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Córdova-Oriz I, Polonio AM, Cuadrado-Torroglosa I, Chico-Sordo L, Medrano M, García-Velasco JA, Varela E. Chromosome ends and the theory of marginotomy: implications for reproduction. Biogerontology 2024; 25:227-248. [PMID: 37943366 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are the protective structures located at the ends of linear chromosomes. They were first described in the 1930s, but their biology remained unexplored until the early 70s, when Alexey M. Olovnikov, a theoretical biologist, suggested that telomeres cannot be fully copied during DNA replication. He proposed a theory that linked this phenomenon with the limit of cell proliferation capacity and the "duration of life" (theory of marginotomy), and suggested a potential of telomere lenghthening for the prevention of aging (anti-marginotomy). The impact of proliferative telomere shortening on life expectancy was later confirmed. In humans, telomere shortening is counteracted by telomerase, an enzyme that is undetectable in most adult somatic cells, but present in cancer cells and adult and embryonic stem and germ cells. Although telomere length dynamics are different in male and female gametes during gametogenesis, telomere lengths are reset at the blastocyst stage, setting the initial length of the species. The role of the telomere pathway in reproduction has been explored for years, mainly because of increased infertility resulting from delayed childbearing. Short telomere length in ovarian somatic cells is associated to decreased fertility and higher aneuploidy rates in embryos. Consequently, there is a growing interest in telomere lengthening strategies, aimed at improving fertility. It has also been observed that lifestyle factors can affect telomere length and improve fertility outcomes. In this review, we discuss the implications of telomere theory in fertility, especially in oocytes, spermatozoa, and embryos, as well as therapies to enhance reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Córdova-Oriz
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba M Polonio
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuadrado-Torroglosa
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucía Chico-Sordo
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Medrano
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan A García-Velasco
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, IVIRMA Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, Edificio Departamental II, Rey Juan Carlos University, Av. de Atenas, s/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Varela
- IVIRMA Global Research Alliance, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Valencia, Spain.
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, Edificio Departamental II, Rey Juan Carlos University, Av. de Atenas, s/n, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Ma B, Martínez P, Sánchez-Vázquez R, Blasco MA. Telomere dynamics in human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:2505-2521. [PMID: 38219218 PMCID: PMC10936660 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2285551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are a promising source of stem cells for regenerative therapies. Stem cell function depends on telomere maintenance mechanisms that provide them with the proliferative capacity and genome stability necessary to multiply and regenerate tissues. We show here that established human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have stable telomere length that is dependent on telomerase but not on alternative mechanisms based on homologous recombination pathways. Here, we show that human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) reprogrammed from somatic cells show progressive telomere lengthening until reaching a length similar to ESCs. hiPSCs also acquire telomeric chromatin marks of ESCs including decreased abundance of tri-methylated histone H3K9 and H4K20 and HP1 heterochromatic marks, as well as of the shelterin component TRF2. These chromatin features are accompanied with increased abundance of telomere transcripts or TERRAs. We also found that telomeres of both hESCs and hiPSCs are well protected from DNA damage during telomere elongation and once full telomere length is achieved, and exhibit stable genomes. Collectively, this study highlights that hiPSCs acquire ESC features during reprogramming and reveals the telomere biology in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Ma
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Martínez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Sánchez-Vázquez
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A. Blasco
- Telomeres and Telomerase Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhou D, Zhang T, Chen X, Ren J, He C, Meng F, Zhou Q, Yang Q, Dai C, Lin G, Zeng S, Leng L. Telomeres cooperate in zygotic genome activation by affecting DUX4/ Dux transcription. iScience 2023; 26:106158. [PMID: 36843839 PMCID: PMC9950522 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Zygotic genome activation (ZGA) is initiated once the genome chromatin state is organized in the newly formed zygote. Telomeres are specialized chromatin structures at the ends of chromosomes and are reset during early embryogenesis, while the details and significance of telomere changes in preimplantation embryos remain unclear. We demonstrated that the telomere length was shortened in the minor ZGA stage and significantly elongated in the major ZGA stage of human and mouse embryos. Expression of the ZGA pioneer factor DUX4/Dux was negatively correlated with the telomere length. ATAC sequencing data revealed that the chromatin accessibility peaks on the DUX4 promoter region (i.e., the subtelomere of chromosome 4q) were transiently augmented in human minor ZGA. Reduction of telomeric heterochromatin H3K9me3 in the telomeric region also synergistically activated DUX4 expression with p53 in human embryonic stem cells. We propose herein that telomeres regulate the expression of DUX4/Dux through chromatin remodeling and are thereby involved in ZGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhang
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Hunan 410001, China,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Hunan 410008, China,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, China,Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Di Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, China
| | - Tianlei Zhang
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xueqin Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinlin Ren
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Hunan 410001, China
| | - Caixia He
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qinwei Zhou
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qiaohui Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Congling Dai
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Hunan 410008, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Hunan 410008, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, China,Corresponding author
| | - Sicong Zeng
- Hospital of Hunan Guangxiu, Hunan Normal University, Hunan 410001, China,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Hunan 410008, China,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, China,Corresponding author
| | - Lizhi Leng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of Citic-Xiangya, Hunan 410008, China,NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Development and Carcinogenesis, Changsha, China,Corresponding author
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4
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Nolte J. Lrrc34 Interacts with Oct4 and Has an Impact on Telomere Length in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1093-1102. [PMID: 34549596 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length maintenance in pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is a main characteristic and a major premise for their undifferentiated long-term survival. However, little is known about the factors that control telomere length and elongation in these cells. Here, I describe Lrrc34 (leucine-rich repeat 34) as a novel telomere length regulating gene in murine embryonic stem cells. Downregulation of Lrrc34 results in significant reduction of telomerase activity and telomere length over time while also influencing the expression of known telomere length-associated genes. Generating induced PSCs (iPSCs) with Lrrc34 as a fifth factor in classical Yamanaka reprogramming increases the efficiency but did not have an impact on telomere length in the resulting iPSCs. Moreover, Lrrc34 was found to interact with Oct4, connecting the pluripotency network to telomere length regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Nolte
