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Carty JS, Watts JA, Arroyo JP. Vasopressin, protein metabolism, and water conservation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:512-517. [PMID: 38934092 PMCID: PMC11290986 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000001012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Highlight the mechanisms through which vasopressin and hypertonic stress regulate protein metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Mammals have an 'aestivation-like' response in which hypertonic stress increases muscle catabolism and urea productionVasopressin can directly regulate ureagenesis in the liver and the kidneyIn humans chronic hypertonic stress is associated with premature aging, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and premature mortality. SUMMARY There is an evolutionarily conserved 'aestivation-like' response in humans in which hypertonic stress results in activation of the vasopressin system, muscle catabolism, and ureagenesis in order to promote water conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Carty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jason A Watts
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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2
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Güney G, Cedden D, Körnig J, Ulber B, Beran F, Scholten S, Rostás M. Physiological and transcriptional changes associated with obligate aestivation in the cabbage stem flea beetle (Psylliodes chrysocephala). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 173:104165. [PMID: 39089389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Aestivation is a form of seasonal dormancy observed in various insect species, usually coinciding with the summer season. The cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a key pest of oilseed rape that obligatorily aestivates as adult in late summer. Since the physiological and transcriptional processes linked to aestivation in P. chrysocephala are still little understood, we analyzed relevant physiological parameters and performed RNA-seq analyses on laboratory-reared beetles in their pre-aestivation, aestivation, and post-aestivation stages. We found that the beetles reached aestivation at 15 days post-eclosion, showing strongly reduced metabolic activity, with less than 50% CO2 production, compared to pre-aestivating individuals. Under constant laboratory conditions, the beetles aestivated for about 25 days. Female beetles reached reproductive maturity at a median of 52 days post-eclosion. Furthermore, aestivating beetles had significantly reduced carbohydrate reserves and increased lipid reserves compared with pre-aestivating beetles, indicating that aestivation is associated with drastic changes in energy metabolism. Aestivating beetles contained 30% less water and their survival rates under high-temperature conditions (30 °C) were 40% higher compared to pre-aestivating beetles. RNA-seq studies showed that, in particular, gene ontology terms related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, digestion, and mitochondrial activity were enriched, with clear differences in transcript abundance between beetles in aestivation compared to pre- or post-aestivation. Specifically, mitochondrial transcripts, such as respiratory chain I subunits, and digestion-related transcripts, such as trypsin, were less abundant during aestivation, which supports the idea that aestivation is associated with decreased metabolic activity. This study represents the first exploration of the transcriptomic and physiological processes linked to aestivation in P. chrysocephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Güney
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Doga Cedden
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Körnig
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745, Jena, Germany; Population Ecology Group, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd Ulber
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745, Jena, Germany; Population Ecology Group, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholten
- Division of Crop Plant Genetics, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Rostás
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Palominos MF, Bharadwaj R, Tralka C, Trang K, Aka D, Alami M, Andrews D, Bartlett BI, Golde C, Liu J, Le-Pedroza M, Perrot R, Seiter B, Sparrow C, Shapira M, Martin CH. The West African lungfish secretes a living cocoon during aestivation with uncertain antimicrobial function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.05.602297. [PMID: 39026789 PMCID: PMC11257426 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.05.602297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
One of the most exceptional adaptations to extreme drought is found in the sister group to tetrapods, the lungfishes (Dipnoi), which can aestivate inside a mucus cocoon for multiple years at reduced metabolic rates with complete cessation of ingestion and excretion. However, the function of the cocoon tissue is not fully understood. Here we developed a new more natural laboratory protocol for inducing aestivation in the West African lungfish, Protopterus annectens, and investigated the structure and function of the cocoon. We used electron microscopy and imaging of live tissue-stains to confirm that the inner and outer layers of the paper-thin cocoon are composed primarily of living cells. However, we also repeatedly observed extensive bacterial and fungal growth covering the cocoon and found no evidence of anti-microbial activity in vitro against E. coli for the cocoon tissue in this species. This classroom discovery-based research, performed during a course-based undergraduate research experience course (CURE), provides a robust laboratory protocol for investigating aestivation and calls into the question the function of this bizarre vertebrate adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fernanda Palominos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Charles Tralka
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Kenneth Trang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - David Aka
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Mariam Alami
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Dominique Andrews
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ben I Bartlett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Chloe Golde
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Joseph Liu
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Maya Le-Pedroza
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Robert Perrot
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Blanca Seiter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Claudia Sparrow
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Michael Shapira
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Christopher H Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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Hashimshony T, Levin L, Fröbius AC, Dahan N, Chalifa-Caspi V, Hamo R, Gabai-Almog O, Blais I, Assaraf YG, Lubzens E. A transcriptomic examination of encased rotifer embryos reveals the developmental trajectory leading to long-term dormancy; are they "animal seeds"? BMC Genomics 2024; 25:119. [PMID: 38281016 PMCID: PMC10821554 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09961-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organisms from many distinct evolutionary lineages acquired the capacity to enter a dormant state in response to environmental conditions incompatible with maintaining normal life activities. Most studied organisms exhibit seasonal or annual episodes of dormancy, but numerous less studied organisms enter long-term dormancy, lasting decades or even centuries. Intriguingly, many planktonic animals produce encased embryos known as resting eggs or cysts that, like plant seeds, may remain dormant for decades. Herein, we studied a rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as a model planktonic species that forms encased dormant embryos via sexual reproduction and non-dormant embryos via asexual reproduction and raised the following questions: Which genes are expressed at which time points during embryogenesis? How do temporal transcript abundance profiles differ between the two types of embryos? When does the cell cycle arrest? How do dormant embryos manage energy? RESULTS As the molecular developmental kinetics of encased embryos remain unknown, we employed single embryo RNA sequencing (CEL-seq) of samples collected during dormant and non-dormant embryogenesis. We identified comprehensive and temporal transcript abundance patterns of genes and their associated enriched functional pathways. Striking differences were uncovered between dormant and non-dormant embryos. In early development, the cell cycle-associated pathways were enriched in both embryo types but terminated with fewer nuclei in dormant embryos. As development progressed, the gene transcript abundance profiles became increasingly divergent between dormant and non-dormant embryos. Organogenesis was suspended in dormant embryos, concomitant with low transcript abundance of homeobox genes, and was replaced with an ATP-poor preparatory phase characterized by very high transcript abundance of genes encoding for hallmark dormancy proteins (e.g., LEA proteins, sHSP, and anti-ROS proteins, also found in plant seeds) and proteins involved in dormancy exit. Surprisingly, this period appeared analogous to the late maturation phase of plant seeds. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights novel divergent temporal transcript abundance patterns between dormant and non-dormant embryos. Remarkably, several convergent functional solutions appear during the development of resting eggs and plant seeds, suggesting a similar preparatory phase for long-term dormancy. This study accentuated the broad novel molecular features of long-term dormancy in encased animal embryos that behave like "animal seeds".
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Hashimshony
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Liron Levin
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Andreas C Fröbius
- Molecular Andrology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg (BFS), Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Nitsan Dahan
- Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Vered Chalifa-Caspi
- National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Reini Hamo
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oshri Gabai-Almog
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Idit Blais
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and IVF, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Esther Lubzens
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- (Retired) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel.
