1
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Ali H, Noyvert D, Hankinson J, Lindsey G, Lulla A, Lulla V. The astrovirus N-terminal nonstructural protein anchors replication complexes to the perinuclear ER membranes. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011959. [PMID: 39008516 PMCID: PMC11271882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
An essential aspect of positive-sense RNA virus replication is anchoring the replication complex (RC) to cellular membranes. Positive-sense RNA viruses employ diverse strategies, including co-translational membrane targeting through signal peptides and co-opting cellular membrane trafficking components. Often, N-terminal nonstructural proteins play a crucial role in linking the RC to membranes, facilitating the early association of the replication machinery. Astroviruses utilize a polyprotein strategy to synthesize nonstructural proteins, relying on subsequent processing to form replication-competent complexes. This study provides evidence for the perinuclear ER membrane association of RCs in five distinct human astrovirus strains. Using tagged recombinant classical human astrovirus 1 and neurotropic MLB2 strains, we establish that the N-terminal domain guides the ER membrane association. We identified di-arginine motifs responsible for the perinuclear ER retention and formation of functional RCs through mutational analysis of the N-terminal domain in replicon and reverse genetics systems. In addition, we demonstrate the association of key components of the astrovirus replication complex: double-stranded RNA, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, protease, and N-terminal protein. Our findings highlight the intricate virus-ER interaction mechanism employed by astroviruses, potentially leading to the development of novel antiviral intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Noyvert
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gemma Lindsey
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksei Lulla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Lulla
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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2
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Chua SCJH, Cui J, Sachaphibulkij K, Tan ISL, Tan HQ, Lim HM, Engelberg D, Lim LHK. The ER-Golgi transport of influenza virus through NS1-Sec13 association during virus replication. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0260923. [PMID: 38038453 PMCID: PMC10782970 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02609-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus is a respiratory virus that can cause complications such as acute bronchitis and secondary bacterial pneumonia. Drug therapies and vaccines are available against influenza, albeit limited by drug resistance and the non-universal vaccine administration. Hence there is a need for host-targeted therapies against influenza to provide an effective alternative therapeutic target. Sec13 was identified as a novel host interactor of influenza. Endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport is an important pathway of influenza virus replication and viral export. Specifically, Sec13 has a functional role in influenza replication and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C. J. H. Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jianzhou Cui
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karishma Sachaphibulkij
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Siang Ling Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Qing Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Meng Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Engelberg
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lina H. K. Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUSMED Immunology Translational Research Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Sultana S, Abdullah M, Li J, Hochstrasser M, Kachroo AH. Species-specific protein-protein interactions govern the humanization of the 20S proteasome in yeast. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad117. [PMID: 37364278 PMCID: PMC10471208 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast and humans share thousands of genes despite a billion years of evolutionary divergence. While many human genes can functionally replace their yeast counterparts, nearly half of the tested shared genes cannot. For example, most yeast proteasome subunits are "humanizable," except subunits comprising the β-ring core, including β2c (HsPSMB7, a constitutive proteasome subunit). We developed a high-throughput pipeline to humanize yeast proteasomes by generating a large library of Hsβ2c mutants and screening them for complementation of a yeast β2 (ScPup1) knockout. Variants capable of replacing ScPup1 included (1) those impacting local protein-protein interactions (PPIs), with most affecting interactions between the β2c C-terminal tail and the adjacent β3 subunit, and (2) those affecting β2c proteolytic activity. Exchanging the full-length tail of human β2c with that of ScPup1 enabled complementation. Moreover, wild-type human β2c could replace yeast β2 if human β3 was also provided. Unexpectedly, yeast proteasomes bearing a catalytically inactive HsPSMB7-T44A variant that blocked precursor autoprocessing were viable, suggesting an intact propeptide stabilizes late assembly intermediates. In contrast, similar modifications in human β2i (HsPSMB10), an immunoproteasome subunit and the co-ortholog of yeast β2, do not enable complementation in yeast, suggesting distinct interactions are involved in human immunoproteasome core assembly. Broadly, our data reveal roles for specific PPIs governing functional replaceability across vast evolutionary distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmin Sultana
