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Bjerke JW, Magnussen K, Bright RM, Navrud S, Erlandsson R, Finne EA, Tømmervik H. Synergies and trade-offs between provisioning and climate-regulating ecosystem services in reindeer herding ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171914. [PMID: 38554956 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) pastoralism utilizes vast boreo-arctic taiga and tundra as grazing land. Highly fluctuating population sizes pose major challenges to the economy and livelihood of indigenous herder communities. In this study we investigated the effect of population fluctuations on core provisioning and regulating ecosystem services in two Sámi reindeer herding districts with contrasting fluctuation trends. We compared 50-year long time series on herd size, meat production, forage productivity, carbon footprint, and CO2-equivalence metrics for surface albedo change based on the radiative forcing concept. Our results show, for both districts, that the economic benefits from the provisioning services were higher than the costs from the regulating services. Still, there were major contrasts; the district with moderate and stable reindeer density gained nearly the double on provisioning services per unit area. The costs from increasing heat absorption due to reduction in surface albedo caused by replacement of high-reflective lichens with low-reflective woody plants, was 10.5 times higher per unit area in the district with large fluctuations. Overall, the net economic benefits per unit area were 237 % higher in the district with stable reindeer density. These results demonstrate that it is possible to minimize trade-offs between economic benefits from reindeer herding locally and global economic costs in terms of climate-regulating services by minimizing fluctuations in herds that are managed at sustainable densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarle W Bjerke
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway.
| | | | - Ryan M Bright
- Department of Forests and Climate, Division of Forestry and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Ståle Navrud
- School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Rasmus Erlandsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eirik A Finne
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway; Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Tømmervik
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Tromsø, Norway
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2
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Newman BA, D’Angelo GJ. A Review of Cervidae Visual Ecology. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:420. [PMID: 38338063 PMCID: PMC10854973 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the visual systems of cervids in relation to their ability to meet their ecological needs and how their visual systems are specialized for particular tasks. Cervidae encompasses a diverse group of mammals that serve as important ecological drivers within their ecosystems. Despite evidence of highly specialized visual systems, a large portion of cervid research ignores or fails to consider the realities of cervid vision as it relates to their ecology. Failure to account for an animal's visual ecology during research can lead to unintentional biases and uninformed conclusions regarding the decision making and behaviors for a species or population. Our review addresses core behaviors and their interrelationship with cervid visual characteristics. Historically, the study of cervid visual characteristics has been restricted to specific areas of inquiry such as color vision and contains limited integration into broader ecological and behavioral research. The purpose of our review is to bridge these gaps by offering a comprehensive review of cervid visual ecology that emphasizes the interplay between the visual adaptations of cervids and their interactions with habitats and other species. Ultimately, a better understanding of cervid visual ecology allows researchers to gain deeper insights into their behavior and ecology, providing critical information for conservation and management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise A. Newman
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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3
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Dominy NJ, Hobaiter C, Harris JM. Reindeer and the quest for Scottish enlichenment. Iperception 2023; 14:20416695231218520. [PMID: 38107029 PMCID: PMC10725117 DOI: 10.1177/20416695231218520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the hall of animal oddities, the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is the only mammal with a color-shifting tapetum lucidum and the only ruminant with a lichen-dominated diet. These puzzling traits coexist with yet another enigma--ocular media that transmit up to 60% of ultraviolet (UV) light, enough to excite the cones responsible for color vision. It is unclear why any day-active circum-Arctic mammal would benefit from UV visual sensitivity, but it could improve detection of UV-absorbing lichens against a background of UV-reflecting snows, especially during the extended twilight hours of winter. To explore this idea and advance our understanding of reindeer visual ecology, we recorded the reflectance spectra of several ground-growing (terricolous), shrubby (fruticose) lichens in the diets of reindeer living in Cairngorms National Park, Scotland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J. Dominy
- Departments of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Catherine Hobaiter
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Julie M. Harris
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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4