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5
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Starkloff NC, Angelo T, Mahalila MP, Charles J, Kinung'hi S, Civitello DJ. Spatio-temporal variability in transmission risk of human schistosomes and animal trematodes in a seasonally desiccating East African landscape. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20231766. [PMID: 38196367 PMCID: PMC10777146 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Different populations of hosts and parasites experience distinct seasonality in environmental factors, depending on local-scale biotic and abiotic factors. This can lead to highly heterogeneous disease outcomes across host ranges. Variable seasonality characterizes urogenital schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic trematodes (Schistosoma haematobium). Their intermediate hosts are aquatic Bulinus snails that are highly adapted to extreme rainfall seasonality, undergoing prolonged dormancy yearly. While Bulinus snails have a remarkable capacity for rebounding following dormancy, we investigated the extent to which parasite survival within snails is diminished. We conducted an investigation of seasonal snail schistosome dynamics in 109 ponds of variable ephemerality in Tanzania from August 2021 to July 2022. First, we found that ponds have two synchronized peaks of schistosome infection prevalence and observed cercariae, though of lower magnitude in the fully desiccating than non-desiccating ponds. Second, we evaluated total yearly schistosome prevalence across an ephemerality gradient, finding ponds with intermediate ephemerality to have the highest infection rates. We also investigated dynamics of non-schistosome trematodes, which lacked synonymity with schistosome patterns. We found peak schistosome transmission risk at intermediate pond ephemerality, thus the impacts of anticipated increases in landscape desiccation could result in increases or decreases in transmission risk with global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teckla Angelo
- National Institute of Medical Research Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Moses P. Mahalila
- National Institute of Medical Research Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jenitha Charles
- National Institute of Medical Research Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Safari Kinung'hi
- National Institute of Medical Research Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
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6
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Aydin BN, Stinson EJ, Cabeza De Baca T, Ando T, Travis KT, Piaggi P, Krakoff J, Chang DC. Investigation of seasonality of human spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure in respiratory chamber in Phoenix, Arizona. Eur J Clin Nutr 2024; 78:27-33. [PMID: 37833567 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The existence of seasonal changes in energy metabolism is uncertain. We investigated the relationship between the seasons and spontaneous physical activity (SPA), energy expenditure (EE), and other components measured in a respiratory chamber. METHODS Between 1985-2005, 671 healthy adults (aged 28.8 ± 7.1 years; 403 men) in Phoenix, Arizona had a 24-hour stay in the respiratory chamber equipped with radar sensors; SPA (expressed as a percentage over the time interval), the energy cost of SPA, EE, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were measured. RESULTS In models adjusted for known covariates, SPA (%) was lower during summer (7.2 ± 2.9, p = 0.0002), spring (7.5 ± 2.9, p = 0.025), and fall (7.6 ± 3, p = 0.038) compared to winter (8.3 ± 3.5, reference). Conversely, energy cost of SPA (kcal/h/%) was higher during summer (2.18 ± 0.83, p = 0.0008), spring (2.186 ± 0.83, p = 0.017), and fall (2.146 ± 0.75, p = 0.038) compared to winter (2.006 ± 0.76). Protein (292 ± 117 kcal/day, β = -21.2, p = 0.08) oxidation rates was lower in the summer compared to winter. Carbohydrate and lipid oxidation rates (kcal/day) did not differ across seasons. RER and 24-h EE did not differ by season. CONCLUSION SPA, representing fidgeting-like behavior in the chamber, demonstrated a winter peak and summer nadir in humans living in a desert climate. These findings indicate that the physiological propensity for movement may be affected by seasonal factors. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00340132, NCT00342732.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza N Aydin
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Emma J Stinson
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Tomás Cabeza De Baca
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Human-Centered Mobility Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Katherine T Travis
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Douglas C Chang
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Roberts KT, Szejner-Sigal A, Lehmann P. Seasonal energetics: are insects constrained by energy during dormancy? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245782. [PMID: 37921417 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In seasonal environments, many animals, including insects, enter dormancy, where they are limited to a fixed energy budget. The inability to replenish energetic stores during these periods suggests insects should be constrained by pre-dormancy energy stores. Over the last century, the community of researchers working on survival during dormancy has operated under the strong assumption that energy limitation is a key fitness trait driving the evolution of seasonal strategies. That is, energy use has to be minimized during dormancy because insects otherwise run out of energy and die during dormancy, or are left with too little energy to complete development, reproductive maturation or other costly post-dormancy processes such as dispersal or nest building. But if energy is so strongly constrained during dormancy, how can some insects - even within the same species and population - be dormant in very warm environments or show prolonged dormancy for many successive years? In this Commentary, we discuss major assumptions regarding dormancy energetics and outline cases where insects appear to align with our assumptions and where they do not. We then highlight several research directions that could help link organismal energy use with landscape-level changes. Overall, the optimal energetic strategy during dormancy might not be to simply minimize metabolic rate, but instead to maintain a level that matches the demands of the specific life-history strategy. Given the influence of temperature on energy use rates of insects in winter, understanding dormancy energetic strategies is critical in order to determine the potential impacts of climate change on insects in seasonal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Roberts
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andre Szejner-Sigal
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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8
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Jiang C, Storey KB, Yang H, Sun L. Aestivation in Nature: Physiological Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations in Hypometabolic States. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14093. [PMID: 37762394 PMCID: PMC10531719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aestivation is considered to be one of the "purest" hypometabolic states in nature, as it involves aerobic dormancy that can be induced and sustained without complex factors. Animals that undergo aestivation to protect themselves from environmental stressors such as high temperatures, droughts, and food shortages. However, this shift in body metabolism presents new challenges for survival, including oxidative stress upon awakening from aestivation, accumulation of toxic metabolites, changes in energy sources, adjustments to immune status, muscle atrophy due to prolonged immobility, and degeneration of internal organs due to prolonged food deprivation. In this review, we summarize the physiological and metabolic strategies, key regulatory factors, and networks utilized by aestivating animals to address the aforementioned components of aestivation. Furthermore, we present a comprehensive overview of the advancements made in aestivation research across major species, including amphibians, fish, reptiles, annelids, mollusks, and echinoderms, categorized according to their respective evolutionary positions. This approach offers a distinct perspective for comparative analysis, facilitating an understanding of the shared traits and unique features of aestivation across different groups of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxi Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.J.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science & Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.J.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science & Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (C.J.); (H.Y.)
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science & Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Marin IN, Tiunov AV. Terrestrial crustaceans (Arthropoda, Crustacea): taxonomic diversity, terrestrial adaptations, and ecological functions. Zookeys 2023; 1169:95-162. [PMID: 38328027 PMCID: PMC10848873 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1169.97812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial crustaceans are represented by approximately 4,900 species from six main lineages. The diversity of terrestrial taxa ranges from a few genera in Cladocera and Ostracoda to about a third of the known species in Isopoda. Crustaceans are among the smallest as well as the largest terrestrial arthropods. Tiny microcrustaceans (Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, Copepoda) are always associated with water films, while adult stages of macrocrustaceans (Isopoda, Amphipoda, Decapoda) spend most of their lives in terrestrial habitats, being independent of liquid water. Various adaptations in morphology, physiology, reproduction, and behavior allow them to thrive in virtually all geographic areas, including extremely arid habitats. The most derived terrestrial crustaceans have acquired highly developed visual and olfactory systems. The density of soil copepods is sometimes comparable to that of mites and springtails, while the total biomass of decapods on tropical islands can exceed that of mammals in tropical rainforests. During migrations, land crabs create record-breaking aggregations and biomass flows for terrestrial invertebrates. The ecological role of terrestrial microcrustaceans remains poorly studied, while omnivorous macrocrustaceans are important litter transformers and soil bioturbators, occasionally occupying the position of the top predators. Notably, crustaceans are the only group among terrestrial saprotrophic animals widely used by humans as food. Despite the great diversity and ecological impact, terrestrial crustaceans, except for woodlice, are often neglected by terrestrial ecologists. This review aims to narrow this gap discussing the diversity, abundance, adaptations to terrestrial lifestyle, trophic relationships and ecological functions, as well as the main methods used for sampling terrestrial crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N. Marin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, RussiaA.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Alexei V. Tiunov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, RussiaA.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
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10
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Starkloff NC, Angelo T, Mahalila MP, Charles J, Kinung’hi S, Civitello DJ. Spatiotemporal variability in transmission risk of human schistosomes and animal trematodes in a seasonally desiccating East African landscape. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.25.542103. [PMID: 37292923 PMCID: PMC10245890 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.25.542103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Different populations of hosts and parasites experience distinct seasonality in environmental factors, depending on local-scale biotic and abiotic factors. This can lead to highly heterogenous disease outcomes across host ranges. Variable seasonality characterizes urogenital schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic trematodes (Schistosoma haematobium). Their intermediate hosts are aquatic Bulinus snails that are highly adapted to extreme rainfall seasonality, undergoing dormancy for up to seven months yearly. While Bulinus snails have a remarkable capacity for rebounding following dormancy, parasite survival within snails is greatly diminished. We conducted a year-round investigation of seasonal snail-schistosome dynamics in 109 ponds of variable ephemerality in Tanzania. First, we found that ponds have two synchronized peaks of schistosome infection prevalence and cercariae release, though of lower magnitude in the fully desiccating ponds than non-desiccating ponds. Second, we evaluated total yearly prevalence across a gradient of an ephemerality, finding ponds with intermediate ephemerality to have the highest infection rates. We also investigated dynamics of non-schistosome trematodes, which lacked synonymity with schistosome patterns. We found peak schistosome transmission risk at intermediate pond ephemerality, thus the impacts of anticipated increases in landscape desiccation could result in increases or decreases in transmission risk with global change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teckla Angelo
- National Institute of Medical Research Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Moses P. Mahalila
- National Institute of Medical Research Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jenitha Charles
- National Institute of Medical Research Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute of Medical Research Mwanza Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
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11
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Lownds RM, Turbill C, White TE, Umbers KDL. The impact of elevated aestivation temperatures on the behaviour of bogong moths (Agrotis infusa). J Therm Biol 2023; 113:103538. [PMID: 37055116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Bogong moths are an iconic Australian insect. They migrate annually in spring from low elevation locations in southern Australia to the Australian Alps where they aestivate during summer. As summer ends they make their return journey to the breeding grounds where they mate, lay eggs, and die. Given the moth's extreme behaviour in seeking out cool alpine habitat and with the knowledge that average temperatures at their aestivation sites are rising because of climate change, we first asked whether increased temperatures affect bogong moth activity during aestivation. We found that moth behaviour patterns changed from showing peaks at dawn and dusk with supressed activity during the day at cooler temperatures to near-constant activity at all times of day at 15 °C. Second, we asked whether moth mass changes after aestivating at different temperatures for a week due to dehydration or consumption of body energy reserves. We found that moth wet mass loss increased with increasing temperature, but found no difference in dry mass among temperature treatments. Overall, our results suggest that bogong moth aestivation behaviour changes with temperature and that it may be lost at around 15 °C. The impact of warming on the likelihood of individuals to complete their aestivation in the field should be investigated as a matter of priority to better understand the impact of climate change on the Australian alpine ecosystem.
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12
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Purification and characterization of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase from skeletal muscle of Urocitellus richardsonii. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:415-426. [PMID: 35802222 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP-IDH, EC 1.1.1.42) catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate with the concomitant production of NADPH. NADPH plays important roles in many biosynthesis pathways, maintenance of proper oxidation-reduction balance, and protection against oxidative damage. This present study investigated the dynamic nature of NADP-IDH during hibernation by purifying it from the skeletal muscle of Richardson's ground squirrel (Urocitellus richardsonii) and analyzing its structural and functional changes in response to hibernation. Kinetic parameters of purified NADP-IDH from euthermic and hibernating ground squirrel skeletal muscle were characterized at 22 °C and 5 °C. Relative to euthermic muscle, -NADP-IDH in hibernating muscle had a higher affinity for its substrate, isocitrate at 22 °C, whereas at 5 °C, there was a significant decrease in isocitrate affinity. Western blot analysis revealed greater serine and threonine phosphorylation in hibernator NADP-IDH as compared to euthermic NADP-IDH. In addition, Bioinformatic analysis predicted the presence of 18 threonine and 21 serine phosphorylation sites on squirrel NADP-IDH. The structural and functional changes in NADP-IDH indicate the ability of the organism to reduce energy consumption during hibernation, while emphasizing increased NADPH production, and thus antioxidant activity, during torpor arousal cycles.
