1
|
Fietzke J, Wall M. Distinct fine-scale variations in calcification control revealed by high-resolution 2D boron laser images in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj4172. [PMID: 35302850 PMCID: PMC8932653 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Coral calcification is a complex biologically controlled process of hard skeleton formation, and it is influenced by environmental conditions. The chemical composition of coral skeletons responds to calcification conditions and can be used to gain insights into both the control asserted by the organism and the environment. Boron and its isotopic composition have been of particular interest because of links to carbon chemistry and pH. In this study, we acquired high-resolution boron images (concentration and isotopes) in a skeleton sample of the azooxanthellate cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. We observed high boron variability at a small spatial scale related to skeletal structure. This implies differences in calcification control during different stages of skeleton formation. Our data point to bicarbonate active transport as a critical pathway during early skeletal growth, and the variable activity rates explain the majority of the observed boron systematic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fietzke
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| | - Marlene Wall
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel, Wischhofstr. 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peled Y, Drake JL, Malik A, Almuly R, Lalzar M, Morgenstern D, Mass T. Optimization of skeletal protein preparation for LC-MS/MS sequencing yields additional coral skeletal proteins in Stylophora pistillata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 2:8. [PMID: 32724895 PMCID: PMC7115838 DOI: 10.1186/s42833-020-00014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stony corals generate their calcium carbonate exoskeleton in a highly controlled biomineralization process mediated by a variety of macromolecules including proteins. Fully identifying and classifying these proteins is crucial to understanding their role in exoskeleton formation, yet no optimal method to purify and characterize the full suite of extracted coral skeletal proteins has been established and hence their complete composition remains obscure. Here, we tested four skeletal protein purification protocols using acetone precipitation and ultrafiltration dialysis filters to present a comprehensive scleractinian coral skeletal proteome. We identified a total of 60 proteins in the coral skeleton, 44 of which were not present in previously published stony coral skeletal proteomes. Extracted protein purification protocols carried out in this study revealed that no one method captures all proteins and each protocol revealed a unique set of method-exclusive proteins. To better understand the general mechanism of skeletal protein transportation, we further examined the proteins’ gene ontology, transmembrane domains, and signal peptides. We found that transmembrane domain proteins and signal peptide secretion pathways, by themselves, could not explain the transportation of proteins to the skeleton. We therefore propose that some proteins are transported to the skeleton via non-traditional secretion pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanai Peled
- Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jeana L Drake
- Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Assaf Malik
- Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ricardo Almuly
- Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Lalzar
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Morgenstern
- De Botton Protein Profiling Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Mass
- Marine Biology Department, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neder M, Laissue PP, Akiva A, Akkaynak D, Albéric M, Spaeker O, Politi Y, Pinkas I, Mass T. Mineral formation in the primary polyps of pocilloporoid corals. Acta Biomater 2019; 96:631-645. [PMID: 31302296 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In reef-building corals, larval settlement and its rapid calcification provides a unique opportunity to study the bio-calcium carbonate formation mechanism involving skeleton morphological changes. Here we investigate the mineral formation of primary polyps, just after settlement, in two species of the pocilloporoid corals: Stylophora pistillata (Esper, 1797) and Pocillopora acuta (Lamarck, 1816). We show that the initial mineral phase is nascent Mg-Calcite, with rod-like morphology in P. acuta, and dumbbell morphology in S. pistillata. These structures constitute the first layer of the basal plate which is comparable to Rapid Accretion Deposits (Centers of Calcification, CoC) in adult coral skeleton. We found also that the rod-like/dumbbell Mg-Calcite structures in subsequent growth step will merge into larger aggregates by deposition of aragonite needles. Our results suggest that a biologically controlled mineralization of initial skeletal deposits occurs in three steps: first, vesicles filled with divalent ions are formed intracellularly. These vesicles are then transferred to the calcification site, forming nascent Mg-Calcite rod/pristine dumbbell structures. During the third step, aragonite crystals develop between these structures forming spherulite-like aggregates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Coral settlement and recruitment periods are highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Successful mineralization during these periods is vital and influences the coral's chances of survival. Therefore, understanding the exact mechanism underlying carbonate precipitation is highly important. Here, we used in vivo microscopy, spectroscopy and molecular methods to provide new insights into mineral development. We show that the primary polyp's mineral arsenal consists of two types of minerals: Mg-Calcite and aragonite. In addition, we provide new insights into the ion pathway by showing that divalent ions are concentrated in intracellular vesicles and are eventually deposited at the calcification site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Neder
