1
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Huang C, Liang C, Tong J, Zhong X, Luo L, Liang L, Wen Y, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng M, Wu W, Huang W, Xie A, Huang Y, Chen J. Soluble E-cadherin participates in BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting EMT and lung fibroblast migration. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:435-443. [PMID: 37792543 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad) is an 80 kDa fragment derived from E-cadherin that is shed from the cell surface through proteolytic cleavage and is a biomarker in various cancers that promotes invasion and migration. Alveolar epithelial destruction, aberrant lung fibroblast migration and inflammation contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we hypothesized that E-cadherin plays an important role in lung fibrosis. In this study, we found that E-cadherin was markedly increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of mice with pulmonary fibrosis and that blocking sE-cad with HECD-1, a neutralizing antibody targeting the ectodomain of E-cadherin, effectively inhibited myofibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition in the lungs after bleomycin (BLM) exposure. Moreover, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) induced the shedding of sE-cad from A549 cells, and treatment with HECD-1 inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) stimulated by TGF-β1. Fc-E-cadherin (Fc-Ecad), which is an exogenous form of sE-cad, robustly promoted lung fibroblast migration. E-cadherin participates in bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis by promoting EMT in the alveolar epithelium and fibroblast activation. E-cadherin may be a novel therapeutic target for lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Congmin Liang
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinzhai Tong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Xueying Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Lishan Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liping Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Yuting Wen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Liandi Zhong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Jiongrui Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Ming Peng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Weiliang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Anlun Xie
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanming Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Jiangmen Institute of Respiratory Disease, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Jialong Chen
- The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
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2
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Snyder-Talkington BN, Dong C, Castranova V, Qian Y, Guo NL. Differential gene regulation in human small airway epithelial cells grown in monoculture versus coculture with human microvascular endothelial cells following multiwalled carbon nanotube exposure. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:482-488. [PMID: 31194188 PMCID: PMC6554470 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coculture gene expression may have opposite direction of changes than monoculture. Cells grow and treated in monoculture may exaggerate toxicological responses. Coculture of cells may provide a more in-depth assessment of toxicological responses.
Concurrent with rising production of carbon-based engineered nanomaterials is a potential increase in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases due to exposure to nanomaterials in the workplace atmosphere. While single-cell models of pulmonary exposure are often used to determine the potential toxicity of nanomaterials in vitro, previous studies have shown that coculture cell models better represent the cellular response and crosstalk that occurs in vivo. This study identified differential gene regulation in human small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) grown either in monoculture or in coculture with human microvascular endothelial cells following exposure of the SAECs to multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). SAEC genes that either changed their regulation direction from upregulated in monoculture to downregulated in coculture (or vice versa) or had a more than a two-fold changed in the same regulation direction were identified. Genes that changed regulation direction were most often involved in the processes of cellular growth and proliferation and cellular immune response and inflammation. Genes that had a more than a two-fold change in regulation in the same direction were most often involved in the inflammatory response. The direction and fold-change of this differential gene regulation suggests that toxicity testing in monoculture may exaggerate cellular responses to MWCNTs, and coculture of cells may provide a more in-depth assessment of toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N Snyder-Talkington
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States
| | - Chunlin Dong
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States
| | - Yong Qian
- National Institute for Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV, 26505, United States
| | - Nancy L Guo
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, United States
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3
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Wujak L, Schnieder J, Schaefer L, Wygrecka M. LRP1: A chameleon receptor of lung inflammation and repair. Matrix Biol 2017; 68-69:366-381. [PMID: 29262309 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lung displays a remarkable capability to regenerate following injury. Considerable effort has been made thus far to understand the cardinal processes underpinning inflammation and reconstruction of lung tissue. However, the factors determining the resolution or persistence of inflammation and efficient wound healing or aberrant remodeling remain largely unknown. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is an endocytic/signaling cell surface receptor which controls cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the physiological and pathological inflammatory reactions and tissue remodeling in several organs. In this review, we will discuss the impact of LRP1 on the consecutive steps of the inflammatory response and its role in the balanced tissue repair and aberrant remodeling in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Schnieder
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, Friedrichstrasse 24, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany.
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4
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Angely C, Nguyen NM, Andre Dias S, Planus E, Pelle G, Louis B, Filoche M, Chenal A, Ladant D, Isabey D. Exposure to Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin affects integrin-mediated adhesion and mechanics in alveolar epithelial cells. Biol Cell 2017; 109:293-311. [PMID: 28597954 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The adenylate cyclase (CyaA) toxin is a major virulent factor of Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough. CyaA toxin is able to invade eukaryotic cells where it produces high levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) affecting cellular physiology. Whether CyaA toxin can modulate cell matrix adhesion and mechanics of infected cells remains largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, we use a recently proposed multiple bond force spectroscopy (MFS) with an atomic force microscope to assess the early phase of cell adhesion (maximal detachment and local rupture forces) and cell rigidity (Young's modulus) in alveolar epithelial cells (A549) for toxin exposure <1 h. At 30 min of exposure, CyaA toxin has a minimal effect on cell viability (>95%) at CyaA concentration of 0.5 nM, but a significant effect (≈81%) at 10 nM. MFS performed on A549 for three different concentrations (0.5, 5 and 10 nM) demonstrates that CyaA toxin significantly affects both cell adhesion (detachment forces are decreased) and cell mechanics (Young's modulus is increased). CyaA toxin (at 0.5 nM) assessed at three indentation/retraction speeds (2, 5 and 10 μm/s) significantly affects global detachment forces, local rupture events and Young modulus compared with control conditions, while an enzymatically inactive variant CyaAE5 has no effect. These results reveal the loading rate dependence of the multiple bonds newly formed between the cell and integrin-specific coated probe as well as the individual bond kinetics which are only slightly affected by the patho-physiological dose of CyaA toxin. Finally, theory of multiple bond force rupture enables us to deduce the bond number N which is reduced by a factor of 2 upon CyaA exposure (N ≈ 6 versus N ≈ 12 in control conditions). CONCLUSIONS MFS measurements demonstrate that adhesion and mechanical properties of A549 are deeply affected by exposure to the CyaA toxin but not to an enzymatically inactive variant. This indicates that the alteration of cell mechanics triggered by CyaA is a consequence of the increase in intracellular cAMP in these target cells. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that mechanical and adhesion properties of the cells appear as pertinent markers of cytotoxicity of CyaA toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Angely
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 13, Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,Université Paris Est, UMRS 955, UPEC, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France
| | - Ngoc-Minh Nguyen
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 13, Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,Université Paris Est, UMRS 955, UPEC, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France
| | - Sofia Andre Dias
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 13, Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,Université Paris Est, UMRS 955, UPEC, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France
| | - Emmanuelle Planus
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Centre de Recherche UGA/Inserm U1209/CNRS UMR 5309, La Tronche 38700, France
| | - Gabriel Pelle
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 13, Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,Université Paris Est, UMRS 955, UPEC, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 13, Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,Université Paris Est, UMRS 955, UPEC, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France
| | - Marcel Filoche
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 13, Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,Université Paris Est, UMRS 955, UPEC, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau, 91128, France
| | - Alexandre Chenal
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires (CNRS UMR 3528), Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Daniel Ladant
- Unité de Biochimie des Interactions Macromoléculaires (CNRS UMR 3528), Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Daniel Isabey
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 13, Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire: une approche multi-échelle, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,Université Paris Est, UMRS 955, UPEC, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France.,CNRS, ERL 7240, Créteil Cedex, 94010, France
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5
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Nguyen NM, Angely C, Andre Dias S, Planus E, Filoche M, Pelle G, Louis B, Isabey D. Characterisation of cellular adhesion reinforcement by multiple bond force spectroscopy in alveolar epithelial cells. Biol Cell 2017; 109:255-272. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201600080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc-Minh Nguyen
- Inserm; U955; Equipe 13; Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire; Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- Université Paris Est; UMR S955, UPEC Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- CNRS; ERL 7240 Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
| | - Christelle Angely
- Inserm; U955; Equipe 13; Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire; Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- Université Paris Est; UMR S955, UPEC Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- CNRS; ERL 7240 Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
| | - Sofia Andre Dias
- Inserm; U955; Equipe 13; Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire; Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- Université Paris Est; UMR S955, UPEC Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- CNRS; ERL 7240 Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
| | - Emmanuelle Planus
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB); Centre de Recherche UGA/Inserm U1209/CNRS UMR 5309; La Tronche 38700 France
| | - Marcel Filoche
- Inserm; U955; Equipe 13; Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire; Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- Université Paris Est; UMR S955, UPEC Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- CNRS; ERL 7240 Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée; Ecole Polytechnique; CNRS; Université Paris Saclay; Palaiseau 91128 France
| | - Gabriel Pelle
- Inserm; U955; Equipe 13; Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire; Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- Université Paris Est; UMR S955, UPEC Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- CNRS; ERL 7240 Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- AP-HP; Groupe Hospitalier H. Mondor - A. Chenevier; Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles; Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
| | - Bruno Louis
- Inserm; U955; Equipe 13; Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire; Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- Université Paris Est; UMR S955, UPEC Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- CNRS; ERL 7240 Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
| | - Daniel Isabey
- Inserm; U955; Equipe 13; Biomécanique & Appareil Respiratoire; Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- Université Paris Est; UMR S955, UPEC Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
- CNRS; ERL 7240 Créteil Cedex F-94010 France
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6
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Narożna B, Langwinski W, Jackson C, Lackie P, Holloway JW, Szczepankiewicz A. MicroRNA-328 is involved in wound repair process in human bronchial epithelial cells. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 242:59-65. [PMID: 28347890 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the role of microRNA on epithelial wound repair by global microRNA silencing. We have also analysed the influence of five miRNAs (miR-328, miR-342, miR-411, miR-609, miR-888, previously identified) on wound repair in 16HBE14o-bronchial epithelial cell line. Cells were transfected with siRNAs against human DROSHA and DICER1 or miRNA mimics or inhibitors. Wounding assays were performed and the cells were observed using time-lapse microscopy. The area of damage was calculated at chosen time points, followed by data analysis. Cells with silenced global miRNA expression showed a significantly slower repair rate compared to the control cells (p=0.001). For miR-328, we observed significantly delayed repair in cells transfected with the inhibitor compared to control (p=0.02). Global microRNA silencing significantly decreased the repair rate of airway epithelial cells in vitro, indicating an important role of miRNA in the regulation of wound repair and that miR-328, possibly involved in actin pathway, may be a potent modifier of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Narożna
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St., 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Langwinski
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St., 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Claire Jackson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter Lackie
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - John W Holloway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna St., 60-572 Poznan, Poland.