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13
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Naranjo M, Breedon SA, Storey KB. Cardiac microRNA expression profile in response to estivation. Biochimie 2023:S0300-9084(23)00001-9. [PMID: 36627041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Couch's spadefoot toad (Scaphiopus couchii) spends most of the year underground in a hypometabolic state known as estivation. During this time, they overcome significant dehydration and lack of food through many mechanisms including employing metabolic rate depression (MRD), increasing urea concentration, switching to lipid oxidation as the primary energy source, and decreasing their breathing and heart rate. MicroRNA (miRNA) are known to regulate translation by targeting messenger RNA (mRNA) for degradation or temporary storage, with several studies having reported that miRNA is differentially expressed during MRD, including estivation. Thus, we hypothesized that miRNA would be involved in gene regulation during estivation in S. couchii heart. Next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic analyses were used to assess changes in miRNA expression in response to two-month estivation and to predict the downstream effects of this expression. KEGG and GO analyses indicated that ribosome and cardiac muscle contraction are among the pathways predicted to be upregulated, whereas cell signaling and fatty acid metabolism were predicted to be downregulated. Together these results suggest that miRNAs contribute to the regulation of gene expression related to cardiac muscle physiology and energy metabolism during estivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairelys Naranjo
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Sarah A Breedon
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1S 5B6.
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14
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Starkloff NC, Civitello DJ. Cascading impacts of host seasonal adaptation on parasitism. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:942-949. [PMID: 36088213 PMCID: PMC9588794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of parasite populations through harsh seasonal bouts is often critical to circannual disease outbreaks. Parasites have a diverse repertoire of phenotypes for persistence, ranging from transitioning to a different life stage better suited to within-host dormancy to utilizing weather-hardy structures external to hosts. While these adaptive traits allow parasite species to survive through harsh seasons, it is often at survival rates that threaten population persistence. We argue that these periods of parasite (and vector) population busts could be ideal targets for disease intervention. As climate change portends abbreviated host dormancy and extended transmission periods in many host-parasite systems, it is essential to identify novel pathways to shore up current disease-intervention strategies.
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15
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Ingelson-Filpula WA, Cheng H, Eaton L, Pamenter ME, Storey KB. Small RNA sequencing in hypoxic naked mole-rat hearts suggests microRNA regulation of RNA- and translation-related processes. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2821-2833. [PMID: 36120811 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The naked mole-rat (Heterocephalus glaber) regularly endures intermittent periods of hypoxia in its burrows, surviving in part due to metabolic rate depression (MRD)-a strategy of conserving cellular resources by downregulating nonessential gene expression and reorganizing cellular processes. MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, noncoding RNAs already implicated for their roles in numerous models of extreme environmental stress; given their rapid, reversible nature, they are ideal for implementing MRD. We performed small RNA sequencing on cardiac tissue from normoxic vs. 24 h hypoxic naked mole-rats, and used bioinformatics to predict eighteen miRNAs which may be differentially regulated during hypoxia. Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway mapping further suggest these miRNAs play roles in largely translation-related functions, including RNA processing and catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Aline Ingelson-Filpula
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Hang Cheng
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Pvt, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Liam Eaton
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Pvt, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 9A7, Canada
| | - Matthew E Pamenter
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Marie-Curie Pvt, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 9A7, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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16
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Nandy G, Aditya G. Temperature dependent variations of life history traits of the land snail Allopeas gracile (Hutton, 1834) (Gastropoda: Subulinidae). J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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17
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Hibernation slows epigenetic ageing in yellow-bellied marmots. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:418-426. [PMID: 35256811 PMCID: PMC8986532 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Species that hibernate generally live longer than would be expected based solely on their body size. Hibernation is characterized by long periods of metabolic suppression (torpor) interspersed by short periods of increased metabolism (arousal). The torpor–arousal cycles occur multiple times during hibernation, and it has been suggested that processes controlling the transition between torpor and arousal states cause ageing suppression. Metabolic rate is also a known correlate of longevity; we thus proposed the ‘hibernation–ageing hypothesis’ whereby ageing is suspended during hibernation. We tested this hypothesis in a well-studied population of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer), which spend 7–8 months per year hibernating. We used two approaches to estimate epigenetic age: the epigenetic clock and the epigenetic pacemaker. Variation in epigenetic age of 149 samples collected throughout the life of 73 females was modelled using generalized additive mixed models (GAMM), where season (cyclic cubic spline) and chronological age (cubic spline) were fixed effects. As expected, the GAMM using epigenetic ages calculated from the epigenetic pacemaker was better able to detect nonlinear patterns in epigenetic ageing over time. We observed a logarithmic curve of epigenetic age with time, where the epigenetic age increased at a higher rate until females reached sexual maturity (two years old). With respect to circannual patterns, the epigenetic age increased during the active season and essentially stalled during the hibernation period. Taken together, our results are consistent with the hibernation–ageing hypothesis and may explain the enhanced longevity in hibernators. Species that hibernate generally have longer lifespans than expected based on their body size. The authors show epigenetic ageing patterns from a natural population of hibernating yellow-bellied marmots consistent with the hypothesis that ageing is suspended during hibernation.
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18
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Gao L, Yuan Z, Li Y, Ma Z. Genome-wide comparative analysis of DNAJ genes and their co-expression patterns with HSP70s in aestivation of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:317-330. [PMID: 35195842 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNAJ proteins function as co-chaperones of HSP70 and play key roles in cell physiology to promote protein folding and degradation, especially under environmental stress. Based on our previous study on HSP70, a systematic study of DNAJ was performed in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus using the transcriptomic and genomic data, identifying 43 AjDNAJ genes, including six AjDNAJA genes, eight AjDNAJB genes, and 29 AjDNAJC genes. Slight expansion and conserved genomic structure were observed using the phylogenetic and syntenic analysis. Differential period-specific and tissue-specific expression patterns of AjDNAJs were observed between adult and juvenile individuals during aestivation. Strong tissue-specific expression correlations between AjDNAJ and AjHSP70 genes were found, indicating that the involvements of AjHSP70IVAs in the aestivation of sea cucumbers were regulated by AjDNAJs. Several key genes with significant expression correlations, such as AjDNAJB4L and AjHSP70IVAs, were suggested to function together under heat stress. Together, these findings provide early insight into the involvement of AjDNAJs in the aestivation and their roles as co-chaperones of AjHSP70s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gao
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China. .,Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China.
| | - Zihao Yuan
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhen Ma
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China.