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Newman BA, Dyal JR, Miller KV, Cherry MJ, D'Angelo GJ. Influence of visual perception on movement decisions by an ungulate prey species. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059932. [PMID: 37843403 PMCID: PMC10602006 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual perception is dynamic and depends on physiological properties of a species' visual system and physical characteristics of the environment. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are most sensitive to short- and mid-wavelength light (e.g. blue and green). Wavelength enrichment varies spatially and temporally across the landscape. We assessed how the visual perception of deer influences their movement decisions. From August to September 2019, we recorded 10-min locations from 15 GPS-collared adult male deer in Central Florida. We used Hidden-Markov models to identify periods of movement by deer and subset these data into three time periods based on temporal changes in light environments. We modeled resource selection during movement using path-selection functions and simulated 10 available paths for every path used. We developed five a priori models and used 10-fold cross validation to assess our top model's performance for each time period. During the day, deer selected to move through woodland shade, avoided forest shade, and neither selected nor avoided small gaps. At twilight, deer avoided wetlands as cloud cover increased but neither selected nor avoided other cover types. Visual cues and signals are likely more conspicuous to deer in short-wavelength-enriched woodland shade during the day, while at twilight in long-wavelength-enriched wetlands during cloud cover, visual cues are likely less conspicuous. The nocturnal light environment did not influence resource selection and likely has little effect on deer movements because it's relatively homogenous. Our findings suggest visual perception relative to light environments is likely an underappreciated driver of behaviors and decision-making by an ungulate prey species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise A. Newman
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jordan R. Dyal
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Karl V. Miller
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael J. Cherry
- Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, 700 University Blvd., Kingsville, TX 78363, USA
| | - Gino J. D'Angelo
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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5
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Klyusov N, Garin N, Usenyuk-Kravchuk S, Vasilieva E, Ustinov K. A Biomorphic Approach to Designing Special-Purpose Vehicles for Arctic Conditions. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:360. [PMID: 37622965 PMCID: PMC10452215 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper explores the potential of the biomorphic approach to context-based design with a focus on special-purpose mobility in the Arctic. The study seeks to contribute to the analytical and conceptual basis for developing the transport component of the Arctic life-support system, i.e., a set of objects and technologies, and knowledge and skills for handling them, allowing a person to survive and comfortably exist in severe environmental conditions. The central argument is that the system should incorporate structural components that possess not only technical but also artistic and emotional characteristics that align with the geographic (environmental and climatic), socio-cultural, and psychological peculiarities of use. This can be achieved by drawing inspiration from local nature. We probe the visual image of "soft military presence" using two case studies in different parts of the Russian Arctic: the Yamal and Chukchi peninsulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Klyusov
- Arctic Design Lab, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620000, Russia
| | - Nikolai Garin
- Arctic Design Lab, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620000, Russia
- Industrial Design Department, Ural State University of Architecture and Art, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina Vasilieva
- Industrial Design Department, Ural State University of Architecture and Art, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
| | - Kirill Ustinov
- Arctic Design Lab, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620000, Russia
- Industrial Design Department, Ural State University of Architecture and Art, Yekaterinburg 620075, Russia
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6
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Himebaugh NE, Robertson JB, Weninger K, Gilger BC, Ekesten B, Oh A. Ex Vivo analysis of ultraviolet radiation transmission through ocular media and retina in select species. Exp Eye Res 2023:109550. [PMID: 37356536 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the transmission of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200-400 nm) through intact enucleated globes of different species (dogs, cats, pigs, rabbits, horses, and humans) using spectrophotometry. Globes of cats (n = 6), dogs (n = 18), pigs (n = 10), rabbits (n = 6), horses (n = 10), and humans (n = 4) were analyzed. A 5-10 mm circular area of sclera and choroid from the posterior aspect of the globe was removed under a surgical microscope, leaving the retina intact in all species except the horse. Glass coverslips were added in horses and rabbits due to retinal and globe fragility. The %T of wavelengths from 200 to 800 nm were measured through the ocular media (cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and vitreous humor) and retina, and compared between species. The globes of cats and dogs allowed the most amount of UV radiation transmission, while those of pigs and humans allowed the least amount of UV radiation transmission. A small amount of UV radiation transmission through the ocular media was detected in the rabbit and horse. Results from this study will support further vision research that may be used to train companion, working, and service animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Himebaugh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - James B Robertson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; Office of Research, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Keith Weninger