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7
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Biodegradation and antibacterial activity of a feather-degrading strain of bacterium. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Snyder-Talkington BN, Dong C, Zhao X, Dymacek J, Porter DW, Wolfarth MG, Castranova V, Qian Y, Guo NL. Multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced gene expression in vitro: concordance with in vivo studies. Toxicology 2014; 328:66-74. [PMID: 25511174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a current interest in reducing the in vivo toxicity testing of nanomaterials in animals by increasing toxicity testing using in vitro cellular assays; however, toxicological results are seldom concordant between in vivo and in vitro models. This study compared global multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-induced gene expression from human lung epithelial and microvascular endothelial cells in monoculture and coculture with gene expression from mouse lungs exposed to MWCNT. Using a cutoff of 10% false discovery rate and 1.5 fold change, we determined that there were more concordant genes (gene expression both up- or downregulated in vivo and in vitro) expressed in both cell types in coculture than in monoculture. When reduced to only those genes involved in inflammation and fibrosis, known outcomes of in vivo MWCNT exposure, there were more disease-related concordant genes expressed in coculture than monoculture. Additionally, different cellular signaling pathways are activated in response to MWCNT dependent upon culturing conditions. As coculture gene expression better correlated with in vivo gene expression, we suggest that cellular cocultures may offer enhanced in vitro models for nanoparticle risk assessment and the reduction of in vivo toxicological testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi N Snyder-Talkington
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Chunlin Dong
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9300, USA
| | - Xiangyi Zhao
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9300, USA
| | - Julian Dymacek
- Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-6070, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Michael G Wolfarth
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yong Qian
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Nancy L Guo
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9300, USA.
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9
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Felder M, Stucki AO, Stucki JD, Geiser T, Guenat OT. The potential of microfluidic lung epithelial wounding: towards in vivo-like alveolar microinjuries. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:1132-40. [PMID: 25205504 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains a major clinical challenge to date. Repeated alveolar epithelial microinjuries are considered as the starting point and the key event in both the development and the progression of IPF. Various pro-fibrotic agents have been identified and shown to cause alveolar damage. In IPF, however, no leading cause of alveolar epithelial microinjuries can be identified and the exact etiology remains elusive. New results from epidemiologic studies suggest a causal relation between IPF and frequent episodes of gastric refluxes resulting in gastric microaspirations into the lung. The effect of gastric contents on the alveolar epithelium has not been investigated in detail. Here, we present a microfluidic lung epithelial wounding system that allows for the selective exposure of alveolar epithelial cells to gastric contents. The system is revealed to be robust and highly reproducible. The thereby created epithelial microwounds are of tiny dimensions and best possibly reproduce alveolar damage in the lung. We further demonstrate that exposure to gastric contents, namely hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin, directly damages the alveolar epithelium. Together, this novel in vitro wounding system allows for the creation of in vivo-like alveolar microinjuries with the potential to study lung injury and alveolar wound repair in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Felder
- ARTORG Center Lung Regeneration Technologies Lab, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 50, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Tsujimura Y, Inada H, Yoneda M, Fujita T, Matsuo K, Yasutomi Y. Effects of mycobacteria major secretion protein, Ag85B, on allergic inflammation in the lung. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106807. [PMID: 25192550 PMCID: PMC4156387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have suggested that the recent increase in prevalence and severity of allergic diseases such as asthma is inversely correlated with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination. However, the underlying mechanisms by which mycobacterial components suppress allergic diseases are not yet fully understood. Here we showed the inhibitory mechanisms for development of allergic airway inflammation by using highly purified recombinant Ag85B (rAg85B), which is one of the major protein antigens secreted from M. tuberculosis. Ag85B is thought to be a single immunogenic protein that can elicit a strong Th1-type immune response in hosts infected with mycobacteria, including individuals vaccinated with BCG. Administration of rAg85B showed a strong inhibitory effect on the development of allergic airway inflammation with induction of Th1-response and IL-17and IL-22 production. Both cytokines induced by rAg85B were involved in the induction of Th17-related cytokine-production innate immune cells in the lung. Administration of neutralizing antibodies to IL-17 or IL-22 in rAg85B-treated mice revealed that IL-17 induced the infiltration of neutrophils in BAL fluid and that allergen-induced bronchial eosinophilia was inhibited by IL-22. Furthermore, enhancement of the expression of genes associated with tissue homeostasis and wound healing was observed in bronchial tissues after rAg85B administration in a Th17-related cytokine dependent manner. The results of this study provide evidence for the potential usefulness of rAg85B as a novel approach for anti-allergic effect and tissue repair other than the role as a conventional TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Inada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Misao Yoneda
- Department of Pathologic Oncology, Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujita
- Research Laboratories, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd, Chudoji, Shimogyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuo
- Research and Development Department, Japan BCG Laboratory, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Immunoregulation, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
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11
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Hsu JY, Chu JJ, Chou MC, Chen YW. Dioscorin pre-treatment protects A549 human airway epithelial cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Inflammation 2014; 36:1013-9. [PMID: 23575601 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is a highly reactive oxygen species involved in lung and bronchial epithelium injury. Increased H(2)O(2) levels have been reported in expired breath condensates of patients with inflammatory airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Protecting airway epithelial cells from oxidative stress is an important task in the prevention and management of airway diseases. Previous studies demonstrate that yam (Dioscorea batatas Decne) has antioxidant and anti-trypsin activities. This study evaluated the validity of dioscorin in vitro. The results showed that dioscorin attenuated the alteration of H(2)O(2) on G2/M cell cycle arrest. This might be associated with the activation of IκB and subsequent inactivation of NF-κB. Furthermore, dioscorin suppressed IL-8 secretion and reduced changes of adhesion molecule expressions in H(2)O(2)-injured A549 cells. These results help in understanding the potential of traditional Chinese herbal medicine as treatment for airway inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Yuan Hsu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Girault A, Brochiero E. Evidence of K+ channel function in epithelial cell migration, proliferation, and repair. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 306:C307-19. [PMID: 24196531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00226.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficient repair of epithelial tissue, which is frequently exposed to insults, is necessary to maintain its functional integrity. It is therefore necessary to better understand the biological and molecular determinants of tissue regeneration and to develop new strategies to promote epithelial repair. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence indicates that many members of the large and widely expressed family of K(+) channels are involved in regulation of cell migration and proliferation, key processes of epithelial repair. First, we briefly summarize the complex mechanisms, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation, engaged after epithelial injury. We then present evidence implicating K(+) channels in the regulation of these key repair processes. We also describe the mechanisms whereby K(+) channels may control epithelial repair processes. In particular, changes in membrane potential, K(+) concentration, cell volume, intracellular Ca(2+), and signaling pathways following modulation of K(+) channel activity, as well as physical interaction of K(+) channels with the cytoskeleton or integrins are presented. Finally, we discuss the challenges to efficient, specific, and safe targeting of K(+) channels for therapeutic applications to improve epithelial repair in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Girault
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
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Ramanujum R, Lin YL, Liu JK, He S. Regulatory expression of MMP-8/MMP-9 and inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion in human lung cancer A549 cells in the presence of HGF variants. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2013; 29:530-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Effect of nanoparticles and environmental particles on a cocultures model of the air-blood barrier. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:801214. [PMID: 23509780 PMCID: PMC3591223 DOI: 10.1155/2013/801214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to engineered nanoparticles (NPs) and to ambient particles (PM) has increased significantly. During the last decades the application of nano-objects to daily-life goods and the emissions produced in highly urbanized cities have considerably augmented. As a consequence, the understanding of the possible effects of NPs and PM on human respiratory system and particularly on the air-blood barrier (ABB) has become of primary interest. The crosstalk between lung epithelial cells and underlying endothelial cells is indeed essential in determining the effects of inhaled particles. Here we report the effects of metal oxides NPs (CuO and TiO2) and of PM on an in vitro model of the ABB constituted by the type II epithelial cell line (NCI-H441) and the endothelial one (HPMEC-ST1.6R). The results demonstrate that apical exposure of alveolar cells induces significant modulation of proinflammatory proteins also in endothelial cells.