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Giraud-Billoud M, Campoy-Diaz AD, Dellagnola FA, Rodriguez C, Vega IA. Antioxidant Responses Induced by Short-Term Activity–Estivation–Arousal Cycle in Pomacea canaliculata. Front Physiol 2022; 13:805168. [PMID: 35185614 PMCID: PMC8847974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.805168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term estivation (45 days) in the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata induces an increase of non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as uric acid and reduced glutathione (GSH), which constitutes an alternative to the adaptive physiological strategy of preparation for oxidative stress (POS). Here, we studied markers of oxidative stress damage, uric acid levels, and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, enzymatic antioxidant defenses, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and transcription factors expression [forkhead box protein O (FOXO), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF1α), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)] in control active animals, 7-day estivating and aroused snails, in digestive gland, gill, and lung tissue samples. In the digestive gland, SOD and CAT activities significantly increased after estivation and decreased during arousal. Meanwhile, GST activity decreased significantly during the activity–estivation–arousal cycle. Gill CAT activity increased significantly at 7 days of estivation, and it decreased during arousal. In the lung, the CAT activity level increased significantly during the cycle. FOXO upregulation was observed in the studied tissues, decreasing its expression only in the gill of aroused animals during the cycle. HIF1α and Nrf2 transcription factors decreased their expression during estivation in the gill, while in the lung and the digestive gland, both transcription factors did not show significant changes. Our results showed that the short-term estivation induced oxidative stress in different tissues of P. canaliculata thereby increasing overall antioxidant enzymes activity and highlighting the role of FOXO regulation as a possible underlying mechanism of the POS strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Giraud-Billoud
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud-Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Maximiliano Giraud-Billoud,
| | - Alejandra D. Campoy-Diaz
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud-Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Villa Mercedes, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Federico A. Dellagnola
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Cristian Rodriguez
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Israel A. Vega
- IHEM, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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20
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Boutet I, Lacroix C, Devin S, Tanguy A, Moraga D, Auffret M. Does the environmental history of mussels have an effect on the physiological response to additional stress under experimental conditions? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:149925. [PMID: 34555605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Expected effects on marine biota of the ongoing elevation of water temperature and high latitudes is of major concern when considering the reliability of coastal ecosystem production. To compare the capacity of coastal organisms to cope with a temperature increase depending on their environmental history, responses of adult blue mussels (Mytilus spp.) taken from two sites differentially exposed to chemical pollution were investigated during an experimental exposure to a thermal stress. Immune parameters were notably altered by extreme warming and transcriptional changes for a broad selection of genes were associated to the temperature increase following a two-step response pattern. Site-specific responses suggested an influence of environmental history and support the possibility of a genetic basis in the physiological response. However no meaningful difference was detected between the response of hybrids and M galloprovincialis. This study brings new information about the capacity of mussels to cope with the ongoing elevation of water temperature in these coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boutet
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (UMR 7144 AD2M CNRS-Sorbonne Université), Place Georges Tessier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Camille Lacroix
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire de Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539 LEMAR CNRS-UBO-IFREMER-IRD), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; CEDRE Conseil et Expertise en Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux, 715 Rue Alain Colas, CS 41836, 29218 Brest Cedex 2, France
| | - Simon Devin
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (UMR 7360 LIEC CNRS-Université de Lorraine), 8 rue du Général Delestraint, 57070 Metz. France
| | - Arnaud Tanguy
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin (UMR 7144 AD2M CNRS-Sorbonne Université), Place Georges Tessier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Dario Moraga
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire de Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539 LEMAR CNRS-UBO-IFREMER-IRD), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Michel Auffret
- Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer, Laboratoire de Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (UMR 6539 LEMAR CNRS-UBO-IFREMER-IRD), Technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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21
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Delles C, Rossitto G. Of Snails, Earthworms, and Men: Insights into Strategies to Preserve Water. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:zqab071. [PMID: 35330922 PMCID: PMC8788808 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giacomo Rossitto
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK,Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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22
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Muscles in Winter: The Epigenetics of Metabolic Arrest. EPIGENOMES 2021; 5:epigenomes5040028. [PMID: 34968252 PMCID: PMC8715459 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes5040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The winter months are challenging for many animal species, which often enter a state of dormancy or hypometabolism to “wait out” the cold weather, food scarcity, reduced daylight, and restricted mobility that can characterize the season. To survive, many species use metabolic rate depression (MRD) to suppress nonessential metabolic processes, conserving energy and limiting tissue atrophy particularly of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Mammalian hibernation is the best recognized example of winter MRD, but some turtle species spend the winter unable to breathe air and use MRD to survive with little or no oxygen (hypoxia/anoxia), and various frogs endure the freezing of about two-thirds of their total body water as extracellular ice. These winter survival strategies are highly effective, but create physiological and metabolic challenges that require specific biochemical adaptive strategies. Gene-related processes as well as epigenetic processes can lower the risk of atrophy during prolonged inactivity and limited nutrient stores, and DNA modifications, mRNA storage, and microRNA action are enacted to maintain and preserve muscle. This review article focuses on epigenetic controls on muscle metabolism that regulate MRD to avoid muscle atrophy and support winter survival in model species of hibernating mammals, anoxia-tolerant turtles and freeze-tolerant frogs. Such research may lead to human applications including muscle-wasting disorders such as sarcopenia, or other conditions of limited mobility.
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Moreira DC, Carvajalino-Fernández JM, Navas CA, de Carvalho JE, Hermes-Lima M. Metabolic and Redox Biomarkers in Skeletal Muscle Underlie Physiological Adaptations of Two Estivating Anuran Species in a South American Semi-arid Environment. Front Physiol 2021; 12:769833. [PMID: 34955885 PMCID: PMC8696254 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.769833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The upregulation of endogenous antioxidants (i.e., preparation for oxidative stress, POS) is part of the biochemical responses underlying the adaptation of animals to adverse environments. Despite the phylogenetic diversity of animals in which POS has been described, most studies focus on animals under controlled laboratory conditions. To address this limitation, we have recently assessed the redox metabolism in the skeletal muscle of Proceratophrys cristiceps estivating under natural settings in the Caatinga. Here, we analyzed biochemical biomarkers in the muscle of another Caatinga species, Pleurodema diplolister, during the rainy (active) and dry (estivating frogs) seasons. We aimed to determine whether P. diplolister enhances its antioxidants during estivation under field conditions and to identify any effect of species on the biochemical responses of P. diplolister and P. cristiceps associated with estivation. To do so, we measured the activities of representative enzymes of intermediary metabolism and antioxidant systems, as well as glutathione and protein carbonyl levels, in the skeletal muscle of P. diplolister. Our findings revealed the suppression of oxidative metabolism and activation of antioxidant enzymes in estivating P. diplolister compared with active specimens. No changes in oxidative damage to proteins were observed and estivating P. diplolister had lower levels of disulfide glutathione (GSSG) and disulfide-to-total glutathione ratio (GSSG/tGSH) than those observed in active individuals. When data for P. diplolister and P. cristiceps were assembled and analyzed, significant effects of species were detected on the activities of metabolic enzymes (citrate synthase, isocitric dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and creatine kinase) and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase), as well as on GSSG/tGSH ratio. Such effects might underlie the physiological and behavioral differences between these two species that share the same microhabitat and survival strategy (i.e., to estivate) during the dry season. Despite some peculiarities, which reflect the physiological diversity of the mechanisms associated with estivation in the Brazilian Caatinga, both P. diplolister and P. cristiceps seem to balance the suppression of oxidative pathways, the maintenance of the capacity of oxygen-independent pathways, and the activation of endogenous antioxidants to preserve muscle function and be ready to resume activity whenever the unpredictable rainy period arrives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Moreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Morfologia e Imunologia Aplicada, Área de Morfologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Juan M. Carvajalino-Fernández
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Extreme Environments and Global Change Biology, Universidad Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos A. Navas
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Biosciences Institute, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E. de Carvalho
- Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Hermes-Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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24
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Tilikj N, Novo M. How to resist soil desiccation: Transcriptional changes in a Mediterranean earthworm during aestivation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 264:111112. [PMID: 34748936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms have a central role in ministering the terrestrial ecosystems and are proving to have an important role in modulating the effects climate change has on soil. Aestivation is a form of dormancy employed by the organisms living in deserts and arid environments, when confronted with prolonged periods of drought. Understanding global metabolic adjustments required for withstanding the harsh conditions of the ever more severe Iberian drought, we performed a global transcriptomic exploration of the endogeic earthworm Carpetania matritensis during aestivation. There were a total of 6352 differentially expressed transcripts in the aestivating group, with 65% being downregulated. Based on GO and KEGG enrichment analyses, downregulated genes seem to be indicative of an overall metabolic depression during aestivation. Indeed we noted a reduction of protein turnover and macromolecule metabolism coupled with suppression of genes involved in digestion. Upregulated genes, namely antioxidant genes and DNA repair genes showed clear signs of abiotic stress caused by ROS generation. Abiotic stress led to transcriptomic changes of genes involved in immune response, mostly affecting the NF-kb signaling pathway as well as changes in apoptotic genes indicating the necessity of investigating these processes in a tissue specific manner. Lastly we uncovered a possible mechanism for water retention by nitrogenous waste accumulation. This study provides the first ever transcriptomic investigation done on aestivating earthworms and as such serves as a general framework for investigation on other earthworm species and other soil invertebrates, which is becoming increasingly important with the current scenario of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tilikj
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Novo
- Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution Department, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Nihlén S, Frithiof R, Titze J, Kawati R, Rasmusson J, Rylander C, Pikwer A, Castegren M, Belin A, Hultström M, Lipcsey M. The Contribution of Plasma Urea to Total Osmolality During Iatrogenic Fluid Reduction in Critically Ill Patients. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:zqab055. [PMID: 35330925 PMCID: PMC8788870 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperosmolality is common in critically ill patients during body fluid volume reduction. It is unknown whether this is only a result of decreased total body water or an active osmole-producing mechanism similar to that found in aestivating animals, where muscle degradation increases urea levels to preserve water. We hypothesized that fluid volume reduction in critically ill patients contributes to a shift from ionic to organic osmolytes similar to mechanisms of aestivation. We performed a post-hoc analysis on data from a multicenter observational study in adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients in the postresuscitative phase. Fluid, electrolyte, energy and nitrogen intake, fluid loss, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and estimated plasma osmolality (eOSM) were registered. Contributions of osmolytes Na+, K+, urea, and glucose to eOSM expressed as proportions of eOSM were calculated. A total of 241 patients were included. eOSM increased (median change 7.4 mOsm/kg [IQR-1.9-18]) during the study. Sodium's and potassium's proportions of eOSM decreased (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively), whereas urea's proportion increased (P < .001). The urea's proportion of eOSM was higher in patients with negative vs. positive fluid balance. Urea's proportion of eOSM increased with eOSM (r = 0.63; adjusted for eGFR r = 0.80), but not nitrogen intake. In patients without furosemide and/or renal replacement therapy (n = 17), urea's proportion of eOSM and eOSM correlated strongly (r = 0.92). Urea's proportion of eOSM was higher in patients not surviving up to 90 d. In stabilized ICU patients, the contribution of urea to plasma osmolality increased during body water volume reduction, statistically independently of nitrogen administration and eGFR. The shift from ionic osmolytes to urea during body fluid volume reduction is similar to that seen in aestivating animals. ClinicalTrials.org Identifier: NCT03972475.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Frithiof
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Titze
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169856, Singapore,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91012 Erlangen, Germany,Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rafael Kawati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Rasmusson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Gävle County Hospital, SE-801 87 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Christian Rylander
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Pikwer
- Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, SE-631 88 Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Markus Castegren
- Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, SE-631 88 Eskilstuna, Sweden,Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, and FyFa, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Belin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Hultström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden,Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miklos Lipcsey
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden,Hedenstierna Laboratory, CIRRUS, Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Uppsala University, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden, and Akademiska sjukhuset, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Abstract
A pearl's distinguished beauty and toughness are attributable to the periodic stacking of aragonite tablets known as nacre. Nacre has naturally occurring mesoscale periodicity that remarkably arises in the absence of discrete translational symmetry. Gleaning the inspiring biomineral design of a pearl requires quantifying its structural coherence and understanding the stochastic processes that influence formation. By characterizing the entire structure of pearls (∼3 mm) in a cross-section at high resolution, we show that nacre has medium-range mesoscale periodicity. Self-correcting growth mechanisms actively remedy disorder and topological defects of the tablets and act as a countervailing process to long-range disorder. Nacre has a correlation length of roughly 16 tablets (∼5.5 µm) despite persistent fluctuations and topological defects. For longer distances (>25 tablets , ∼8.5 µm), the frequency spectrum of nacre tablets follows [Formula: see text] behavior, suggesting that growth is coupled to external stochastic processes-a universality found across disparate natural phenomena, which now includes pearls.
