1
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Saito H, Yokoyama T, Nakamuta N, Yamamoto Y. Immunohistochemical distribution of Ca 2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II subunits in the rat carotid body. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152043. [PMID: 37126880 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carotid body (CB) activity stimulated by a lower partial oxygen pressure in rats is enhanced by exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia. However, the mechanisms that modulate CB activity remain unclear. In the present study, the expression and distribution of one of the candidate molecules to modulate reactivity, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) were examined in the rat CB using reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence with isoform-specific antibodies. CaMKIIγ and CaMKIIδ were distributed in CB chemoreceptor cells, and exhibited intense immunoreactivity in dopamine β-hydroxylase-positive chemoreceptor cells. CaMKIIβ and CaMKIIγ were distributed in sensory nerve endings attached to chemoreceptor cells of the CB. In the petrosal ganglion, immunoreactivities for CaMKIIα, CaMKIIβ, CaMKIIγ, and CaMKIIδ were detected in the perinuclear region of ganglion cells. The present results indicate that CaMKIIγ and CaMKIIδ in chemoreceptor cells and CaMKIIβ and CaMKIIγ in sensory nerve endings enhanced reciprocal synaptic transmission, i.e., noradrenaline and ATP for cells to neurons and glutamate for neurons to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Takuya Yokoyama
- Department of Anatomy (Cell Biology), Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Nakamuta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan.
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2
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Xue R, Meng H, Yin J, Xia J, Hu Z, Liu H. The Role of Calmodulin vs. Synaptotagmin in Exocytosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:691363. [PMID: 34421537 PMCID: PMC8375295 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.691363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is a Ca2+-regulated process that requires the participation of Ca2+ sensors. In the 1980s, two classes of Ca2+-binding proteins were proposed as putative Ca2+ sensors: EF-hand protein calmodulin, and the C2 domain protein synaptotagmin. In the next few decades, numerous studies determined that in the final stage of membrane fusion triggered by a micromolar boost in the level of Ca2+, the low affinity Ca2+-binding protein synaptotagmin, especially synaptotagmin 1 and 2, acts as the primary Ca2+ sensor, whereas calmodulin is unlikely to be functional due to its high Ca2+ affinity. However, in the meantime emerging evidence has revealed that calmodulin is involved in the earlier exocytotic steps prior to fusion, such as vesicle trafficking, docking and priming by acting as a high affinity Ca2+ sensor activated at submicromolar level of Ca2+. Calmodulin directly interacts with multiple regulatory proteins involved in the regulation of exocytosis, including VAMP, myosin V, Munc13, synapsin, GAP43 and Rab3, and switches on key kinases, such as type II Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, to phosphorylate a series of exocytosis regulators, including syntaxin, synapsin, RIM and Ca2+ channels. Moreover, calmodulin interacts with synaptotagmin through either direct binding or indirect phosphorylation. In summary, calmodulin and synaptotagmin are Ca2+ sensors that play complementary roles throughout the process of exocytosis. In this review, we discuss the complementary roles that calmodulin and synaptotagmin play as Ca2+ sensors during exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhao Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiang Yin
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyao Xia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Sung U, Binda F, Savchenko V, Owens WA, Daws LC. Ca 2+ dependent surface trafficking of norepinephrine transporters depends on threonine 30 and Ca 2+ calmodulin kinases. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 83-84:19-35. [PMID: 28017803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant-sensitive norepinephrine (NE) transporter (NET) inactivates NE released during central and peripheral neuronal activity by transport into presynaptic cells. Altered NE clearance due to dysfunction of NET has been associated with the development of mental illness and cardiovascular diseases. NET activity in vivo is influenced by stress, neuronal activity, hormones and drugs. We investigated the mechanisms of Ca2+ regulation of NET and found that Ca2+ influenced both Vmax and Km for NE transport into cortical synaptosomes. Changes in extracellular Ca2+ triggered rapid and bidirectional surface trafficking of NET expressed in cultured cells. Deletion of residues 28-47 in the NET NH2-terminus abolished the Ca2+ effect on surface trafficking. Mutagenesis studies identified Thr30 in this region as the essential residue for both Ca2+- dependent phosphorylation and trafficking of NET. Depolarization of excitable cells increased surface NET in a Thr30 dependent manner. A proteomic analysis, RNA interference, and pharmacological inhibition supported roles of CaMKI and CaMKII in Ca2+-modulated NE transport and NET trafficking. Depolarization of primary noradrenergic neurons in culture with elevated K+ increased NET surface expression in a process that required external Ca2+ and depended on CaMK activity. Hippocampal NE clearance in vivo was also stimulated by depolarization, and inhibitors of CaMK signaling prevented this stimulation. In summary, Ca2+ signaling influenced surface trafficking of NET through a CaMK-dependent mechanism requiring Thr30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uhna Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States.