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Fu H, Zhang W, Li N, Yang J, Ye X, Tian C, Lu X, Liu L. Elevated retrotransposon activity and genomic instability in primed pluripotent stem cells. Genome Biol 2021; 22:201. [PMID: 34243810 PMCID: PMC8268579 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naïve and primed pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent two different pluripotent states. Primed PSCs following in vitro culture exhibit lower developmental potency as evidenced by failure in germline chimera assays, unlike mouse naïve PSCs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the lower developmental competency of primed PSCs remain elusive. RESULTS We examine the regulation of telomere maintenance, retrotransposon activity, and genomic stability of primed PSCs and compare them with naïve PSCs. Surprisingly, primed PSCs only minimally maintain telomeres and show fragile telomeres, associated with declined DNA recombination and repair activity, in contrast to naïve PSCs that robustly elongate telomeres. Also, we identify LINE1 family integrant L1Md_T as naïve-specific retrotransposon and ERVK family integrant IAPEz to define primed PSCs, and their transcription is differentially regulated by heterochromatic histones and Dnmt3b. Notably, genomic instability of primed PSCs is increased, in association with aberrant retrotransposon activity. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that fragile telomere, retrotransposon-associated genomic instability, and declined DNA recombination repair, together with reduced function of cell cycle and mitochondria, increased apoptosis, and differentiation properties may link to compromised developmental potency of primed PSCs, noticeably distinguishable from naïve PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Niannian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoying Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenglei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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6
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Legoff L, D'Cruz SC, Bouchekhchoukha K, Monfort C, Jaulin C, Multigner L, Smagulova F. In utero exposure to chlordecone affects histone modifications and activates LINE-1 in cord blood. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/6/e202000944. [PMID: 33837044 PMCID: PMC8091598 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In utero exposure to chlordecone affects chromatin and leads to activation of retroelements. This study shows the changes induced by chlordecone in human umbilical cord blood and blood-derived cell line. Environmental factors can induce detrimental consequences into adulthood life. In this study, we examined the epigenetic effects induced by in utero chlordecone (CD) exposure on human male cord blood as well as in blood-derived Ke-37 cell line. Genome-wide analysis of histone H3K4me3 distribution revealed that genes related to chromosome segregation, chromatin organization, and cell cycle have altered occupancy in their promoters. The affected regions were enriched in ESR1, SP family, and IKZF1 binding motifs. We also observed a global reduction in H3K9me3, markedly in repeated sequences of the genome. Decrease in H3K9me3 after CD exposure correlates with decreased methylation in LINE-1 promoters and telomere length extension. These observations on human cord blood were assessed in the Ke-37 human cell line. H3K4me3 and the expression of genes related to immune response, DNA repair, and chromatin organization, which were affected in human cord blood were also altered in CD-exposed Ke-37 cells. Our data suggest that developmental exposure to CD leads to profound changes in histone modification patterns and affects the processes controlled by them in human cord blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Legoff
- University of Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Shereen Cynthia D'Cruz
- University of Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Katia Bouchekhchoukha
- University of Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Christine Monfort
- University of Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Christian Jaulin
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, Epigenetics and Cancer Group, UMR 6290 CNRS, Université Rennes 1, Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Luc Multigner
- University of Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Fatima Smagulova
- University of Rennes, EHESP, Inserm, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail (Irset)-UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
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7
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Zheng KW, Liu C, Meng Q, Hao YH, Zheng JP, Li W, Tan Z. One-Step High-Throughput Telomerase Activity Measurement of Cell Populations, Single Cells, and Single-Enzyme Complexes. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24666-24673. [PMID: 33015483 PMCID: PMC7528320 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase, a key enzyme involved in telomere homeostasis, is a major player involved in or required for sustained cell proliferation. It is expressed in ∼90% tumor but rarely in normal somatic cells. Therefore, telomerase serves as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target of cancers. Although many methods are available for measuring telomerase activity, a convenient, fast, sensitive, and reliable method is still lacking for routine use in both clinics and research. Here, we present a single-enzyme sensitivity telomere repeat amplification protocol for quantifying telomerase activity. With multiple optimizations, the protocol pushes the ultimate detection limit down to a single telomerase complex, enabling measurement of telomerase activity of not only multiple cancerous/normal cell samples but also single cancer cells alone or even in the presence of 8000 normal cells. Implemented in a one-step mix-and-run format, the protocol offers a most sensitive, fast, accurate, and reproducible quantification of telomerase activity with linearity ranging from 20,000 HeLa cancer cells to a single telomerase complex. It requires minimal manual operation and experimental skill and is convenient for either low or high throughput of samples. We expect that the protocol should provide practical routine analyses of telomerase in both research and clinical applications. As an example, we demonstrate how telomerase activity evolves at the single-cell level and partitions in cell division in early mouse embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-wei Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive
Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Qing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yu-hua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Jin-ping Zheng
- Center
for Healthy Aging, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive
Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- Center
for Healthy Aging, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, Shanxi, P. R. China
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8
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Essentiality of CTNNB1 in Malignant Transformation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells under Long-Term Suboptimal Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5823676. [PMID: 33029148 PMCID: PMC7532415 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5823676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) gradually accumulate abnormal karyotypes during long-term suboptimal culture, which hinder their application in regenerative medicine. Previous studies demonstrated that the activation of CTNNB1 might be implicated in this process. Hence, the hESC line with stably silenced CTNNB1 was established to further explore the role of CTNNB1 in the malignant transformation of hESCs. It was shown to play a vital role in the maintenance of the physiological properties of stem cells, such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and telomere regulation. Furthermore, the malignant transformation of hESCs was induced by continuous exposure to 0.001 μg/ml mitomycin C (MMC). The results showed that CTNNB1 and its target genes, including proto-oncogenes CCND1 and C-MYC, were aberrantly upregulated in hESCs after MMC treatment. Moreover, the high expression of CTNNB1 accelerated cell transition from G0/G1 phase to the S phase and stimulated the growth of cells containing breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles. Conversely, CTNNB1 silencing inhibited these effects and triggered a survival crisis. The current data indicated that CTNNB1 is intimately associated with the physiological properties of stem cells; however, the aberrant expression of CTNNB1 is involved in the malignant transformation of hESCs, which might advance the process by facilitating telomere-related unstable cell proliferation. Thus, the aberrant CTNNB1 level might serve as a potential biomarker for detecting the malignant transformation of hESCs.