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Mudabir Abdullah
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aashiq H Kachroo
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, QC H3G 1M8, Canada
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4
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Li J, Hochstrasser M. Selective microautophagy of proteasomes is initiated by ESCRT-0 and is promoted by proteasome ubiquitylation. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274460. [PMID: 35099016 PMCID: PMC8919337 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteasome is central to proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system under normal growth conditions but is itself degraded through macroautophagy under nutrient stress. A recently described AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-regulated endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-dependent microautophagy pathway also regulates proteasome trafficking and degradation in low-glucose conditions in yeast. Aberrant proteasomes are more prone to microautophagy, suggesting the ESCRT system fine-tunes proteasome quality control under low-glucose stress. Here, we uncover additional features of the selective microautophagy of proteasomes in budding yeast. Genetic or pharmacological induction of aberrant proteasomes is associated with increased mono- or oligo-ubiquitylation of proteasome components, which appears to be recognized by ESCRT-0. AMPK controls this pathway in part by regulating the trafficking of ESCRT-0 to the vacuole surface, which also leads to degradation of the Vps27 subunit of ESCRT-0. The Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase contributes to proteasome subunit ubiquitylation, and multiple ubiquitin-binding elements in Vps27 are involved in their recognition. We propose that ESCRT-0 at the vacuole surface recognizes ubiquitylated proteasomes and initiates their microautophagic elimination during glucose depletion. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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5
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Bhattarai N, Pavadai E, Pokhrel R, Baral P, Hossen L, Stahelin RV, Chapagain PP, Gerstman BS. Ebola virus protein VP40 binding to Sec24c for transport to the plasma membrane. Proteins 2022; 90:340-350. [PMID: 34431571 PMCID: PMC8738135 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of the Ebola virus (EBOV) continue to occur and while a vaccine and treatment are now available, there remains a dearth of options for those who become sick with EBOV disease. An understanding at the atomic and molecular level of the various steps in the EBOV replication cycle can provide molecular targets for disrupting the virus. An important step in the EBOV replication cycle is the transport of EBOV structural matrix VP40 protein molecules to the plasma membrane inner leaflet, which involves VP40 binding to the host cell's Sec24c protein. Though some VP40 residues involved in the binding are known, the molecular details of VP40-Sec24c binding are not known. We use various molecular computational techniques to investigate the molecular details of how EBOV VP40 binds with the Sec24c complex of the ESCRT-I pathway. We employed different docking programs to identify the VP40-binding site on Sec24c and then performed molecular dynamics simulations to determine the atomic details and binding interactions of the complex. We also investigated how the inter-protein interactions of the complex are affected upon mutations of VP40 amino acids in the Sec24c-binding region. Our results provide a molecular basis for understanding previous coimmunoprecipitation experimental studies. In addition, we found that VP40 can bind to a site on Sec24c that can also bind Sec23 and suggests that VP40 may use the COPII transport mechanism in a manner that may not need the Sec23 protein in order for VP40 to be transported to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Elumalai Pavadai
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Rudramani Pokhrel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Prabin Baral
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lokman Hossen
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47906
| | - Prem P. Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Bernard S. Gerstman
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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6
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Agaoua A, Bendahmane A, Moquet F, Dogimont C. Membrane Trafficking Proteins: A New Target to Identify Resistance to Viruses in Plants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102139. [PMID: 34685948 PMCID: PMC8541145 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replication cycles from most simple-stranded positive RNA viruses infecting plants involve endomembrane deformations. Recent published data revealed several interactions between viral proteins and plant proteins associated with vesicle formation and movement. These plant proteins belong to the COPI/II, SNARE, clathrin and ESCRT endomembrane trafficking mechanisms. In a few cases, variations of these plant proteins leading to virus resistance have been identified. In this review, we summarize all known interactions between these plant cell mechanisms and viruses and highlight strategies allowing fast identification of variant alleles for membrane-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimeric Agaoua