| | - Francesca Binda
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valentina Savchenko
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-8548, United States
| | - William A Owens
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States
| | - Lynette C Daws
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States.
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4
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Xu Q, Huang S, Song M, Wang CE, Yan S, Liu X, Gaertig MA, Yu SP, Li H, Li S, Li XJ. Synaptic mutant huntingtin inhibits synapsin-1 phosphorylation and causes neurological symptoms. J Cell Biol 2013; 202:1123-38. [PMID: 24081492 PMCID: PMC3787372 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201303146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many genetic mouse models of Huntington's disease (HD) have established that mutant huntingtin (htt) accumulates in various subcellular regions to affect a variety of cellular functions, but whether and how synaptic mutant htt directly mediates HD neuropathology remains to be determined. We generated transgenic mice that selectively express mutant htt in the presynaptic terminals. Although it was not overexpressed, synaptic mutant htt caused age-dependent neurological symptoms and early death in mice as well as defects in synaptic neurotransmitter release. Mass spectrometry analysis of synaptic fractions and immunoprecipitation of synapsin-1 from HD CAG150 knockin mouse brains revealed that mutant htt binds to synapsin-1, a protein whose phosphorylation is critical for neurotransmitter release. We found that polyglutamine-expanded exon1 htt binds to the C-terminal region of synapsin-1 to reduce synapsin-1 phosphorylation. Our findings point to a critical role for synaptic htt in the neurological symptoms of HD, providing a new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Xu
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430032, China
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Shanshan Huang
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Mingke Song
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Chuan-En Wang
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Sen Yan
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
| | - Marta A. Gaertig
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - He Li
- Department of Histology and Anatomy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430032, China
| | - Shihua Li
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiao-Jiang Li
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100864, China
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5
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Eapen A, Kulkarni R, Ravindran S, Ramachandran A, Sundivakkam P, Tiruppathi C, George A. Dentin phosphophoryn activates Smad protein signaling through Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8585-8595. [PMID: 23362283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.413997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentin phosphophoryn (DPP) is a major noncollagenous protein in the dentin matrix. In this study, we demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells such as C3H10T1/2 and human bone marrow cells can be committed to the osteogenic lineage by DPP. Treatment with DPP can stimulate the release of intracellular Ca(2+). This calcium flux triggered the activation of Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Activated CaMKII induced the phosphorylation of Smad1 and promoted nuclear translocation of p-Smad1. Inhibition of store Ca(2+) depletion by 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) or down-regulation of CaMKII by KN-62, a selective cell-permeable pharmacological inhibitor or a dominant negative plasmid of CaMKII, blocked DPP-mediated Smad1 phosphorylation. Activation of Smad1 resulted in the expression of osteogenic markers such as Runx2, Osterix, DMP1, Bone sialoprotein, Osteocalcin, NFATc1, and Schnurri-2, which have been implicated in osteoblast differentiation. These findings suggest that DPP is capable of triggering commitment of pluripotent stem cells to the osteogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Eapen
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Roma Kulkarni
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | | | | | - Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
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6
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High concentrations of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) and its metabolite MDA inhibit calcium influx and depolarization-evoked vesicular dopamine release in PC12 cells. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:202-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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BDNF signaling in the formation, maturation and plasticity of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Exp Brain Res 2009; 199:203-34. [PMID: 19777221 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1994-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years numerous reports provided strong evidence that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most important modulators of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Remarkable progress regarding localization, kinetics, and molecular mechanisms of BDNF secretion has been achieved, and a large number of studies provided evidence that continuous extracellular supply of BDNF is important for the proper formation and functional maturation of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. BDNF can play a permissive role in shaping synaptic networks, making them more susceptible for the occurrence of plastic changes. In addition, BDNF appears to be also an instructive factor for activity-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity. BDNF release just in response to synaptic stimulation might be a molecular trigger to convert high-frequency synaptic activity into long-term synaptic memories. This review attempts to summarize the current knowledge in synaptic secretion and synaptic action of BDNF, including both permissive and instructive effects of BDNF in synaptic plasticity.
