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Patterson MT, Xu Y, Hillman H, Osinski V, Schrank PR, Kennedy AE, Barrow F, Zhu A, Tollison S, Shekhar S, Stromnes IM, Tassi I, Wu D, Revelo XS, Binstadt BA, Williams JW. Trem2 Agonist Reprograms Foamy Macrophages to Promote Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1646-1657. [PMID: 38695172 PMCID: PMC11208052 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.320797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trem2 (triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2), a surface lipid receptor, is expressed on foamy macrophages within atherosclerotic lesions and regulates cell survival, proliferation, and anti-inflammatory responses. Studies examining the role of Trem2 in atherosclerosis have shown that deletion of Trem2 leads to impaired foamy macrophage lipid uptake, proliferation, survival, and cholesterol efflux. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that administration of a Trem2 agonist antibody (AL002a) to atherogenic mice would enhance macrophage survival and decrease necrotic core formation to improve plaque stability. METHODS To model a therapeutic intervention approach, atherosclerosis-prone mice (Ldlr [low-density lipoprotein receptor]-/-) were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks, then transitioned to treatment with AL002a or isotype control for an additional 8 weeks while continuing on a high-fat diet. RESULTS AL002a-treated mice had increased lesion size in both the aortic root and whole mount aorta, which correlated with an expansion of plaque macrophage area. This expansion was due to increased macrophage survival and proliferation in plaques. Importantly, plaques from AL002a-treated mice showed improved features of plaque stability, including smaller necrotic cores, increased fibrous caps, and greater collagen deposition. Single-cell RNA sequencing of whole aorta suspensions from isotype- and AL002a-treated atherosclerotic mice revealed that Trem2 agonism dramatically altered foamy macrophage transcriptome. This included upregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and increased expression of collagen genes. In vitro studies validated that Trem2 agonism with AL002a promoted foamy macrophage oxidized low-density lipoprotein uptake, survival, and cholesterol efflux. CONCLUSIONS Trem2 agonism expands atherosclerotic plaque macrophages by promoting cell survival and proliferation but improves features of plaque stability by rewiring foamy macrophage function to enhance cholesterol efflux and collagen deposition.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Receptors, Immunologic/agonists
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/agonists
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Mice
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Foam Cells/metabolism
- Foam Cells/pathology
- Foam Cells/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Male
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Diet, High-Fat
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Necrosis
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/genetics
- Aortic Diseases/metabolism
- Aortic Diseases/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Patterson
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Yingzheng Xu
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Hannah Hillman
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Victoria Osinski
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Pediatrics (V.O., B.A.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Patricia R. Schrank
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ainsley E. Kennedy
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Fanta Barrow
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Alisha Zhu
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Samuel Tollison
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Sia Shekhar
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ingunn M. Stromnes
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (I.M.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Ilaria Tassi
- Alector, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (I.T., D.W.)
- Now with Deep Apple Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA (I.T.)
| | - Dick Wu
- Alector, Inc, South San Francisco, CA (I.T., D.W.)
| | - Xavier S. Revelo
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Bryce A. Binstadt
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Pediatrics (V.O., B.A.B.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Jesse W. Williams
- Center for Immunology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., V.O., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., I.M.S., X.S.R., B.A.B., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (M.T.P., Y.X., H.H., P.R.S., A.E.K., F.B., A.Z., S.T., S.S., X.S.R., J.W.W.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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Cressman A, Morales D, Zhang Z, Le B, Foley J, Murray-Stewart T, Genetos DC, Fierro FA. Effects of Spermine Synthase Deficiency in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Are Rescued by Upstream Inhibition of Ornithine Decarboxylase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2463. [PMID: 38473716 PMCID: PMC10931026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-known relevance of polyamines to many forms of life, little is known about how polyamines regulate osteogenesis and skeletal homeostasis. Here, we report a series of in vitro studies conducted with human-bone-marrow-derived pluripotent stromal cells (MSCs). First, we show that during osteogenic differentiation, mRNA levels of most polyamine-associated enzymes are relatively constant, except for the catabolic enzyme spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1), which is strongly increased at both mRNA and protein levels. As a result, the intracellular spermidine to spermine ratio is significantly reduced during the early stages of osteoblastogenesis. Supplementation of cells with exogenous spermidine or spermine decreases matrix mineralization in a dose-dependent manner. Employing N-cyclohexyl-1,3-propanediamine (CDAP) to chemically inhibit spermine synthase (SMS), the enzyme catalyzing conversion of spermidine into spermine, also suppresses mineralization. Intriguingly, this reduced mineralization is rescued with DFMO, an inhibitor of the upstream polyamine enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC1). Similarly, high concentrations of CDAP cause cytoplasmic vacuolization and alter mitochondrial function, which are also reversible with the addition of DFMO. Altogether, these studies suggest that excess polyamines, especially spermidine, negatively affect hydroxyapatite synthesis of primary MSCs, whereas inhibition of polyamine synthesis with DFMO rescues most, but not all of these defects. These findings are relevant for patients with Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS), as the presenting skeletal defects-associated with SMS deficiency-could potentially be ameliorated by treatment with DFMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Cressman
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.C.); (D.M.); (Z.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - David Morales
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.C.); (D.M.); (Z.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Zhenyang Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.C.); (D.M.); (Z.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Bryan Le
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.C.); (D.M.); (Z.Z.); (B.L.)
| | - Jackson Foley
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (J.F.); (T.M.-S.)
| | - Tracy Murray-Stewart
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (J.F.); (T.M.-S.)
| | - Damian C. Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Fernando A. Fierro
- Institute for Regenerative Cures, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.C.); (D.M.); (Z.Z.); (B.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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Barrington CL, Galindo G, Koch AL, Horton ER, Morrison EJ, Tisa S, Stasevich TJ, Rissland OS. Synonymous codon usage regulates translation initiation. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113413. [PMID: 38096059 PMCID: PMC10790568 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonoptimal synonymous codons repress gene expression, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We and others have previously shown that nonoptimal codons slow translation elongation speeds and thereby trigger messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Nevertheless, transcript levels are often insufficient to explain protein levels, suggesting additional mechanisms by which codon usage regulates gene expression. Using reporters in human and Drosophila cells, we find that transcript levels account for less than half of the variation in protein abundance due to codon usage. This discrepancy is explained by translational differences whereby nonoptimal codons repress translation initiation. Nonoptimal transcripts are also less bound by the translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF4G1, providing a mechanistic explanation for their reduced initiation rates. Importantly, translational repression can occur without mRNA decay and deadenylation, and it does not depend on the known nonoptimality sensor, CNOT3. Our results reveal a potent mechanism of regulation by codon usage where nonoptimal codons repress further rounds of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe L Barrington
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gabriel Galindo
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amanda L Koch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Emma R Horton
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Evan J Morrison
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Samantha Tisa
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Timothy J Stasevich
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Olivia S Rissland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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