developed as hosts for HT and subsequently examined for their absorption profile following their oral uptake. The absorption of HT in solution was compared with the encapsulated one in vitro, using a coculture model (Caco-2/TC7 and HT29-MTX cell lines). The systems were structurally characterized by means of Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) techniques. The diameter of the micelles remained unaltered after the incorporation of 678 ppm of HT but the interfacial properties were slightly affected, indicating the involvement of the HT molecules in the surfactant monolayer. EPR was used towards a lipophilic stable free radial, namely galvinoxyl, indicating a high scavenging activity of the systems and encapsulated HT. Finally, after the biocompatibility study of the microemulsions the intestinal absorption of the encapsulated HT was compared with its aqueous solution in vitro. The higher the surfactants' concentration in the system the lower the HT concentration that penetrated the constructed epithelium, indicating the involvement of the amphiphiles in the antioxidant's absorption and its entrapment in the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Mitsou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Adeline Dupin
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Abdessattar Hadj Sassi
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Julien Monteil
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - George T Sotiroudis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Fernando Leal-Calderon
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635, Athens, Greece.
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Suwandi A, Galeev A, Riedel R, Sharma S, Seeger K, Sterzenbach T, García Pastor L, Boyle EC, Gal-Mor O, Hensel M, Casadesús J, Baines JF, Grassl GA. Std fimbriae-fucose interaction increases Salmonella-induced intestinal inflammation and prolongs colonization. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007915. [PMID: 31329635 PMCID: PMC6675130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of ABO and Lewis histo-blood group antigens by the gastrointestinal epithelium is governed by an α-1,2-fucosyltransferase enzyme encoded by the Fut2 gene. Alterations in mucin glycosylation have been associated with susceptibility to various bacterial and viral infections. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen and a major cause of gastroenteritis. In order to determine the role of Fut2-dependent glycans in Salmonella-triggered intestinal inflammation, Fut2+/+ and Fut2-/- mice were orally infected with S. Typhimurium and bacterial colonization and intestinal inflammation were analyzed. Bacterial load in the intestine of Fut2-/- mice was significantly lower compared to Fut2+/+ mice. Analysis of histopathological changes revealed significantly lower levels of intestinal inflammation in Fut2-/- mice compared to Fut2+/+ mice and measurement of lipocalin-2 level in feces corroborated histopathological findings. Salmonella express fimbriae that assist in adherence of bacteria to host cells thereby facilitating their invasion. The std fimbrial operon of S. Typhimurium encodes the π-class Std fimbriae which bind terminal α(1,2)-fucose residues. An isogenic mutant of S. Typhimurium lacking Std fimbriae colonized Fut2+/+ and Fut2-/- mice to similar levels and resulted in similar intestinal inflammation. In vitro adhesion assays revealed that bacteria possessing Std fimbriae adhered significantly more to fucosylated cell lines or primary epithelial cells in comparison to cells lacking α(1,2)-fucose. Overall, these results indicate that Salmonella-triggered intestinal inflammation and colonization are dependent on Std-fucose interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Alibek Galeev
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - René Riedel
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, Plön, Germany and Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Samriti Sharma
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Katrin Seeger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Torsten Sterzenbach
- Division of Microbiology and CellNanOs–Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Lucía García Pastor
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Erin C. Boyle
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ohad Gal-Mor
- The Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology and CellNanOs–Center for Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Josep Casadesús
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - John F. Baines
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Genomics, Plön, Germany and Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