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15
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Alveolocapillary model system to study alveolar re-epithelialization. Exp Cell Res 2012; 319:64-74. [PMID: 23022369 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study an in vitro bilayer model system of the pulmonary alveolocapillary barrier was established to investigate the role of the microvascular endothelium on re-epithelialization. The model system, confluent monolayer cultures on opposing sides of a porous membrane, consisted of a human microvascular endothelial cell line (HPMEC-ST1.6R) and an alveolar type II like cell line (A549), stably expressing EGFP and mCherry, respectively. These fluorescent proteins allowed the real time assessment of the integrity of the monolayers and the automated analysis of the wound healing process after a scratch injury. The HPMECs significantly attenuated the speed of re-epithelialization, which was associated with the proximity to the A549 layer. Examination of cross-sectional transmission electron micrographs of the model system revealed protrusions through the membrane pores and close contact between the A549 cells and the HPMECs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that these close contacts consisted of heterocellular gap-, tight- and adherens-junctions. Additional analysis, using a fluorescent probe to assess gap-junctional communication, revealed that the HPMECs and A549 cells were able to exchange the fluorophore, which could be abrogated by disrupting the gap junctions using connexin mimetic peptides. These data suggest that the pulmonary microvascular endothelium may impact the re-epithelialization process.
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16
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Larifla L, Déprez I, Pham I, Rideau D, Louzier V, Adam M, Eloit M, Foucan L, Adnot S, Teiger E. Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in vitro and neointimal hyperplasia in vivo by adenoviral-mediated atrial natriuretic peptide delivery. J Gene Med 2012; 14:459-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Larifla
- Groupe Epidémiologie Clinique et Médecine; Université des Antilles et de la Guyane; Guadeloupe; France
| | - Isabelle Déprez
- Département de Physiologie et INSERM U492; Faculté de médecine, CHU Henri-Mondor; Créteil; France
| | - Isabelle Pham
- Département de Physiologie et INSERM U492; Faculté de médecine, CHU Henri-Mondor; Créteil; France
| | - Dominique Rideau
- Département de Physiologie et INSERM U492; Faculté de médecine, CHU Henri-Mondor; Créteil; France
| | - Vanessa Louzier
- Département de Physiologie et INSERM U492; Faculté de médecine, CHU Henri-Mondor; Créteil; France
| | - Micheline Adam
- URA INRA de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Génétique Virale; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort; France
| | - Marc Eloit
- URA INRA de Génétique Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Génétique Virale; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort; France
| | - Lydia Foucan
- Groupe Epidémiologie Clinique et Médecine; Université des Antilles et de la Guyane; Guadeloupe; France
| | - Serge Adnot
- Département de Physiologie et INSERM U492; Faculté de médecine, CHU Henri-Mondor; Créteil; France
| | - Emmanuel Teiger
- Département de Physiologie et INSERM U492; Faculté de médecine, CHU Henri-Mondor; Créteil; France
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Yamakawa N, Uchida T, Matthay MA, Makita K. Proteolytic release of the receptor for advanced glycation end products from in vitro and in situ alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 300:L516-25. [PMID: 21257730 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00118.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been used as a biological marker of alveolar epithelial cell injury in clinical studies, the mechanism for release of soluble RAGE from lung epithelial cells has not been well studied. Therefore, these studies were designed to determine the mechanism for release of soluble RAGE after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. For these purposes, alveolar epithelial cells from rat lungs were cultured on Transwell inserts, and LPS was added to the apical side (500 μg/ml) for 16 h on day 7. On day 7, RAGE was expressed predominantly in surfactant protein D-negative cells, and LPS challenge induced release of RAGE into the medium. This response was partially blocked by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors. Transcripts of MMP-3 and MMP-13 were upregulated by LPS, whereas RAGE transcripts did not change. Proteolysis by MMP-3 and MMP-13 resulted in soluble RAGE expression in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the in situ rat lung, and this reaction was inhibited by MMP inhibitors. In human studies, both MMP-3 and -13 antigen levels were significantly correlated with the level of RAGE in pulmonary edema fluid samples. These results support the conclusion that release of RAGE is primarily mediated by proteolytic damage in alveolar epithelial cells in the lung, caused by proteases in acute inflammatory conditions in the distal air spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yamakawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Crespin S, Bacchetta M, Huang S, Dudez T, Wiszniewski L, Chanson M. Approaches to study differentiation and repair of human airway epithelial cells. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 742:173-85. [PMID: 21547732 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-120-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the main functions of the airway mucosa is to maintain a mechanical barrier at the air-surface interface and to protect the respiratory tract from external injuries. Differentiation of human airway epithelial cells (hAECs) to polarized airway mucosa can be reproduced in vitro by culturing the cells on microporous membrane at the air-liquid interface. Here, we describe approaches to study differentiation as well as repair of the hAECs by using a commercially available airway cell culture model called MucilAir™.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Crespin
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation III, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Foundation for Medical Research, 64 Avenue de la Roseraie, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Crosby LM, Waters CM. Epithelial repair mechanisms in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 298:L715-31. [PMID: 20363851 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00361.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recovery of an intact epithelium following lung injury is critical for restoration of lung homeostasis. The initial processes following injury include an acute inflammatory response, recruitment of immune cells, and epithelial cell spreading and migration upon an autologously secreted provisional matrix. Injury causes the release of factors that contribute to repair mechanisms including members of the epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor families (TGF-alpha, KGF, HGF), chemokines (MCP-1), interleukins (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-13), and prostaglandins (PGE(2)), for example. These factors coordinate processes involving integrins, matrix materials (fibronectin, collagen, laminin), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-9), focal adhesions, and cytoskeletal structures to promote cell spreading and migration. Several key signaling pathways are important in regulating these processes, including sonic hedgehog, Rho GTPases, MAP kinase pathways, STAT3, and Wnt. Changes in mechanical forces may also affect these pathways. Both localized and distal progenitor stem cells are recruited into the injured area, and proliferation and phenotypic differentiation of these cells leads to recovery of epithelial function. Persistent injury may contribute to the pathology of diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. For example, dysregulated repair processes involving TGF-beta and epithelial-mesenchymal transition may lead to fibrosis. This review focuses on the processes of epithelial restitution, the localization and role of epithelial progenitor stem cells, the initiating factors involved in repair, and the signaling pathways involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Crosby
- Departments of 1Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163-0001, USA
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20
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Liu Y, Ji Y, Ghosh K, Clark RAF, Huang L, Rafailovich MH. Effects of fiber orientation and diameter on the behavior of human dermal fibroblasts on electrospun PMMA scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:1092-106. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Prestress and adhesion site dynamics control cell sensitivity to extracellular stiffness. Biophys J 2009; 96:2009-22. [PMID: 19254561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2008.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims at improving the understanding of mechanisms responsible for cell sensitivity to extracellular environment. We explain how substrate mechanical properties can modulate the force regulation of cell sensitive elements primarily adhesion sites. We present a theoretical and experimental comparison between two radically different approaches of the force regulation of adhesion sites that depends on their either stationary or dynamic behavior. The most classical stationary model fails to predict cell sensitivity to substrate stiffness whereas the dynamic model predicts extracellular stiffness dependence. This is due to a time dependent reaction force in response to actomyosin traction force exerted on cell sensitive elements. We purposely used two cellular models, i.e., alveolar epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages exhibiting respectively stationary and dynamic adhesion sites, and compared their sensitivity to theoretical predictions. Mechanical and structural results show that alveolar epithelial cells exhibit significant prestress supported by evident stress fibers and lacks sensitivity to substrate stiffness. On the other hand, alveolar macrophages exhibit low prestress and exhibit sensitivity to substrate stiffness. Altogether, theory and experiments consistently show that adhesion site dynamics and cytoskeleton prestress control cell sensitivity to extracellular environment with an optimal sensitivity expected in the intermediate range.