- INRAE Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 84140 Montfavet, France;
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Evry, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | | | - Catherine Dogimont
- INRAE Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 84140 Montfavet, France;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Chatterjee S, Choi AJ, Frankel G. A systematic review of Sec24 cargo interactome. Traffic 2021; 22:412-424. [PMID: 34533884 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi trafficking is an essential and highly conserved cellular process. The coat protein complex-II (COPII) arm of the trafficking machinery incorporates a wide array of cargo proteins into vesicles through direct or indirect interactions with Sec24, the principal subunit of the COPII coat. Approximately one-third of all mammalian proteins rely on the COPII-mediated secretory pathway for membrane insertion or secretion. There are four mammalian Sec24 paralogs and three yeast Sec24 paralogs with emerging evidence of paralog-specific cargo interaction motifs. Furthermore, individual paralogs also differ in their affinity for a subset of sorting motifs present on cargo proteins. As with many aspects of protein trafficking, we lack a systematic and thorough understanding of the interaction of Sec24 with cargoes. This systematic review focuses on the current knowledge of cargo binding to both yeast and mammalian Sec24 paralogs and their ER export motifs. The analyses show that Sec24 paralog specificity of cargo (and cargo receptors) range from exclusive paralog dependence or preference to partial redundancy. We also discuss how the Sec24 secretion system is hijacked by viral (eg, VSV-G, Hepatitis B envelope protein) and bacterial (eg, the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III secretion system effector NleA/EspI) pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Chatterjee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ana Jeemin Choi
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
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8
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Contribution of yeast models to virus research. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4855-4878. [PMID: 34086116 PMCID: PMC8175935 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11331-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Time and again, yeast has proven to be a vital model system to understand various crucial basic biology questions. Studies related to viruses are no exception to this. This simple eukaryotic organism is an invaluable model for studying fundamental cellular processes altered in the host cell due to viral infection or expression of viral proteins. Mechanisms of infection of several RNA and relatively few DNA viruses have been studied in yeast to date. Yeast is used for studying several aspects related to the replication of a virus, such as localization of viral proteins, interaction with host proteins, cellular effects on the host, etc. The development of novel techniques based on high-throughput analysis of libraries, availability of toolboxes for genetic manipulation, and a compact genome makes yeast a good choice for such studies. In this review, we provide an overview of the studies that have used yeast as a model system and have advanced our understanding of several important viruses. Key points • Yeast, a simple eukaryote, is an important model organism for studies related to viruses. • Several aspects of both DNA and RNA viruses of plants and animals are investigated using the yeast model. • Apart from the insights obtained on virus biology, yeast is also extensively used for antiviral development.
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9
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Metabolomics profiling reveals new aspects of dolichol biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13264. [PMID: 32764679 PMCID: PMC7414040 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The cis-polyisoprenoid lipids namely polyprenols, dolichols and their derivatives are linear polymers of several isoprene units. In eukaryotes, polyprenols and dolichols are synthesized as a mixture of four or more homologues of different length with one or two predominant species with sizes varying among organisms. Interestingly, co-occurrence of polyprenols and dolichols, i.e. detection of a dolichol along with significant levels of its precursor polyprenol, are unusual in eukaryotic cells. Our metabolomics studies revealed that cis-polyisoprenoids are more diverse in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum than previously postulated as we uncovered active de novo biosynthesis and substantial levels of accumulation of polyprenols and dolichols of 15 to 19 isoprene units. A distinctive polyprenol and dolichol profile both within the intraerythrocytic asexual cycle and between asexual and gametocyte stages was observed suggesting that cis-polyisoprenoid biosynthesis changes throughout parasite’s development. Moreover, we confirmed the presence of an active cis-prenyltransferase (PfCPT) and that dolichol biosynthesis occurs via reduction of the polyprenol to dolichol by an active polyprenol reductase (PfPPRD) in the malaria parasite.