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, 2401 Stinson Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Brian C Gilger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Bjorn Ekesten
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Allé 8, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Annie Oh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1060 William Moore Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
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7
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Bissonnette PB, Waterman JM, Petersen SD. The use of infrared thermography to noninvasively measure the surface temperature of polar bears during bouts of social play. Zoo Biol 2023; 42:38-44. [PMID: 35872605 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography or thermal imagery is a noninvasive tool that can be used to measure the temperature of surfaces. Typically, thermal imagery is used for construction or military purposes but is increasingly used as a noninvasive tool in wildlife studies. We investigated the use of thermal imagery to measure surface temperature changes as a proxy for energetic expenditure. We measured the surface temperature of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) eyes, while immobilized, to determine whether the eye is a thermal window that can accurately indicate internal temperature. We found a significant difference (2.68 ± 0.41°C) between the surface temperature of the eye measured with thermal imagery and the internal rectal temperature. Additionally, we measured surface temperature changes in polar bears after bouts of social play as a proxy for energy expenditure. Mean temperature of the eye increased by 1.34 ± 0.43°C after social play, indicating that this activity increased energy expenditure. During the fasting season, polar bears rely on fat stores, and any energy expenditure beyond what is required to travel may be costly to their survival, particularly in years of low resource availability. We conclude that thermal imagery is a useful tool to noninvasively investigate the energetics of social play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige B Bissonnette
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jane M Waterman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Stephen D Petersen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Assiniboine Park Zoo, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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8
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Dominy NJ, Harris JM. Adaptive optics in the Arctic? A commentary on Fosbury and Jeffery. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221528. [PMID: 36126682 PMCID: PMC9489282 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Dominy
- Departments of Anthropology and Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6047 Silsby Hall, Hanover, NH 03755-3537, USA.,Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Box 216, Konstanz 78457, Germany
| | - Julie M Harris
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, South Street, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9JP, UK
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9
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Fosbury RAE, Jeffery G. Reindeer eyes seasonally adapt to ozone-blue Arctic twilight by tuning a photonic tapetum lucidum. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221002. [PMID: 35765837 PMCID: PMC9240676 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reindeer are the only mammal known to seasonally adapt their eyes to the extremely blue colour of the extended twilight that occupies a large part of the winter 24 h cycle in their Arctic habitat. We describe the atmospheric phenomenon that results in this extreme spectral change in light environment. Reflectance spectroscopy is used to characterize the photonic nanostructure that generates the reflective region of the tapetum lucidum behind the retina. A model is proposed to explain the reversible reformatting of the reflector by seasonal changes in the volume of interstitial fluid within the two-dimensional photonic crystal of parallel collagen fibrils. This model is tested by allowing slow evaporation of the fluid from both summer and winter tapetum surfaces while monitoring changes in the reflectance spectrum. Coupled variations in the spacing and the degree of order of the fibril packing can transform the typical gold-turquoise colour of such a tapetal reflector to a deep blue that matches the peak spectral irradiance of twilight. The mechanism we describe might be applied by other animals with similar tapeta that experience prolonged changes in light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. E. Fosbury
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11–43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK,European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 2, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11–43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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10