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel; The Interuniversity Institute of Marine Sciences, Eilat 88103, Israel
| | | | - Anat Akiva
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry and Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Derya Akkaynak
- The Interuniversity Institute of Marine Sciences, Eilat 88103, Israel; Department of Marine Technologies, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Marie Albéric
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Oliver Spaeker
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Yael Politi
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Tali Mass
- Department of Marine Biology, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Simonet Roda M, Ziegler A, Griesshaber E, Yin X, Rupp U, Greiner M, Henkel D, Häussermann V, Eisenhauer A, Laudien J, Schmahl WW. Terebratulide brachiopod shell biomineralization by mantle epithelial cells. J Struct Biol 2019; 207:136-157. [PMID: 31071428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To understand mineral transport pathways for shell secretion and to assess differences in cellular activity during mineralization, we imaged with TEM and FE-SEM ultrastructural characteristics of outer mantle epithelium (OME) cells. Imaging was carried out on Magellania venosa shells embedded/etched, chemically fixed/decalcified and high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted samples from the commissure, central shell portions and from puncta. Imaging results are complemented with morphometric evaluations of volume fractions of membrane-bound organelles. At the commissure the OME consists of several layers of cells. These cells form oblique extensions that, in cross-section, are round below the primary layer and flat underneath fibres. At the commissure the OME is multi-cell layered, in central shell regions it is single-cell layered. When actively secreting shell carbonate extrapallial space is lacking, because OME cells are in direct contact with the calcite of the forming fibres. Upon termination of secretion, OME cells attach via apical hemidesmosomes to extracellular matrix membranes that line the proximal surface of fibres. At the commissure volume fractions for vesicles, mitochondria and lysosomes are higher relative to single-cell layered regions, whereas for endoplasmic-reticulum and Golgi apparatus there is no difference. FE-SEM, TEM imaging reveals the lack of extrapallial space between OME cells and developing fibres. In addition, there is no indication for an amorphous precursor within fibres when these are in active secretion mode. Accordingly, our results do not support transport of minerals by vesicles from cells to sites of mineralization, rather by transfer of carbonate ions via transport mechanisms associated with OME cell membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Simonet Roda
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany.
| | - A Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - E Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - X Yin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - U Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - M Greiner
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| | - D Henkel
- Marine Biogeochemistry/Marine Systems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - V Häussermann
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Avda. Brasil, 2950 Valparaíso, Chile; Huinay Scientific Field Station, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Eisenhauer
- Marine Biogeochemistry/Marine Systems, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - J Laudien
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - W W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, LMU, 80333 München, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
DeCarlo TM, Comeau S, Cornwall CE, McCulloch MT. Coral resistance to ocean acidification linked to increased calcium at the site of calcification. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 285:rspb.2018.0564. [PMID: 29720418 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification threatens the persistence of biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) production on coral reefs. However, some coral genera show resistance to declines in seawater pH, potentially achieved by modulating the chemistry of the fluid where calcification occurs. We use two novel geochemical techniques based on boron systematics and Raman spectroscopy, which together provide the first constraints on the sensitivity of coral calcifying fluid calcium concentrations ([Formula: see text]) to changing seawater pH. In response to simulated end-of-century pH conditions, Pocillopora damicornis increased [Formula: see text] to as much as 25% above that of seawater and maintained constant calcification rates. Conversely, Acropora youngei displayed less control over [Formula: see text], and its calcification rates strongly declined at lower seawater pH. Although the role of [Formula: see text] in driving calcification has often been neglected, increasing [Formula: see text] may be a key mechanism enabling more resistant corals to cope with ocean acidification and continue to build CaCO3 skeletons in a high-CO2 world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M DeCarlo
- Oceans Institute and Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - S Comeau
- Oceans Institute and Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - C E Cornwall
- Oceans Institute and Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - M T McCulloch