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10
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Li J, Breker M, Graham M, Schuldiner M, Hochstrasser M. AMPK regulates ESCRT-dependent microautophagy of proteasomes concomitant with proteasome storage granule assembly during glucose starvation. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008387. [PMID: 31738769 PMCID: PMC6886873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates numerous cellular processes and is central to protein homeostasis. In proliferating yeast and many mammalian cells, proteasomes are highly enriched in the nucleus. In carbon-starved yeast, proteasomes migrate to the cytoplasm and collect in proteasome storage granules (PSGs). PSGs dissolve and proteasomes return to the nucleus within minutes of glucose refeeding. The mechanisms by which cells regulate proteasome homeostasis under these conditions remain largely unknown. Here we show that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) together with endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRTs) drive a glucose starvation-dependent microautophagy pathway that preferentially sorts aberrant proteasomes into the vacuole, thereby biasing accumulation of functional proteasomes in PSGs. The proteasome core particle (CP) and regulatory particle (RP) are regulated differently. Without AMPK, the insoluble protein deposit (IPOD) serves as an alternative site that specifically sequesters CP aggregates. Our findings reveal a novel AMPK-controlled ESCRT-mediated microautophagy mechanism in the regulation of proteasome trafficking and homeostasis under carbon starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Li
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Michal Breker
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Morven Graham
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Imaging, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mark Hochstrasser
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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11
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Inaba JI, Xu K, Kovalev N, Ramanathan H, Roy CR, Lindenbach BD, Nagy PD. Screening Legionella effectors for antiviral effects reveals Rab1 GTPase as a proviral factor coopted for tombusvirus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21739-21747. [PMID: 31591191 PMCID: PMC6815150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial virulence factors or effectors are proteins targeted into host cells to coopt or interfere with cellular proteins and pathways. Viruses often coopt the same cellular proteins and pathways to support their replication in infected cells. Therefore, we screened the Legionella pneumophila effectors to probe virus-host interactions and identify factors that modulate tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) replication in yeast surrogate host. Among 302 Legionella effectors tested, 28 effectors affected TBSV replication. To unravel a coopted cellular pathway in TBSV replication, the identified DrrA effector from Legionella was further exploited. We find that expression of DrrA in yeast or plants blocks TBSV replication through inhibiting the recruitment of Rab1 small GTPase and endoplasmic reticulum-derived COPII vesicles into the viral replication compartment. TBSV hijacks Rab1 and COPII vesicles to create enlarged membrane surfaces and optimal lipid composition within the viral replication compartment. To further validate our Legionella effector screen, we used the Legionella effector LepB lipid kinase to confirm the critical proviral function of PI(3)P phosphoinositide and the early endosomal compartment in TBSV replication. We demonstrate the direct inhibitory activity of LegC8 effector on TBSV replication using a cell-free replicase reconstitution assay. LegC8 inhibits the function of eEF1A, a coopted proviral host factor. Altogether, the identified bacterial effectors with anti-TBSV activity could be powerful reagents in cell biology and virus-host interaction studies. This study provides important proof of concept that bacterial effector proteins can be a useful toolbox to identify host factors and cellular pathways coopted by (+)RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Inaba
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
| | - Nikolay Kovalev
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
| | - Harish Ramanathan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Craig R Roy
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546;
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12
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He G, Zhang Z, Sathanantham P, Zhang X, Wu Z, Xie L, Wang X. An engineered mutant of a host phospholipid synthesis gene inhibits viral replication without compromising host fitness. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13973-13982. [PMID: 31362985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections universally rely on numerous hijacked host factors to be successful. It is therefore possible to control viral infections by manipulating host factors that are critical for viral replication. Given that host genes may play essential roles in certain cellular processes, any successful manipulations for virus control should cause no or mild effects on host fitness. We previously showed that a group of positive-strand RNA viruses enrich phosphatidylcholine (PC) at the sites of viral replication. Specifically, brome mosaic virus (BMV) replication protein 1a interacts with and recruits a PC synthesis enzyme, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase, Cho2p, to the viral replication sites that are assembled on the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Deletion of the CHO2 gene inhibited BMV replication by 5-fold; however, it slowed down host cell growth as well. Here, we show that an engineered Cho2p mutant supports general PC synthesis and normal cell growth but blocks BMV replication. This mutant interacts and colocalizes with BMV 1a but prevents BMV 1a from localizing to the perinuclear ER membrane. The mislocalized BMV 1a fails to induce the formation of viral replication complexes. Our study demonstrates an effective antiviral strategy in which a host lipid synthesis gene is engineered to control viral replication without comprising host growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan He