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Murphy MJ, Westerman EL. Evolutionary history limits species' ability to match colour sensitivity to available habitat light. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220612. [PMID: 35582803 PMCID: PMC9115023 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of light that an animal sees-from ultraviolet to far red light-is governed by the number and wavelength sensitivity of a family of retinal proteins called opsins. It has been hypothesized that the spectrum of light available in an environment influences the range of colours that a species has evolved to see. However, invertebrates and vertebrates use phylogenetically distinct opsins in their retinae, and it remains unclear whether these distinct opsins influence what animals see, or how they adapt to their light environments. Systematically using published visual sensitivity data from across animal phyla, we found that terrestrial animals are more sensitive to shorter and longer wavelengths of light than aquatic animals and that invertebrates are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light than vertebrates. Using phylogenetically controlled analyses, we found that closed and open canopy habitat species have different spectral sensitivities when comparing across the Metazoa and excluding habitat generalists, while deepwater animals are no more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light than shallow-water animals. Our results suggest that animals do adapt to their light environment; however, the invertebrate-vertebrate evolutionary divergence may limit the degree to which animals can perform visual tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Erica L. Westerman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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11
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England SJ, Robert D. The ecology of electricity and electroreception. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:383-413. [PMID: 34643022 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electricity, the interaction between electrically charged objects, is widely known to be fundamental to the functioning of living systems. However, this appreciation has largely been restricted to the scale of atoms, molecules, and cells. By contrast, the role of electricity at the ecological scale has historically been largely neglected, characterised by punctuated islands of research infrequently connected to one another. Recently, however, an understanding of the ubiquity of electrical forces within the natural environment has begun to grow, along with a realisation of the multitude of ecological interactions that these forces may influence. Herein, we provide the first comprehensive collation and synthesis of research in this emerging field of electric ecology. This includes assessments of the role electricity plays in the natural ecology of predator-prey interactions, pollination, and animal dispersal, among many others, as well as the impact of anthropogenic activity on these systems. A detailed introduction to the ecology and physiology of electroreception - the biological detection of ecologically relevant electric fields - is also provided. Further to this, we suggest avenues for future research that show particular promise, most notably those investigating the recently discovered sense of aerial electroreception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J England
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, U.K
| | - Daniel Robert
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, U.K
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12
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Abstract
The mouse has dichromatic color vision based on two different types of opsins: short (S)- and middle (M)-wavelength-sensitive opsins with peak sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV; 360 nm) and green light (508 nm), respectively. In the mouse retina, cone photoreceptors that predominantly express the S-opsin are more sensitive to contrasts and denser towards the ventral retina, preferentially sampling the upper part of the visual field. In contrast, the expression of the M-opsin gradually increases towards the dorsal retina that encodes the lower visual field. Such a distinctive retinal organization is assumed to arise from a selective pressure in evolution to efficiently encode the natural scenes. However, natural image statistics of UV light remain largely unexplored. Here we developed a multi-spectral camera to acquire high-quality UV and green images of the same natural scenes, and examined the optimality of the mouse retina to the image statistics. We found that the local contrast and the spatial correlation were both higher in UV than in green for images above the horizon, but lower in UV than in green for those below the horizon. This suggests that the dorsoventral functional division of the mouse retina is not optimal for maximizing the bandwidth of information transmission. Factors besides the coding efficiency, such as visual behavioral requirements, will thus need to be considered to fully explain the characteristic organization of the mouse retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Abballe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Hiroki Asari
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, EMBL Rome, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
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Elmer LK, Madliger CL, Blumstein DT, Elvidge CK, Fernández-Juricic E, Horodysky AZ, Johnson NS, McGuire LP, Swaisgood RR, Cooke SJ. Exploiting common senses: sensory ecology meets wildlife conservation and management. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab002. [PMID: 33815799 PMCID: PMC8009554 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary approaches to conservation and wildlife management are often effective in addressing complex, multi-factor problems. Emerging fields such as conservation physiology and conservation behaviour can provide innovative solutions and management strategies for target species and systems. Sensory ecology combines the study of 'how animals acquire' and process sensory stimuli from their environments, and the ecological and evolutionary significance of 'how animals respond' to this information. We review the benefits that sensory ecology can bring to wildlife conservation and management by discussing case studies across major taxa and sensory modalities. Conservation practices informed by a sensory ecology approach include the amelioration of sensory traps, control of invasive species, reduction of human-wildlife conflicts and relocation and establishment of new populations of endangered species. We illustrate that sensory ecology can facilitate the understanding of mechanistic ecological and physiological explanations underlying particular conservation issues and also can help develop innovative solutions to ameliorate conservation problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Elmer