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Lewandowski K, Kretschmer B, Schmidt KW. [175 years of anesthesia and narcosis-Towards a "human right to unconsciousness"]. Anaesthesist 2021; 70:811-831. [PMID: 34529093 PMCID: PMC8444521 DOI: 10.1007/s00101-021-01043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Ether Day, a key moment in the history of mankind, commemorates its 175th anniversary on 16 October 2021. On that day the dentist William T. G. Morton successfully gave the first public ether anesthesia in Boston. From then on it was possible to save people from pain with justifiable risk and at the same time to protect them from psychological damage by inducing unconsciousness. The German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, one of the most renowned and effective philosophers of our times, deduced that from then on humans, to some extent, had a right to unconsciousness when in psychophysical distress. This postulate unfolded from his concept of "anthropotechnics" developed around 1997, meaning the idea of treating human nature as an object of possible improvements. According to Sloterdijk, in favorable cases a synthesis of man and technology can result in a significant improvement of human capabilities in the sense of "enhancement", i.e. an increase, an improvement or even an expansion of intellectual, physical or psychological possibilities, as it were in a transgression of the human (so-called transhumanism). Man should go into vertical tension, i.e. strive for higher aims and exploit his inherent potential, he should not dwell in the horizontal. This is not meant as an appeal but as an imperative: "You must change your life!". In this context modern anesthesia may prove helpful: be operated on by others in order to undergo an enhancement. Or, in its most extreme form, the operation in the "auto-operational curved space", a person can even operate on himself as has been dramatically demonstrated by Rogozov, a young Russian physician and trainee surgeon who successfully performed a self-appendectomy under local anesthesia at the Novolazarevskaya Antarctic Station in 1961; however, the implementation of this idea is a long way off. On the one hand, many countries lack qualified personnel in sufficiently large numbers to perform even vital operations with patients under anesthesia. On the other hand, over the decades it has become clear that anesthesia is obviously beneficial for mankind in that it offers relief from pain and psychological stress but that it can also often show its dark side: substance abuse, use of anesthetics in torture and in executions. In addition, the role of anesthetics in resuscitation, palliative care, and allaying executions is unclear or controversial. Finally, the necessary formal legal steps to acknowledge a "human right to unconsciousness" have not yet been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lewandowski
- Anästhesiologie und operative Intensivmedizin, Charité (extern), Berlin, Deutschland.
| | | | - K W Schmidt
- Zentrum für Ethik in der Medizin, Agaplesion Markus Krankenhaus, Frankfurt a. M., Deutschland
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Patnaik P, Sahoo DD. Variations in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense level during different phases of hibernation in common Asian toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058567. [PMID: 34350459 PMCID: PMC8353263 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess redox status during hibernation with metabolic depression, oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant defense were assessed during different phases of hibernation including active period, hibernation, arousal, and post-arousal period, in the liver and brain tissues of Duttaphrynus melanostictus. We hypothesized low levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense during the hibernation period in comparison to the summer active period, due to hypometabolism and their subsequent increase during the arousal period following an increase in body temperature and metabolism. Contrary to our hypothesis, increased oxidative stress with significantly higher lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, oxidized glutathione (GSSG): glutathione (GSH) ratio, and elevated antioxidants defense consisting of higher catalase activity and high ascorbic acid content to control oxidative stress were found during hibernation. However, GSH and uric acid levels were found low with super oxide dismutase (SOD) activities at a steady level during hibernation. Supporting our hypothesis, increased oxidative stress with high lipid peroxidation and GSSG:GSH ratio were found during arousal from hibernation owing to increased oxygen consumption and rewarming. Augmented catalase and SOD activities and nonenzymatic antioxidants (GSH, ascorbic acid, and uric acid) level were found to counteract oxidative stress during arousal periods as it was expected. A steady level of protein carbonylation, indicating no oxidative damage during arousal from hibernation due to elevated antioxidant defense, shows the significance of hibernation to overcome food and water scarcity and cold climatic condition. Decrease in antioxidants levels accompanying coming down of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, and GSSG:GSH ratio to their lower levels during the post-arousal period showing normalcy in redox status as it was during active period indicates controllability of oxidative stress in hibernating toads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhati Patnaik
- Assistant Scientific Officer, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Berhampur, Odisha 760007, India
| | - Deba Das Sahoo
- Post-Graduate Department of Zoology, S.C.S Autonomous College, Puri, Odisha 752001, India
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Kostecka LG, Pienta KJ, Amend SR. Polyaneuploid Cancer Cell Dormancy: Lessons From Evolutionary Phyla. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.660755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dormancy is a key survival strategy in many organisms across the tree of life. Organisms that utilize some type of dormancy (hibernation, aestivation, brumation, diapause, and quiescence) are able to survive in habitats that would otherwise be uninhabitable. Induction into dormant states is typically caused by environmental stress. While organisms are dormant, their physical activity is minimal, and their metabolic rates are severely depressed (hypometabolism). These metabolic reductions allow for the conservation and distribution of energy while conditions in the environment are poor. When conditions are more favorable, the organisms are then able to come out of dormancy and reengage in their environment. Polyaneuploid cancer cells (PACCs), proposed mediators of cancer metastasis and resistance, access evolutionary programs and employ dormancy as a survival mechanism in response to stress. Quiescence, the type of dormancy observed in PACCs, allows these cells the ability to survive stressful conditions (e.g., hypoxia in the microenvironment, transiting the bloodstream during metastasis, and exposure to chemotherapy) by downregulating and altering metabolic function, but then increasing metabolic activities again once stress has passed. We can gain insights regarding the mechanisms underlying PACC dormancy by looking to the evolution of dormancy in different organisms.
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30
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Just A. Hypertension due to loss of water. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13658. [PMID: 33819385 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Just
- Physiologisches Institut Medizinische Fakultät Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Germany
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Kovarik JJ, Morisawa N, Wild J, Marton A, Takase‐Minegishi K, Minegishi S, Daub S, Sands JM, Klein JD, Bailey JL, Kovalik J, Rauh M, Karbach S, Hilgers KF, Luft F, Nishiyama A, Nakano D, Kitada K, Titze J. Adaptive physiological water conservation explains hypertension and muscle catabolism in experimental chronic renal failure. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13629. [PMID: 33590667 PMCID: PMC8244025 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim We have reported earlier that a high salt intake triggered an aestivation‐like natriuretic‐ureotelic body water conservation response that lowered muscle mass and increased blood pressure. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a similar adaptive water conservation response occurs in experimental chronic renal failure. Methods In four subsequent experiments in Sprague Dawley rats, we used surgical 5/6 renal mass reduction (5/6 Nx) to induce chronic renal failure. We studied solute and water excretion in 24‐hour metabolic cage experiments, chronic blood pressure by radiotelemetry, chronic metabolic adjustment in liver and skeletal muscle by metabolomics and selected enzyme activity measurements, body Na+, K+ and water by dry ashing, and acute transepidermal water loss in conjunction with skin blood flow and intra‐arterial blood pressure. Results 5/6 Nx rats were polyuric, because their kidneys could not sufficiently concentrate the urine. Physiological adaptation to this renal water loss included mobilization of nitrogen and energy from muscle for organic osmolyte production, elevated norepinephrine and copeptin levels with reduced skin blood flow, which by means of compensation reduced their transepidermal water loss. This complex physiologic‐metabolic adjustment across multiple organs allowed the rats to stabilize their body water content despite persisting renal water loss, albeit at the expense of hypertension and catabolic mobilization of muscle protein. Conclusion Physiological adaptation to body water loss, termed aestivation, is an evolutionary conserved survival strategy and an under‐studied research area in medical physiology, which besides hypertension and muscle mass loss in chronic renal failure may explain many otherwise unexplainable phenomena in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes J. Kovarik
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Clinical Division of Nephrology and Dialysis Department of Internal Medicine III Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Norihiko Morisawa
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Johannes Wild
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Adriana Marton
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Kaoru Takase‐Minegishi
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Department of Stem Cell and Immune Regulation Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Shintaro Minegishi
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Department of Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama Japan
| | - Steffen Daub
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Jeff M. Sands
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Janet D. Klein
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - James L. Bailey
- Renal Division Department of Medicine Emory University Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jean‐Paul Kovalik
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Division of Paediatrics Research Laboratory Erlangen Germany
| | - Susanne Karbach
- Division for Cardiology 1 Centre for Cardiology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Karl F. Hilgers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
| | - Friedrich Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Kagawa Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- JSPS Overseas Research Fellow Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
| | - Jens Titze
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
- Division of Nephrology Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC USA
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32