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9
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Zimmerlin L, Zambidis ET. Pleiotropic roles of tankyrase/PARP proteins in the establishment and maintenance of human naïve pluripotency. Exp Cell Res 2020; 390:111935. [PMID: 32151493 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tankyrase 1 (TNKS1; PARP-5a) and Tankyrase 2 (TNKS2; PARP-5b) are poly-ADP-ribosyl-polymerase (PARP)-domain-containing proteins that regulate the activities of a wide repertoire of target proteins via post-translational addition of poly-ADP-ribose polymers (PARylation). Although tankyrases were first identified as regulators of human telomere elongation, important and expansive roles of tankyrase activity have recently emerged in the development and maintenance of stem cell states. Herein, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the various tankyrase-mediated activities that may promote human naïve and 'extended' pluripotency'. We review the putative role of tankyrase and PARP inhibition in trophectoderm specification, telomere elongation, DNA repair and chromosomal segregation, metabolism, and PTEN-mediated apoptosis. Importantly, tankyrases possess PARP-independent activities that include regulation of MDC1-associated DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR) and autophagy/pexophagy, which is an essential mechanism of protein synthesis in the preimplantation embryo. Additionally, tankyrases auto-regulate themselves via auto-PARylation which augments their cellular protein levels and potentiates their non-PARP tankyrase functions. We propose that these non-PARP-related activities of tankyrase proteins may further independently affect both naïve and extended pluripotency via mechanisms that remain undetermined. We broadly outline a hypothetical framework for how inclusion of a tankyrase/PARP inhibitor in small molecule cocktails may stabilize and potentiate naïve and extended pluripotency via pleiotropic routes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Zimmerlin
- Institute for Cell Engineering, And Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 755, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Institute for Cell Engineering, And Division of Pediatric Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Miller Research Building, Room 755, Baltimore, MD, 21205, United States.
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10
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Shafa M, Walsh T, Panchalingam KM, Richardson T, Menendez L, Tian X, Suresh Babu S, Dadgar S, Beller J, Yang F, Baghbaderani BA. Long-Term Stability and Differentiation Potential of Cryopreserved cGMP-Compliant Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010108. [PMID: 31877913 PMCID: PMC6982271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical effectiveness of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is highly dependent on a few key quality characteristics including the generation of high quality cell bank, long-term genomic stability, post-thaw viability, plating efficiency, retention of pluripotency, directed differentiation, purity, potency, and sterility. We have already reported the establishment of iPSC master cell banks (MCBs) and working cell banks (WCBs) under current good manufacturing procedure (cGMP)-compliant conditions. In this study, we assessed the cellular and genomic stability of the iPSC lines generated and cryopreserved five years ago under cGMP-compliant conditions. iPSC lines were thawed, characterized, and directly differentiated into cells from three germ layers including cardiomyocytes (CMs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and definitive endoderm (DE). The cells were also expanded in 2D and 3D spinner flasks to evaluate their long-term expansion potential in matrix-dependent and feeder-free culture environment. All three lines successfully thawed and attached to the L7TM matrix, and formed typical iPSC colonies that expressed pluripotency markers over 15 passages. iPSCs maintained their differentiation potential as demonstrated with spontaneous and directed differentiation to the three germ layers and corresponding expression of specific markers, respectfully. Furthermore, post-thaw cells showed normal karyotype, negative mycoplasma, and sterility testing. These cells maintained both their 2D and 3D proliferation potential after five years of cryopreservation without acquiring karyotype abnormality, loss of pluripotency, and telomerase activity. These results illustrate the long-term stability of cGMP iPSC lines, which is an important step in establishing a reliable, long-term source of starting materials for clinical and commercial manufacturing of iPSC-derived cell therapy products.