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Christine L Madliger
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Chris K Elvidge
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | | | - Andrij Z Horodysky
- Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA
| | - Nicholas S Johnson
- USGS, Great Lakes Science Center, Hammond Bay Biological Station, Millersburg, MI 49759, USA
| | - Liam P McGuire
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ronald R Swaisgood
- Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Global, San Diego, CA 92027-7000, USA
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
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14
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Olin N, Efremova E, Niyazov A, Lekomtsev P. The impact of the optical radiation spectrum of artificial lighting on the milk producing ability of cows. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20213605016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial lighting is of considerable importance in livestock industry. If there is sufficient light flux and optimal spectral composition, it can have a substantial impact on the comfortable condition of cows, and, as a result, on milk producing ability. The sensitivity of the cow’s eye to optical radiation is varied in the range of the visible spectrum, and its visual apparatus is adapted to recognize natural different types of feed. The leaves of plants take up visible radiation in the red and blue regions of the spectrum, while they reflect intensely in the near-infra-red region. Consequently, cows, having the ability to perceive near-infrared radiation, can give favor to higher-quality feed, the consumption of which, among other things, will increase milk producing ability. The findings of the studies demonstrate that the cow’s eye reacts to near-infrared radiation, and the combined lighting contributes to a more adequate behavior of the animals, which in turn has a positive effect on milk producing ability.
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15
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Girard MB, Kasumovic MM, Elias DO. The role of red coloration and song in peacock spider courtship: insights into complex signaling systems. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline B Girard
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael M Kasumovic
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences Building (D26) University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, Australia
| | - Damian O Elias
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, USA
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16
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Blix AS. Adaptations to polar life in mammals and birds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:1093-105. [PMID: 27103673 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This Review presents a broad overview of adaptations of truly Arctic and Antarctic mammals and birds to the challenges of polar life. The polar environment may be characterized by grisly cold, scarcity of food and darkness in winter, and lush conditions and continuous light in summer. Resident animals cope with these changes by behavioural, physical and physiological means. These include responses aimed at reducing exposure, such as 'balling up', huddling and shelter building; seasonal changes in insulation by fur, plumage and blubber; and circulatory adjustments aimed at preservation of core temperature, to which end the periphery and extremities are cooled to increase insulation. Newborn altricial animals have profound tolerance to hypothermia, but depend on parental care for warmth, whereas precocial mammals are well insulated and respond to cold with non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, and precocial birds shiver to produce heat. Most polar animals prepare themselves for shortness of food during winter by the deposition of large amounts of fat in times of plenty during autumn. These deposits are governed by a sliding set-point for body fatness throughout winter so that they last until the sun reappears in spring. Polar animals are, like most others, primarily active during the light part of the day, but when the sun never sets in summer and darkness prevails during winter, high-latitude animals become intermittently active around the clock, allowing opportunistic feeding at all times. The importance of understanding the needs of the individuals of a species to understand the responses of populations in times of climate change is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldus Schytte Blix
- Department of Arctic Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway St Catharine's College, Cambridge CB2 1RL, UK
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17
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Ultraviolet (UV) light occupies the spectral range of wavelengths slightly shorter than those visible to humans. Because of its shorter wavelength, it is more energetic (and potentially more photodamaging) than ‘visible light’, and it is scattered more efficiently in air and water. Until 1990, only a few animals were recognized as being sensitive to UV light, but we now know that a great diversity, possibly even the majority, of animal species can visually detect and respond to it. Here, we discuss the history of research on biological UV photosensitivity and review current major research trends in this field. Some animals use their UV photoreceptors to control simple, innate behaviors, but most incorporate their UV receptors into their general sense of vision. They not only detect UV light but recognize it as a separate color in light fields, on natural objects or living organisms, or in signals displayed by conspecifics. UV visual pigments are based on opsins, the same family of proteins that are used to detect light in conventional photoreceptors. Despite some interesting exceptions, most animal species have a single photoreceptor class devoted to the UV. The roles of UV in vision are manifold, from guiding navigation and orientation behavior, to detecting food and potential predators, to supporting high-level tasks such as mate assessment and intraspecific communication. Our current understanding of UV vision is restricted almost entirely to two phyla: arthropods and chordates (specifically, vertebrates), so there is much comparative work to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Michael J. Bok