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22
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Primary human coculture model of alveolo-capillary unit to study mechanisms of injury to peripheral lung. Cell Tissue Res 2009; 336:91-105. [PMID: 19238447 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to delineate individual pathomechanisms in acute lung injury and pulmonary toxicology, we developed a primary coculture system to simulate the human alveolo-capillary barrier. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) were cocultivated with primary isolated human type II alveolar epithelial cells (HATII) on opposite sides of a permeable filter support, thereby constituting a bilayer. Within 7-11 days of coculture, the HATII cells partly transdifferentiated to type-I-like (HATI-like) cells, as demonstrated by morphological changes from a cuboidal to a flattened morphology, the loss of HATII-cell-specific organelles and the increase of HATI-cell-related markers (caveolin-1, aquaporin-5, receptor for advanced glycation end-products). Immunofluorescent analysis detected type-II-like and type-I-like alveolar epithelial cells mimicking the heterocellular composition of alveolar epithelium in vivo. The heterocellular epithelial monolayer showed a circumferential staining of tight-junctional (ZO-1, occludin) and adherens-junctional (E-cadherin, beta-catenin) proteins. HPMEC on the opposite side also developed tight and adherens junctions (VE-cadherin, beta-catenin). Under integral barrier properties, exposure to the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha from either the endothelial (basolateral) or the epithelial (apical) side caused a largely compartmentalized release of the chemokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Thus, the established coculture provides a suitable in vitro model to examine barrier function at the distal lung, including the interaction of microvascular endothelial cells with ATII-like and ATI-like epithelial cells. The compartmentalization of the barrier-forming bilayer also allows mechanisms of lung injury to be studied in both the epithelial (intra-alveolar) and the endothelial (intravascular) compartments.
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23
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Féréol S, Fodil R, Pelle G, Louis B, Isabey D. Cell mechanics of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) and macrophages (AMs). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 163:3-16. [PMID: 18565804 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell mechanics provides an integrated view of many biological phenomena which are intimately related to cell structure and function. Because breathing constitutes a sustained motion synonymous with life, pulmonary cells are normally designed to support permanent cyclic stretch without breaking, while receiving mechanical cues from their environment. The authors study the mechanical responses of alveolar cells, namely epithelial cells and macrophages, exposed to well-controlled mechanical stress in order to understand pulmonary cell response and function. They discuss the principle, advantages and limits of a cytoskeleton-specific micromanipulation technique, magnetic bead twisting cytometry, potentially applicable in vivo. They also compare the pertinence of various models (e.g., rheological; power law) used to extract cell mechanical properties and discuss cell stress/strain hardening properties and cell dynamic response in relation to the structural tensegrity model. Overall, alveolar cells provide a pertinent model to study the biological processes governing cellular response to controlled stress or strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Féréol
- Inserm, UMR 841, Biomécanique Cellulaire et Respiratoire, Créteil F-94010, France
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24
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Chen P, McGuire JK, Hackman RC, Kim KH, Black RA, Poindexter K, Yan W, Liu P, Chen AJ, Parks WC, Madtes DK. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 moderates airway re-epithelialization by regulating matrilysin activity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1256-70. [PMID: 18385523 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is the histopathological finding in chronic lung allograft rejection. Mounting evidence suggests that epithelial damage drives the development of airway fibrosis in OB. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 expression increases in lung allografts and is associated with the onset of allograft rejection. Furthermore, in a mouse model of OB, airway obliteration is reduced in TIMP-1-deficient mice. Matrilysin (matrix metallproteinase-7) is essential for airway epithelial repair and is required for the re-epithelialization of airway wounds by facilitating cell migration; therefore, the goal of this study was to determine whether TIMP-1 inhibits re-epithelialization through matrilysin. We found that TIMP-1 and matrilysin co-localized in the epithelium of human lungs with OB and both co-localized and co-immunoprecipitated in wounded primary airway epithelial cultures. TIMP-1-deficient cultures migrated faster, and epithelial cells spread to a greater extent compared with wild-type cultures. TIMP-1 also inhibited matrilysin-mediated cell migration and spreading in vitro. In vivo, TIMP-1 deficiency enhanced airway re-epithelialization after naphthalene injury. Furthermore, TIMP-1 and matrilysin co-localized in airway epithelial cells adjacent to the wound edge. Our data demonstrate that TIMP-1 interacts with matrix metalloproteinases and regulates matrilysin activity during airway epithelial repair. Furthermore, we speculate that TIMP-1 overexpression restricts airway re-epithelialization by inhibiting matrilysin activity, contributing to a stereotypic injury response that promotes airway fibrosis via bronchiole airway epithelial damage and obliteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chen
- Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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25
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Sosnoski DM, Gay CV. Evaluation of bone-derived and marrow-derived vascular endothelial cells by microarray analysis. J Cell Biochem 2008; 102:463-72. [PMID: 17372935 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the differential expression levels of proteins that may exist between bone-derived and marrow-derived vascular endothelial cells (BVEC and MVEC). The vascular cells were isolated from trabecular bone regions and central marrow cavity regions of mouse long bones. Cells were cultured for 1 week to expand the population then separated from non-vascular cells using biotinylated isolectin B4, streptavidin-coated metallic microbeads, and a magnetic column. After an additional week of culture time, RNA was isolated from both cell types and compared using microarray analysis. RT-PCR was used to confirm and relatively quantitate the RNA messages. The bone-derived cells expressed more aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1), Secreted Modular Calcium-2 (SMOC-2), CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP-beta), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), and annexin 8 (ANX8) than the marrow-derived cells. Spalpha and matrix GLA-protein (MGP) were produced in greater abundance by the marrow-derived cells. This study reveals that there are profound and unique differences between the vasculature of the metaphysis as compared to that of the central marrow cavity. The unique array of proteins expressed by the bone-derived endothelial cells may support growth of tumors from cancer cells that frequently metastasize and lodge in the trabecular bone regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Sosnoski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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26
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Acuff HB, Sinnamon M, Fingleton B, Boone B, Levy SE, Chen X, Pozzi A, Carbone DP, Schwartz DR, Moin K, Sloane BF, Matrisian LM. Analysis of host- and tumor-derived proteinases using a custom dual species microarray reveals a protective role for stromal matrix metalloproteinase-12 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 66:7968-75. [PMID: 16912171 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We used a customized Affymetrix protease microarray (Hu/Mu ProtIn chip) designed to distinguish human and mouse genes to analyze the expression of proteases and protease inhibitors in lung cancer. Using an orthotopic lung cancer model, we showed that murine matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12, MMP-13, and cathepsin K were up-regulated in tumor tissue compared with normal mouse lung. To determine the relevance of stromal proteases detected using this model system, we compared the results to an analysis of human lung adenocarcinoma specimens using the U133 Plus 2.0 Affymetrix microarray. MMP-12, MMP-13, and cathepsin K showed an increase in expression in human tumors compared with normal lung similar to that seen in the orthotopic model. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed MMP-12 expression in the stroma of human lung tumor samples. To determine the biological relevance of stromal MMP-12, murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells were injected into the tail vein of syngeneic wild-type (WT) and MMP-12-null mice. MMP-12-null and WT mice developed equivalent numbers of lung tumors; however, there was a 2-fold increase in the number of tumors that reached >2 mm in diameter in MMP-12-null mice compared with WT controls. The increase in tumor size correlated with an increase in CD31-positive blood vessels and a decrease in circulating levels of the K1-K4 species of angiostatin. These results show a protective role for stromal MMP-12 in lung tumor growth. The use of the Hu/Mu ProtIn chip allows us to distinguish tumor- and host-derived proteases and guides the further analysis of the significance of these genes in tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath B Acuff
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA
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Milan JL, Wendling-Mansuy S, Jean M, Chabrand P. Divided medium-based model for analyzing the dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton during cell deformation. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2006; 6:373-90. [PMID: 17063370 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-006-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell deformability and mechanical responses of living cells depend closely on the dynamic changes in the structural architecture of the cytoskeleton (CSK). To describe the dynamic reorganization and the heterogeneity of the prestressed multi-modular CSK, we developed a two-dimensional model for the CSK which was taken to be a system of tension and compression interactions between the nodes in a divided medium. The model gives the dynamic reorganization of the CSK consisting of fast changes in connectivity between nodes during medium deformation and the resulting mechanical behavior is consistent with the strain-hardening and prestress-induced stiffening observed in cells in vitro. In addition, the interaction force networks which occur and balance to each other in the model can serve to identify the main CSK substructures: cortex, stress fibers, intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules and focal adhesions. Removing any of these substructures results in a loss of integrity in the model and a decrease in the prestress and stiffness, and suggests that the CSK substructures are highly interdependent. The present model may therefore provide a useful tool for understanding the cellular processes involving CSK reorganization, such as mechanotransduction, migration and adhesion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Milan