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8
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Xia R, Berger F, Piallat B, Benabid AL. Alteration of hormone and neurotransmitter production in cultured cells by high and low frequency electrical stimulation. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2007; 149:67-73; discussion 73. [PMID: 17171296 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-006-1058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HFS has become a widely used method in functional neurosurgery. However, its mechanism is not well understood, and its cellular and molecular effects have not yet been investigated. The aim of the study was to understand which cellular events, unrelated to the network organization of cells or neurons, participate in the mechanism of action of HFS. In vitro cellular effects of high (HFS) and low (LFS) frequency electrical stimulation on prolactin secretion in GH3 cell lines (prolactinoma), as well as the catecholaminergic secretion on PC12 cells (pheochromocytoma) were investigated. Cells were cultured in dishes with integrated electrodes to deliver stimulation at the same parameters as those used in clinical conditions to treat advanced forms of Parkinson's disease. Prolactin production was measured in GH3 using a Radio-Immuno-Assay. Dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured in PC12 using Enzymo-immuno-assays. HFS for 24 hours reduced prolactin secretion by 40.3%, dopamine by 32.7%, epinephrine by 18.1% (non significant) and norepinephrine by 27.0%. LFS did not induce significant changes. These results suggest that HFS has an inhibitory impact on the cellular machinery responsible for hormone and neurotransmitter production. In this model of isolated cultured cells, network interactions and particularly presynaptic actions are discarded. HFS has inhibitory effects on cellular mechanisms responsible for the production and release of molecules participating in intercellular communication. This HFS-induced inhibition might participate in the lesion-like effect of therapeutic HFS in the basal ganglia during various movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xia
- Anatomy Department, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Hagiwara Y, Kubo T. Centrally injected angiotensin II trans-synaptically activates angiotensin II-sensitive neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area of rats. Neurosci Lett 2006; 409:157-61. [PMID: 17045741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that pressure-ejected application of angiotensin II onto some neurons in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) of rats increases their firing rate. In contrast, pressure application of the angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan onto AHA neurons blocked the basal firing of the neurons. To investigate possible participation of these AHA neurons in the brain angiotensin system, we examined whether intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II results in an activation of angiotensin II-sensitive neurons in the AHA of rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II increased the firing rate of AHA angiotensin II-sensitive neurons. The angiotensin II-induced increase of unit firing in AHA neurons was abolished by pressure application of losartan onto the same neurons. In addition, the angiotensin II-induced increase of firing in AHA neurons was abolished by pressure application of N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W7), a calmodulin inhibitor, onto the same neurons. Pressure application of W7 onto AHA neurons affected neither the basal firing rate nor the increase in unit firing induced by pressure application of angiotensin II onto the same neurons. Intracerebroventricular injection of the cholinergic agonist carbachol did not affect the firing rate of angiotensin II-sensitive neurons in the AHA. These findings suggest that intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II activates AHA angiotensin II-sensitive neurons via angiotensinergic inputs to the neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Hagiwara
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
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10
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Kubo T, Hagiwara Y. Evidence suggesting that angiotensins released not via synaptic inputs are involved in the basal activity of anterior hypothalamic neurons in rats. Neurosci Lett 2006; 400:92-6. [PMID: 16510245 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that angiotensin II-sensitive neurons exist in the anterior hypothalamic area (AHA) and that these neurons are tonically activated by endogenous angiotensins in rats. Chemical stimulation of the lateral septal area (LSV) and medial amygdaloid nucleus (MeA), and intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline, activated AHA angiotensin II-sensitive neurons. To investigate mechanisms of the basal activity of AHA angiotensin II-sensitive neurons, we examined the effect of N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W7), a calmodulin inhibitor, applied onto AHA neurons on the basal activity and the stimulus-evoked activation of these neurons. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and artificially ventilated. Extracellular potentials were recorded from single neurons in the AHA. Microinjections of carbachol into the LSV and corticotropin-releasing factor into the MeA, and intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline, activated AHA angiotensin II-sensitive neurons. These three kinds of injection-induced activations of AHA neurons were abolished by pressure application of W7 onto the same neurons, while the calmodulin inhibitor did not affect the increase in firing of AHA neurons induced by pressure application of angiotensin II onto the same neurons. The pressure application of W7 did not affect the basal activity of AHA angiotensin II-sensitive neurons, whereas the angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist losartan similarly applied inhibited it. These findings suggest that the basal activity of AHA angiotensin II-sensitive neurons is mediated by angiotensins released not via synaptic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Kubo
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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11
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Larsson M, Broman J. Different basal levels of CaMKII phosphorylated at Thr286/287 at nociceptive and low-threshold primary afferent synapses. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:2445-58. [PMID: 15932602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Postsynaptic autophosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) at Thr286/287 is crucial for the induction of long-term potentiation at many glutamatergic synapses, and has also been implicated in the persistence of synaptic potentiation. However, the availability of CaMKII phosphorylated at Thr286/287 at individual glutamatergic synapses in vivo is unclear. We used post-embedding immunogold labelling to quantitatively analyse the ultrastructural localization of CaMKII phosphorylated at Thr286/287 (pCaMKII) at synapses formed by presumed nociceptive and low-threshold mechanosensitive primary afferent nerve endings in laminae I-IV of rat spinal cord. Immunogold labelling was enriched in the postsynaptic densities of such synapses, consistent with observations in pre-embedding immunoperoxidase-stained dorsal horn. Presynaptic axoplasm also exhibited sparse immunogold labelling, in peptidergic terminals partly associated with dense core vesicles. Analysis of single or serial pCaMKII-immunolabelled sections indicated that the large majority of synapses formed either by presumed peptidergic or non-peptidergic nociceptive primary afferent terminals in laminae I-II of the spinal cord, or by presumed low-threshold mechanosensitive primary afferent terminals in laminae IIi-IV, contained pCaMKII in their postsynaptic density. However, the postsynaptic levels of pCaMKII immunolabelling at low-threshold primary afferent synapses were only approximately 50% of those at nociceptive synapses. These results suggest that constitutively autophosphorylated CaMKII in the postsynaptic density is a common characteristic of glutamatergic synapses, thus potentially contributing to maintenance of synaptic efficacy. Furthermore, pCaMKII appears to be differentially regulated between high- and low-threshold primary afferent synapses, possibly reflecting different susceptibility to synaptic plasticity between these afferent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Larsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Division of Neuroscience, Lund University, BMC F10, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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12
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Dong Z, Ferger B, Paterna JC, Vogel D, Furler S, Osinde M, Feldon J, Büeler H. Dopamine-dependent neurodegeneration in rats induced by viral vector-mediated overexpression of the parkin target protein, CDCrel-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:12438-43. [PMID: 14530399 PMCID: PMC218776 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2132992100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the parkin gene are linked to autosomal-recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). Parkin functions as a ubiquitin protein ligase in the degradation of several proteins, including the neuron-specific septin CDCrel-1. AR-JP-associated parkin mutations inhibit ubiquitination and degradation of CDCrel-1 and other parkin target proteins. Here we show that recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated CDCrel-1 gene transfer to the substantia nigra of rats results in a rapid onset (6-10 days) of nigral and striatal CDCrel-1 expression that is followed by a progressive loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and a decline of the striatal dopamine levels. In contrast, neurons of the globus pallidus are spared from CDCrel-1 toxicity. Furthermore, CDCrel-1 inhibits the release of dopamine from stably-transfected PC12 cells, and pharmacological inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine synthesis in rats prevents CDCrel-1-induced nigral neurodegeneration. These results show that CDCrel-1 overexpression exerts dopamine-dependent neurotoxicity and suggest that inhibition of dopamine secretion by CDCrel-1 may contribute to the development of AR-JP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhong Dong