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Sölvegatan 35, Lund 223 62, Sweden
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18
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Tran D, Sow M, Camus L, Ciret P, Berge J, Massabuau JC. In the darkness of the polar night, scallops keep on a steady rhythm. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32435. [PMID: 27577847 PMCID: PMC5006026 DOI: 10.1038/srep32435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prevailing paradigm has held that the polar night is a period of biological quiescence, recent studies have detected noticeable activity levels in marine organisms. In this study, we investigated the circadian rhythm of the scallop Chlamys islandica by continuously recording the animal's behaviour over 3 years in the Arctic (Svalbard). Our results showed that a circadian rhythm persists throughout the polar night and lasts for at least 4 months. Based on observations across three polar nights, we showed that the robustness and synchronicity of the rhythm depends on the angle of the sun below the horizon. The weakest rhythm occurred at the onset of the polar night during the nautical twilight. Surprisingly, the circadian behaviour began to recover during the darkest part of the polar night. Because active rhythms optimize the fitness of an organism, our study brings out that the scallops C. islandica remain active even during the polar night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Tran
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC. Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC 5805 Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Mohamedou Sow
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC 5805 Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Lionel Camus
- Akvaplan-niva, Fram center for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromso, Norway
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
| | - Pierre Ciret
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC. Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC 5805 Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Jorgen Berge
- University Centre in Svalbard, Pb 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Norway
- UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jean-Charles Massabuau
- CNRS, UMR 5805 EPOC. Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
- Bordeaux University, UMR EPOC 5805 Place du Dr. Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
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19
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Painting CJ, Rajamohan G, Chen Z, Zeng H, Li D. It takes two peaks to tango: the importance of UVB and UVA in sexual signalling in jumping spiders. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Tyler NJC, Stokkan K, Hogg CR, Nellemann C, Vistnes AI. Cryptic impact: Visual detection of corona light and avoidance of power lines by reindeer. WILDLIFE SOC B 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl‐Arne Stokkan
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøN‐9037Norway
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21
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Hogg C, Neveu M, Folkow L, Stokkan KA, Hoh Kam J, Douglas RH, Jeffery G. The eyes of the deep diving hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) enhance sensitivity to ultraviolet light. Biol Open 2015; 4:812-8. [PMID: 25964660 PMCID: PMC4571085 DOI: 10.1242/bio.011304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian visual range is approximately 400-700 nm, although recent evidence suggests varying ultraviolet (UV) extensions in diverse terrestrial species. UV sensitivity may have advantages in the dim, blue light shifted environment experienced by submerged marine mammals. It may also be advantageous when seals are on land as UV is reflected by snow and ice but absorbed by fur, enhancing visual contrast. Here we show that the pelagic hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) has a highly UV permissive cornea and lens. Seals like other carnivores have a tapetum lucidum (TL) reflecting light back through the retina increasing sensitivity. The TL in this seal is unusual being white and covering almost the entire retina unlike that in other carnivores. Spectral reflectance from its surface selectively increases the relative UV/blue components >10 times than other wavelengths. Retinal architecture is consistent with a high degree of convergence. Enhanced UV from a large TL surface with a high degree of retinal convergence will increase sensitivity at a cost to acuity. UV electrophysiological retina responses were only obtained to dim, rod mediated stimuli, with no evidence of cone input. As physiological measurements of threshold sensitivity are much higher than those for psychophysical detection, these seals are likely to be more UV sensitive than our results imply. Hence, UV reflections from the TL will afford increased sensitivity in dim oceanic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Hogg
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Magella Neveu
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Lars Folkow
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karl-Arne Stokkan
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jaimie Hoh Kam
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ron H Douglas