- CNRS-USR 2164 Laboratoire d'Aérodynamique et de Biomécanique du Mouvement, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, 13288, Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Gavara N, Sunyer R, Roca-Cusachs P, Farré R, Rotger M, Navajas D. Thrombin-induced contraction in alveolar epithelial cells probed by traction microscopy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:512-20. [PMID: 16675616 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00185.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile tension of alveolar epithelial cells plays a major role in the force balance that regulates the structural integrity of the alveolar barrier. The aim of this work was to study thrombin-induced contractile forces of alveolar epithelial cells. A549 alveolar epithelial cells were challenged with thrombin, and time course of contractile forces was measured by traction microscopy. The cells exhibited basal contraction with total force magnitude 55.0 ± 12.0 nN (mean ± SE, n = 12). Traction forces were exerted predominantly at the cell periphery and pointed to the cell center. Thrombin (1 U/ml) induced a fast and sustained 2.5-fold increase in traction forces, which maintained peripheral and centripetal distribution. Actin fluorescent staining revealed F-actin polymerization and enhancement of peripheral actin rim. Disruption of actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D (5 μM, 30 min) and inhibition of myosin light chain kinase with ML-7 (10 μM, 30 min) and Rho kinase with Y-27632 (10 μM, 30 min) markedly depressed basal contractile tone and abolished thrombin-induced cell contraction. Therefore, the contractile response of alveolar epithelial cells to the inflammatory agonist thrombin was mediated by actin cytoskeleton remodeling and actomyosin activation through myosin light chain kinase and Rho kinase signaling pathways. Thrombin-induced contractile tension might further impair alveolar epithelial barrier integrity in the injured lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Gavara
- Unitat de Biofísica i Bioenginyeria, Facultat de Medicina-Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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Féréol S, Fodil R, Labat B, Galiacy S, Laurent VM, Louis B, Isabey D, Planus E. Sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to substrate mechanical and adhesive properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 63:321-40. [PMID: 16634082 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the sensitivity of alveolar macrophages (AMs) to substrate properties, we have developed a new model of macrophages cultured on substrates of increasing Young's modulus: (i) a monolayer of alveolar epithelial cells representing the supple (approximately 0.1 kPa) physiological substrate, (ii) polyacrylamide gels with two concentrations of bis-acrylamide representing low and high intermediate stiffness (respectively 40 kPa and 160 kPa) and, (iii) a highly rigid surface of plastic or glass (respectively 3 MPa and 70 MPa), the two latter being or not functionalized with type I-collagen. The macrophage response was studied through their shape (characterized by 3D-reconstructions of F-actin structure) and their cytoskeletal stiffness (estimated by transient twisting of magnetic RGD-coated beads and corrected for actual bead immersion). Macrophage shape dramatically changed from rounded to flattened as substrate stiffness increased from soft ((i) and (ii)) to rigid (iii) substrates, indicating a net sensitivity of alveolar macrophages to substrate stiffness but without generating F-actin stress fibers. Macrophage stiffness was also increased by large substrate stiffness increase but this increase was not due to an increase in internal tension assessed by the negligible effect of a F-actin depolymerizing drug (cytochalasine D) on bead twisting. The mechanical sensitivity of AMs could be partly explained by an idealized numerical model describing how low cell height enhances the substrate-stiffness-dependence of the apparent (measured) AM stiffness. Altogether, these results suggest that macrophages are able to probe their physical environment but the mechanosensitive mechanism behind appears quite different from tissue cells, since it occurs at no significant cell-scale prestress, shape changes through minimal actin remodeling and finally an AMs stiffness not affected by the loss in F-actin integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Féréol
- Inserm UMR 651, Fonctions Cellulaires et Moléculaires de l'Appareil Respiratoire et des Vaisseaux, Equipe Biomécanique Cellulaire et Respiratoire et Université Paris XII, Faculté de Médecine, Institut Supérieur des Biosciences de Paris, Créteil, France
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Hartenstein B, Dittrich BT, Stickens D, Heyer B, Vu TH, Teurich S, Schorpp-Kistner M, Werb Z, Angel P. Epidermal development and wound healing in matrix metalloproteinase 13-deficient mice. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:486-96. [PMID: 16374453 PMCID: PMC2767339 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is an indispensable step in tissue remodelling processes such as embryonic development and wound healing of the skin, has been attributed to collagenolytic activity of members of the matrix metalloproteinase family (MMPs). Here, we employed mmp13 knockout mice to elucidate the function of MMP13 in embryonic skin development, skin homeostasis, and cutaneous wound healing. Overall epidermal architecture and dermal composition of non-injured skin were indistinguishable from wild-type mice. Despite robust expression of MMP13 in the early phase of wound healing, wild-type and mmp13 knockout animals did not differ in their efficiency of re-epithelialization, inflammatory response, granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis, and restoration of basement membrane. Yet, among other MMPs also expressed during wound healing, MMP8 was found to be enhanced in wounds of MMP13-deficient mice. In summary, skin homeostasis and also tissue remodelling processes like embryonic skin development and cutaneous wound healing are independent of MMP13 either owing to MMP13 dispensability or owing to functional substitution by other collagenolytic proteinases such as MMP8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hartenstein
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Thilo Dittrich
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominique Stickens
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Babette Heyer
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thiennu H. Vu
- Department of Medicine and Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sibylle Teurich
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Schorpp-Kistner
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control (A100), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Puchelle E, Le Simple P, Hajj R, Coraux C. Régénération de l′épithélium respiratoire lésé. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2006; 64:107-13. [PMID: 16568011 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4509(06)75302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The airway surface epithelium is frequently injured by microorganisms and viruses due to its permanent contact with the external medium. Following injury, the epithelium is able to repair itself and regenerate through several mechanisms including spreading and migration of basal cells, cell proliferation and differentiation. The cellular and molecular factors involved in wound repair and epithelial regeneration interact closely, implying the participation of cytoskeleton proteins and integrins receptors, matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors as well as cytokines and growth factors secreted by airway epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The spatio-temporal modulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, and MMPs (MMP-9 and -7) during the different steps of regeneration suggests that the matrix and secretory environment are markedly involved in these mechanisms and that their dysregulation may induce remodeling of the airway mucosa. A better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in airway epithelium regeneration may pave the way to regenerative therapeutics allowing the reconstitution of a functional airway mucosa in numerous respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases and bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Puchelle
- Inserm UMRS 514, IFR 53, Hôpital Maison Blanche, 45, rue Cognacq Jay, F 51092 Reims Cedex
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Lechapt-Zalcman E, Prulière-Escabasse V, Advenier D, Galiacy S, Charrière-Bertrand C, Coste A, Harf A, d'Ortho MP, Escudier E. Transforming growth factor-beta1 increases airway wound repair via MMP-2 upregulation: a new pathway for epithelial wound repair? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 290:L1277-82. [PMID: 16414983 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00149.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) present at the site of airway injury are thought to contribute to epithelial wound repair. As TGF-beta1 can modulate MMP expression and MMPs play an important role in wound repair, we hypothesized that TGF-beta1 may enhance airway epithelial repair via MMPs secreted by epithelial cells. We evaluated the in vitro influence of TGF-beta1 on wound repair in human airway epithelial cells cultured under conditions allowing differentiation. The results showed that TGF-beta1 accelerated in vitro airway wound repair, whereas MMP inhibitors prevented this acceleration. In parallel, we examined the effect of TGF-beta1 on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. TGF-beta1 induced a dramatic increase of MMP-2 expression with an increased steady-state level of MMP-2 mRNA, contrasting with a slight increase in MMP-9 expression. To confirm the role of MMP-2, we subsequently evaluated the effect of MMP-2 on in vitro airway wound repair and demonstrated that the addition of MMP-2 reproduced the acceleration of wound repair induced by TGF-beta1. These results strongly suggest that TGF-beta1 increases in vitro airway wound repair via MMP-2 upregulation. It also raises the issue of a different in vivo biological role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 depending on the cytokine microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lechapt-Zalcman
- INSERM U651, Faculty of Medicine, University Paris XII, Créteil, France.