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Caldorera-Moore M, Vela Ramirez JE, Peppas NA. Transport and delivery of interferon-α through epithelial tight junctions via pH-responsive poly(methacrylic acid-grafted-ethylene glycol) nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2019; 27:582-589. [PMID: 30457357 PMCID: PMC6522304 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1547732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whereas significant advancements have been made in our fundamental understanding of cancer, they have not yet translated into effective clinical cancer treatments. One of the areas that has the potential to improve the efficacy of cancer therapies is the development of novel drug delivery technologies. In particular, the design of pH-sensitive polymeric complexation hydrogels may allow for targeted oral delivery of a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs and proteins. In this work, poly(methacrylic acid-grafted-ethylene glycol) hydrogel nanoparticles were synthesised, characterised, and studied as matrix-type, diffusion-controlled, pH-responsive carriers to enable the oral delivery of the chemotherapeutic agent interferon alpha (IFN-α). The biophysical mechanisms controlling the transport of IFN-α were investigated using a Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture as a gastrointestinal (GI) tract model. The synthesised nanoparticles exhibited pH-responsive swelling behaviour and allowed the permeation of IFN-α through the tight junctions of the developed cellular GI epithelium model. These studies demonstrate the capabilities of these particles to contribute to the improved oral delivery of protein chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Caldorera-Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272
| | - Julia E. Vela Ramirez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Yeap YY, Lock J, Lerkvikarn S, Semin T, Nguyen N, Carrier RL. Intestinal mucus is capable of stabilizing supersaturation of poorly water-soluble drugs. J Control Release 2019; 296:107-113. [PMID: 30527813 PMCID: PMC6467574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of polymers to stabilize drug supersaturation and enhance oral drug absorption has recently garnered considerable interest. The potential role of intestinal mucus in stabilizing drug supersaturation, however, has not been previously explored. The ability for intestinal mucus to stabilize drug supersaturation and delay drug precipitation is potentially useful in enhancing the absorption of orally dosed compounds from drug delivery systems that generate supersaturation within the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based drug delivery systems). This work aims to evaluate the precipitation-delaying abilities of intestinal mucus using carvedilol (CVDL) and piroxicam (PXM) as model drugs. In supersaturation-precipitation (S-P) experiments, CVDL and PXM supersaturation were induced in test media (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4%w/v mucin and 8%w/v native pig intestinal mucus (PIM)) via the solvent-shift method at supersaturation ratios (SSR) of 5 and 6, respectively. Time to drug precipitation was assessed using ion-selective electrodes and HPLC. The S-P experiments showed that increasing mucin concentration led to increasingly delayed CVDL precipitation, while PXM precipitation was prevented at all mucin concentrations studied. The ability of mucus-stabilized CVDL supersaturation to translate into enhanced CVDL absorption was evaluated in transport experiments using mucus-producing (90% Caco-2:10% HT29-MTX-E12 co-cultures) vs. non-mucus-producing intestinal monolayers (100% Caco-2 cultures). The absorption enhancement of CVDL (SSR = 5 relative to SSR = 1) was higher across mucus-producing than non-mucus-producing intestinal monolayers. This work demonstrates the potential for intestinal mucus to delay the precipitation and enhance the absorption of poorly water-soluble compounds, suggesting that drug supersaturation can be stabilized in close proximity to the absorptive site, thereby presenting a possible novel approach for targeted supersaturating drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Yeap
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Jaclyn Lock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Sean Lerkvikarn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Tanner Semin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Nicholas Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02110, United States.
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Colonic epithelial cell diversity in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2019; 567:49-55. [PMID: 30814735 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The colonic epithelium facilitates host-microorganism interactions to control mucosal immunity, coordinate nutrient recycling and form a mucus barrier. Breakdown of the epithelial barrier underpins inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the specific contributions of each epithelial-cell subtype to this process are unknown. Here we profile single colonic epithelial cells from patients with IBD and unaffected controls. We identify previously unknown cellular subtypes, including gradients of progenitor cells, colonocytes and goblet cells within intestinal crypts. At the top of the crypts, we find a previously unknown absorptive cell, expressing the proton channel OTOP2 and the satiety peptide uroguanylin, that senses pH and is dysregulated in inflammation and cancer. In IBD, we observe a positional remodelling of goblet cells that coincides with downregulation of WFDC2-an antiprotease molecule that we find to be expressed by goblet cells and that inhibits bacterial growth. In vivo, WFDC2 preserves the integrity of tight junctions between epithelial cells and prevents invasion by commensal bacteria and mucosal inflammation. We delineate markers and transcriptional states, identify a colonic epithelial cell and uncover fundamental determinants of barrier breakdown in IBD.