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11
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Zhao S, Wang F, Liu L. Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) in Tumors and Pluripotent Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121030. [PMID: 31835618 PMCID: PMC6947546 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A telomere consists of repeated DNA sequences (TTAGGG)n as part of a nucleoprotein structure at the end of the linear chromosome, and their progressive shortening induces DNA damage response (DDR) that triggers cellular senescence. The telomere can be maintained by telomerase activity (TA) in the majority of cancer cells (particularly cancer stem cells) and pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which exhibit unlimited self-proliferation. However, some cells, such as telomerase-deficient cancer cells, can add telomeric repeats by an alternative lengthening of the telomeres (ALT) pathway, showing telomere length heterogeneity. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of the ALT pathway and potential clinical implications. We also discuss the characteristics of telomeres in PSCs, thereby shedding light on the therapeutic significance of telomere length regulation in age-related diseases and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China;
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Yu Y, Jia W, Lyu Y, Su D, Bai M, Shen J, Qiao J, Han T, Liu W, Chen J, Chen W, Ye D, Guo X, Zhu S, Xi J, Zhu R, Wan X, Gao S, Zhu J, Kang J. Pwp1 regulates telomere length by stabilizing shelterin complex and maintaining histone H4K20 trimethylation. Cell Discov 2019; 5:47. [PMID: 31754456 PMCID: PMC6868014 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-019-0116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere maintenance is critical for chromosome stability. Here we report that periodic tryptophan protein 1 (PWP1) is involved in regulating telomere length homeostasis. Pwp1 appears to be essential for mouse development and embryonic stem cell (ESC) survival, as homozygous Pwp1-knockout mice and ESCs have never been obtained. Heterozygous Pwp1-knockout mice had shorter telomeres and decreased reproductive capacity. Pwp1 depletion induced rapid telomere shortening accompanied by reduced shelterin complex and increased DNA damage in telomeric regions. Mechanistically, PWP1 bound and stabilized the shelterin complex via its WD40 domains and regulated the overall level of H4K20me3. The rescue of telomere length in Pwp1-deficient cells by PWP1 overexpression depended on SUV4-20H2 co-expression and increased H4K20me3. Therefore, our study revealed a novel protein involved in telomere homeostasis in both mouse and human cells. This knowledge will improve our understanding of how chromatin structure and histone modifications are involved in maintaining telomere integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yu
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Wenwen Jia
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China.,2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123 China
| | - Yao Lyu
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Dingwen Su
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Mingliang Bai
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Junwei Shen
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jing Qiao
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Tong Han
- 3Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201204 P. R. China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Wen Chen
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Dan Ye
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xudong Guo
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Songcheng Zhu
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jiajie Xi
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Ruixin Zhu
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- 3Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 201204 P. R. China
| | - Shaorong Gao
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China
| | - Jiyue Zhu
- 4Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99210 USA
| | - Jiuhong Kang
- 1Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092 China.,2Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200123 China
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13
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Vaquero-Sedas MI, Vega-Palas MA. Assessing the Epigenetic Status of Human Telomeres. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091050. [PMID: 31500249 PMCID: PMC6770363 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic modifications of human telomeres play a relevant role in telomere functions and cell proliferation. Therefore, their study is becoming an issue of major interest. These epigenetic modifications are usually analyzed by microscopy or by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). However, these analyses could be challenged by subtelomeres and/or interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs). Whereas telomeres and subtelomeres cannot be differentiated by microscopy techniques, telomeres and ITSs might not be differentiated in ChIP analyses. In addition, ChIP analyses of telomeres should be properly controlled. Hence, studies focusing on the epigenetic features of human telomeres have to be carefully designed and interpreted. Here, we present a comprehensive discussion on how subtelomeres and ITSs might influence studies of human telomere epigenetics. We specially focus on the influence of ITSs and some experimental aspects of the ChIP technique on ChIP analyses. In addition, we propose a specific pipeline to accurately perform these studies. This pipeline is very simple and can be applied to a wide variety of cells, including cancer cells. Since the epigenetic status of telomeres could influence cancer cells proliferation, this pipeline might help design precise epigenetic treatments for specific cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- María I Vaquero-Sedas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Vega-Palas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain.
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14
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The role of telomere-binding modulators in pluripotent stem cells. Protein Cell 2019; 11:60-70. [PMID: 31350723 PMCID: PMC6949317 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-019-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), ESCs derived by somatic cell nuclear transfer (ntESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have unlimited capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency and can give rise to all types of somatic cells. In order to maintain their self-renewal and pluripotency, PSCs need to preserve their telomere length and homeostasis. In recent years, increasing studies have shown that telomere reprogramming is essential for stem cell pluripotency maintenance and its induced pluripotency process. Telomere-associated proteins are not only required for telomere maintenance in both stem cells, their extra-telomeric functions have also been found to be critical as well. Here, we will discuss how telomeres and telomere-associated factors participate and regulate the maintenance of stem cell pluripotency.
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15
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Cubiles MD, Barroso S, Vaquero-Sedas MI, Enguix A, Aguilera A, Vega-Palas MA. Epigenetic features of human telomeres. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2347-2355. [PMID: 29361030 PMCID: PMC5861411 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although subtelomeric regions in humans are heterochromatic, the epigenetic nature of human telomeres remains controversial. This controversy might have been influenced by the confounding effect of subtelomeric regions and interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs) on telomeric chromatin structure analyses. In addition, different human cell lines might carry diverse epigenetic marks at telomeres. We have developed a reliable procedure to study the chromatin structure of human telomeres independently of subtelomeres and ITSs. This procedure is based on the statistical analysis of multiple ChIP-seq experiments. We have found that human telomeres are not enriched in the heterochromatic H3K9me3 mark in most of the common laboratory cell lines, including embryonic stem cells. Instead, they are labeled with H4K20me1 and H3K27ac, which might be established by p300. These results together with previously published data argue that subtelomeric heterochromatin might control human telomere functions. Interestingly, U2OS cells that exhibit alternative lengthening of telomeres have heterochromatic levels of H3K9me3 in their telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Cubiles
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Sonia Barroso
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Avd. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - María I Vaquero-Sedas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, IBVF (CSIC-US), Avd. Américo Vespucio n° 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Alicia Enguix
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Facultad de Matemáticas, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Avd. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Miguel A Vega-Palas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, IBVF (CSIC-US), Avd. Américo Vespucio n° 49, 41092 Seville, Spain
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16
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Laberthonnière C, Magdinier F, Robin JD. Bring It to an End: Does Telomeres Size Matter? Cells 2019; 8:E30. [PMID: 30626097 PMCID: PMC6356554 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are unique nucleoprotein structures. Found at the edge of each chromosome, their main purpose is to mask DNA ends from the DNA-repair machinery by formation of protective loops. Through life and cell divisions, telomeres shorten and bring cells closer to either cell proliferation crisis or senescence. Beyond this mitotic clock role attributed to the need for telomere to be maintained over a critical length, the very tip of our DNA has been shown to impact transcription by position effect. TPE and a long-reach counterpart, TPE-OLD, are mechanisms recently described in human biology. Still in infancy, the mechanism of action of these processes and their respective genome wide impact remain to be resolved. In this review, we will discuss recent findings on telomere dynamics, TPE, TPE-OLD, and lessons learnt from model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frédérique Magdinier
- Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics U1251, 13385 Marseille, France.
| | - Jérôme D Robin
- Aix Marseille Univ, MMG, Marseille Medical Genetics U1251, 13385 Marseille, France.