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Deng M, Kishikawa H, Yanagimachi R, Kopf GS, Schultz RM, Williams CJ. Chromatin-mediated cortical granule redistribution is responsible for the formation of the cortical granule-free domain in mouse eggs. Dev Biol 2003; 257:166-76. [PMID: 12710965 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A cortical granule-free domain (CGFD) overlies the metaphase chromatin in fully mature mouse eggs. Although a chromatin-induced localized release of cortical granules (CG) during maturation is thought to be a major contributing factor to its formation, there are indications that CG redistribution may also be involved in generating the CGFD. We performed experiments to determine the relative contributions of CG exocytosis and redistribution in generating the CGFD. We found that the CGFD-inducing activity was not specific to female germ cell chromatin and was heat stable but sensitive to DNase and protease treatment. Surprisingly, chelation of egg intracellular Ca(2+) levels did not prevent CGFD formation in response to microinjection of exogenous chromatin, suggesting that development of the CGFD was not a result of CG exocytosis. This finding was confirmed by the lack of CG exudate on the plasma membrane surface of the injected eggs and the absence of conversion of ZP2 to ZP2(f) during formation of the new CGFD. Moreover, clamping intracellular Ca(2+) did not prevent the formation of the CGFD during oocyte maturation, but did inhibit the maturation-associated release of CGs between metaphase I and II. Results of these experiments suggest that CG redistribution is the dominant factor in formation of the CGFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manqi Deng
- Center for Research on Reproduction & Women's Health and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Abstract
Regulated exocytosis of secretory granules or dense-core granules has been examined in many well-characterized cell types including neurons, neuroendocrine, endocrine, exocrine, and hemopoietic cells and also in other less well-studied cell types. Secretory granule exocytosis occurs through mechanisms with many aspects in common with synaptic vesicle exocytosis and most likely uses the same basic protein components. Despite the widespread expression and conservation of a core exocytotic machinery, many variations occur in the control of secretory granule exocytosis that are related to the specialized physiological role of particular cell types. In this review we describe the wide range of cell types in which regulated secretory granule exocytosis occurs and assess the evidence for the expression of the conserved fusion machinery in these cells. The signals that trigger and regulate exocytosis are reviewed. Aspects of the control of exocytosis that are specific for secretory granules compared with synaptic vesicles or for particular cell types are described and compared to define the range of accessory control mechanisms that exert their effects on the core exocytotic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Burgoyne
- The Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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15
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Westerink RHS, Klompmakers AA, Westenberg HGM, Vijverberg HPM. Signaling pathways involved in Ca2+- and Pb2+-induced vesicular catecholamine release from rat PC12 cells. Brain Res 2002; 957:25-36. [PMID: 12443976 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Since Pb(2+) substitutes for Ca(2+) in essential steps leading to exocytosis, we have investigated whether Ca(2+) and Pb(2+) induce exocytosis through similar pathways. Vesicular catecholamine release was measured from dexamethasone-differentiated PC12 cells using carbon fiber microelectrode amperometry. Effects of drugs known to modulate PKC (PMA, staurosporine), calcineurin (cyclosporin A), calmodulin (W7), and CaM kinase II (KN-62) activity were investigated in intact and in ionomycin-permeabilized PC12 cells. Activation of PKC and inhibition of calmodulin decrease the frequency of exocytotic events evoked by high K(+) stimulation in intact cells. In addition, inhibition of calmodulin enhances the frequency of basal exocytosis from intact cells. Activation of PKC and inhibition of calcineurin enhance the frequency of basal exocytosis in intact as well as in ionomycin-permeabilized cells. Inhibition of PKC and of CaM kinase II cause no significant effects. None of the treatments has a significant effect on vesicle contents. The combined results indicate that PKC and calcineurin enhance and inhibit exocytosis through