- Oceans Institute and Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Decelle J, Stryhanyuk H, Gallet B, Veronesi G, Schmidt M, Balzano S, Marro S, Uwizeye C, Jouneau PH, Lupette J, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Schwab Y, Schieber NL, Tucoulou R, Richnow H, Finazzi G, Musat N. Algal Remodeling in a Ubiquitous Planktonic Photosymbiosis. Curr Biol 2019; 29:968-978.e4. [PMID: 30827917 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Photosymbiosis between single-celled hosts and microalgae is common in oceanic plankton, especially in oligotrophic surface waters. However, the functioning of this ecologically important cell-cell interaction and the subcellular mechanisms allowing the host to accommodate and benefit from its microalgae remain enigmatic. Here, using a combination of quantitative single-cell structural and chemical imaging techniques (FIB-SEM, nanoSIMS, Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence), we show that the structural organization, physiology, and trophic status of the algal symbionts (the haptophyte Phaeocystis) significantly change within their acantharian hosts compared to their free-living phase in culture. In symbiosis, algal cell division is blocked, photosynthesis is enhanced, and cell volume is increased by up to 10-fold with a higher number of plastids (from 2 to up to 30) and thylakoid membranes. The multiplication of plastids can lead to a 38-fold increase of the total plastid volume in a cell. Subcellular mapping of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) and their stoichiometric ratios shows that symbiotic algae are impoverished in phosphorous and suggests a higher investment in energy-acquisition machinery rather than in growth. Nanoscale imaging also showed that the host supplies a substantial amount of trace metals (e.g., iron and cobalt), which are stored in algal vacuoles at high concentrations (up to 660 ppm). Sulfur mapping reveals a high concentration in algal vacuoles that may be a source of antioxidant molecules. Overall, this study unveils an unprecedented morphological and metabolic transformation of microalgae following their integration into a host, and it suggests that this widespread symbiosis is a farming strategy wherein the host engulfs and exploits microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Decelle
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hryhoriy Stryhanyuk
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benoit Gallet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Giulia Veronesi
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux UMR 5249, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France; ESRF, The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthias Schmidt
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sergio Balzano
- NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, and Utrecht University, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Marro
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche UMR7093, Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Clarisse Uwizeye
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Jouneau
- Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Josselin Lupette
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Eric Maréchal
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicole L Schieber
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rémi Tucoulou
- ESRF, The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Hans Richnow
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRA, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Niculina Musat
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gordon BR, Martin DE, Bambery KR, Motti CA. Chemical imaging of a Symbiodinium sp. cell using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy: a feasibility study. J Microsc 2017; 270:83-91. [PMID: 29064560 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between corals and Symbiodinium spp. is the key to the success and survival of coral reef ecosystems the world over. Nutrient exchange and chemical communication between the two partners provides the foundation of this key relationship, yet we are far from a complete understanding of these processes. This is due, in part, to the difficulties associated with studying an intracellular symbiosis at the small spatial scales required to elucidate metabolic interactions between the two partners. This feasibility study, which accompanied a more extensive investigation of fixed Symbiodinium cells (data unpublished), examines the potential of using synchrotron radiation infrared microspectroscopy (SR-IRM) for exploring metabolite localisation within a single Symbiodinium cell. In doing so, three chemically distinct subcellular regions of a single Symbiodinium cell were established and correlated to cellular function based on assignment of diagnostic chemical classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Gordon
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - D E Martin
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - K R Bambery
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - C A Motti
- The Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Cleveland, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Von Euw S, Zhang Q, Manichev V, Murali N, Gross J, Feldman LC, Gustafsson T, Flach C, Mendelsohn R, Falkowski PG. Biological control of aragonite formation in stony corals. Science 2017; 356:933-938. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam6371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
9
|