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45
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Modulation of Mucin ( MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B) mRNA Expression and Protein Production and Secretion in Caco-2/HT29-MTX Co-Cultures Following Exposure to Individual and Combined Aflatoxin M1 and Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020132. [PMID: 30813459 PMCID: PMC6409803 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), which widely coexist in milk, may pose a serious threat to human health. Mucin is a major component of the intestinal mucus layer, which plays an important role in maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis. However, the effect of mycotoxins AFM1 and OTA on intestinal mucin production is still not clear. This study aimed to investigate individual and interactive effects of mycotoxins AFM1 and OTA on the intestinal barrier and the mRNA expression of intestinal mucin (MUC2, MUC5AC and MUC5B) and on protein production in Caco-2/HT29-MTX cultures after 48 h of exposure. Our results show that individual mycotoxins and their mixtures significantly reduced intestinal cell viability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, as well as significantly altered intestinal mucin mRNA expression and protein abundance. Moreover, OTA showed toxicity similar to AFM1 in cell viability and TEER value at the same concentration. When the two mycotoxins acted in combination, the synergistic effects observed in the assessment of cell viability and protein abundance in all mono- and co-cultures. In general, this study provides evidence that AFM1 and OTA can damage the intestine, and it contributes to optimized maximum permissible limits of mycotoxins in milk.
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Li X, Bleumink-Pluym NMC, Luijkx YMCA, Wubbolts RW, van Putten JPM, Strijbis K. MUC1 is a receptor for the Salmonella SiiE adhesin that enables apical invasion into enterocytes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007566. [PMID: 30716138 PMCID: PMC6375660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular invasion machinery of the enteric pathogen Salmonella consists of a type III secretion system (T3SS) with injectable virulence factors that induce uptake by macropinocytosis. Salmonella invasion at the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells is inefficient, presumably because of a glycosylated barrier formed by transmembrane mucins that prevents T3SS contact with host cells. We observed that Salmonella is capable of apical invasion of intestinal epithelial cells that express the transmembrane mucin MUC1. Knockout of MUC1 in HT29-MTX cells or removal of MUC1 sialic acids by neuraminidase treatment reduced Salmonella apical invasion but did not affect lateral invasion that is not hampered by a defensive barrier. A Salmonella deletion strain lacking the SiiE giant adhesin was unable to invade intestinal epithelial cells through MUC1. SiiE-positive Salmonella closely associated with the MUC1 layer at the apical surface, but invaded Salmonella were negative for the adhesin. Our findings uncover that the transmembrane mucin MUC1 is required for Salmonella SiiE-mediated entry of enterocytes via the apical route. The bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica is one of the most common causes of human foodborne infection affecting millions of people worldwide each year. To establish infection, Salmonella needs to cross the mucus layer and invade intestinal epithelial cells from the apical surface. However, the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells is covered with a defensive barrier of large glycosylated transmembrane mucins. These large proteins prevent contact between the Salmonella type III secretion needle and the host plasma membrane thereby preventing invasion. We show for the first time that MUC1, one of the intestinal apical transmembrane mucins, facilitates Salmonella invasion. The Salmonella giant adhesin SiiE is the adhesin responsible for engaging MUC1 and the interaction is mediated by glycans on MUC1. We propose that SiiE interacts with MUC1 in a zipper-like manner that involves repetitive domains in both proteins. Adhesin-receptor interactions are essential for bacterial infection of host cells and key factors in determining target tissues and host range of bacteria. The SiiE-MUC1 invasion pathway may explain tropism of different Salmonella strains and provide a novel target for infection intervention and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Yvette M. C. A. Luijkx
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W. Wubbolts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P. M. van Putten
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Strijbis
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Alopaeus JF, Hagesæther E, Tho I. Micellisation Mechanism and Behaviour of Soluplus®⁻Furosemide Micelles: Preformulation Studies of an Oral Nanocarrier-Based System. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12010015. [PMID: 30669484 PMCID: PMC6469188 DOI: 10.3390/ph12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, self-assembling Soluplus® micelles were examined for inherent properties. Through calorimetric analysis, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) could be determined at 25 and 37 °C, and the influence of three media (Milli-Q water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with a pH of 7.4 and 0.1 M HCl) on the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was detected. Furthermore, the solubilisation of a poorly soluble drug, furosemide, into the Soluplus® micelles was studied. The concentration-dependent properties of the micellar system were assessed through an examination of the micellar size, polydispersity, morphology, viscosity and solubilising properties, which were all found to be affected by the concentration, but temperature, pH and the composition of the test medium were also found to have an effect. Homogeneity in the estimated micellar size and morphology was shown for monophasic micelle dispersions in lower concentrations and with a shift towards more complex structures or aggregates in higher concentrations. The micelles were further investigated in terms of drug release and biocompatibility with mucus-producing HT29-MTX cells, where no biocompatibility issues were found. In this research, the implications for oral drug delivery are discussed and valuable preformulation information is provided on the micellar properties of a Soluplus® drug system in a liquid or semi-solid form.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Hagesæther
- Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, N-0130 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ingunn Tho
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Sardelli L, Pacheco DP, Ziccarelli A, Tunesi M, Caspani O, Fusari A, Briatico Vangosa F, Giordano C, Petrini P. Towards bioinspired in vitro models of intestinal mucus. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15887-15899. [PMID: 35521409 PMCID: PMC9064393 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02368b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal mucus is a biological structure that acts as a barrier between the external environment and the epithelium. It actively selects nutrient and drug intake, regulates the symbiosis with the intestinal microbiota and keeps the epithelium protected from the attack of pathogens. All these functions are closely connected to the chemical and structural complexity of this biological material, on which its viscoelastic and diffusive properties depend. Many models have been proposed to replicate these characteristics using glycoproteins in solution and possibly the addition of other mucus components, such as lipids and other proteins. In the field of mucus modelling, an overall view of the mucus as a material, having its own viscous, rheological and diffusive characteristics, has been undersized with respect to a pure biological-functional analysis. In this review, we propose a description of the mucus as a biomaterial, including a presentation of its chemical and structural complexity, and of its main viscoelastic-diffusive properties, in order to provide a synthesis of the characteristics necessary for the engineering of more advanced mucus models. Intestinal mucus is an anisotropic biological structure that acts as a barrier between the external environment and the epithelium.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Sardelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Daniela Peneda Pacheco
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Anna Ziccarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Marta Tunesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Omar Caspani
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Andrea Fusari
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Francesco Briatico Vangosa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Paola Petrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”
- Politecnico di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
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49
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Mucin 2 (MUC2) modulates the aggressiveness of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 173:289-299. [PMID: 30317423 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumors that secrete large volumes of mucus are chemotherapy resistant, however, mechanisms underlying this resistance are unknown. One protein highly expressed in mucin secreting breast cancers is the secreted mucin, Mucin 2 (MUC2). While MUC2 is expressed in some breast cancers it is absent in normal breast tissue, implicating it in breast cancer. However, the effects of MUC2 on breast cancer are largely unknown. This study examined the role of MUC2 in modulating breast cancer proliferation, response to chemotherapy and metastasis. METHODS Using patient derived xenografts we developed two novel cell lines, called BCK4 and PT12, which express high levels of MUC2. To modulate MUC2 levels, BCK4 and PT12 cells were engineered to express shRNA targeted to MUC2 (shMUC2, low MUC2) or a non-targeting control (shCONT, high MUC2) and proliferation and apoptosis were measured in vitro and in vivo. BCK4 cells with shCONT or shMUC2 were labeled with GFP-luciferase and examined in an experimental metastasis model; disease burden and site specific dissemination were monitored by intravital imaging and fluorescence guided dissection, respectively. RESULTS Proliferation decreased in BCK4 and PT12 shMUC2 cells versus control cells both in vitro and in vivo. Chemotherapy induced minimal apoptosis in control cells expressing high MUC2 but increased apoptosis in shMUC2 cells containing low MUC2. An experimental metastasis model showed disease burden decreased when breast cancer cells contained low versus high MUC2. Treatment with Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) increased MUC2 expression in BCK4 cells; this induction was abolished by the EGF-receptor inhibitor, Erlotinib. CONCLUSIONS MUC2 plays an important role in mediating proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis of breast cancer cells. MUC2 may be important in guiding treatment and predicting outcomes in breast cancer patients.
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50
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Ponce de León-Rodríguez MDC, Guyot JP, Laurent-Babot C. Intestinal in vitro cell culture models and their potential to study the effect of food components on intestinal inflammation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3648-3666. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1506734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Pierre Guyot
- NUTRIPASS—University of Montpellier, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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