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Wild J, Jung R, Knopp T, Efentakis P, Benaki D, Grill A, Wegner J, Molitor M, Garlapati V, Rakova N, Markó L, Marton A, Mikros E, Münzel T, Kossmann S, Rauh M, Nakano D, Kitada K, Luft F, Waisman A, Wenzel P, Titze J, Karbach S. Aestivation motifs explain hypertension and muscle mass loss in mice with psoriatic skin barrier defect. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13628. [PMID: 33590724 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Recent evidence suggests that arterial hypertension could be alternatively explained as a physiological adaptation response to water shortage, termed aestivation, which relies on complex multi-organ metabolic adjustments to prevent dehydration. Here, we tested the hypothesis that chronic water loss across diseased skin leads to similar adaptive water conservation responses as observed in experimental renal failure or high salt diet. METHODS We studied mice with keratinocyte-specific overexpression of IL-17A which develop severe psoriasis-like skin disease. We measured transepidermal water loss and solute and water excretion in the urine. We quantified glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by intravital microscopy, and energy and nitrogen pathways by metabolomics. We measured skin blood flow and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in conjunction with renal resistive indices and arterial blood pressure. RESULTS Psoriatic animals lost large amounts of water across their defective cutaneous epithelial barrier. Metabolic adaptive water conservation included mobilization of nitrogen and energy from muscle to increase organic osmolyte production, solute-driven maximal anti-diuresis at normal GFR, increased metanephrine and angiotensin 2 levels, and cutaneous vasoconstriction to limit TEWL. Heat exposure led to cutaneous vasodilation and blood pressure normalization without parallel changes in renal resistive index, albeit at the expense of further increased TEWL. CONCLUSION Severe cutaneous water loss predisposes psoriatic mice to lethal dehydration. In response to this dehydration stress, the mice activate aestivation-like water conservation motifs to maintain their body hydration status. The circulatory water conservation response explains their arterial hypertension. The nitrogen-dependency of the metabolic water conservation response explains their catabolic muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
- Center for Cardiology Cardiology IJohannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Rebecca Jung
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Tanja Knopp
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Panagiotis Efentakis
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of AthensPanepistimiopolis of Zographou Athens Greece
| | - Dimitra Benaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of AthensPanepistimiopolis of Zographou Athens Greece
| | - Alexandra Grill
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Joanna Wegner
- Department of Dermatology Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Michael Molitor
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
- Center for Cardiology Cardiology IJohannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Venkata Garlapati
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Natalia Rakova
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
| | - Lajos Markó
- Experimental and Clinical Research CenterMax Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Adriana Marton
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Emmanuel Mikros
- Faculty of Pharmacy University of AthensPanepistimiopolis of Zographou Athens Greece
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology Cardiology IJohannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | | | - Manfred Rauh
- Research Laboratory Division of Paediatrics University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki‐cho Kagawa Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Kagawa University Miki‐cho Kagawa Japan
| | - Friedrich Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research CenterMax Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine University Medical Center of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
- Center for Cardiology Cardiology IJohannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Jens Titze
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen Germany
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic DisordersDuke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Division of Nephrology Duke University School of Medicine Durham NC USA
| | - Susanne Karbach
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH) Johannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
- Center for Cardiology Cardiology IJohannes Gutenberg‐University Mainz Mainz Germany
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Wu CW, Storey KB. mTOR Signaling in Metabolic Stress Adaptation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050681. [PMID: 34062764 PMCID: PMC8147357 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular homeostasis that integrates environmental and nutrient signals to control cell growth and survival. Over the past two decades, extensive studies of mTOR have implicated the importance of this protein complex in regulating a broad range of metabolic functions, as well as its role in the progression of various human diseases. Recently, mTOR has emerged as a key signaling molecule in regulating animal entry into a hypometabolic state as a survival strategy in response to environmental stress. Here, we review current knowledge of the role that mTOR plays in contributing to natural hypometabolic states such as hibernation, estivation, hypoxia/anoxia tolerance, and dauer diapause. Studies across a diverse range of animal species reveal that mTOR exhibits unique regulatory patterns in an environmental stressor-dependent manner. We discuss how key signaling proteins within the mTOR signaling pathways are regulated in different animal models of stress, and describe how each of these regulations uniquely contribute to promoting animal survival in a hypometabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Kenneth B. Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada;
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Sun S, Zhao Q, Xue C, Zheng C. Comparative Phosphoproteomics Reveals a Role for AMPK in Hypoxia Signaling in Testes of Oriental River Prawn ( Macrobrachium nipponense). J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2923-2934. [PMID: 33851848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the major stresses in aquaculture animals. Recently, we reported that hypoxia disrupts the endocrine system and inhibits testicular function of oriental river prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense), but the molecular mechanism of testes responded to hypoxia remains largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to integrate whole phosphoproteomic profiles of hypoxia-treated testes of the oriental river prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense). We successfully isolated sperm cells and evaluated the mitochondrial morphology and function using laser confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and biochemical analyses. Quantitative proteomics identified 117 differentially abundant phosphorylated proteins, and these proteins are mainly involved in the pathways related to cellular processes, including autophagy, apoptosis, and the FoxO signaling pathway. Protein-protein interaction analysis clustered these phosphoproteins into three groups, many of which have been suggested to impact carbohydrate metabolism, autophagy, and signal regulation in testes. Western blotting confirmed that phosphorylated proteins including AMPK, ULK1, and TP53 (of the AMPK pathway) may contribute to testicular dysfunction caused by hypoxia. Further, we investigated the potential roles of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)'s in testes mitochondrial autophagy and apoptosis in M. nipponense as induced by hypoxia. Simultaneous knockdown of AMPKα in sperm cells led to a decrease in FOXO3a phosphorylation at Ser413, upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities, and an increased apoptosis rate. These results improve our understanding of hypoxia-induced energy metabolism disorders in the testes of M. nipponense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qianqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Cheng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Cheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
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Bartolini F, Giomi F. Microclimate drives intraspecific thermal specialization: conservation perspectives in freshwater habitats. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab006. [PMID: 33880183 PMCID: PMC8043256 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endemic and relict species are often confined to ecological refugia or over fragmented distributions, representing priority conservation subjects. Within these sites, the individual population may realize distinct niches to a varying degree of specialization. An emblematic example is provided by freshwater species segregated in thermal-mineral springs, where individuals may face highly diverse microclimates in limited geographic areas. Downscaling the characterization of physiological traits to microclimatic niches becomes pivotal to adopt effective conservation measures in these heterogeneous habitats. Melanopsis etrusca (Brot, 1862) is an endangered relict snail endemic to a small number of thermal-mineral streams in central Italy. Here we describe the thermal tolerance of two populations of M. etrusca inhabiting streams with distinctly different thermal regimes, investigating the extent of physiological and behavioural specialization to such diverse microclimatic niches. The comparison of oxygen consumption rates of a population dwelling in temperate streams, characterized by seasonal temperature fluctuations (12-27°C), with a population experiencing constantly hot water (35-38°C) revealed the absence of any seasonal or geographic effect on metabolic compensation. Conversely, mobility performances were maximized in the population inhabiting the hot stream. Interestingly, here, the snails exhibited emersion behaviour outside the water, triggered by temperatures above 37°C. In the field, individuals of this population are observed inactive on stream banks, conceivably to minimize the metabolic cost that otherwise would be induced by remaining in the hot water. Only a few individuals from the temperate stream exhibited the same behaviour when exposed to elevated temperatures, suggesting the exaptation of a pre-existing trait during the evolutionary process of adaptation to hot waters. The present results provide elements for the best practice in future programmes aimed at reintroducing stocks of threatened species across heterogeneous habitats. Our study further underlines the relevance of downscaling data collection for endangered species conservation in order to recognize microclimatic specializations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bartolini
- NEMO Nature and Environment Management Operators S.R.L., Viale Mazzini 26, 50132 Florence, Italy
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Dias IB, Bouma HR, Henning RH. Unraveling the Big Sleep: Molecular Aspects of Stem Cell Dormancy and Hibernation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624950. [PMID: 33867999 PMCID: PMC8047423 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident stem cells may enter a dormant state, also known as quiescence, which allows them to withstand metabolic stress and unfavorable conditions. Similarly, hibernating mammals can also enter a state of dormancy used to evade hostile circumstances, such as food shortage and low ambient temperatures. In hibernation, the dormant state of the individual and its cells is commonly known as torpor, and is characterized by metabolic suppression in individual cells. Given that both conditions represent cell survival strategies, we here compare the molecular aspects of cellular quiescence, particularly of well-studied hematopoietic stem cells, and torpor at the cellular level. Critical processes of dormancy are reviewed, including the suppression of the cell cycle, changes in metabolic characteristics, and cellular mechanisms of dealing with damage. Key factors shared by hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and torpor include a reversible activation of factors inhibiting the cell cycle, a shift in metabolism from glucose to fatty acid oxidation, downregulation of mitochondrial activity, key changes in hypoxia-inducible factor one alpha (HIF-1α), mTOR, reversible protein phosphorylation and autophagy, and increased radiation resistance. This similarity is remarkable in view of the difference in cell populations, as stem cell quiescence regards proliferating cells, while torpor mainly involves terminally differentiated cells. A future perspective is provided how to advance our understanding of the crucial pathways that allow stem cells and hibernating animals to engage in their 'great slumbers.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Itamar B. Dias