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17
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Lopes AC, Oliveira PF, Sousa M. Shedding light into the relevance of telomeres in human reproduction and male factor infertility†. Biol Reprod 2018; 100:318-330. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Lopes
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon (FCT-UNL), Campus Caparica, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S- Institute of Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Sousa
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Microscopy, and Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Reproductive Genetics Professor Alberto Barros, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Liu MY, Nemes A, Zhou QG. The Emerging Roles for Telomerase in the Central Nervous System. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:160. [PMID: 29867352 PMCID: PMC5964194 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, a specialized ribonucleoprotein enzyme complex, maintains telomere length at the 3′ end of chromosomes, and functions importantly in stem cells, cancer and aging. Telomerase exists in neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural progenitor cells (NPCs), at a high level in the developing and adult brains of humans and rodents. Increasing studies have demonstrated that telomerase in NSCs/NPCs plays important roles in cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, neuronal survival and neuritogenesis. In addition, recent works have shown that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) can protect newborn neurons from apoptosis and excitotoxicity. However, to date, the link between telomerase and diseases in the central nervous system (CNS) is not well reviewed. Here, we analyze the evidence and summarize the important roles of telomerase in the CNS. Understanding the roles of telomerase in the nervous system is not only important to gain further insight into the process of the neural cell life cycle but would also provide novel therapeutic applications in CNS diseases such as neurodegenerative condition, mood disorders, aging and other ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ying Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ashley Nemes
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Qi-Gang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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19
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Saez I, Koyuncu S, Gutierrez-Garcia R, Dieterich C, Vilchez D. Insights into the ubiquitin-proteasome system of human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4092. [PMID: 29511261 PMCID: PMC5840266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) exhibit high levels of proteasome activity, an intrinsic characteristic required for their self-renewal, pluripotency and differentiation. However, the mechanisms by which enhanced proteasome activity maintains hESC identity are only partially understood. Besides its essential role for the ability of hESCs to suppress misfolded protein aggregation, we hypothesize that enhanced proteasome activity could also be important to degrade endogenous regulatory factors. Since E3 ubiquitin ligases are responsible for substrate selection, we first define which E3 enzymes are increased in hESCs compared with their differentiated counterparts. Among them, we find HECT-domain E3 ligases such as HERC2 and UBE3A as well as several RING-domain E3s, including UBR7 and RNF181. Systematic characterization of their interactome suggests a link with hESC identity. Moreover, loss of distinct up-regulated E3s triggers significant changes at the transcriptome and proteome level of hESCs. However, these alterations do not dysregulate pluripotency markers and differentiation ability. On the contrary, global proteasome inhibition impairs diverse processes required for hESC identity, including protein synthesis, rRNA maturation, telomere maintenance and glycolytic metabolism. Thus, our data indicate that high proteasome activity is coupled with other determinant biological processes of hESC identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Saez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Seda Koyuncu
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ricardo Gutierrez-Garcia
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Dieterich
- Department of Internal Medicine III and Klaus Tschira Institute for Computational Cardiology, Section of Bioinformatics and Systems Cardiology, Neuenheimer Feld 669, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Institute for Genetics and Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Pompili L, Leonetti C, Biroccio A, Salvati E. Diagnosis and treatment of ALT tumors: is Trabectedin a new therapeutic option? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:189. [PMID: 29273061 PMCID: PMC5741932 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures responsible for protecting chromosome ends in order to prevent the loss of genomic information. Telomere maintenance is required for achieving immortality by neoplastic cells. While most cancer cells rely on telomerase re-activation for linear chromosome maintenance and sustained proliferation, a significant population of cancers (10-15%) employs telomerase-independent strategies, collectively referred to as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). ALT mechanisms involve different types of homology-directed telomere recombination and synthesis. These processes are facilitated by loss of the ATRX or DAXX chromatin-remodeling factors and by abnormalities of the telomere nucleoprotein architecture. Although the functional consequences of telomerase and ALT up-regulation are similar in that they both prevent overall telomere shortening in tumors, these telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) differ in several aspects which may account for their differential prognostic significance and response to therapy in various tumor types. Therefore, reliable methods for detecting telomerase activity and ALT are likely to become an important pre-requisite for the use of treatments targeting one or other of these mechanisms. However, the question whether ALT presence can confer sensitivity to rationally designed anti-cancer therapies is still open. Here we review the latest discoveries in terms of mechanisms of ALT activation and maintenance in human tumors, methods for ALT identification in cell lines and human tissues and biomarkers validation. Then, original results on sensitivity to rational based pre-clinical and clinical anti-tumor drugs in ALT vs hTERT positive cells will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pompili
- UOSD SAFU, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- UOSD SAFU, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53 -, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Salvati
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53 -, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Wang H, Zhang K, Liu Y, Fu Y, Gao S, Gong P, Wang H, Zhou Z, Zeng M, Wu Z, Sun Y, Chen T, Li S, Liu L. Telomere heterogeneity linked to metabolism and pluripotency state revealed by simultaneous analysis of telomere length and RNA-seq in the same human embryonic stem cell. BMC Biol 2017; 15:114. [PMID: 29216888 PMCID: PMC5721592 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Telomere length heterogeneity has been detected in various cell types, including stem cells and cancer cells. Cell heterogeneity in pluripotent stem cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), is of particular interest; however, the implication and mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity remain to be understood. Single-cell analysis technology has recently been developed and effectively employed to investigate cell heterogeneity. Yet, methods that can simultaneously measure telomere length and analyze the global transcriptome in the same cell have not been available until now. Results We have established a robust method that can simultaneously measure telomere length coupled with RNA-sequencing analysis (scT&R-seq) in the same human ESC (hESC). Using this method, we show that telomere length varies with pluripotency state. Compared to those with long telomere, hESCs with short telomeres exhibit the lowest expressions of TERF1/TRF1, and ZFP42/REX1, PRDM14 and NANOG markers for pluripotency, suggesting that these hESCs are prone to exit from the pluripotent state. Interestingly, hESCs ubiquitously express NOP10 and DKC1, stabilizing components of telomerase complexes. Moreover, new candidate genes, such as MELK, MSH6, and UBQLN1, are highly expressed in the cluster of cells with long telomeres and higher expression of known pluripotency markers. Notably, short telomere hESCs exhibit higher oxidative phosphorylation primed for lineage differentiation, whereas long telomere hESCs show elevated glycolysis, another key feature for pluripotency. Conclusions Telomere length is a marker of the metabolic activity and pluripotency state of individual hESCs. Single cell analysis of telomeres and RNA-sequencing can be exploited to further understand the molecular mechanisms of telomere heterogeneity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0453-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Yudong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peng Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhongcheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tong Chen