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University London, London EC1V OHB, UK
| | - Glen Jeffery
- University College London, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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Williams CT, Barnes BM, Buck CL. Persistence, Entrainment, and Function of Circadian Rhythms in Polar Vertebrates. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 30:86-96. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00045.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar organisms must cope with an environment that periodically lacks the strongest time-giver, or zeitgeber, of circadian organization–robust, cyclical oscillations between light and darkness. We review the factors influencing the persistence of circadian rhythms in polar vertebrates when the light-dark cycle is absent, the likely mechanisms of entrainment that allow some polar vertebrates to remain synchronized with geophysical time, and the adaptive function of maintaining circadian rhythms in such environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory T. Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska; and
| | - Brian M. Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska
| | - C. Loren Buck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska; and
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23
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Tyler N, Stokkan KA, Hogg C, Nellemann C, Vistnes AI, Jeffery G. Ultraviolet vision and avoidance of power lines in birds and mammals. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2014; 28:630-1. [PMID: 24621320 PMCID: PMC4232876 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tyler
- Centre for Saami Studies, University of TromsøN-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karl-Arne Stokkan
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of TromsøN-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Chris Hogg
- Moorfields Eye HospitalLondon EC1V 2PD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College LondonLondon EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
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24
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Cohen BS, Osborn DA, Gallagher GR, Warren RJ, Miller KV. Behavioral measure of the light-adapted visual sensitivity of white-tailed deer. WILDLIFE SOC B 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/wsb.438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S. Cohen
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - David A. Osborn
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | | | - Robert J. Warren
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Karl V. Miller
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources; University of Georgia; Athens GA 30602 USA
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25
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Cressey D. Why reindeer steer clear of power lines. Nature 2014. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2014.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Douglas RH, Jeffery G. The spectral transmission of ocular media suggests ultraviolet sensitivity is widespread among mammals. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132995. [PMID: 24552839 PMCID: PMC4027392 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity is widespread among animals it is considered rare in mammals, being restricted to the few species that have a visual pigment maximally sensitive (λmax) below 400 nm. However, even animals without such a pigment will be UV-sensitive if they have ocular media that transmit these wavelengths, as all visual pigments absorb significant amounts of UV if the energy level is sufficient. Although it is known that lenses of diurnal sciurid rodents, tree shrews and primates prevent UV from reaching the retina, the degree of UV transmission by ocular media of most other mammals without a visual pigment with λmax in the UV is unknown. We examined lenses of 38 mammalian species from 25 families in nine orders and observed large diversity in the degree of short-wavelength transmission. All species whose lenses removed short wavelengths had retinae specialized for high spatial resolution and relatively high cone numbers, suggesting that UV removal is primarily linked to increased acuity. Other mammals, however, such as hedgehogs, dogs, cats, ferrets and okapis had lenses transmitting significant amounts of UVA (315-400 nm), suggesting that they will be UV-sensitive even without a specific UV visual pigment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Douglas
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, City University London, , Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, , 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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27
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Stokkan KA, Folkow L, Dukes J, Neveu M, Hogg C, Siefken S, Dakin SC, Jeffery G. Shifting mirrors: adaptive changes in retinal reflections to winter darkness in Arctic reindeer. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20132451. [PMID: 24174115 PMCID: PMC3826237 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arctic reindeer experience extreme changes in environmental light from continuous summer daylight to continuous winter darkness. Here, we show that they may have a unique mechanism to cope with winter darkness by changing the wavelength reflection from their tapetum lucidum (TL). In summer, it is golden with most light reflected back directly through the retina, whereas in winter it is deep blue with less light reflected out of the eye. The blue reflection in winter is associated with significantly increased retinal sensitivity compared with summer animals. The wavelength of reflection depends on TL collagen spacing, with reduced spacing resulting in shorter wavelengths, which we confirmed in summer and winter animals. Winter animals have significantly increased intra-ocular pressure, probably produced by permanent pupil dilation blocking ocular drainage. This may explain the collagen compression. The resulting shift to a blue reflection may scatter light through photoreceptors rather than directly reflecting it, resulting in elevated retinal sensitivity via increased photon capture. This is, to our knowledge, the first description of a retinal structural adaptation to seasonal changes in environmental light. Increased sensitivity occurs at the cost of reduced acuity, but may be an important adaptation in reindeer to detect moving predators in the dark Arctic winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Arne Stokkan