Raina JB, Clode PL, Cheong S, Bougoure J, Kilburn MR, Reeder A, Forêt S, Stat M, Beltran V, Thomas-Hall P, Tapiolas D, Motti CM, Gong B, Pernice M, Marjo CE, Seymour JR, Willis BL, Bourne DG. Subcellular tracking reveals the location of dimethylsulfoniopropionate in microalgae and visualises its uptake by marine bacteria. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28371617 PMCID: PMC5380433 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton-bacteria interactions drive the surface ocean sulfur cycle and local climatic processes through the production and exchange of a key compound: dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Despite their large-scale implications, these interactions remain unquantified at the cellular-scale. Here we use secondary-ion mass spectrometry to provide the first visualization of DMSP at sub-cellular levels, tracking the fate of a stable sulfur isotope (34S) from its incorporation by microalgae as inorganic sulfate to its biosynthesis and exudation as DMSP, and finally its uptake and degradation by bacteria. Our results identify for the first time the storage locations of DMSP in microalgae, with high enrichments present in vacuoles, cytoplasm and chloroplasts. In addition, we quantify DMSP incorporation at the single-cell level, with DMSP-degrading bacteria containing seven times more 34S than the control strain. This study provides an unprecedented methodology to label, retain, and image small diffusible molecules, which can be transposable to other symbiotic systems. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23008.001 Sulfur is an essential element for many organisms and environmental processes. Every year, organisms including microalgae produce more than one billion tons of a sulfur-containing compound called DMSP. Some of this DMSP is released into seawater, where it acts as a key nutrient for microscopic organisms and as a foraging cue to attract fish. DMSP is also the precursor of a gas that helps to form clouds. Despite DMSP’s potential large-scale effects, it is still not clear what role it plays in the organisms that produce it, or how it is transferred from the microalgae that produce it to the bacteria that use it. It is thought that DMSP could potentially protect the cells from sudden changes in the amount of salt in the seawater (salinity) or from other damage, such as oxidative stress – a build-up of harmful chemicals inside cells. In a controlled setting using artificial seawater, Raina et al. used high-resolution imaging and chemical analysis to track the journey of DMSP from microalgae to recipient bacteria. The results show that similar to land plants, algae store DMSP in the compartments that regulate cell pressure and photosynthesis. The presence of DMSP in these locations also supports its proposed role in protecting cells from changes in salinity or oxidative damage. A future step will be to identify the genes involved in producing DMSP in microalgae. This knowledge could be used to create mutants that are either incapable of producing this molecule or that overproduce it. In combination with the high-resolution imaging techniques described here, this will allow researchers to fully understand the role that DMSP plays in these organisms. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23008.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Raina
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.,Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Oceans Institute, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Soshan Cheong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Jeremy Bougoure
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Matt R Kilburn
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Anthony Reeder
- The Centre for Microscopy Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Sylvain Forêt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michael Stat
- Trace and Environmental DNA Laboratory, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Victor Beltran
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | | | - Dianne Tapiolas
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Cherie M Motti
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia
| | - Bill Gong
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Mathieu Pernice
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher E Marjo
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bette L Willis
- AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ohno Y, Iguchi A, Shinzato C, Gushi M, Inoue M, Suzuki A, Sakai K, Nakamura T. Calcification process dynamics in coral primary polyps as observed using a calcein incubation method. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 9:289-294. [PMID: 29114586 PMCID: PMC5627507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification processes are largely unknown in scleractinian corals. In this study, live confocal imaging was used to elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of the calcification process in aposymbiotic primary polyps of the coral species Acropora digitifera. The fluorophore calcein was used as a calcium deposition marker and a visible indicator of extracellular fluid distribution at the tissue-skeleton interface (subcalicoblastic medium, SCM) in primary polyp tissues. Under continuous incubation in calcein-containing seawater, initial crystallization and skeletal growth were visualized among the calicoblastic cells in live primary polyp tissues. Additionally, the distribution of calcein-stained SCM and contraction movements of the pockets of SCM were captured at intervals of a few minutes. Our experimental system provided several new insights into coral calcification, particularly as a first step in monitoring the relationship between cellular dynamics and calcification in vivo. Our study suggests that coral calcification initiates at intercellular spaces, a finding that may contribute to the general understanding of coral calcification processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Ohno
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Course, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Akira Iguchi
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, 905 Henoko, Nago, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Chuya Shinzato