direct effects on the exocytotic machinery, whereas calmodulin and CaM kinase II exert indirect effects only. Conversely, Pb(2+)-evoked exocytosis in permeabilized cells is strongly reduced by inhibition of CaM kinase II, but is not sensitive to modulation of PKC and calcineurin activity. Inhibition of calmodulin only reduces the delay to onset of Pb(2+)-evoked exocytosis. Synaptotagmin I- and II-deficient PC12-F7 cells exhibit vesicular catecholamine release following depolarization or superfusion with Pb(2+). However, the frequency of exocytosis and the contents of vesicles released are strongly reduced as compared to PC12 cells. It is concluded that Ca(2+)-evoked exocytosis is modulated mainly by PKC and calcineurin, whereas Pb(2+)-evoked exocytosis is mainly modulated by CaM kinase II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco H S Westerink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80176, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Agis-Torres A, Ball SG, Vaughan PFT. Chronic treatment with nicotine or potassium attenuates depolarisation-evoked noradrenaline release from the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. Neurosci Lett 2002; 331:167-70. [PMID: 12383923 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic treatment, of SH-SY5Y cells, with KCl (20 mM) for 4 days decreased 100 mM KCl-evoked noradrenaline (NA) release by 50% and nicotine (100 microM)-evoked NA release by 55%. Pretreatment with the L-type calcium channel antagonist, nifedipine, prevented this inhibitory effect of chronic exposure to 20 mM KCl on NA release. In contrast pretreatment with 10 microM nicotine for 4 days had no effect on 100 mM KCl -evoked secretion and decreased nicotinic -evoked NA release by only 25%. Inclusion of nifedipine prevented the inhibition of NA release by chronic nicotine treatment. These data are discussed in relation to effects of chronic moderate, depolarisation by either K(+) or nicotine on influx of Ca(2+) via L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Agis-Torres
- Sección Departamental de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Evans GJ, Wilkinson MC, Graham ME, Turner KM, Chamberlain LH, Burgoyne RD, Morgan A. Phosphorylation of cysteine string protein by protein kinase A. Implications for the modulation of exocytosis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:47877-85. [PMID: 11604405 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108186200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) enhances regulated exocytosis in neurons and most other secretory cells. To explore the molecular basis of this effect, known exocytotic proteins were screened for PKA substrates. Both cysteine string protein (CSP) and soluble NSF attachment protein-alpha (alpha-SNAP) were phosphorylated by PKA in vitro, but immunoprecipitation of cellular alpha-SNAP failed to detect (32)P incorporation. In contrast, endogenous CSP was phosphorylated in synaptosomes, PC12 cells, and chromaffin cells. In-gel kinase assays confirmed PKA to be a cellular CSP kinase, with phosphorylation occurring on Ser(10). PKA phosphorylation of CSP reduced its binding to syntaxin by 10-fold but had little effect on its interaction with HSC70 or G-protein subunits. Furthermore, an in vivo role for Ser(10) phosphorylation at a late stage of exocytosis is suggested by analysis of chromaffin cells transfected with wild type or non-phosphorylatable mutant CSP. We propose that PKA phosphorylation of CSP could modulate the exocytotic machinery, by selectively altering its availability for protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Evans
- Physiological Laboratory and School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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18
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Amaral L, Kristiansen JE. Phenothiazines: potential management of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and its variants. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18:411-7. [PMID: 11711254 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(01)00432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease acquired from bovines (nvCJD) has been responsible for nearly 100 deaths in the UK and thousands more may die in the years to come. New variant CJD (nvCJD) is incurable and although clinical diagnosis is becoming more precise, the diagnosis is only certain at autopsy. Phenothiazine derivatives inhibit production of prions, the disease causing agent, in cultured neuroblastoma cells, and an advanced case of nvCJD was recently brought to remission by the use of these agents in combination with an antimalarial. In this review we present direct and circumstantial evidence in support of a model describing the manner by which the intracellular antimicrobial activity of phenothiazines might cause the destruction of intracellular prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Amaral
- Unit of Mycobacteriology, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua Junqueira 96, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal.