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Zhenlu Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Preethi Sathanantham
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Zujian Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lianhui Xie
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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13
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Cowpea chlorotic mottle bromovirus replication proteins support template-selective RNA replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208743. [PMID: 30586378 PMCID: PMC6306254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses generally assemble RNA replication complexes on rearranged host membranes. Alphaviruses, other members of the alpha-like virus superfamily, and many other positive-strand RNA viruses invaginate host membrane into vesicular RNA replication compartments, known as spherules, whose interior is connected to the cytoplasm. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) and its close relative, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), form spherules along the endoplasmic reticulum. BMV spherule formation and RNA replication can be fully reconstituted in S. cerevisiae, enabling many studies identifying host factors and viral interactions essential for these processes. To better define and understand the conserved, core pathways of bromovirus RNA replication, we tested the ability of CCMV to similarly support spherule formation and RNA replication in yeast. Paralleling BMV, we found that CCMV RNA replication protein 1a was the only viral factor necessary to induce spherule membrane rearrangements and to recruit the viral 2a polymerase (2apol) to the endoplasmic reticulum. CCMV 1a and 2apol also replicated CCMV and BMV genomic RNA2, demonstrating core functionality of CCMV 1a and 2apol in yeast. However, while BMV and CCMV 1a/2apol strongly replicate each others’ genomic RNA3 in plants, neither supported detectable CCMV RNA3 replication in yeast. Moreover, in contrast to plant cells, in yeast CCMV 1a/2apol supported only limited replication of BMV RNA3 (<5% of that by BMV 1a/2apol). In keeping with this, we found that in yeast CCMV 1a was significantly impaired in recruiting BMV or CCMV RNA3 to the replication complex. Overall, we show that many 1a and 2apol functions essential for replication complex assembly, and their ability to be reconstituted in yeast, are conserved between BMV and CCMV. However, restrictions of CCMV RNA replication in yeast reveal previously unknown 1a-linked, RNA-selective host contributions to the essential early process of recruiting viral RNA templates to the replication complex.
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Garcia-Ruiz H. Susceptibility Genes to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E484. [PMID: 30201857 PMCID: PMC6164914 DOI: 10.3390/v10090484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses use cellular factors and resources to replicate and move. Plants respond to viral infection by several mechanisms, including innate immunity, autophagy, and gene silencing, that viruses must evade or suppress. Thus, the establishment of infection is genetically determined by the availability of host factors necessary for virus replication and movement and by the balance between plant defense and viral suppression of defense responses. Host factors may have antiviral or proviral activities. Proviral factors condition susceptibility to viruses by participating in processes essential to the virus. Here, we review current advances in the identification and characterization of host factors that condition susceptibility to plant viruses. Host factors with proviral activity have been identified for all parts of the virus infection cycle: viral RNA translation, viral replication complex formation, accumulation or activity of virus replication proteins, virus movement, and virion assembly. These factors could be targets of gene editing to engineer resistance to plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
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15
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McCaughey J, Stephens DJ. COPII-dependent ER export in animal cells: adaptation and control for diverse cargo. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:119-131. [PMID: 29916038 PMCID: PMC6096569 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The export of newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum is fundamental to the ongoing maintenance of cell and tissue structure and function. After co-translational translocation into the ER, proteins destined for downstream intracellular compartments or secretion from the cell are sorted and packaged into transport vesicles by the COPII coat protein complex. The fundamental discovery and characterization of the pathway has now been augmented by a greater understanding of the role of COPII in diverse aspects of cell function. We now have a deep understanding of how COPII contributes to the trafficking of diverse cargoes including extracellular matrix molecules, developmental signalling proteins, and key metabolic factors such as lipoproteins. Structural and functional studies have shown that the COPII coat is both highly flexible and subject to multiple modes of regulation. This has led to new discoveries defining roles of COPII in development, autophagy, and tissue organization. Many of these newly emerging features of the canonical COPII pathway are placed in a context of procollagen secretion because of the fundamental interest in how a coat complex that typically generates 80-nm transport vesicles can package a cargo reported to be over 300 nm. Here we review the current understanding of COPII and assess the current consensus on its role in packaging diverse cargo proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine McCaughey
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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Assembly-hub function of ER-localized SNARE proteins in biogenesis of tombusvirus replication compartment. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007028. [PMID: 29746582 PMCID: PMC5963807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses assemble numerous membrane-bound viral replicase complexes within large replication compartments to support their replication in infected cells. Yet the detailed mechanism of how given subcellular compartments are subverted by viruses is incompletely understood. Although, Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) uses peroxisomal membranes for replication, in this paper, we show evidence that the ER-resident SNARE (soluble NSF attachment protein receptor) proteins play critical roles in the formation of active replicase complexes in yeast model host and in plants. Depletion of the syntaxin 18-like Ufe1 and Use1, which are components of the ER SNARE complex in the ERAS (ER arrival site) subdomain, in yeast resulted in greatly reduced tombusvirus accumulation. Over-expression of a dominant-negative mutant of either the yeast Ufe1 or the orthologous plant Syp81 syntaxin greatly interferes with tombusvirus replication in yeast and plants, thus further supporting the role of this host protein in tombusvirus replication. Moreover, tombusvirus RNA replication was low in cell-free extracts from yeast with repressed Ufe1 or Use1 expression. We also present evidence for the mislocalization of the tombusviral p33 replication protein to the ER membrane in Ufe1p-depleted yeast cells. The viral p33 replication protein interacts with both Ufe1p and Use1p and co-opts them into the TBSV replication compartment in yeast and plant cells. The co-opted Ufe1 affects the virus-driven membrane contact site formation, sterol-enrichment at replication sites, recruitment of several pro-viral host factors and subversion of the Rab5-positive PE-rich endosomes needed for robust TBSV replication. In summary, we demonstrate a critical role for Ufe1 and Use1 SNARE proteins in TBSV replication and propose that the pro-viral functions of Ufe1 and Use1 are to serve as assembly hubs for the formation of the extensive TBSV replication compartments in cells. Altogether, these findings point clearly at the ERAS subdomain of ER as a critical site for the biogenesis of the TBSV replication compartment. Viral replication organelles are formed in subcellular compartments during positive-strand RNA virus infections to support robust virus replication. TBSV induces multivesicular body-like structures consisting of aggregated peroxisomes. However, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and early endosomal proteins and membranes also contribute to the biogenesis of the replication compartment. The authors show that the syntaxin 18-like Ufe1 and Use1 ER SNARE proteins, which are present in ER subdomains called ERAS (ER arrival site), are necessary for the formation of the viral replication organelles. By binding to the p33 replication protein of TBSV, Ufe1 and Use1 serve as an assembly hub for biogenesis of the replication compartment and facilitating the transfer of phospholipids and sterols to the growing sites of viral replication. The advantage of co-opting ER resident SNAREs could be that these proteins constitute very active ER subdomains (ERAS), which might be especially suitable for generation of the extensive membranous viral replication compartment.
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Chuartzman SG, Schuldiner M. Database for High Throughput Screening Hits (dHITS): a simple tool to retrieve gene specific phenotypes from systematic screens done in yeast. Yeast 2018; 35:477-483. [PMID: 29574976 PMCID: PMC6055851 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade several collections of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains have been created. In these collections every gene is modified in a similar manner such as by a deletion or the addition of a protein tag. Such libraries have enabled a diversity of systematic screens, giving rise to large amounts of information regarding gene functions. However, often papers describing such screens focus on a single gene or a small set of genes and all other loci affecting the phenotype of choice (‘hits’) are only mentioned in tables that are provided as supplementary material and are often hard to retrieve or search. To help unify and make such data accessible, we have created a Database of High Throughput Screening Hits (dHITS). The dHITS database enables information to be obtained about screens in which genes of interest were found as well as the other genes that came up in that screen – all in a readily accessible and downloadable format. The ability to query large lists of genes at the same time provides a platform to easily analyse hits obtained from transcriptional analyses or other screens. We hope that this platform will serve as a tool to facilitate investigation of protein functions to the yeast community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Chuartzman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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18