- Marine Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mikako Gushi
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College, 905 Henoko, Nago, Okinawa 905-2192, Japan
| | - Mayuri Inoue
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakai
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Marine and Environmental Sciences Course, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
- Sesoko Station, Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, 3422 Sesoko, Motobu, Okinawa 905-0227, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)/Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) SATREPS, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Louis YD, Bhagooli R, Kenkel CD, Baker AC, Dyall SD. Gene expression biomarkers of heat stress in scleractinian corals: Promises and limitations. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 191:63-77. [PMID: 27585119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression biomarkers (GEBs) are emerging as powerful diagnostic tools for identifying and characterizing coral stress. Their capacity to detect sublethal stress prior to the onset of signs at the organismal level that might already indicate significant damage makes them more precise and proactive compared to traditional monitoring techniques. A high number of candidate GEBs, including certain heat shock protein genes, metabolic genes, oxidative stress genes, immune response genes, ion transport genes, and structural genes have been investigated, and some genes, including hsp16, Cacna1, MnSOD, SLC26, and Nf-kB, are already showing excellent potential as reliable indicators of thermal stress in corals. In this mini-review, we synthesize the current state of knowledge of scleractinian coral GEBs and highlight gaps in our understanding that identify directions for future work. We also address the underlying sources of variation that have sometimes led to contrasting results between studies, such as differences in experimental set-up and approach, intrinsic variation in the expression profiles of different experimental organisms (such as between different colonies or their algal symbionts), diel cycles, varying thermal history, and different expression thresholds. Despite advances in our understanding there is still no universally accepted biomarker of thermal stress, the molecular response of corals to heat stress is still unclear, and biomarker research in Symbiodinium still lags behind that of the host. These gaps should be addressed in future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohan D Louis
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Ranjeet Bhagooli
- Department of Marine & Ocean Science, Fisheries & Mariculture, Faculty of Ocean Studies, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius.
| | - Carly D Kenkel
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3, Townsville MC, QLD 4810, Australia
| | - Andrew C Baker
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sabrina D Dyall
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit 80837, Mauritius
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Sulfur-containing compounds are important components of all organisms, but few studies have explored sulfate utilization in corals. Our previous study found that the expression of a sulfur transporter (SLC26A11) was upregulated in the presence of Symbiodinium cells in juveniles of the reef-building coral Acropora tenuis. In this study, we performed autoradiography using 35S-labeled sulfate ions (35SO4 2−) to examine the localization and amount of incorporated radioactive sulfate in the coral tissues and symbiotic algae. Incorporated 35SO4 2− was detected in symbiotic algal cells, nematocysts, ectodermal cells and calicoblast cells. The combined results of 35S autoradiography and Alcian Blue staining showed that incorporated 35S accumulated as sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the ectodermal cell layer. We also compared the relative incorporation of 35SO4 2− into coral tissues and endosymbiotic algae, and their chemical fractions in dark versus light (photosynthetic) conditions. The amount of sulfur compounds, such as GAGs and lipids, generated from 35SO4 2− was higher under photosynthetic conditions. Together with the upregulation of sulfate transporters by symbiosis, our results suggest that photosynthesis of algal endosymbionts contributes to the synthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds in corals. Summary:35S-labeled sulfate incorporated into various cells of coral demonstrates that photosynthesis of endosymbiotic algae contributes to the synthesis and utilization of sulfur compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Yuyama
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tomihiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takei
- Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8564, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fernando DR, Marshall AT, Lynch JP. Foliar Nutrient Distribution Patterns in Sympatric Maple Species Reflect Contrasting Sensitivity to Excess Manganese. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157702. [PMID: 27391424 PMCID: PMC4938512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugar maple and red maple are closely-related co-occurring tree species significant to the North American forest biome. Plant abiotic stress effects including nutritional imbalance and manganese (Mn) toxicity are well documented within this system, and are implicated in enhanced susceptibility to biotic stresses such as insect attack. Both tree species are known to overaccumulate foliar manganese (Mn) when growing on unbuffered acidified soils, however, sugar maple is Mn-sensitive, while red maple is not. Currently there is no knowledge about the cellular sequestration of Mn and other nutrients in these two species. Here, electron-probe x-ray microanalysis was employed to examine cellular and sub-cellular deposition of excessively accumulated foliar Mn and other mineral nutrients in vivo. For both species, excess foliar Mn was deposited in symplastic cellular compartments. There were striking between-species differences in Mn, magnesium (Mg), sulphur (S) and calcium (Ca) distribution patterns. Unusually, Mn was highly co-localised with Mg in mesophyll cells of red maple only. The known sensitivity of sugar maple to excess Mn is likely linked to Mg deficiency in the leaf mesophyll. There was strong evidence that Mn toxicity in sugar maple is primarily a symplastic process. For each species, leaf-surface damage due to biotic stress including insect herbivory was compared between sites with acidified and non-acidified soils. Although it was greatest overall in red maple, there was no difference in biotic stress damage to red maple leaves between acidified and non-acidified soils. Sugar maple trees on buffered non-acidified soil were less damaged by biotic stress compared to those on unbuffered acidified soil, where they are also affected by Mn toxicity abiotic stress. This study concluded that foliar nutrient distribution in symplastic compartments is a determinant of Mn sensitivity, and that Mn stress hinders plant resistance to biotic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise R. Fernando
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Evolution, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan T. Marshall
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Laboratory, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan P. Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kotula L, Khan HA, Quealy J, Turner NC, Vadez V, Siddique KHM, Clode PL, Colmer TD. Salt sensitivity in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): ions in reproductive tissues and yield components in contrasting genotypes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1565-77. [PMID: 25615287 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive phase in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is affected by salinity, but little is known about the underlying cause. We investigated whether high concentrations of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the reproductive structures influence reproductive processes. Chickpea genotypes contrasting in tolerance were subjected to 0, 35 or 50 mm NaCl applied to soil in pots. Flower production and abortion, pod number, percentage of empty pods, seed number and size were evaluated. The concentrations of Na(+) , K(+) and Cl(-) were measured in various plant tissues and, using X-ray microanalysis, in specific cells of developing reproductive structures. Genotypic variation in reproductive success measured as seed yield in saline conditions was associated with better maintenance of flower production and higher numbers of filled pods (and thus seed number), whereas seed size decreased in all genotypes. Despite the variation in reproductive success, the accumulation of Na(+) and Cl(-) in the early reproductive tissues of developing pods did not differ between a tolerant (Genesis836) and a sensitive (Rupali) genotype. Similarly, salinity tolerance was not associated with the accumulation of salt ions in leaves at the time of reproduction or in seeds at maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kotula
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Hammad A Khan
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture (M082), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - John Quealy
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding (M080), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Neil C Turner
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture (M082), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Plant Genetics and Breeding (M080), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Vincent Vadez
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Greater Hyderabad, Telangana, 502 324, India
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture (M082), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Peta L Clode
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology (M084), Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture (M082), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Raju M, Nair RR, Raval IH, Haldar S, Chatterjee PB. Reporting a new siderophore based Ca2+ selective chemosensor that works as a staining agent in the live organism Artemia. Analyst 2015; 140:7799-809. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01733e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A new acyclic chemosensor bearing a siderophore linked to a rhodamine 6G fluorophore showed highly selective detection of Ca2+ ions in 100% aqueous solution at pH 7.4. The probe showed bio-imaging applicability in the live animal Artemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Raju
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility (AD&CIF)
- CSIR-CSMCRI
- Bhavnagar
- India
| | - Ratish R. Nair
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility (AD&CIF)
- CSIR-CSMCRI
- Bhavnagar
- India
| | - Ishan H. Raval
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division
- CSIR-CSMCRI
- Bhavnagar
- India
| | - Soumya Haldar
- Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division
- CSIR-CSMCRI
- Bhavnagar
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Pabitra B. Chatterjee
- Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility (AD&CIF)
- CSIR-CSMCRI
- Bhavnagar