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19
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Yue C, Sanborn BM. KN-93 inhibition of G protein signaling is independent of the ability of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II to phosphorylate phospholipase Cbeta3 on 537-Ser. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2001; 175:149-56. [PMID: 11325525 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(01)00383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of the phospholipase Cbeta (PLC) signaling pathway results in intracellular Ca2+ release and subsequent activation of calmodulin (CaM) and CaM kinase II (CaMK II). KN-93, an inhibitor of CaMK II, reduced the stimulation of phosphatidylinositide (PI) turnover by Galphai-coupled (formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, fMLP) or Galphaq-coupled [M1 muscarinic and oxytocin (OT)] receptors. The inhibitory effect of KN-93 was also observed when PLCbeta3 was stimulated directly by Galphaq or Gbetagamma in overexpression assays. CaMK II phosphorylated PLCbeta3 but not PLCbeta1 in vitro. Phosphorylation occurred exclusively on 537Ser in the X-Y linker region of PLCbeta3. 537Ser was also phosphorylated in the basal state in cells and phosphorylation was enhanced by ionomycin treatment. However, mutation of 537Ser to Glu had no effect on inhibition of Galphaq or Gbetagamma-stimulated PLCbeta3 activity by KN-93. KN-93 also inhibited Galphaq -stimulated PLCbeta1 activity, even though this enzyme is not a substrate for CaMK II. These data indicate that phosphorylation of PLCbeta3 by CaMK II is not directly involved in the inhibitory effect of KN-93 on phosphatidylinositide turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Houston Medical School, PO Box 20708, Houston, TX 77225, USA
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20
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Menegon A, Dunlap DD, Castano F, Benfenati F, Czernik AJ, Greengard P, Valtorta F. Use of phosphosynapsin I-specific antibodies for image analysis of signal transduction in single nerve terminals. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 20):3573-82. [PMID: 11017873 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.20.3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a semi-quantitative method for indirectly revealing variations in the concentration of second messengers (Ca(2+), cyclic AMP) in single presynaptic boutons by detecting the phosphorylation of the synapsins, excellent nerve terminal substrates for cyclic AMP- and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. For this purpose, we employed polyclonal, antipeptide antibodies recognising exclusively synapsin I phosphorylated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (at site 3) or synapsins I/II phosphorylated by either cAMP-dependent protein kinase or Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (at site 1). Cerebellar granular neurones in culture were double-labelled with a monoclonal antibody to synapsins I/II and either of the polyclonal antibodies. Digitised images were analysed to determine the relative phosphorylation stoichiometry at each individual nerve terminal. We have found that: (i) under basal conditions, phosphorylation of site 3 was undetectable, whereas site 1 exhibited some degree of constitutive phosphorylation; (ii) depolarisation in the presence of extracellular Ca(2+) was followed by a selective and widespread increase in site 3 phosphorylation, although the relative phosphorylation stoichiometry varied among individual terminals; and (iii) phosphorylation of site 1 was increased by stimulation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase but not by depolarisation and often occurred in specific nerve terminal sub-populations aligned along axon branches. In addition to shedding light on the regulation of synapsin phosphorylation in living nerve terminals, this approach permits the spatially-resolved analysis of the activation of signal transduction pathways in the presynaptic compartment, which is usually too small to be studied with other currently available techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Menegon
- Dept Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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21
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Partoens P, Slembrouck D, De Busser H, Vaughan PF, Van Dessel GA, De Potter WP, Lagrou AR. Neurons, chromaffin cells and membrane fusion. Subcell Biochem 2000; 34:323-78. [PMID: 10808338 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46824-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Partoens