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33
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Olsen CO, Isakson BE, Seedorf GJ, Lubman RL, Boitano S. Extracellular matrix-driven alveolar epithelial cell differentiation in vitro. Exp Lung Res 2005; 31:461-82. [PMID: 16047415 DOI: 10.1080/01902140590918830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
During homeostasis and in response to injury, alveolar type II (AT2) cells serve as progenitor cells to proliferate, migrate, differentiate, and re-establish both alveolar type I (AT1) and AT2 cells into a functional alveolar epithelium. To understand specific changes in cell differentiation, we monitored morphological characteristics and cell-specific protein markers over time for isolated rat AT2 cells cultured on combinations of collagen, fibronectin and/or laminin-5 (Ln5). For all matrices tested, cultured AT2 cells displayed reduced expression of AT2 cell-specific markers from days 1 to 4 and increased expression of AT1-specific markers by day 3, with continued expression until at least day 5. Over days 5 to 7 in culture, cells took on an AT1-like phenotype (on collagen/fibronectin alone; collagen alone; or Ln5 alone), an AT2-like phenotype (on collagen/fibronectin/Ln5; or collagen/Ln5), or both AT1-like and AT2-like phenotypes (on collagen/fibronectin matrix with a subsaturating amount of Ln5). Cells transferred between matrices at day 4 of culture retained the ability to alter day 7 phenotype. We conclude that in vitro, (1) AT2 cells exhibited phenotype plasticity that included an intermediate cell type with both AT1 and AT2 cell characteristics independent of day 7 phenotype; (2) both collagen and Ln5 were needed to promote the development of an AT2-like phenotype at day 7; and (3) components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) contribute to phenotypic switching of alveolar cells in culture. The described tissue culture models provide accessible models for studying changes in alveolar epithelial cell physiology from AT2 cell progenitors to the establishment of alveolar epithelial monolayers that represent AT1-like, AT2-like, or a mix of AT1- and AT2-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin O Olsen
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ 85724-5051, USA
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Kim S, Chung EH, Gilbert M, Healy KE. Synthetic MMP-13 degradable ECMs based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. I. Degradation and cell migration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 75:73-88. [PMID: 16049978 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive and injectable semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (sIPNs) containing a biospecific cell-adhesive signal and proteolytically degradable domains were developed as a synthetic equivalent of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The sIPNs synthesized define a modular hydrogel ECM where different properties of the matrix can be manipulated independently, thus creating a system where parametric analysis of the effect of hydrogel properties on cell proliferation and differentiation is possible. sIPNs composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) [p(NIPAAm-co-AAc)] and RGD-grafted poly(acrylic acid) linear chains [p(AAc)-g-RGD] were synthesized with peptide crosslinkers containing a matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13, collagenase-3) degradable domain. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of peptide-crosslinked p(NIPAAm-co-AAc) sIPNs was not influenced by the addition of either linear p(AAc) or peptide-modified p(AAc) chains ( approximately 34 degrees C) in PBS. Degradation of peptide-crosslinked hydrogels and sIPNs was enzyme specific and concentration dependent. Exposure of rat calvarial osteoblast (RCO) culture to the degradation products from the peptide-crosslinked hydrogels did not significantly affect cell viability. Migration of RCOs into the sIPNs was dependent upon the presence of both a cell-adhesive RGD peptide (Ac-CGGNGEPRGDTYRAY-NH2) and proteolytically-degradable crosslinks; however, there was greater dependence on the latter. The sIPNs synthesized are versatile materials for assessing cell fate in synthetic ECM constructs in vitro and tissue regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Kim
- Departments of Bioengineering and Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, 370 HMMB #1760, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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35
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Hermanns MI, Unger RE, Kehe K, Peters K, Kirkpatrick CJ. Lung epithelial cell lines in coculture with human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells: development of an alveolo-capillary barrier in vitro. J Transl Med 2004; 84:736-52. [PMID: 15077120 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established a coculture system of human distal lung epithelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells in order to study the cellular interactions of epithelium and endothelium at the alveolocapillary barrier in both pathogenesis and recovery from acute lung injury. The aim was to determine conditions for the development of functional cellular junctions and the formation of a tight epithelial barrier similar to that observed in vivo. The in vitro coculture system consisted of monolayers of human lung epithelial cell lines (A549 or NCI H441) and primary human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC) on opposite sides of a permeable filter membrane. A549 failed to show sufficient differentiation with respect to formation of a tight epithelial barrier with intact cell-cell junctions. Stimulated with dexamethasone, the cocultures of NCI H441 and HPMEC established contact-inhibited differentiated monolayers, with NCI H441 showing a continuous, circumferential immunostaining of the tight junctional protein, ZO-1 and the adherens junction protein, E-cadherin. The generation of a polarized epithelial cell monolayer with typical junctional structures was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in average transbilayer electrical resistance (TER) values of 500 Omega cm(2) after 10-12 days of cocultivation and correlated with a reduced flux of the hydrophilic permeability marker, sodium-fluorescein. In addition, basolateral distribution of the proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha caused a significant reduction of TER-values after 24 h exposure. This decrease in TER could be re-established to control level by removal of the cytokine within 24 h. Thus, the coculture system of the NCI H441 with HPMEC should be a suitable in vitro model system to examine epithelial and endothelial interactions in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, infectious lung diseases and toxic lung injury. In addition, it could be used to improve techniques of lung drug delivery that also requires a functional barrier.
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36
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Pascaud MA, Griscelli F, Raoul W, Marcos E, Opolon P, Raffestin B, Perricaudet M, Adnot S, Eddahibi S. Lung overexpression of angiostatin aggravates pulmonary hypertension in chronically hypoxic mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:449-57. [PMID: 12714372 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0120oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to hypoxia leads to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) as a consequence of pulmonary smooth muscle hyperplasia. Hypoxia concomitantly stimulates lung expression of angiogenic factors. To investigate the role of angiogenesis processes in development of hypoxic PH, we examined the effects of lung overexpression of angiostatin, an angiogenesis inhibitor, on development of hypoxic PH and lung endothelial cell (EC) density. Angiostatin delivery was achieved by a defective adenovirus expressing a secretable angiostatin K3 molcule driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter (Ad.K3). Comparison was made with a control vector containing no gene in the expression cassette (Ad.CO1). Treatment with Ad.K3 (300 plaque-forming units [pfu]/cell) inhibited cultured human pulmonary artery EC migration by 100% and proliferation by 50%, but was without effects on human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. After intratracheal administration of Ad.K3 (109 pfu) to mice, angiostatin protein became detectable in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mice pretreated with Ad.K3 1 d before a 2-wk exposure to hypoxia (10% O2) showed more severe pulmonary hypertension than Ad.CO1-pretreated controls, as assessed by higher right ventricular systolic pressure (36.5 +/- 2.4 versus 30.2 +/- 1.4, respectively), aggravation of right ventricular hypertrophy (P < 0.05), and muscularization of distal vessels (P < 0.01). Lung factor VIII, CD31 immunostaining, as well as eNOS expression were significantly increased after exposure to hypoxia in Ad.CO1-pretreated controls, but decreased in both normoxic and hypoxic animals after treatment with Ad.K3. The results show that inhibition of hypoxia-induced stimulation of lung angiogenic processes aggravates development of hypoxic PH. This suggests that endogenous lung angiogenesis counteracts development of hypoxic PH.
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MESH Headings
- Angiostatins
- Animals
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Genetic Vectors/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hyperplasia/etiology
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/physiopathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Hypoxia/complications
- Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Plasminogen/genetics
- Plasminogen/metabolism
- Plasminogen/pharmacology
- Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Aude Pascaud
- INSERM U492, Faculté de Médecine, 8 Rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Creteil, France.
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McGuire JK, Li Q, Parks WC. Matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-7) mediates E-cadherin ectodomain shedding in injured lung epithelium. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1831-43. [PMID: 12759241 PMCID: PMC1868120 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-7) is highly expressed in lungs of patients with pulmonary fibrosis and other conditions associated with airway and alveolar injury. Although matrilysin is required for closure of epithelial wounds ex vivo, the mechanism of its action in repair is unknown. We demonstrate that matrilysin mediates shedding of E-cadherin ectodomain from injured lung epithelium both in vitro and in vivo. In alveolar-like epithelial cells, transfection of activated matrilysin resulted in shedding of E-cadherin and accelerated cell migration. In vivo, matrilysin co-localized with E-cadherin at the basolateral surfaces of migrating tracheal epithelium, and the reorganization of cell-cell junctions seen in wild-type injured tissue was absent in matrilysin-null samples. E-cadherin ectodomain was shed into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of bleomycin-injured wild-type mice, but was not shed in matrilysin-null mice. These findings identify E-cadherin as a novel substrate for matrilysin and indicate that shedding of E-cadherin ectodomain is required for epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K McGuire
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.