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Zhang Z, He G, Han GS, Zhang J, Catanzaro N, Diaz A, Wu Z, Carman GM, Xie L, Wang X. Host Pah1p phosphatidate phosphatase limits viral replication by regulating phospholipid synthesis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006988. [PMID: 29649282 PMCID: PMC5916857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication of positive-strand RNA viruses [(+)RNA viruses] takes place in membrane-bound viral replication complexes (VRCs). Formation of VRCs requires virus-mediated manipulation of cellular lipid synthesis. Here, we report significantly enhanced brome mosaic virus (BMV) replication and much improved cell growth in yeast cells lacking PAH1 (pah1Δ), the sole yeast ortholog of human LIPIN genes. PAH1 encodes Pah1p (phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase), which converts phosphatidate (PA) to diacylglycerol that is subsequently used for the synthesis of the storage lipid triacylglycerol. Inactivation of Pah1p leads to altered lipid composition, including high levels of PA, total phospholipids, ergosterol ester, and free fatty acids, as well as expansion of the nuclear membrane. In pah1Δ cells, BMV replication protein 1a and double-stranded RNA localized to the extended nuclear membrane, there was a significant increase in the number of VRCs formed, and BMV genomic replication increased by 2-fold compared to wild-type cells. In another yeast mutant that lacks both PAH1 and DGK1 (encodes diacylglycerol kinase converting diacylglycerol to PA), which has a normal nuclear membrane but maintains similar lipid compositional changes as in pah1Δ cells, BMV replicated as efficiently as in pah1Δ cells, suggesting that the altered lipid composition was responsible for the enhanced BMV replication. We further showed that increased levels of total phospholipids play an important role because the enhanced BMV replication required active synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the major membrane phospholipid. Moreover, overexpression of a phosphatidylcholine synthesis gene (CHO2) promoted BMV replication. Conversely, overexpression of PAH1 or plant PAH1 orthologs inhibited BMV replication in yeast or Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Competing with its host for limited resources, BMV inhibited host growth, which was markedly alleviated in pah1Δ cells. Our work suggests that Pah1p promotes storage lipid synthesis and thus represses phospholipid synthesis, which in turn restricts both viral replication and cell growth during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Guijuan He
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Gil-Soo Han
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Catanzaro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Arturo Diaz
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, VA, United States of America
| | - Zujian Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - George M. Carman
- Department of Food Science and the Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America
| | - Lianhui Xie
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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Garcia-Ruiz H, Diaz A, Ahlquist P. Intermolecular RNA Recombination Occurs at Different Frequencies in Alternate Forms of Brome Mosaic Virus RNA Replication Compartments. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030131. [PMID: 29543718 PMCID: PMC5869524 DOI: 10.3390/v10030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses replicate their genomes in membrane-bound replication compartments. Brome mosaic virus (BMV) replicates in vesicular invaginations of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. BMV has served as a productive model system to study processes like virus-host interactions, RNA replication and recombination. Here we present multiple lines of evidence showing that the structure of the viral RNA replication compartments plays a fundamental role and that recruitment of parental RNAs to a common replication compartment is a limiting step in intermolecular RNA recombination. We show that a previously defined requirement for an RNA recruitment element on both parental RNAs is not to function as a preferred crossover site, but in order for individual RNAs to be recruited into the replication compartments. Moreover, modulating the form of the replication compartments from spherular vesicles (spherules) to more expansive membrane layers increased intermolecular RNA recombination frequency by 200- to 1000-fold. We propose that intermolecular RNA recombination requires parental RNAs to be recruited into replication compartments as monomers, and that recruitment of multiple RNAs into a contiguous space is much more common for layers than for spherules. These results could explain differences in recombination frequencies between viruses that replicate in association with smaller spherules versus larger double-membrane vesicles and convoluted membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
| | - Arturo Diaz
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Department of Biology, La Sierra University, Riverside, CA 92515, USA.
| | - Paul Ahlquist
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, MadisonWI 53706, USA.