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar R. Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Hadj-Moussa H, Wade SC, Childers CL, Storey KB. Mind the GAP: Purification and characterization of urea resistant GAPDH during extreme dehydration. Proteins 2020; 89:544-557. [PMID: 33368595 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) withstands prolonged periods of extreme whole-body dehydration that lead to impaired blood flow, global hypoxia, and ischemic stress. During dehydration, these frogs shift from oxidative metabolism to a reliance on anaerobic glycolysis. In this study, we purified the central glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) to electrophoretic homogeneity and investigated structural, kinetic, subcellular localization, and post-translational modification properties between control and 30% dehydrated X. laevis liver. GAPDH from dehydrated liver displayed a 25.4% reduction in maximal velocity and a 55.7% increase in its affinity for GAP, as compared to enzyme from hydrated frogs. Under dehydration mimicking conditions (150 mM urea and 1% PEG), GAP affinity was reduced with a Km value 53.8% higher than controls. Frog dehydration also induced a significant increase in serine phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, beta-N-acetylglucosamination, and cysteine nitrosylation, post-translational modifications (PTMs). These modifications were bioinformatically predicted and experimentally validated to govern protein stability, enzymatic activity, and nuclear translocation, which increased during dehydration. These dehydration-responsive protein modifications, however, did not appear to affect enzymatic thermostability as GAPDH melting temperatures remained unchanged when tested with differential scanning fluorimetry. PTMs could promote extreme urea resistance in dehydrated GAPDH since the enzyme from dehydrated animals had a urea I50 of 7.3 M, while the I50 from the hydrated enzyme was 5.3 M. The physiological consequences of these dehydration-induced molecular modifications of GAPDH likely suppress GADPH glycolytic functions during the reduced circulation and global hypoxia experienced in dehydrated X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane Hadj-Moussa
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Steven C Wade
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Christine L Childers
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada.,National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
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Wilsterman K, Ballinger MA, Williams CM. A unifying, eco‐physiological framework for animal dormancy. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Wilsterman
- Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA
- Integrative Biology University of California Berkeley CA USA
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Luu BE, Zhang Y, Storey KB. The regulation of Akt and FoxO transcription factors during dehydration in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:887-897. [PMID: 32451989 PMCID: PMC7591653 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-020-01123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) naturally tolerates severe dehydration using biochemical adaptation, one of which is the elevation of antioxidant defenses during whole-body dehydration. The present study investigated the role and regulation of a pathway known to regulate oxidative stress response, the Akt-FoxO signaling pathway, in clawed frog skeletal muscle, responding to medium (15%) and high (30%) dehydration. Protein levels of total and phosphorylated Akt, FoxO1, and FoxO3 were assessed via immunoblotting, in addition to the levels of the E3 ubiquitin ligase known to be associated with muscle atrophy, MAFbx. Akt activity/phosphorylation in addition to its total protein levels were decreased in the skeletal muscle during dehydration, and this corresponded with decreases in the relative phosphorylation of FoxO1 and FoxO3 as well on several residues. Akt is an inhibitor of FoxO1 and FoxO3 activity via phosphorylation, suggesting that FoxO activities were increased during dehydration stress. Furthermore, MAFbx showed decreased protein expression during high dehydration as well, suggesting that the clawed frog may exhibit some natural resistance to skeletal muscle atrophy during severe dehydration conditions. In addition to identifying that the suppression of Akt could lead to an activation of FoxO transcription factors in X. laevis during dehydration, these investigations suggest that X. laevis dehydration may implicate FoxO1 and FoxO3 in controlling skeletal muscle atrophy in X. laevis exposed to dehydration. This study implicates the Akt signaling pathway, its regulation of FoxO transcription factors, and FoxO-controlled targets, in stress adaptation against dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Luu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Sen. Paul D. Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Cooperative Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Shi H, Wang J, Liu F, Hu X, Lu Y, Yan S, Dai D, Yang X, Zhu Z, Guo Q. Proteome and phosphoproteome profiling reveals the regulation mechanism of hibernation in a freshwater leech (Whitmania pigra). J Proteomics 2020; 229:103866. [PMID: 32736137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation is an energy-saving and adaptive strategy adopted by leech, an important medicinal resource in Asia, to survive low temperature. Reversible protein phosphorylation (RPP) plays a key role in the regulation of mammalian hibernation processes but has never been documented in freshwater invertebrate such as leech. In this study, we detected the effects of hibernation on the proteome and phosphoproteome of the leech Whitmania pigra. A total of 2184 proteins and 2598 sites were quantified. Deep-hibernation resulted in 85 up-regulated and 107 down-regulated proteins and 318 up-regulated and 204 down-regulated phosphosites using a 1.5-fold threshold (P<0.05). Proteins involved in protein digestion and absorption, amino acid metabolism and N-glycan biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated during deep-hibernation. However, proteins involved in maintaining cell structure stability in hibernating animals were up-regulated. Differentially phosphorylated proteins provided the first global picture of a shift in energy metabolism, protein synthesis, cytoprotection and signaling during deep hibernation. Furthermore, AMP-activated protein kinase and protein kinase C play major roles in the regulation of these functional processes. These data significantly improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of leech hibernation processes and provides substantial candidate phosphorylated proteins that could be important for functionally adapt in freshwater animals. SIGNIFICANCE: The leech Whitmania pigra as an important medicinal resource in Asia is an excellent model freshwater invertebrate for studies of environmentally-induced hibernation. The present study provides the first quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomic analysis of leech hibernation using isobaric tag based TMT labeling and high-resolution mass spectrometry. These data significantly improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms when ectotherm animals face environmental stress and provides substantial candidate phosphorylated proteins that could be important for functionally adapt in freshwater animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhuan Shi
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiangjing Hu
- Jingjie PTM Biolabs (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yiming Lu
- Jingjie PTM Biolabs (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shimeng Yan
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Daoxin Dai
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xibin Yang
- Jingjie PTM Biolabs (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zaibiao Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiaosheng Guo
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Marton A, Kaneko T, Kovalik JP, Yasui A, Nishiyama A, Kitada K, Titze J. Organ protection by SGLT2 inhibitors: role of metabolic energy and water conservation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 17:65-77. [PMID: 33005037 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic inhibition of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) leads to substantial loss of energy (in the form of glucose) and additional solutes (in the form of Na+ and its accompanying anions) in urine. However, despite the continuously elevated solute excretion, long-term osmotic diuresis does not occur in humans with SGLT2 inhibition. Rather, patients on SGLT2 inhibitor therapy adjust to the reduction in energy availability and conserve water. The metabolic adaptations that are induced by SGLT2 inhibition are similar to those observed in aestivation - an evolutionarily conserved survival strategy that enables physiological adaptation to energy and water shortage. Aestivators exploit amino acids from muscle to produce glucose and fatty acid fuels. This endogenous energy supply chain is coupled with nitrogen transfer for organic osmolyte production, which allows parallel water conservation. Moreover, this process is often accompanied by a reduction in metabolic rate. By comparing aestivation metabolism with the fuel switches that occur during therapeutic SGLT2 inhibition, we suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors induce aestivation-like metabolic patterns, which may contribute to the improvements in cardiac and renal function observed with this class of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Marton
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tatsuroh Kaneko
- Medicine Division, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Kovalik
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Atsutaka Yasui
- Medicine Division, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Jens Titze
- Programme in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Clinic Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. .,Division of Nephrology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Ariano-Sánchez D, Mortensen RM, Reinhardt S, Rosell F. Escaping drought: Seasonality effects on home range, movement patterns and habitat selection of the Guatemalan Beaded Lizard. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Yang Y, Zheng Y, Sun L, Chen M. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Signatures of Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus during Environmental Induced Aestivation. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11091020. [PMID: 32877994 PMCID: PMC7565549 DOI: 10.3390/genes11091020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms respond to severe environmental changes by entering into hypometabolic states, minimizing their metabolic rates, suspending development and reproduction, and surviving critical ecological changes. They come back to an active lifestyle once the environmental conditions are conducive. Marine invertebrates live in the aquatic environment and adapt to environmental changes in their whole life. Sea cucumbers and sponges are only two recently known types of marine organisms that aestivate in response to temperature change. Sea cucumber has become an excellent model organism for studies of environmentally-induced aestivation by marine invertebrates. DNA methylation, the most widely considered epigenetic marks, has been reported to contribute to phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental stress in aquatic organisms. Most of methylation-related enzymes, including DNA methyltransferases, Methyl-CpG binding domain proteins, and DNA demethylases, were up-regulated during aestivation. We conducted high-resolution whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of the intestine from sea cucumber at non-aestivation and deep-aestivation stages. Further DNA methylation profile analysis was also conducted across the distinct genomic features and entire transcriptional units. A different elevation in methylation level at internal exons was observed with clear demarcation of intron/exon boundaries during transcriptional unit scanning. The lowest methylation level occurs in the first exons, followed by the last exons and the internal exons. A significant increase in non-CpG methylation (CHG and CHH) was observed within the intron and mRNA regions in aestivation groups. A total of 1393 genes were annotated within hypermethylated DMRs (differentially methylated regions), and 749 genes were annotated within hypomethylated DMRs. Differentially methylated genes were enriched in the mRNA surveillance pathway, metabolic pathway, and RNA transport. Then, 24 hypermethylated genes and 15 hypomethylated genes were Retrovirus-related Pol polyprotein from transposon (RPPT) genes. This study provides further understanding of epigenetic control on environmental induced hypometabolism in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Yang
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China;
| | - Yingqiu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (M.C.)
| | - Muyan Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (M.C.)