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hemond EM, Kaluziak ST, Vollmer SV. The genetics of colony form and function in Caribbean Acropora corals. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1133. [PMID: 25519925 PMCID: PMC4320547 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colonial reef-building corals have evolved a broad spectrum of colony morphologies based on coordinated asexual reproduction of polyps on a secreted calcium carbonate skeleton. Though cnidarians have been shown to possess and use similar developmental genes to bilaterians during larval development and polyp formation, little is known about genetic regulation of colony morphology in hard corals. We used RNA-seq to evaluate transcriptomic differences between functionally distinct regions of the coral (apical branch tips and branch bases) in two species of Caribbean Acropora, the staghorn coral, A. cervicornis, and the elkhorn coral, A. palmata. Results Transcriptome-wide gene profiles differed significantly between different parts of the coral colony as well as between species. Genes showing differential expression between branch tips and bases were involved in developmental signaling pathways, such as Wnt, Notch, and BMP, as well as pH regulation, ion transport, extracellular matrix production and other processes. Differences both within colonies and between species identify a relatively small number of genes that may contribute to the distinct “staghorn” versus “elkhorn” morphologies of these two sister species. Conclusions The large number of differentially expressed genes supports a strong division of labor between coral branch tips and branch bases. Genes involved in growth of mature Acropora colonies include the classical signaling pathways associated with development of cnidarian larvae and polyps as well as morphological determination in higher metazoans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1133) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
17
|
Immunolocalization of skeletal matrix proteins in tissue and mineral of the coral Stylophora pistillata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12728-33. [PMID: 25139990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408621111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precipitation and assembly of calcium carbonate skeletons by stony corals is a precisely controlled process regulated by the secretion of an ECM. Recently, it has been reported that the proteome of the skeletal organic matrix (SOM) contains a group of coral acid-rich proteins as well as an assemblage of adhesion and structural proteins, which together, create a framework for the precipitation of aragonite. To date, we are aware of no report that has investigated the localization of individual SOM proteins in the skeleton. In particular, no data are available on the ultrastructural mapping of these proteins in the calcification site or the skeleton. This information is crucial to assessing the role of these proteins in biomineralization. Immunological techniques represent a valuable approach to localize a single component within a calcified skeleton. By using immunogold labeling and immunohistochemical assays, here we show the spatial arrangement of key matrix proteins in tissue and skeleton of the common zooxanthellate coral, Stylophora pistillata. To our knowledge, our results reveal for the first time that, at the nanoscale, skeletal proteins are embedded within the aragonite crystals in a highly ordered arrangement consistent with a diel calcification pattern. In the tissue, these proteins are not restricted to the calcifying epithelium, suggesting that they also play other roles in the coral's metabolic pathways.
Collapse
|
18
|
Barott KL, Helman Y, Haramaty L, Barron ME, Hess KC, Buck J, Levin LR, Tresguerres M. High adenylyl cyclase activity and in vivo cAMP fluctuations in corals suggest central physiological role. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1379. [PMID: 23459251 PMCID: PMC3587883 DOI: 10.1038/srep01379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corals are an ecologically and evolutionarily significant group, providing the framework for coral reef biodiversity while representing one of the most basal of metazoan phyla. However, little is known about fundamental signaling pathways in corals. Here we investigate the dynamics of cAMP, a conserved signaling molecule that can regulate virtually every physiological process. Bioinformatics revealed corals have both transmembrane and soluble adenylyl cyclases (AC). Endogenous cAMP levels in live corals followed a potential diel cycle, as they were higher during the day compared to the middle of the night. Coral homogenates exhibited some of the highest cAMP production rates ever to be recorded in any organism; this activity was inhibited by calcium ions and stimulated by bicarbonate. In contrast, zooxanthellae or mucus had >1000-fold lower AC activity. These results suggest that cAMP is an important regulator of coral physiology, especially in response to light, acid/base disturbances and inorganic carbon levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Barott
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Biology Research Division, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Y. Helman
- Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- Current address: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - L. Haramaty
- Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Program, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - M. E. Barron
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Biology Research Division, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - K. C. Hess
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Buck