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Monsion B, Incarbone M, Hleibieh K, Poignavent V, Ghannam A, Dunoyer P, Daeffler L, Tilsner J, Ritzenthaler C. Efficient Detection of Long dsRNA in Vitro and in Vivo Using the dsRNA Binding Domain from FHV B2 Protein. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:70. [PMID: 29449856 PMCID: PMC5799278 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) plays essential functions in many biological processes, including the activation of innate immune responses and RNA interference. dsRNA also represents the genetic entity of some viruses and is a hallmark of infections by positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Methods for detecting dsRNA rely essentially on immunological approaches and their use is often limited to in vitro applications, although recent developments have allowed the visualization of dsRNA in vivo. Here, we report the sensitive and rapid detection of long dsRNA both in vitro and in vivo using the dsRNA binding domain of the B2 protein from Flock house virus. In vitro, we adapted the system for the detection of dsRNA either enzymatically by northwestern blotting or by direct fluorescence labeling on fixed samples. In vivo, we produced stable transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana lines allowing the visualization of dsRNA by fluorescence microscopy. Using these techniques, we were able to discriminate healthy and positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus-infected material in plants and insect cells. In N. benthamiana, our system proved to be very potent for the spatio-temporal visualization of replicative RNA intermediates of a broad range of positive-sense RNA viruses, including high- vs. low-copy number viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Monsion
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Incarbone
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Kamal Hleibieh
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vianney Poignavent
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ahmed Ghannam
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrice Dunoyer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Daeffler
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Ritzenthaler
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- *Correspondence: Christophe Ritzenthaler
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Jin X, Cao X, Wang X, Jiang J, Wan J, Laliberté JF, Zhang Y. Three-Dimensional Architecture and Biogenesis of Membrane Structures Associated with Plant Virus Replication. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:57. [PMID: 29441085 PMCID: PMC5797596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Positive-sense (+) RNA viruses represent the most abundant group of viruses and are dependent on the host cell machinery to replicate. One remarkable feature that occurs after (+) RNA virus entry into cells is the remodeling of host endomembranes, leading to the formation of viral replication factories. Recently, rapid progress in three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, such as electron tomography (ET) and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), has enabled researchers to visualize the novel membrane structures induced by viruses at high resolution. These 3D imaging technologies provide new mechanistic insights into the viral infection cycle. In this review, we summarize the latest reports on the cellular remodeling that occurs during plant virus infection; in particular, we focus on studies that provide 3D architectural information on viral replication factories. We also outline the mechanisms underlying the formation of these membranous structures and discuss possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Wan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean-François Laliberté
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Yongliang Zhang
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Sec24C-Dependent Transport of Claudin-1 Regulates Hepatitis C Virus Entry. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00629-17. [PMID: 28679754 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00629-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Claudin-1 is a hepatitis C virus (HCV) coreceptor required for viral entry. Although extensive studies have focused on claudin-1 as an anti-HCV target, little is known about how the level of claudin-1 at the cell surface is regulated by host vesicular transport. Here, we identified an interaction between claudin-1 and Sec24C, a cargo-sorting component of the coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicular transport system. By interacting with Sec24C through its C-terminal YV, claudin-1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and is eventually targeted to the cell surface. Blocking COPII transport inhibits HCV entry by reducing the level of claudin-1 at the cell surface. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the role of COPII vesicular transport in HCV entry.IMPORTANCE Tight junction protein claudin-1 is one of the cellular receptors for hepatitis C virus, which infects 185 million people globally. Its cellular distribution plays important role in HCV entry; however, it is unclear how the localization of claudin-1 to the cell surface is controlled by host transport pathways. In this paper, we not only identified Sec24C as a key host factor for HCV entry but also uncovered a novel mechanism by which the COPII machinery transports claudin-1 to the cell surface. This mechanism might be extended to other claudins that contain a C-terminal YV or V motif.
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Nagy PD. Exploitation of a surrogate host, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to identify cellular targets and develop novel antiviral approaches. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 26:132-140. [PMID: 28843111 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant RNA viruses are widespread pathogens that need to interact intricately with their hosts to co-opt numerous cellular factors to facilitate their replication. Currently, there are only a limited number of plant resistance genes against a limited number of viruses. To develop novel antiviral approaches, the interaction network between the given virus and the host cell could be targeted. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been developed as a surrogate host for tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), allowing systematic genome-wide screens to identify both susceptibility and restriction factors for TBSV. Importantly, pro-viral or antiviral functions of several of the characterized yeast proteins have been validated in plant hosts. This paper describes how yeast susceptibility and restriction factors of TBSV could be used as antiviral approaches. The gained knowledge on host factors could lead to novel, inducible, broad-range, and durable antiviral tools against plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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