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38
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Valencia AM, Beharry KD, Ang JG, Devarajan K, Van Woerkom R, Abrantes M, Nishihara K, Chang E, Waltzman J, Modanlou HD. Early postnatal dexamethasone influences matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, and their tissue inhibitors in the developing rat lung. Pediatr Pulmonol 2003; 35:456-62. [PMID: 12746943 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.10293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In order to test the hypothesis that early postnatal exposure to dexamethasone (Dex) influences matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2 and -9, as well as their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and -2) in the developing rat lung, newborn rats (3 litters/group) were treated with low Dex (0.1 mg/kg/day, IM), high Dex (0.5 mg/kg/day), or equivalent volumes of saline at 5 days postnatal age (P5), P6, and P7. Lung weight and lung MMP and TIMP levels were determined at sacrifice (7 days postinjection, P14; at weaning, P21; and at adolescence, P45, n = 10/group and time). Dex did not adversely affect lung weight or lung MMP-2 levels, which peaked in all groups at P21 and then fell by P45. In contrast, Dex decreased TIMP-2 at all time intervals, but achieved statistical significance only at P45. An imbalance in MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio was noted at P21, with elevations occurring in the low and high Dex-treated groups. Lung MMP-9 levels remained comparable with controls during low Dex treatment. However, high Dex exposure resulted in elevated lung MMP-9 levels at P21 and P45. Lung TIMP-1 levels increased only with high Dex exposure at P14 and P21, whereas the lung MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio was elevated at P21 in the high Dex group, and at P45 in both Dex-treated groups. These data provide evidence that early postnatal dexamethasone results in an imbalance between gelatinase-A and -B, and their tissue inhibitors in the developing rat lung. These changes may be responsible, in part, for some of the known maturational effects of steroids on lung structure in the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwin M Valencia
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, California, USA
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Stephens P, Wall IB, Wilson MJ, Hill KE, Davies CE, Hill CM, Harding KG, Thomas DW. Anaerobic cocci populating the deep tissues of chronic wounds impair cellular wound healing responses in vitro. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148:456-66. [PMID: 12653737 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anaerobic cocci are estimated to be present in the deep tissues of over 50% of chronic skin wounds. While the part they play in the chronicity of these wounds is uninvestigated, anaerobic cocci have previously been shown to be involved in other chronic inflammatory human conditions. METHODS In this study the anaerobic microflora of the deep tissues of 18 patients with refractory chronic venous leg ulcers (mean age 80.3 years; mean duration > 24 months) was characterized using strict anaerobic culture conditions. The effect of the anaerobic organisms isolated from these tissues on extracellular matrix (ECM) proteolysis and cellular wound healing responses was studied using in vitro models. RESULTS Anaerobic organisms were present in the deep tissues of 14 of 18 wounds and were principally Peptostreptococcus spp. The effects of three Peptostreptococcus spp. isolated from these wounds (P. magnus, P. vaginalis and P. asaccharolyticus) on cellular wound healing responses were compared with those of two pathogenic organisms also isolated from these wounds (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter diversus). While the direct ECM proteolytic activity exhibited by the Peptostreptococcus spp. was limited, they did significantly inhibit both fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, but only at high concentrations. However, at lower concentrations peptostreptococcal supernatants profoundly inhibited keratinocyte wound repopulation and endothelial tubule formation. The magnitude of these effects varied between strains and they were distinct from those demonstrated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter diversus. CONCLUSIONS These studies confirm the importance of anaerobic organisms in chronic wounds and demonstrate an indirect, strain-specific mechanism by which these microorganisms may play a part in mediating the chronicity of these wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stephens
- Department of Oral Surgery, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
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40
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Galiacy S, Planus E, Lepetit H, Féréol S, Laurent V, Ware L, Isabey D, Matthay M, Harf A, d'Ortho MP. Keratinocyte growth factor promotes cell motility during alveolar epithelial repair in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2003; 283:215-29. [PMID: 12581741 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-4827(02)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelia play a key role as protective barriers, and mechanisms of repair are crucial for restoring epithelial barrier integrity, especially in the lung. Cell spreading and migration are the first steps of reepithelialization. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) plays a key role in lung epithelial repair and protects against various injuries. We hypothesized that KGF may protect the lung not only by inducing proliferation but also by promoting epithelial repair via enhanced epithelial cell migration. In an in vitro wound-healing model, we found that KGF enhanced wound closure by 33%. KGF acted primarily by inducing lamellipodia emission (73.2 +/- 3.9% of KGF-treated cells had lamellipodia vs 61.3 +/- 3.4% of control cells) and increasing their relative surface area (59 +/- 2.7% with KGF vs 48 +/- 2.0% in controls). KGF reduced cytoskeleton stiffness as measured by magnetic twisting cytometry and increased cell motility (5.8 +/- 0.42 microm/h with KGF vs 3.7 +/- 0.41 microm/h in controls). KGF-increased cell motility was associated with increased fibronectin deposition during wound closure and with fibronectin reorganization into fibrils at the rear of the cells. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that KGF may promote epithelial repair through several mechanisms involved in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Galiacy
- Unité INSERM U492, Faculté de Médecine, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil, France.
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41
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Doornaert B, Leblond V, Galiacy S, Gras G, Planus E, Laurent V, Isabey D, Lafuma C. Negative impact of DEP exposure on human airway epithelial cell adhesion, stiffness, and repair. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L119-32. [PMID: 12471014 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00039.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) may be associated with increased respiratory mortality and morbidity. Several recent studies have also shown that DEPs increase the production of inflammatory cytokines by human bronchial epithelium (HBE) cells in vitro. The present study investigates the effects of DEPs on the interaction of l-HBE cells (16HBE14o-) with the cell and matrix microenvironment based on evaluation of integrin-type cell/matrix ligand expression, cytoskeleton (CSK) stiffness, and matrix remodeling via matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 expression. The results showed that DEP exposure induced: 1) a net dose-dependent decrease in CSK stiffness through actin fibers, 2) a concomitant specific reduction of both alpha(3)- and beta(1)-integrin subunits extensively expressed on the HBE cell surface, 3) a decrease in the level of CD44, which is a major HBE cell-cell and HBE cell-matrix adhesion molecule; and 4) an isolated decrease in MMP-1 expression without any change in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 or TIMP-2 tissue inhibitors. Restrictive modulation of cell-matrix interaction, cell-cell connection, CSK stiffness, and fibrillary collagen remodeling results in a decreased wound closure capacity and an increased deadhesion capacity. In conclusion, on the basis of these results, we can propose that, in addition to their ability to increase the production of inflammatory cytokines, DEPs could also alter the links between actin CSK and the extracellular matrix, suggesting that they might facilitate HBE cell detachment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Doornaert
- Faculté de Médecine, Faculté des Sciences Université Paris XII, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 492 de Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique Respiratoire, 8 rue du Général Sarrail, 94010 Créteil Cedex, France
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Cañadas P, Laurent VM, Oddou C, Isabey D, Wendling S. A cellular tensegrity model to analyse the structural viscoelasticity of the cytoskeleton. J Theor Biol 2002; 218:155-73. [PMID: 12381289 DOI: 10.1006/jtbi.2002.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the viscoelastic properties of a refined cellular-tensegrity model composed of six rigid bars connected to a continuous network of 24 viscoelastic pre-stretched cables (Voigt bodies) in order to analyse the role of the cytoskeleton spatial rearrangement on the viscoelastic response of living adherent cells. This structural contribution was determined from the relationships between the global viscoelastic properties of the tensegrity model, i.e., normalized viscosity modulus (eta(*)), normalized elasticity modulus (E(*)), and the physical properties of the constitutive elements, i.e., their normalized length (L(*)) and normalized initial internal tension (T(*)). We used a numerical method to simulate the deformation of the structure in response to different types of loading, while varying by several orders of magnitude L(*) and T(*). The numerical results obtained reveal that eta(*) remains almost independent of changes in T(*) (eta(*) proportional, variant T(*+0.1)), whereas E(*) increases with approximately the square root of the internal tension T(*) (from E(*) proportional, variant T(*+0.3) to E(*) proportional, variant T(*+0.7)). Moreover, structural viscosity eta(*) and elasticity E(*) are both inversely proportional to the square of the size of the structure (eta(*) proportional, variant L(*-2) and E(*) proportional, variant L(*-2)). These structural properties appear consistent with cytoskeleton (CSK) mechanical properties measured experimentally by various methods which are specific to the CSK micromanipulation in living adherent cells. Present results suggest, for the first time, that the effect of structural rearrangement of CSK elements on global CSK behavior is characterized by a faster cellular mechanical response relatively to the CSK element response, which thus contributes to the solidification process observed in adherent cells. In extending to the viscoelastic properties the analysis of the mechanical response of the cellular 30-element tensegrity model, the present study contributes to the understanding of recent results on the cellular-dynamic response and allows to reunify the scattered data reported for the viscoelastic properties of living adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cañadas
- B2OA CNRS UMR-7052 Faculté des Sciences et Technologie, Université Paris 12/Val-de-Marne, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94 010, Créteil, Cedex, France.
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Reunanen N, Li SP, Ahonen M, Foschi M, Han J, Kähäri VM. Activation of p38 alpha MAPK enhances collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) expression by mRNA stabilization. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:32360-8. [PMID: 12060661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m204296200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we have examined the role of distinct MAPK pathways in the regulation of collagenase-1 (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) expression by human skin fibroblasts. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha rapidly and transiently activated ERK1/2 and JNK in fibroblasts, whereas the activation of p38 MAPK was more persistent. Inhibition of p38 activity by SB203580 markedly (by 80-90%) inhibited induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, whereas blocking the activation of ERK1/2 by PD98059 had no effect. Activation of endogenous ERK1/2 by adenovirus-mediated transfer of constitutively active MEK1 resulted in potent induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression. Activation of endogenous or adenovirally expressed p38 alpha by adenovirally delivered constitutively active MKK3b and MKK6b also enhanced MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression and augmented the up-regulatory effect of ERK1/2 activation on the expression of these MMPs. Activation of ERK1/2 resulted in induction of c-jun, junB, and c-fos expression, whereas activation of p38 alone had no effect. In contrast, activation of p38 alpha resulted in marked stabilization of MMP-1 and MMP-3 mRNAs. These results identify two distinct and complementary signaling mechanisms mediating induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression in dermal fibroblasts: AP-1-dependent transcriptional activation via the ERK1/2 pathway and AP-1-independent enhancement via p38 alpha MAPK by mRNA stabilization. It is conceivable that both modes of action play an important role in controlling the proteolytic phenotype of fibroblasts, e.g. in wound repair and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Reunanen
- Centre for Biotechnology and Department of Medicinal Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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Laurent VM, Hénon S, Planus E, Fodil R, Balland M, Isabey D, Gallet F. Assessment of mechanical properties of adherent living cells by bead micromanipulation: comparison of magnetic twisting cytometry vs optical tweezers. J Biomech Eng 2002; 124:408-21. [PMID: 12188207 DOI: 10.1115/1.1485285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We compare the measurements of viscoelastic properties of adherent alveolar epithelial cells by two micromanipulation techniques: (i) magnetic twisting cytometry and (ii) optical tweezers, using microbeads of same size and similarly attached to F-actin. The values of equivalent Young modulus E, derived from linear viscoelasticity theory, become consistent when the degree of bead immersion in the cell is taken into account. E-values are smaller in (i) than in (ii): approximately 34-58 Pa vs approximately 29-258 Pa, probably because higher stress in (i) reinforces nonlinearity and cellular plasticity. Otherwise, similar relaxation time constants, around 2 s, suggest similar dissipative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie M Laurent
- INSERM Unité 492, Physiopathologie et Thérapeutique Respiratoires, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris XII, Créteil, France.