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - L. R. Levin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - M. Tresguerres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Marine Biology Research Division, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Malcolm H, April H. The magnesium inhibition and arrested phagosome hypotheses: new perspectives on the evolution and ecology ofSymbiodiniumsymbioses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:804-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Venn A, Tambutté E, Holcomb M, Allemand D, Tambutté S. Live tissue imaging shows reef corals elevate pH under their calcifying tissue relative to seawater. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20013. [PMID: 21637757 PMCID: PMC3103511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat posed to coral reefs by changes in seawater pH and carbonate chemistry (ocean acidification) raises the need for a better mechanistic understanding of physiological processes linked to coral calcification. Current models of coral calcification argue that corals elevate extracellular pH under their calcifying tissue relative to seawater to promote skeleton formation, but pH measurements taken from the calcifying tissue of living, intact corals have not been achieved to date. We performed live tissue imaging of the reef coral Stylophora pistillata to determine extracellular pH under the calcifying tissue and intracellular pH in calicoblastic cells. We worked with actively calcifying corals under flowing seawater and show that extracellular pH (pHe) under the calicoblastic epithelium is elevated by ∼0.5 and ∼0.2 pH units relative to the surrounding seawater in light and dark conditions respectively. By contrast, the intracellular pH (pHi) of the calicoblastic epithelium remains stable in the light and dark. Estimates of aragonite saturation states derived from our data indicate the elevation in subcalicoblastic pHe favour calcification and may thus be a critical step in the calcification process. However, the observed close association of the calicoblastic epithelium with the underlying crystals suggests that the calicoblastic cells influence the growth of the coral skeleton by other processes in addition to pHe modification. The procedure used in the current study provides a novel, tangible approach for future investigations into these processes and the impact of environmental change on the cellular mechanisms underpinning coral calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Venn
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Principality of Monaco.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tambutté E, Tambutté S, Segonds N, Zoccola D, Venn A, Erez J, Allemand D. Calcein labelling and electrophysiology: insights on coral tissue permeability and calcification. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:19-27. [PMID: 21613296 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the transfer of molecules from the surrounding sea water to the site of coral calcification are not well understood, but are critical for understanding how coral reefs are formed. We conducted experiments with the fluorescent dye calcein, which binds to calcium and is incorporated into growing calcium carbonate crystals, to determine the permeability properties of coral cells and tissues to this molecule, and to determine how it is incorporated into the coral skeleton. We also compared rates of calcein incorporation with rates of calcification measured by the alkalinity anomaly technique. Finally, by an electrophysiological approach, we investigated the electrical resistance of coral tissues in order to better understand the role of tissues in ionic permeability. Our results show that (i) calcein passes through coral tissues by a paracellular pathway, (ii) intercellular junctions control and restrict the diffusion of molecules, (iii) intercellular junctions should have pores of a size higher than 13 Å and lower than 20 nm, and (iv) the resistance of the tissues owing to paracellular junctions has a value of 477 ± 21 Ohm cm(2). We discuss the implication of our results for the transport of calcium involved in the calcification process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tambutté
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Avenue Saint Martin 98000, Monaco
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hofmann GE, Todgham AE. Living in the now: physiological mechanisms to tolerate a rapidly changing environment. Annu Rev Physiol 2010; 72:127-45. [PMID: 20148670 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide has resulted in scientific projections of changes in global temperatures, climate in general, and surface seawater chemistry. Although the consequences to ecosystems and communities of metazoans are only beginning to be revealed, a key to forecasting expected changes in animal communities is an understanding of species' vulnerability to a changing environment. For example, environmental stressors may affect a particular species by driving that organism outside a tolerance window, by altering the costs of metabolic processes under the new conditions, or by changing patterns of development and reproduction. Implicit in all these examples is the foundational understanding of physiological mechanisms and how a particular environmental driver (e.g., temperature and ocean acidification) will be transduced through the animal to alter tolerances and performance. In this review, we highlight examples of mechanisms, focusing on those underlying physiological plasticity, that operate in contemporary organisms as a means to consider physiological responses that are available to organisms in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Hofmann
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9620, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
pH regulation in symbiotic anemones and corals: a delicate balancing act. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:16541-2. [PMID: 19805333 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909140106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
24
|
CHANDRA S. Subcellular imaging of RNA distribution and DNA replication in single mammalian cells with SIMS: the localization of heat shock induced RNA in relation to the distribution of intranuclear bound calcium. J Microsc 2008; 232:27-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02081.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|