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Wu CW, Tessier SN, Storey KB. Dehydration stress alters the mitogen-activated-protein kinase signaling and chaperone stress response in Xenopus laevis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 246-247:110461. [PMID: 32497588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In arid conditions, the African Clawed frog Xenopus laevis enters a state of estivation dormancy as an adaptive survival strategy. Under estivation, X. laevis experience severe dehydration stress as 25-35% of total body water is lost. Dehydration in X. laevis can lead to periods of hypoxia due to elevated blood viscosity that impedes tissue perfusion. To understand how X. laevis survives under such stress, we studied the regulation pattern of key mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and their downstream transcription factors, along with several heat shock proteins in the oxygen sensitive brain and heart tissue of X. laevis under dehydration stress. Our study revealed that the activation phosphorylation residues of MAPK including JNK and MSK and their downstream transcription factors c-Jun and ATF2 are significantly decreased in the heart under dehydration. Given that JNK, c-Jun, and ATF2 are known positive regulators of apoptosis, this regulatory pattern suggest that a state of pro-survival signals may be established in the dehydrated heart. In support of this, protein levels of HSP60, a pro-apoptotic mitochondrial chaperone, was also downregulated in the heart in response to dehydration stress. In the brain tissue, most proteins remain unchanged with the exception of the apoptosis regulating p53 transcription factor, which showed a significant decrease in its activating phosphorylation residue under dehydration. Overall, our study revealed that in the Xenopus brain and heart, a specific suppression pattern of MAPK, transcription factors, and HSP takes place to potentially establish a state of pro-survival under dehydration stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Wu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Shannon N Tessier
- BioMEMS Resource Center & Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Klein AH, Ballard KR, Storey KB, Motti CA, Zhao M, Cummins SF. Multi-omics investigations within the Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda: from ecological application to breakthrough phylogenomic studies. Brief Funct Genomics 2020; 18:377-394. [PMID: 31609407 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastropods are the largest and most diverse class of mollusc and include species that are well studied within the areas of taxonomy, aquaculture, biomineralization, ecology, microbiome and health. Gastropod research has been expanding since the mid-2000s, largely due to large-scale data integration from next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry in which transcripts, proteins and metabolites can be readily explored systematically. Correspondingly, the huge data added a great deal of complexity for data organization, visualization and interpretation. Here, we reviewed the recent advances involving gastropod omics ('gastropodomics') research from hundreds of publications and online genomics databases. By summarizing the current publicly available data, we present an insight for the design of useful data integrating tools and strategies for comparative omics studies in the future. Additionally, we discuss the future of omics applications in aquaculture, natural pharmaceutical biodiscovery and pest management, as well as to monitor the impact of environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Klein
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Kaylene R Ballard
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry & Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Cherie A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Cape Ferguson, Townsville Queensland 4810, Australia
| | - Min Zhao
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
| | - Scott F Cummins
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia
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Cadmium Uptake, MT Gene Activation and Structure of Large-Sized Multi-Domain Metallothioneins in the Terrestrial Door Snail Alinda biplicata (Gastropoda, Clausiliidae). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051631. [PMID: 32120996 PMCID: PMC7084494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Terrestrial snails (Gastropoda) possess Cd-selective metallothioneins (CdMTs) that inactivate Cd2+ with high affinity. Most of these MTs are small Cysteine-rich proteins that bind 6 Cd2+ equivalents within two distinct metal-binding domains, with a binding stoichiometry of 3 Cd2+ ions per domain. Recently, unusually large, so-called multi-domain MTs (md-MTs) were discovered in the terrestrial door snail Alinda biplicata (A.b.). The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of A.b. to cope with Cd stress and the potential involvement of md-MTs in its detoxification. Snails were exposed to increasing Cd concentrations, and Cd-tissue concentrations were quantified. The gene structure of two md-MTs (9md-MT and 10md-MT) was characterized, and the impact of Cd exposure on MT gene transcription was quantified via qRT PCR. A.b. efficiently accumulates Cd at moderately elevated concentrations in the feed, but avoids food uptake at excessively high Cd levels. The structure and expression of the long md-MT genes of A.b. were characterized. Although both genes are intronless, they are still transcribed, being significantly upregulated upon Cd exposure. Overall, our results contribute new knowledge regarding the metal handling of Alinda biplicata in particular, and the potential role of md-MTs in Cd detoxification of terrestrial snails, in general.
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Al-Attar R, Storey KB. Suspended in time: Molecular responses to hibernation also promote longevity. Exp Gerontol 2020; 134:110889. [PMID: 32114078 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging in most animals is an inevitable process that causes or is a result of physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in the body, and has a strong influence on an organism's lifespan. Although advancement in medicine has allowed humans to live longer, the prevalence of age-associated medical complications is continuously burdening older adults worldwide. Current animal models used in research to study aging have provided novel information that has helped investigators understand the aging process; however, these models are limiting. Aging is a complex process that is regulated at multiple biological levels, and while a single manipulation in these models can provide information on a process, it is not enough to understand the global regulation of aging. Some mammalian hibernators live up to 9.8-times higher than their expected average lifespan, and new research attributes this increase to their ability to hibernate. A common theme amongst these mammalian hibernators is their ability to greatly reduce their metabolic rate to a fraction of their normal rate and initiate cytoprotective responses that enable their survival. Metabolic rate depression is strictly regulated at different biological levels in order to enable the animal to not only survive, but to also do so by relying mainly on their limited internal fuels. As such, understanding both the global and specific regulatory mechanisms used to promote survival during hibernation could, in theory, allow investigators to have a better understanding of the aging process. This can also allow pharmaceutical industries to find therapeutics that could delay or reverse age-associated medical complications and promote healthy aging and longevity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Al-Attar
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Rossi GS, Cramp RL, Wright PA, Franklin CE. Frogs seek hypoxic microhabitats that accentuate metabolic depression during dormancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.218743. [PMID: 31871116 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.218743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many animals occupy microhabitats during dormancy where they may encounter hypoxic conditions (e.g. subterranean burrows). We used the green-striped burrowing frog (Cyclorana alboguttata) to test the hypothesis that animals seek hypoxic microhabitats that accentuate metabolic depression during dormancy. We first measured the partial pressure of oxygen (P O2 ) within artificial cavities excavated in wet clay soil, which simulated C. alboguttata underground aestivation chambers, and recorded hypoxic conditions (P O2 as low as 8.9 kPa). Using custom-built tunnels that maintained a longitudinal P O2 gradient (hypoxic to normoxic), we then examined the P O2 preference of C. alboguttata in response to drying habitat conditions. In support of our hypothesis, we found that C. alboguttata chose to spend a greater proportion of time at the hypoxic end of the P O2 gradient compared with the normoxic end. To determine whether hypoxia accentuates metabolic depression in C. alboguttata, we exposed frogs to normoxia (21.0 kPa) or hypoxia (10.5 kPa) for 7 weeks during the transition from an active to an aestivating state. We found that hypoxia exposure accelerated the onset of metabolic depression in C. alboguttata by 2 weeks. Furthermore, we found that frogs exposed to hypoxia exhibited a 66% reduction in O2 consumption after 7 weeks compared with active frogs in normoxia, whereas frogs exposed to normoxia reduced O2 consumption by only 51%. Overall, our findings indicate that some animals may seek microhabitats to maximally depress metabolic rate during dormancy, and that microhabitat O2 availability can have significant implications for energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Rebecca L Cramp
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Craig E Franklin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Rossi GS, Wright PA. Hypoxia-seeking behavior, metabolic depression and skeletal muscle function in an amphibious fish out of water. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.213355. [PMID: 31767733 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several animals enter a state of dormancy to survive harsh environmental conditions. During dormancy, metabolic depression can be critical for economizing on limited endogenous energy reserves. We used two isogenic strains (strain 1 and strain 2) of a self-fertilizing amphibious fish (Kryptolebias marmoratus) to test the hypothesis that animals seek hypoxic microhabitats that, in turn, accentuate metabolic depression during dormancy. Using custom-built tunnels that maintained a longitudinal O2 gradient (hypoxic to normoxic), we assessed the O2 preference of K. marmoratus during prolonged air exposure. In support of our hypothesis, we found that one isogenic strain (strain 2) spent more time in hypoxia compared with normoxia after 21 days in air. Prolonged air exposure in both strains resulted in lower O2 consumption rates compared with active fish (35% depression), which was accentuated (51% depression) when fish were exposed to aerial hypoxia acutely. We then tested the hypothesis that chronic aerial hypoxia acclimation would protect endogenous energy reserves and skeletal muscle integrity, thereby maintaining locomotor performance, possibly owing to hypoxic hypometabolism. We found that air-acclimated fish from both strains were in poorer body condition relative to fish acclimated to aerial hypoxia. Furthermore, aerial hypoxia acclimation minimized glycogen usage (strain 1), lipid catabolism (strain 2) and white muscle atrophy (strain 2), as well as preserved terrestrial locomotor performance compared with fish in air (strain 2). Overall, our findings suggest that some K. marmoratus strains seek microhabitats that accentuate metabolic depression during dormancy, and that microhabitat O2 availability may have significant implications for energy metabolism, and the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the differential responses between isogenic strains suggests that genetic factors also contribute to phenotypic differences in the emersion behavior and physiology of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Giraud-Billoud M, Rivera-Ingraham GA, Moreira DC, Burmester T, Castro-Vazquez A, Carvajalino-Fernández JM, Dafre A, Niu C, Tremblay N, Paital B, Rosa R, Storey JM, Vega IA, Zhang W, Yepiz-Plascencia G, Zenteno-Savin T, Storey KB, Hermes-Lima M. Twenty years of the ‘Preparation for Oxidative Stress’ (POS) theory: Ecophysiological advantages and molecular strategies. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 234:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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