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Winkler MK, Fowlkes JL. Metalloproteinase and growth factor interactions: do they play a role in pulmonary fibrosis? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002; 283:L1-11. [PMID: 12060555 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00489.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung disease due to interstitial fibrosis can be a consequence of acute lung injury and inflammation. The inflammatory response is mediated through the migration of inflammatory cells, actions of proinflammatory cytokines, and the secretion of matrix-degrading proteinases. After the initial inflammatory insult, successful healing of the lung may occur, or alternatively, dysregulated tissue repair can result in scarring and fibrosis. On the basis of recent insights into the mechanisms underlying acute lung injury and its long-term consequences, data suggest that proteinases, such as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), may not only be involved in the breakdown and remodeling that occurs during the injury but may also cause the release of growth factors and cytokines known to influence growth and differentiation of target cells within the lung. Through the release of and activation of fibrosis-promoting cytokines and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and insulin-like growth factors by MMPs, we propose that these metalloproteinases may be integral to the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret K Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's Hospital of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
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Zuo F, Kaminski N, Eugui E, Allard J, Yakhini Z, Ben-Dor A, Lollini L, Morris D, Kim Y, DeLustro B, Sheppard D, Pardo A, Selman M, Heller RA. Gene expression analysis reveals matrilysin as a key regulator of pulmonary fibrosis in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6292-7. [PMID: 11983918 PMCID: PMC122942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092134099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2001] [Accepted: 03/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive and largely untreatable group of disorders that affects up to 100,000 people on any given day in the United States. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that lead to end-stage human pulmonary fibrosis we analyzed samples from patients with histologically proven pulmonary fibrosis (usual interstitial pneumonia) by using oligonucleotide microarrays. Gene expression patterns clearly distinguished normal from fibrotic lungs. Many of the genes that were significantly increased in fibrotic lungs encoded proteins associated with extracellular matrix formation and degradation and proteins expressed in smooth muscle. Using a combined set of scoring systems we determined that matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase 7), a metalloprotease not previously associated with pulmonary fibrosis, was the most informative increased gene in our data set. Immunohistochemisry demonstrated increased expression of matrilysin protein in fibrotic lungs. Furthermore, matrilysin knockout mice were dramatically protected from pulmonary fibrosis in response to intratracheal bleomycin. Our results identify matrilysin as a mediator of pulmonary fibrosis and a potential therapeutic target. They also illustrate the power of global gene expression analysis of human tissue samples to identify molecular pathways involved in clinical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengrong Zuo
- Roche Bioscience, Palo Alto, CA 94304; Functional Genomics, and Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Israel
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Chassagne C, Adamy C, Ratajczak P, Gingras B, Teiger E, Planus E, Oliviero P, Rappaport L, Samuel JL, Meloche S. Angiotensin II AT(2) receptor inhibits smooth muscle cell migration via fibronectin cell production and binding. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 282:C654-64. [PMID: 11880254 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00318.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To explore the vascular function of the angiotensin II (ANG II) AT(2) receptor subtype (AT(2)R), we generated a vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) line expressing the AT(2)R (SMC-vAT(2)). The involvement of AT(2)R in the motility response of SMCs was examined in SMC-vAT(2) cells and their controls (SMC-v) cultured on either laminin or fibronectin matrix proteins with the agarose drop technique. All experiments were conducted in the presence of a saturating concentration of losartan to inactivate the AT(1)R subtype. Under basal conditions, both cell lines migrated outside drops, but on laminin only. Treatment with ANG II significantly inhibited the migration of SMC-vAT(2) but not SMC-v cells, and this effect was prevented by the AT(2)R antagonist CGP-42112A. The decreased migration of SMC-vAT(2) was not associated with changes in cell growth, cytoskeleton stiffness, or smooth muscle actin, desmin, and tenascin expression. However, it was correlated with increased synthesis and binding of fibronectin. Both responses were prevented by incubation with selective AT(2)R antagonists. Addition of GRGDTP peptide, which prevents cell attachment of fibronectin, reversed the AT(2)R inhibitory effect on SMC-vAT(2) migration. These results suggest that activated ANG II AT(2)R inhibits SMC migration via cellular fibronectin synthesis and associated cell binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Chassagne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U127, Hôpital Lariboisière, Université Denis Diderot, 41 boulevard de la Chapelle, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.
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Zaragoza C, Balbín M, López-Otín C, Lamas S. Nitric oxide regulates matrix metalloprotease-13 expression and activity in endothelium. Kidney Int 2002; 61:804-8. [PMID: 11849429 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are synthesized in response to diverse stimuli including cytokines, growth factors, hormones, and oxidative stress. METHODS Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were stimulated with nitric oxide (NO) and MMP-13 expression and activity was assayed. RESULTS NO transcriptionally regulated matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) expression in BAEC, while the cGMP analog 8Br-cGMP mimicked the effect of NO. In addition NO also stimulated the proteolytic processing of MMP-13 from the pro-enzyme to the final active form in a dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION NO transcriptionally regulates MMP expression and activity in the vascular endothelium. This effect of NO may be of pathophysiological importance in the context of angiogenesis, inflammation or atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zaragoza
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Instituto "Reina Sofía" de Investigaciones Nefrológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Velázquez 144, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Dik WA, De Krijger RR, Bonekamp L, Naber BA, Zimmermann LJ, Versnel MA. Localization and potential role of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and -2 in different phases of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Res 2001; 50:761-6. [PMID: 11726737 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200112000-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) can evolve in prematurely born infants who require mechanical ventilation because of hyaline membrane disease (HMD). The development of BPD can be divided in an acute, a regenerative, a transitional, and a chronic phase. During these different phases, extensive remodeling of the lung parenchyma with re-epithelialization of the alveoli and formation of fibrosis occurs. Matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is an enzyme that is involved in re-epithelialization processes, and dysregulation of MMP-1 activity contributes to fibrosis. Localization of MMP-1 and its inhibitors, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2, were investigated in lung tissue obtained from infants who died during different phases of BPD development. In all studied cases (n = 50) type-II pneumocytes were found to be immunoreactive for MMP-1, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2. During the acute and regenerative phase of BPD, type-II pneumocytes re-epithelialize the injured alveoli. This may suggest that MMP-1 and its inhibitors, expressed by type-II pneumocytes, play a role in the re-epithelialization process after acute lung injury. Although MMP-1 staining intensity remained constant in type-II pneumocytes during BPD development, TIMP-1 increased during the chronic fibrotic phase. This relative elevation of TIMP-1 compared with MMP-1 is indicative for reduced collagenolytic activity by type-II pneumocytes in chronic BPD and may contribute to fibrosis. Fibrotic foci in chronic BPD contained fibroblasts immunoreactive for MMP-1 and TIMP-1 and -2. This may indicate that decreased collagen turnover by fibroblasts contributes to fibrosis in BPD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Dik
- Department of Immunology, Sophia Children's Hospital, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus University Rotterdam and University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt, The Netherlands.
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Ko KS, McCulloch CA. Intercellular mechanotransduction: cellular circuits that coordinate tissue responses to mechanical loading. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 285:1077-83. [PMID: 11478763 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical forces play an important role in modulating cell function and shaping tissue structure. Mechanotransduction, the process by which cells transduce physical force-induced signals into biochemical responses, is critical for mediating adaptations to mechanical loading in connective tissues. While much is known about mechanotransduction in cells involving forces delivered through extracellular matrix proteins and integrins, there is limited understanding of how mechanical signals are propagated through the interconnected cellular networks found in tissues and organs. We propose that intercellular mechanotransduction is a critical component for achieving coordinated remodeling responses to force application in connective tissues. We examine here recent evidence on different pathways of intercellular mechanotransduction and suggest a general model for how multicellular structures respond to mechanical loading as an integrated unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Ko
- CIHR Group in Periodontal Physiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E2, Canada.
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