- EHBIO Gene Technology co., LTD, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Siguang Li
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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22
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Jung JH, Kang KW, Kim J, Hong SC, Park Y, Kim BS. CXCR2 Inhibition in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Induces Predominant Differentiation to Mesoderm and Endoderm Through Repression of mTOR, β-Catenin, and hTERT Activities. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 25:1006-19. [PMID: 27188501 PMCID: PMC4931345 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On the basis of our previous report verifying that chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 2 (CXCR2) ligands in human placenta-derived cell conditioned medium (hPCCM) support human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) propagation without exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), this study was designed to identify the effect of CXCR2 manipulation on the fate of hPSCs and the underlying mechanism, which had not been previously determined. We observed that CXCR2 inhibition in hPSCs induces predominant differentiation to mesoderm and endoderm with concomitant loss of hPSC characteristics and accompanying decreased expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), β-catenin, and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). These phenomena are recapitulated in hPSCs propagated in conventional culture conditions, including bFGF as well as those in hPCCM without exogenous bFGF, suggesting that the action of CXCR2 on hPSCs might not be associated with a bFGF-related mechanism. In addition, the specific CXCR2 ligand growth-related oncogene α (GROα) markedly increased the expression of ectodermal markers in differentiation-committed embryoid bodies derived from hPSCs. This finding suggests that CXCR2 inhibition in hPSCs prohibits the propagation of hPSCs and leads to predominant differentiation to mesoderm and endoderm owing to the blockage of ectodermal differentiation. Taken together, our results indicate that CXCR2 preferentially supports the maintenance of hPSC characteristics as well as facilitates ectodermal differentiation after the commitment to differentiation, and the mechanism might be associated with mTOR, β-catenin, and hTERT activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Jung
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Ka-Won Kang
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Korea University Anam Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihea Kim
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon-Chul Hong
- 4 Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Korea University Anam Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Park
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Korea University Anam Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Soo Kim
- 1 Institute of Stem Cell Research, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,2 Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University , Seoul, Korea.,3 Department of Hematology/Oncology, Korea University Anam Medical Center , Seoul, Korea
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23
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Ntai A, Baronchelli S, La Spada A, Moles A, Guffanti A, De Blasio P, Biunno I. A Review of Research-Grade Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Qualification and Biobanking Processes. Biopreserv Biobank 2017; 15:384-392. [DOI: 10.1089/bio.2016.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Ntai
- Integrated Systems Engineering S.r.l. (ISENET), Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Baronchelli
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), Department of Biomedicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto La Spada
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), Department of Biomedicine, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ida Biunno
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (IRGB-CNR), Department of Biomedicine, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Department of Stem Cell Research, Milan, Italy
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24
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Zeng S, Liu L, Sun Y, Lu G, Lin G. Role of telomeric repeat-containing RNA in telomeric chromatin remodeling during the early expansion of human embryonic stem cells. FASEB J 2017; 31:4783-4795. [PMID: 28765174 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600939rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the role of telomeric repeat-containing RNA (TERRA) in telomeric chromatin remodeling during the early expansion of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). During the derivation of hESCs, histone demethylation in the telomeric region facilitates telomerase-mediated telomere elongation. An adequate telomere repeat is essential for hESCs to acquire and/or maintain the unlimited symmetric division, which suggests that there is a link between pluripotency and telomere maintenance. The present study found that the gradual decrease in TERRA levels and related TERRA foci were correlated with telomeric length elongation in the early expansion of hESCs. In addition, TERRA participated in telomeric chromatin remodeling by cooperating with SUV39H1 (suppressor of variegation 3-9 homolog 1/2) to propagate telomeric heterochromatin marker, histone H3 trimethylation of lysine 9. Moreover, the fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway, which is activated in hESCs, could suppress TERRA levels via telomeric repeat factor 1, which results in reduced SUV39H1 recruitment by TERRA at the telomere. Taken together, these results highlight the role of TERRA in hESC telomere elongation and homeostasis in the acquisition and/or maintenance of stem cell pluripotency.-Zeng, S., Liu, L., Sun, Y., Lu, G., Lin, G. Role of telomeric repeat-containing RNA in telomeric chromatin remodeling during the early expansion of human embryonic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Zeng
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
| | - Lvjun Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China; .,National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cell, Changsha, China
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25
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Naderlinger E, Holzmann K. Epigenetic Regulation of Telomere Maintenance for Therapeutic Interventions in Gliomas. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:E145. [PMID: 28513547 PMCID: PMC5448019 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade astrocytoma of WHO grade 4 termed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common human brain tumor with poor patient outcome. Astrocytoma demonstrates two known telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) based on telomerase activity (TA) and on alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). ALT is associated with lower tumor grades and better outcome. In contrast to ALT, regulation of TA in tumors by direct mutation and epigenetic activation of the hTERT promoter is well established. Here, we summarize the genetic background of TMMs in non-malignant cells and in cancer, in addition to clinical and pathological features of gliomas. Furthermore, we present new evidence for epigenetic mechanisms (EMs) involved in regulation of ALT and TA with special emphasis on human diffuse gliomas as potential therapeutic drug targets. We discuss the role of TMM associated telomeric chromatin factors such as DNA and histone modifying enzymes and non-coding RNAs including microRNAs and long telomeric TERRA transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Naderlinger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Klaus Holzmann
- Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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26
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A balance between elongation and trimming regulates telomere stability in stem cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 24:30-39. [PMID: 27918544 PMCID: PMC5215970 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Telomere length maintenance ensures self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), however the mechanisms governing telomere length homeostasis in these cell types are unclear. Here, we report that telomere length is determined by the balance between telomere elongation mediated by telomerase and telomere trimming, controlled by the homologous recombination proteins XRCC3 and Nbs1 that generate single-stranded C-rich telomeric DNA and double-stranded telomeric circular DNA (T-circles), respectively. We found that reprogramming of differentiated cells induces T-circle and single stranded C-rich telomeric DNA accumulation, indicating the activation of telomere trimming pathways that compensate telomerase dependent telomere elongation in hiPSCs. Excessive telomere elongation compromises telomere stability and promotes the formation of partially single-stranded telomeric DNA circles (C-circles) in hESCs, suggesting heightened sensitivity of stem cells to replication stress at overly long telomeres. Thus, tight control of telomere length homeostasis is essential to maintain telomere stability in hESCs.