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, , Tromsø, Norway, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, , 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK, Moorfields Eye Hospital, , London, UK
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28
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Abstract
AbstractS cones expressing the short wavelength-sensitive type 1 (SWS1) class of visual pigment generally form only a minority type of cone photoreceptor within the vertebrate duplex retina. Hence, their primary role is in color vision, not in high acuity vision. In mammals, S cones may be present as a constant fraction of the cones across the retina, may be restricted to certain regions of the retina or may form a gradient across the retina, and in some species, there is coexpression of SWS1 and the long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) class of pigment in many cones. During retinal development, SWS1 opsin expression generally precedes that of LWS opsin, and evidence from genetic studies indicates that the S cone pathway may be the default pathway for cone development. With the notable exception of the cartilaginous fishes, where S cones appear to be absent, they are present in representative species from all other vertebrate classes. S cone loss is not, however, uncommon; they are absent from most aquatic mammals and from some but not all nocturnal terrestrial species. The peak spectral sensitivity of S cones depends on the spectral characteristics of the pigment present. Evidence from the study of agnathans and teleost fishes indicates that the ancestral vertebrate SWS1 pigment was ultraviolet (UV) sensitive with a peak around 360 nm, but this has shifted into the violet region of the spectrum (>380 nm) on many separate occasions during vertebrate evolution. In all cases, the shift was generated by just one or a few replacements in tuning-relevant residues. Only in the avian lineage has tuning moved in the opposite direction, with the reinvention of UV-sensitive pigments.
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29
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Gaston KJ, Bennie J, Davies TW, Hopkins J. The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution: a mechanistic appraisal. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:912-27. [PMID: 23565807 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ecological impacts of nighttime light pollution have been a longstanding source of concern, accentuated by realized and projected growth in electrical lighting. As human communities and lighting technologies develop, artificial light increasingly modifies natural light regimes by encroaching on dark refuges in space, in time, and across wavelengths. A wide variety of ecological implications of artificial light have been identified. However, the primary research to date is largely focused on the disruptive influence of nighttime light on higher vertebrates, and while comprehensive reviews have been compiled along taxonomic lines and within specific research domains, the subject is in need of synthesis within a common mechanistic framework. Here we propose such a framework that focuses on the cross-factoring of the ways in which artificial lighting alters natural light regimes (spatially, temporally, and spectrally), and the ways in which light influences biological systems, particularly the distinction between light as a resource and light as an information source. We review the evidence for each of the combinations of this cross-factoring. As artificial lighting alters natural patterns of light in space, time and across wavelengths, natural patterns of resource use and information flows may be disrupted, with downstream effects to the structure and function of ecosystems. This review highlights: (i) the potential influence of nighttime lighting at all levels of biological organisation (from cell to ecosystem); (ii) the significant impact that even low levels of nighttime light pollution can have; and (iii) the existence of major research gaps, particularly in terms of the impacts of light at population and ecosystem levels, identification of intensity thresholds, and the spatial extent of impacts in the vicinity of artificial lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, U.K
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30
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Jansen MAK, Bornman JF. UV-B radiation: from generic stressor to specific regulator. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:501-4. [PMID: 22646504 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A K Jansen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
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MELIN AMANDAD, MORITZ GILLIANL, FOSBURY ROBERTAE, KAWAMURA SHOJI, DOMINY NATHANIELJ. Why Aye-Ayes See Blue. Am J Primatol 2012; 74:185-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AMANDA D. MELIN
- Department of Anthropology; Dartmouth College; Hanover; New Hampshire
| | - GILLIAN L. MORITZ
- Department of Biological Sciences; Dartmouth College; Hanover; New Hampshire
| | | | - SHOJI KAWAMURA
- Department of Integrated Bioscience; University of Tokyo; Kashiwa; Chiba; Japan
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32
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Cyclops. Can J Ophthalmol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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