- Department of Medicine, UA-Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Vaughan PF, Walker JH, Peers C. The regulation of neurotransmitter secretion by protein kinase C. Mol Neurobiol 1998; 18:125-55. [PMID: 10065877 DOI: 10.1007/bf02914269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of protein kinase C (PKC) on the release of neurotransmitters from a number preparations, including sympathetic nerve endings, brain slices, synaptosomes, and neuronally derived cell lines, is considered. A comparison is drawn between effects of activation of PKC on neurotransmitter release from small synaptic vesicles and large dense-cored vesicles. The enhancement of neurotransmitter release is discussed in relation to the effect of PKC on: 1. Rearrangement of the F-actin-based cytoskeleton, including the possible role of MARCKS in this process, to allow access of large dense-cored vesicles to release sites on the plasma membrane. 2. Phosphorylation of key components in the SNAP/SNARE complex associated with the docking and fusion of vesicles at site of secretion. 3. Ion channel activity, particularly Ca2+ channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Vaughan
- Institute for Cardiovascular Research, University of Leeds, UK
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23
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Jeng CJ, McCarroll SA, Martin TF, Floor E, Adams J, Krantz D, Butz S, Edwards R, Schweitzer ES. Thy-1 is a component common to multiple populations of synaptic vesicles. J Cell Biol 1998; 140:685-98. [PMID: 9456327 PMCID: PMC2140167 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.140.3.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/1997] [Revised: 12/08/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thy-1, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked integral membrane protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is a component of both large dense-core and small clear vesicles in PC12 cells. A majority of this protein, formerly recognized only on the plasma membrane of neurons, is localized to regulated secretory vesicles. Thy-1 is also present in synaptic vesicles in rat central nervous system. Experiments on permeabilized PC12 cells demonstrate that antibodies against Thy-1 inhibit the regulated release of neurotransmitter; this inhibition appears to be independent of any effect on the Ca2+ channel. These findings suggest Thy-1 is an integral component of many types of regulated secretory vesicles, and plays an important role in the regulated vesicular release of neurotransmitter at the synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Jeng
- Department of Neurobiology and Brain Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1763, USA
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Liu L, Tao JQ, Li HL, Zimmerman UJ. Inhibition of lung surfactant secretion from alveolar type II cells and annexin II tetramer-mediated membrane fusion by phenothiazines. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 342:322-8. [PMID: 9186494 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of phenothiazines on lung surfactant secretion from rat alveolar epithelial type II cells and on annexin II tetramer (Anx IIt)-mediated membrane fusion. Trifluoperazine and promethazine inhibited ATP-stimulated phosphatidylcholine (PC) secretion from type II cells in a dose-dependent manner. Concentrations that cause 50% inhibition (IC50) were approximately 3 and 25 microM for trifluoperazine and promethazine, respectively. Promethazine also inhibited PC secretion of type II cells stimulated by other secretagogues, including calcium ionophore A23187, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and terbutaline that are known to stimulate PC secretion via different signal transduction pathways. Since we have recently determined that Anx IIt is involved in PC secretion of type II cells, we examined whether phenothiazines influence Anx IIt's activity. Trifluoperazine and promethazine inhibited Anx IIt's ability to aggregate phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes, to fuse PS/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) liposomes, and to fuse PS/PE liposomes with lamellar bodies. These results suggest a relationship between lung surfactant secretion and Anx IIt-mediated membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Institute for Environmental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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