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27
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Liu L. Linking Telomere Regulation to Stem Cell Pluripotency. Trends Genet 2016; 33:16-33. [PMID: 27889084 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), somatic cell nuclear transfer ESCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent the most studied group of PSCs. Unlimited self-renewal without incurring chromosomal instability and pluripotency are essential for the potential use of PSCs in regenerative therapy. Telomere length maintenance is critical for the unlimited self-renewal, pluripotency, and chromosomal stability of PSCs. While telomerase has a primary role in telomere maintenance, alternative lengthening of telomere pathways involving recombination and epigenetic modifications are also required for telomere length regulation, notably in mouse PSCs. Telomere rejuvenation is part of epigenetic reprogramming to pluripotency. Insights into telomere reprogramming and maintenance in PSCs may have implications for understanding of aging and tumorigenesis. Here, I discuss the link between telomere elongation and homeostasis to the acquisition and maintenance of stem cell pluripotency, and their regulatory mechanisms by epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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28
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Zou Y, Tong HJ, Li M, Tan KS, Cao T. Telomere length is regulated by FGF-2 in human embryonic stem cells and affects the life span of its differentiated progenies. Biogerontology 2016; 18:69-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-016-9662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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Cortese FAB, Santostasi G. Whole-Body Induced Cell Turnover: A Proposed Intervention for Age-Related Damage and Associated Pathology. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 19:322-36. [PMID: 26649945 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In both biomedicine in general and biomedical gerontology in particular, cell replacement therapy is traditionally proposed as an intervention for cell loss. This article presents a proposed intervention-whole-body induced cell turnover (WICT)-for use in biomedical gerontology that combines cell replacement therapy with a second therapeutic component (targeted cell ablation) so as to broaden the therapeutic utility of cell therapies and increase the categories of age-related damage that are amenable to cell-based interventions. In particular, WICT may allow cell therapies to serve as an intervention for accumulated cellular and intracellular damage, such as telomere depletion, genomic DNA and mitochondrial DNA damage and mutations, replicative senescence, functionally deleterious age-related changes in gene expression, accumulated cellular and intracellular aggregates, and functionally deleterious posttranslationally modified gene products. WICT consists of the gradual ablation and subsequent replacement of a patient's entire set of constituent cells gradually over the course of their adult life span through the quantitative and qualitative coordination of targeted cell ablation with exogenous cell administration. The aim is to remove age-associated cellular and intracellular damage present in the patient's endogenous cells. In this study, we outline the underlying techniques and technologies by which WICT can be mediated, describe the mechanisms by which it can serve to negate or prevent age-related cellular and intracellular damage, explicate the unique therapeutic components and utilities that distinguish it as a distinct type of cell-based intervention for use in biomedical gerontology, and address potential complications associated with the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Santostasi
- 2 Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, Illinois
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30
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Teichroeb JH, Kim J, Betts DH. The role of telomeres and telomerase reverse transcriptase isoforms in pluripotency induction and maintenance. RNA Biol 2016; 13:707-19. [PMID: 26786236 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1134413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are linear guanine-rich DNA structures at the ends of chromosomes. The length of telomeric DNA is actively regulated by a number of mechanisms in highly proliferative cells such as germ cells, cancer cells, and pluripotent stem cells. Telomeric DNA is synthesized by way of the ribonucleoprotein called telomerase containing a reverse transcriptase (TERT) subunit and RNA component (TERC). TERT is highly conserved across species and ubiquitously present in their respective pluripotent cells. Recent studies have uncovered intricate associations between telomeres and the self-renewal and differentiation properties of pluripotent stem cells. Interestingly, the past decade's work indicates that the TERT subunit also has the capacity to modulate mitochondrial function, to remodel chromatin structure, and to participate in key signaling pathways such as the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Many of these non-canonical functions do not require TERT's catalytic activity, which hints at possible functions for the extensive number of alternatively spliced TERT isoforms that are highly expressed in pluripotent stem cells. In this review, some of the established and potential routes of pluripotency induction and maintenance are highlighted from the perspectives of telomere maintenance, known TERT isoform functions and their complex regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Teichroeb
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Joohwan Kim
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada
| | - Dean H Betts
- a Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry , The University of Western Ontario , London , Ontario , Canada.,b Children's Health Research Institute, Lawson Health Research Institute , London , Ontario , Canada
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31
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Shah SM, Saini N, Ashraf S, Zandi M, Manik RS, Singla SK, Palta P, Chauhan MS. Development, Characterization, and Pluripotency Analysis of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from In Vitro-Fertilized, Hand-Guided Cloned, and Parthenogenetic Embryos. Cell Reprogram 2015; 17:306-22. [PMID: 26168169 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2014.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the derivation, characterization, and pluripotency analysis of three buffalo embryonic stem cell (buESC) lines, from in vitro-fertilized, somatic cell nuclear-transferred, and parthenogenetic blastocysts. These cell lines were developed for later differentiation into germ lineage cells and elucidation of the signaling pathways involved. The cell lines were established from inner cell masses (ICMs) that were isolated manually from the in vitro-produced blastocysts. Most of the ICMs (45-55%) resulted in formation of primary colonies that were subcultured after 8-10 days, leading subsequently to the formation of three buESC lines, one from each blastocyst type. All the cell lines expressed stem cell markers, such as Alkaline Phosphatase, OCT4, NANOG, SSEA1, SSEA4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, SOX2, REX1, CD-90, STAT3, and TELOMERASE. They differentiated into all three germ layers as determined by ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal RNA and protein markers. All of the cell lines showed equal expression of pluripotency markers as well as equivalent differentiation potential into all the three germ layers. The static suspension culture-derived embryoid bodies (EBs) showed greater expression of all the three germ layer markers as compared to hanging drop culture-derived EBs. When analyzed for germ layer marker expression, EBs derived from 15% fetal bovine serum (FBS)-based spontaneous differentiation medium showed greater differentiation across all the three germ layers as compared to those derived from Knock-Out Serum Replacement (KoSR)-based differentiation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Mohmad Shah
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Neha Saini
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Syma Ashraf
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Mohammad Zandi
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Radhey Sham Manik
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Singla
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Prabhat Palta
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Manmohan Singh Chauhan
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute , Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
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32
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Reddel RR. Telomere maintenance mechanisms in cancer: clinical implications. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:6361-74. [PMID: 24975603 PMCID: PMC4262939 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140630101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The presence of immortal cell populations with an up-regulated telomere maintenance mechanism (TMM) is an almost universal characteristic of cancers, whereas normal somatic cells are unable to prevent proliferation-associated telomere shortening and have a limited proliferative potential. TMMs and related aspects of telomere structure and function therefore appear to be ideal targets for the development of anticancer therapeutics. Such treatments would be targeted to a specific cancer-related molecular abnormality, and also be broad-spectrum in that they would be expected to be potentially applicable to most cancers. However, the telomere biology of normal and malignant human cells is a relatively young research field with large numbers of unanswered questions, so the optimal design of TMM-targeted therapeutic approaches remains unclear. This review outlines the opportunities and challenges presented by telomeres and TMMs for clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Reddel
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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33
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Zhou D, Lin G, Zeng SC, Xiong B, Xie PY, Cheng DH, Zheng Q, Ouyang Q, Zhou XY, Tang WL, Sun Y, Lu GY, Lu GX. Trace levels of mitomycin C disrupt genomic integrity and lead to DNA damage response defect in long-term-cultured human embryonic stem cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:33-45. [PMID: 24838295 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
How to maintain the genetic integrity of cultured human embryonic stem (hES) cells is raising crucial concerns for future clinical use in regenerative medicine. Mitomycin C(MMC), a DNA damage agent, is widely used for preparation of feeder cells in many laboratories. However, to what extent MMC affects the karyotypic stability of hES cells is not clear. Here, we measured residual MMC using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry following each step of feeder preparation and found that 2.26 ± 0.77 and 3.50 ± 0.92 ng/ml remained in mouse feeder cells and human feeder cells, respectively. In addition, different amounts of MMC caused different chromosomal aberrations in hES cells. In particular, one abnormality, dup(1)(p32p36), was the same identical to one we previously reported in another hES cell line. Using Affymetrix SNP 6.0 arrays, the copy number variation changes of the hES cells maintained on MMC-inactivated feeders (MMC-feeder) were significantly more than those cultured on γ-inactivated feeder (IR-feeder) cells. Furthermore, DNA damage response (DDR) genes were down-regulated during long-term culture in the MMC-containing system, leading to DDR defect and shortened telomeres of hES cells, a sign of genomic instability. Therefore, MMC-feeder and MMC-induced genomic variation present an important safety problem that would limit such hES from being applied for future clinic use and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, 8 Luyun Road, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
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34
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Zeng S, Liu L, Sun Y, Xie P, Hu L, Yuan D, Chen D, Ouyang Q, Lin G, Lu G. Telomerase-mediated telomere elongation from human blastocysts to embryonic stem cells. Development 2014. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.109116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have the potential to produce any types of cells from all three basic germ layers and the capacity to self-renew and proliferate indefinitely in vitro. The two main types of PSCs, embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), share common features such as colony morphology, high expression of Oct4 and Nanog, and strong alkaline phosphatase activity. In recent years, increasing evidences suggest that telomere length represents another important internal factor in maintaining stem cell pluripotency. Telomere length homeostasis and its structural integrity help to protect chromosome ends from recombination, end fusion, and DNA damage responses, ensuring the divisional ability of mammalian cells. PSCs generally exhibit high telomerase activity to maintain their extremely long and stable telomeres, and emerging data indicate the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway may play an important role in telomere functions too. Such characteristics are likely key to their abilities to differentiate into diverse cell types in vivo. In this review, we will focus on the function and regulation of telomeres in ESCs and iPSCs, thereby shedding light on the importance of telomere length to pluripotency and the mechanisms that regulate telomeres in PSCs.
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